h&h (ech4413) - week 1

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Last Updated:10 December 2013 LMS SEGi education group 1

HYDRAULICS & HYDROLOGY

(ECH4413)

WEEK 1

HYDROLOGY(Introduction)

PowerPointSlides

by MOHAMAD SHAKRI

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

To introduce what hydrology is about in general.

To learn about analysis of precipitation, especially rainfall which is

more relevant to this country.

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DEFINITION OF HYDROLOGY

1. Surface water hydrology: tackles the area between

the atmosphere and surface of the earth

2. Groundwater h ydro logy: tackles the subsurface

portion of earth.

3. Engineering hydrology deal with

The estimation of water resources

The study of processes such as precipitation,

runoff, evapotranspiration and their interaction The study of problems such as floods and droughts

and strategies to combat them

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DEFINITION OF HYDROLOGY

1. Water occurs on the earth in all its three states in

various degrees of motion

Liquid

Sol idGaseous

2. Continuous process of water movement in various

forms, phases and places between atmosphere, the

land and the oceans3. Sun driven process whereby water is transported from

natural water bodies to atmosphere to land and back to

water bodies


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THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

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By Milewski in http://vickimilewski.com/watercycle.html

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The Hydrological Cycle is the movement of water from

surface water, groundwater, and vegetation to the

atmosphere and back to the Earth in the form of

precipitation.

4 most important processes in the hydrologic cycle:

Precipitation

Evaporation & Transpiration

Surface Runoff / Stream Flow

Groundwater Flow

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HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES

Precipitation: Any form of water that fall from theatmosphere (rain, snow, hail, etc).

Evaporation: A proses where water from the Earths surface

is released to the atmosphere.

Transpiration: A proses where water from plants is releasedto the atmosphere.

Surface Runoff: Water flow on the Earths surface that will

find its way to lower grounds (rivers, etc).

Groundwater Flow: Flow of water that occurs beneath theEarths surface.

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THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AS A

MASS BALANCE/ WATER BUDGET

All elements in the hydrological cycle are

interdependent.

To estimate surface water volumes, an equation using

the elements in the hydrological cycle has been

developed.

To accounting of water for a particular catchment, region

or even the whole world.

The equation is elementary but useful.

A control volume must be stated initially.

Volume units are used & time is fixed.


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THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AS A

MASS BALANCE/ WATER BUDGET

Change in mass storage = volume inflowvome

outflow:

If there is no change in storage in a given time, then:

Runoff coefficient:


0VVS I

tOIS )(

ISSS 0

)( RGTEPS

LPR

PRC /

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COMMONLY USED QUANTITY

QUANTITY SYMBOL SI UNIT

Length L m

Mass M kg

Time t s

Temperature T 0C

Volume of Precipitation P mm

Rate of Precipitation i mm/hr

Effective Rainfall R mm

Infiltration Rate f mm/hr

Velocity v m/s

Area A m2

Volume V m3

Flowrate/Discharge Q m3/s

Concentration C mg/L

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a.k.a. Drainage Basin / Catchment Area

Def. 1: An area having a common outlet for its surface

runoff.

Def. 2: A natural unit of land upon which water fromprecipitation or any storage collects in a channel and

flows downhill to a common outlet.

River Basin: embraces a much larger area from the river

mouth to many upstream watersheds.

Watershed Boundary / Drainage Divide: This delineates

the boundary, usually based on a topographic map.

WHAT IS A WATERSHED?


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WHAT IS A WATERSHED?


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REFERENCES

Wilson, EM 1990, Engineering Hydrology, 4thEdition,

Palgrave,Hampshire.

Wanielista, M, Kersten, R, Eaglin, R 1997, Hydrology:Water Quality and Quality Control, 2ndEdition, John

Wiley & Sons,New York.

h&h (ech4413) - week 1

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