[hoahocthpt]andehit-axitcaboxylic

8/8/2019 [HoaHocTHPT]Andehit-AxitCaboxylic

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BAI TAP HOA HOC THEO CHU E

[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

28

+ i vi andehit a chc th nAg > 2nanehit+ Ngoai anehit con co1 so chat khac cung tac dung c vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3.

Chang han cac ankin-1 tao ra ket tua vang.- Phan ng cong hp H2 cua anehit khong no cho ra ru no bac 1 luon co t le

2Hn

p > 2nandehit.-Neu hidrat hoa 1 hirocacbon tao ra anehit th hidrocacbon o la C2H2

CH CH + H2O2+ 0

,Hg 80CH3CHO

B. CC DNG BI TP V ANHITDng 1:Vit phng trnh phn ng- hon thnh s chuyn ha - iu chYu cu :

- Cn nm vng tnh cht ha hc ca cc hp cht v hidrocacbon, ancol- Nm c mt s phn ng c bn (iu kin phn ng) minh ha cho tnh cht ha

hc .

- Chn lc phng trnh phn ng trong qu trnh thc hin chui phn ng hay iuch.V d 1:Vit cc phng trnh phn ng biu din s chuyn i sau:Anehit axetic )1( Natri axetat )2( Metan )3( Anehit fomic )4( Ru

etylic )5( Fomanehit )6( Glucoz )7( Ru etylic )8( Butaien 1,3-cao subuna.

Hng dn gii

1. CH3CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH 0tCH3COONa + Cu2O + 3H2O2. CH3COONa + NaOH 0t ,CaO Na2CO3 + CH43. CH4 + O2

0600 C,NO

HCHO + H2O4. HCHO + H2 0t ,Ni CH3OH5. CH3OH + CuO 0t HCHO + Cu + H2O6. 6HCHO 2Ca (OH) C6H12O6 7. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO28. 2C2H5OH C CH2 =CH- CH=CH2 + 2H2O + H29. n CH2 =CH- CH=CH2

0

t ,Na CH2-CH = CH CH2n

V d 2:T metan hy vit cc ptp iu ch nha phenol fomanehit (cc h a cht vc, xc tc v iu kin cn thit coi nh l c )

Hng dn giiLu :+ Lp qu trnh iu ch di dng s chui phn ng

Ln men ru

Al2O3 , 450oC


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

29

+ Chn cch iu ch ngn gn, c th qua nhng ptp n gin

CH4 + O20600 C,NO

HCHO + H2O

2CH40lln,1500 C

C2H2 + 3H2

3C2

H2

600 C

C Br

+ Br2Fe

+HBr

Br OH

OHOH

+ NaOH + NaBr

n + nHCHOH+

t,xt + nH2O

n

CH2

Mc ch:- Rn luyn ngn ng ha hc - Cng c tnh cht ca cc cht- Rn luyn knng vit ptp

Dng 2:Bi ton xc nh CTPT v thnh phn hnhp, thnh phn %, hiu sut

V d 1:Mt hn hp X gm 2 andehit n chc A, B c tng s mol l 0,25. Khi cho hn

hp X ny tc dng vi dd AgNO3/NH3d c 86,4g bc kt ta v khi lng dung dch bcnitrat gim 77,5ga. Hy tnh:

-Xc nh CTPT ca A, B. Bit MA< MB- Tnh thnh phn phn % v khi lng ca mi anehit A, B trong hn hp X.

b.Ly 0,05 mol andehit A trn vi 1 anhit C c hn hp Y. Hn hp Y tc dng vidd AgNO3/NH3d cho 25,92g Ag. t chy Y thu c 1,568l CO2(ktc).

Xc nh CTPT ca C. Bit C c mch cacbon khng phn nhnh.

Hng dn giiTm tt:a)

2 anhit 86,4g Aghh X n chc AgNO3/NH3 d

A,B

khi lng AgNO3gim 77,5g


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

30

+ Xc nh CTPT ca A, B. + Tnh %A, %B.

b)

0,05 mol A dd AgNO3/NH3d 25,92g Aghh Y

Anhit Ct Y 1,568(l) CO2(ktc)

Xc nh CTPT ca C.Phn tch:

a)

+ Tnh s mol Ag to thnh. T so snh vi s mol ca hn hp X D on tronghnhp X c anhit HCHO khng?

+ Gi a,b ln lt l s mol ca A, B. Da vo d kin bi ton lp h phng trnh b)

+ Cha bit C l anhit n chc hay a chc nn CTCT ca C l: R(CHO)x x1.+ Da vo d kin bi ton xc nh: x, RGiia). Xc nh CTPT A,B

- t CTTQ ca A,B: R1CHO v R2CHO

- Ta c: nAg =108

4,86= 0,8 mol

- So snh nAg v 2nhh

nAg > 2nhh = 2.0,25 =0,5 molTrong hnhp X phi c anhit HCHO. V MA


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

32

Mc ch:+ Rn luyn cho HS k nng tnh ton+ Knng phn tch , bin lun cc trng hp xy ra t c cch gii thch hp + Bit suy lun t cng thc tng qut

V d 2:t chy hon ton hn hp X gm 2 ankanal A, B (c trn theo t l s molnA: nB= 3: 1) thu c 56l CO2(ktc) v cn va s mol O2ng bng 3,25 ln s molhn hp.

Xc nh CTPT c th c ca A, B .

Hng dn gii: Tm tt

A, B

hh X nO2 = 3,25nhh 56 l CO2nA : nB = 3:1

Xc nh CTPT ca A, B Phn tch:

- t CTTQ ca A,B :A: CnH2n+1CHO (a mol); B:CmH2m+1CHO (b mol)

- C 4 n (a, b, n, m) v 3 phng trnh (a = 3b; 56; 3,25) thiu 1 phng trnh, vy

ta tm 1 h thc lin h gia n v mt thng qua gi tr trung bnh n

- t CT chung ca A, B: C n 12 nH CHO (n< n


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

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n =ba

mbna

= 1,5

`na + mb = 1,5 (a + b) = 1,5

0,75n + 0,25m = 1,5

3n + m = 6 (n, m 0)

Bin lun:

n 0 1 2

m 6 3 0

Vy : A: HCHO A: CH3CHO A:C2H5CHOB: C6H13CHO B: C3H7CHO B: HCHO

V d 3:Chuyn ha hon ton4,2g andehit A mch h bng phn ng trng gng vidd AgNO3 /NH3(d) thu c hn hp mui B v cht rn C. Nu cho C tc dng vi HNO 3to ra 3,792 lt kh NO2 (27

0C v 740mmHg). T khi hi ca A so vi nit nh hn 4. Mt khc, khi cho 4,2g A tc dng vi 0,5mol H2 (Ni, t

0 ) thu c cht D vi H=100%.Cho lng C ha vo nc thu c dd E. Cho1/10 lng dd E tc dng vi Na lm thotra 12,04 lt kh ( ktc)

a. Tm cng thc A,B,C,D,Eb. Tnh khi lng hn hp mui B, Bit rng cc cht trong B u c kh nng tc dng

vi NaOH to ra NH3 c. Tnh nng % D trong dd E.

Hng dn gii

Tm tt :+ AgNO3 /NH3(d)

Cht rn C 3,792 l NO2

4,2g A

+ 0,5 mol H2

Cht D dd E 12,04 l H2

Phn tch:

+ Cha xc ng c A l andehit thuc dng no nn t CTTQ ca A l : R(CHO) x+ Da vo t khi MA/MN2


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

34

+ Cho E tc dng vi Na .T tnh nH2ri suy ra tng s mol cc cht trong E Tnh:mct, mdd, C%.

Tnh :

a. Tm cng thc A, B, C, D, Eb. Tnh khi lng hnhp B

c. Nng % ca D trong dd Ea. Tm cng thc A, B, C, D,Et A: R(CHO)x (x>=1)R(CHO)x +2aAgNO3 +3aNH3 + a H2O R(COONH4)x + 2aAg + 2a NH4NO3 (1)

Hnhp B gm : R(COONH4)X , NH4NO3 , AgNO3 (d)Cht rn C: AgAg + 2 HNO3 AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O (2)

R(CHO)x + H2 R(OH)x

Ta c: nNO2 =PV

RT=

740.3,792

0,082.760.(273+27)= 0,15 mol

nNO2 = nAg = 0,15 mol

nA = nNO2 =1

2a.nAg =

0,15

2amol

M A =075,0

.2,4 x= 56x

M AM

28


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

35

nH2 =4,22

10.04,12= 5,375 mol

Na + H2O NaOH +2

1H2

C3H7OH + NaOH C3H7ONa + 2

1H2

Ta c: nH2O + nD = 2nH2 = 2.5,375 = 10,75 mol

nH2O = 10,750,075 = 10,675 molNng d % D trong dd E l :

C% =675,10.18075,0.60

075,0.60

.100% = 2,29%


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

37

HCCH + H2O HgSO4, 80OC CH3CH=O

CH3CH=O + H2 Ni, to

CH3CH2OH

CH3CH2OH + O2ln men gim

CH3COOH + H2O

CH3COOH + C2H5OH0

H2SO4, tCH3COOC2H5 + H2O

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COO-Na + CH3CH2OH

CH3COO-Na + NaOHCaO, nung

Na2CO3 + CH4 NO, 600

oC

CH4 + O2 HCHO + H2O

Ca(OH)2

6HCHO C6H12O6

C6H12O6ln men ru

2C2H5OH + 2CO2

2. Cho cc cht ancol etylic (X), andehit axetic (Y), axit axetic (Z). Vit pt phn ngtheo s chuyn ha sau:

(1)

X Y(2)

(3) (4)

Z

Hng dn gii:(1) CH3CH2OH + CuO t

oCH3CHO + Cu + H2O

(2) CH3CHO + H2 Ni, to

CH3CH2OH

(3) CH3CH2OH + O2ln men gim

CH3COOH + H2O

(4) 2CH3CHO + O2 Mn2+

, to

2CH3COOH

V d 2: T axetilen, cc cht v c v iu kin cn thit hy vit cc phng trnhiu ch: CH3COOH, (COOH)2, HCOOH.

Hng dn gii: a. HCCH + H2O HgSO4,80OC CH3CH=O

CH3CH=O + O2 Mn2+

2CH3COOH

b. HCCH + H2 Pd, to

CH2=CH2


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

38

CH2=CH2 + [O] + H2O dd KMnO4 HOCH2CH2OH

HOCH2CH2OH + 2CuO to

OHCCHO + 2Cu + 2H2O

OHCCHO + O2 Mn2+

HOOCCOOH

Dng 2:Bi ton xc nh CTPT axit, thnh phn hn hp, tnh thnh phn %, hiusut phn ng.

V d 1: Mt hn hp X g m mt axit cacboxylic no n chc A v axit acrylic- Ly 1,44g X em t chy hon ton thu c 1,2096 lit CO2 o kc- Ly 1,44g X ha tan vo nc thnh 100ml dung dch Y, 10ml dung dich ny cn

dng 4,4ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M trung ha va .Hy xc nh:a. Cng thc cu to v gi tn axitb. Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng 2 axit trong hn hp X

Tm tt: t hon tonAxit no n chc:CnH2nO2 1,2096l CO2(kc)

14,4 g h2

X

Axit acrylic:CH2=CH-COOH htan vo nc100ml dd Y

10ml dd Y + 4,4ml NaOH va Phn tch:

+ Tnh n hn hp t V CO2+ Tnh nNaOH lp h 3 phng trnh 3 n+ 1,44g hn hp X

Hng dn gii:Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca A, B Ta c:

- Khi lng 2 axit: (14n + 32 )a + 72b = 1,44 (1) - Hn hp X b t:CnH2nO2 + (3n2)/2 O2 nCO2 + n H2Oa mol na mol

C3H4O2 + 3O2 3CO2 + 2H2Ob mol 3b mol

1,2096S mol CO2: nCO2 = = 0,054

22,4

na + 3b = 0,054 (2)- Dung dch X tc dng vi NaOH:


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

39

CnH2nO2 + NaOH CnH2n-1ONa + H2Oa mol a mol

CH2=CH-COOH + NaOH CH2=CH-COONa + H2Ob mol b mol

S mol NaOH cn dng trung ha 100ml dd X nNaOH = a + b = 0,5.4,4.10 -3.100/10 = 0,022 (3)T (1),(2),(3) suy ra: a = 0,012 mol; b = 0,01 mol; n = 2

a. CTCT A: CH3-COOHb. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng 2 axit:

%mCH3COOH= %mC3H4O2 = 50%

V d 2: Mt hn hp X gm 2 axit cacboxylic no A, B hn km nhau 1 nguyn tcacbon. Nu trung ha 14,64g X bng mt lng NaOH va th thu c 20,36g hnhp Y gm 2 mui. Cn nu lm bay hi 14,64g X th chim th tch l 4,48l kh (ktc)

t chy hon ton 14,64g X ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo nc vitrong d th thu c 46g kt ta. Xc nh CTPT ca A, B. Tnh phn trm khi lngca 2 axit trong X.

Tm tt:

NaOH va 20,36g hn hp Y (2 mui)14,64g hn hp X

gm 2 axit no A,B lm bay hi 4,48l kh (ktc)

t hon ton CO2 Ca(OH)2d 46g

Xc nh CTPT ca A, B; %mA, %mBPhn tch:

+ Tnh n hn hp axit m mui - m axit

+ Tnh nNaOH =

22

+ So snh n hn hp axit v nNaOH Nu n hn hp = nNaOH A, B u n chcNu nNaOH > n hn hp trong hn hp X phi c mtaxit a chc + Ca(OH)2d nCO2 = nCaCO3

Hng dn gii:S mol hn hp 2 axit:


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

40

nhh =4,22

48,4=0,2 mol

C thay 1H ( trong COOH) bng 1Na ( c COONa) th khi lng tng 22vc.Vy s mol NaOH phn ng:

m mui m axit 20,3614,64nNaOH = = = 0,26 mol

22 22

Nhn xt: Nu A, B u n chc: nNaOH = n 2 axit = 0,2 mol Nu A, B u a chc: nNaOH >2n axit = 2.0,2 = 0,4 mol

Ta c : 0,2 < 0,26 < 0,4 trong X c mt axit n chc v mt axit a chc t cng thc chung ca 2 axit l CxHyOzgm Cx1Hy1Oz1 v Cx2Hy2Oy2CxHyOz + (x + y/4z/2) O2 xCO2 + y/2H2O1 mol x mol

0,2 mol 0,46 mol

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2OnCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,46 mol

x =2,0

46,0= 2,3

x1 < x < x2 x1= 2, x2= 3Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca A, B Trng hp 1: A a chc, B n chc v u no A: (COOH)2 , B: C2H5COOHTa c:

mX = 90a + 74b = 14,64

nX = a + b = 0,2

a = - 0,1

b = 0,21 loi

Trng hp 2: A n chc, B a chc v u no A: C2H5COOH, B: HOOC-CH2-COOH

Ta c:

mX = 60a + 104b = 14,64nX = a + b = 0,2

a = 0,14 molb = 0,06 mol

%mA = 57,38%, %mB = 42,62%


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

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V d 3: Cho 2 axit cacboxylic A v B, nu cho hn hp 2 axit ny tc dng vi Na th thu

c mt cht kh C c s mol bng tng s mol ca A v B trong hn hp.Nu trn 20g dd axit A nng 23% vi 50g dd axit B nng 20,64% thu c dd D.

trung ha dd D cn 200ml dd NaOH 1,1M1.Tm CTPT ca A v B2. Vit CTCT c th c ca Av B

Bi lmTm tt:

A +Na

hh B Kh C ( nC=21 nhh)

+200ml NaOH1,1M

20g A 23% + 50g B 20,64% dd D dd E

1.Tm CTPT ca A v B2. Vit CTCT c th c ca Av B

Phn tch:

+ Axit A v B cha bit no hay khng no, n chc hay a chc nn ta tCTTQ ca 2 axit l : A : R1(COOH)n , B: R2(COOH)m

+ Da vo h thc nC=2

1nhh. T bin lun cc gi tr n v m

+ Trn dd axit A v axit B c dd D t xc nh ng CTCT ca 2 axit Av B.

Hng dn gii: t CTTQ ca 2 axit l : A : R1(COOH)n , B: R2(COOH)m ( n, m >=1)Cc phng trnh phn ng:

R1(COOH)n + nNa R1(COONa)n +2

nH2 (1)

amol2

na mol

R2(COOH)m + mNa R2(COONa)m +2m H2 ( 2)

bmol2

mbmol

R1(COOH)n + nNaOH R1(COONa)n + H2 O (3)

amol an mol


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

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R2(COOH)m + mNaOH R2(COONa)m + H2 O (4)

bmol bm mol

Gi a,b ln lt l s mol ca A, B

Ta c: nH2 =2

mbna

hhn = a+b

Theo gi thit: : nH2 =2

1 hhn

2

mbna =

2

ba

na + mb = a + b

Ch c 1 cp nghim duy nht tha mn iu kin :

1

1

m

n

Vy A v B u l 2 axit n chc

Ta c: mA = 20100

23= 4,6g

mB = 50100

64,20=10,32 g

mhh= mA + mB = 4,6 + 10,32 = 14,92 gV y u l axit n chc nn : nhh = nNaOH = a + b = 0,2.1,1=0,2 mol

hhM =hh

hh

n

m=

2,0

32,106,4 = 67,81

R1 + 45 < 67,81 < R2+45 ( gi s MA


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[NHOM 1 HOA 2006]

2009

b. Vit CTCTA: H-C-OH v CH3-COOH

B: CH2=C-COOH CH3-CH=CH=COOH CH2=CH-COOH

Tc dng ca bi tp ny: + Rn luyn knng phn tch, knng tnh ton v vit phng trnh phn ng.+ Cng c li cch vit cng thc cu to.+ Cch xc nh v t cng thc tng qut cho tng trng hp c th .

O

CH3

[hoahocthpt]andehit-axitcaboxylic

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