hoa neolithic ian

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History of Architecture 1Neolithic Age


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Introduction to History of Architecture:

A Semiological ApproachI) The Human Condition is a given cultural

situation.

II) The Architectural Form is :I) The experienced aspect of the

architectural reality

II) The conveyor or expressor of meanings

III) The Architectural Reality can be

interpreted as:I) Work and Labour; Expressive (Frampton)

II) Interior and Exterior Spaces; (Zevi)III) Nature, Shells and Networks (Doxiadis)

IV) The Architectural Meanings are the spiritual values and aspirations inherent

in the Human Condition

Form-Composition-Visual Efficiency=VenustasFunction-Planning-Operational Efficency=Utilitas

Technic-Construction-Structural Efficiency=Firmitas

Architectural Design is the integration of solutions to formal, functional,

and technical problems with regard to the man made environment.


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Architecture in Neolithic Period

The New Stone Age Lasted roughly from 8000 to 3000 BC

Man often used caves for shelter Used temporary shelter from perishable

materials since he was a hunter and

gatherer Groups of hunting peoples roamed

Eastern Europe used animal bones such

as tusks for tent frames and animalskins as cover


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Pertinent samples of Neolithic Period

Dolmen- consists of

several large stones

set on end with a largecovering slab

Megalithic Architecture


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Tumuli (Tumulus)

the dominantmegalithic tomb type

Exist in France and

England

Is a mound of earth or

stone protecting

antomb chamber or

simple grave


Gyoeung-Ju, Korea

Oslo, Norway


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Menhir (long stone)

Are single great stonesset on end and

arranged in parallel

rows

May run for several

kilometers

Religious in Nature

Most well known isStonehenge in England


Scandinavia

Colombia


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Stonehenge

+/-2000 BC Considered as a

cromlech

Consists of a complex

of sarsen stones andsmaller blue stones.

Outer ring was

capped wiith lintel

Inner rings consists

which encircled a

horseshoe of

trilithons facing east

and west



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History of Architecture 1Summeria & Akkadian


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Historical Architecture

Mesopotamian Architecture Lasted roughly from the 23rd to 6th century BC

Land comprised of modern day Iraq, southeastern Turkey,northeastern Iraq, and southwestern Iran

Covered the Bronze age (Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and

Assyrian architecture) and the Iron age (Neo-Assyrian and Neo-

Babylonian architecture) Dominant along the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers


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Mesopotamian

Architecture

Sumerians (4000-2350 BCE) Akkadians (2350-2150 BCE)

Neo-Sumerians (2150-2000

BCE)

Babylonions (1800 1600 BCE)

Hittities (1200-900 BCE)

Assyrians (900-612 BCE)

Neo-Babylonions (612-539

BCE)

Persians (525-331 BCE)


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Sumerian Architecture Lasted roughly from 3600 to 2300 BC indicated by the brick styles they used

Patzen (3600- 3200 BC) 80 by 40 by 15 cm

Riemchen (3600-3200 BC) 16 by 16 cm Plano-Convex (3100-2300 BC) 10 by 19 by 34 cm

Developed a type of bond lay-out to stabilize the brick layout (perpendicular-parallel

layout)

Sun-baked bricks thereby creating a type of architecture which easily deteriorates

Prized special materials like lapis-lazuli from India, cedar from Lebanon, and dioritefrom Arabia

First developed urban planning and the built city as know it

Planning was dictated by spatial limits and commercial forces thereby

resulting in an irregularly shaped cities There was no architectural profession existed in Sumer; however, scribes

drafted and managed construction for the government, nobility, or royalty.


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Sumerian Architecture The city always included a belt of irrigated rural land including small hamlets. A

network of roads and canals connected the city to this territory. The transportation

network was planned in three tiers: wide processional streets, public through streets,and private blind alleys. The public streets that defined a block varied little over time

while the blind-alleys were much more fluid. The current estimate is 10% of the city

area was streets and 90% buildings. The canals; however, were more important than

roads for transportation.

Residential design was a direct development from Ubaid houses. Although Sumeriancylinder seals represent reed houses, the courtyard house was the predominant

typology, which has been used in Mesopotamia to the present day. This type of house

faced inward toward an open courtyard which provided a cooling effect by creating

convection currents.

Temples often predated the creation of the urban settlement and grew from small one

room structures to elaborate multi-acre complexes through the 2,500 years of

Sumerian history. Sumerian temples, fortifications, and palaces made use of more

highly developed materials and techniques, such as buttresses, recesses, and half

columns.


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Sumerian Architecture The Sumerians were aware of 'the craft of building' as a divine gift taught to

men by the gods as listed in me.

me is one of the decrees of the gods foundational to the Sumerianunderstanding of the relationship between humanity and the gods.

Sumerian Architecture is the groundwork of later Hebrew, Phoenician,

Anatolian, Hittite, Hurrian, Ugaritic, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, Islamic,

and to a certain extent Greco-Roman and therefore Western Architectures. Pertinent samples

Houses

Dominant house form was the courtyard house

Faced inward with flowing cross ventilation Typical size was about 90 sq.m.


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Sumerian Architecture Pertinent samples

Temples The most prominent building found in Sumerian cities is the temple,

dedicated to the chief god or goddess of the city and built on top of a

massive stepped tower, or ziggurat. The Sumerians believed the gods owned

the temples, and so wealth and riches were used to construct luxurious

homes for the priestly officials who served the gods Was influenced by cosmology which placed the earth as a disc at the center

of universe; believed in axis mundi

Often pre-dated settlements and grew from a one-room affair into a larger

structure when the population grew

The blessedness of 'high places' as a meeting point between realms is a pre-Ubaid belief well attested in the Near East back the Neolithic age.


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Sumerian Architecture Palaces

Were large scale complexes

Since the palaces became large scalesocio-economic instutions, they also

housed residential and private

functions, housed craftsmen,

workshops, food storehouses,

ceremonial courtyards, and shrines The palace came into existence

during the Early Dynastic I period.

From a rather modest beginning the

palace grows in size and complexity

as power is increasingly centralized.The palace is called a 'Big House'

where the lugal or ensi, Sumerian

term for a king in general, lived and

worked.


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Sumerian Architecture Pertinent samples

Ziggurats Were huge pyramidal

temple towers having

the form of step

pyramid

There are 32 surviving

ziggurats (28 in Iraq and

4 in Iran)

Great Ziggurat of Ur

Ziggurat of Aqar quf White Temple and

Ziggurat, Uruk

(Warka), 3200 -3000

B.C.


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Sumerian

Architecture

In the Early Dynastic period,high temples began to

include a ziggurat, which is

a series of platforms

creating a stepped pyramid.

Such ziggurats may havebeen the inspiration for the

Biblical Tower of Babel.

Tower of Babel


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Akkadian Architecture Sargon of Akkad's (reigned c. 2334-c. 2279 BC) unification of the Sumerian

city-states and creation of a first Mesopotamian empire profoundly affected

the art of his people, as well as their language and political thought. Theincreasingly large proportion of Semitic elements in the population was in the

ascendancy, and their personal loyalty to Sargon and his successors replaced

the regional patriotism of the old cities. The new conception of kingship thus

engendered is reflected in artworks of secular grandeur, unprecedented inthe god-fearing world of the Sumerians. One would indeed expect a similar change to be apparent in the character of

contemporary architecture, and the fact that this is not so may be due to the rareness

of excavated examples.


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Influences

Materials This planned structural life cycle

gradually raised the level of

cities, so that they came to be

elevated above the surrounding

plain. The resulting hills areknown as tells, and are found

throughout the ancient Near East

Civic buildings slowed decay by

using cones of tinted stone,

terracotta panels, and clay nails

driven into the adobe-brick to

create a protective sheath that

decorated the front wall.

The story of Sumerian

architecture is tremendously one

of clay masonry and of

increasingly complex forms of

stacked bricks. However, because

these bricks were sun baked,

Sumerian buildings eventually

deteriorated. They were

periodically demolished,

levelled, and rebuilt on the same

spot.

Sumer lacking in both forestsand quarries, used adobe-

brick, also called mud-brick,

as the primary material.

Adobe-brick was preferred

over vitreous brick because of

its superior thermal

properties and lower

manufacturing costs


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Red brick was used in small applications concerning water,

decoration, and enormous construction.

Bitumen is used as statuary, mortaring brick walls, waterproofing

baths and drains, in stair treads, and for shipbuilding.


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Influences

Materials Building materials other

than brick were used for

sheathing, flooring, roofing,

doors, and special

applications. These

materials include:

The date palm (Phoenix

dactylifera) used for ceiling lintels

The giant reed (Fragmitescommunis) used for roofing and

rammed earth foundations


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Civic Architecture

USE OF HALF COLUMNS USE OF RECESSES

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