human impacts on oceanic environment, … book...ecosystem, and fisheries 11-12 november 2014 hotel...

Supported byNagasaki University Sophistication Budget (大学高度化推進経費)JST-MOST Strategic Japanese-Chinese Cooperative Program on "Climate Change"(日本(JST)-中国(MOST)研究交流[気候変動])Sustainable Aquatic Food and Environment Project in the East China Sea(文部科学省特別経費)Research Initiative for Adaptation to Future Climate Change(長崎大学重点研究課題)Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies(水産・環境科学総合研究科)Center for International Collaborative Research(国際連携研究戦略本部)

Human Impacts onOceanic Environment,

Ecosystem, and Fisheries

11-12 November 2014Hotel Sainthill Nagasaki

問い合せ先長崎大学環東シナ海環境資源研究センターシンポジウム企画責任者石松惇 [email protected]電話 095-850-7312シンポジウム事務局松岡數充 [email protected]三宅優子 [email protected]電話 095-850-7311

Program will be uploaded at http://www-mri.fish.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/index.html

Symposium: Human Impacts on Oceanic Environment, Ecosystem and Fisheries, 11-13 November, 2014, Nagasaki, Japan.

Human Impacts on Oceanic Environment, Ecosystem, and Fisheries

Date：November 11-13, 2014

Venue: Hotel Sainthill, Nagasaki

（１）シンポジウム参加：直接会場へお出でください（ホテルには駐車場はありません）。受付は 11 日 8：30、12 日 8：00 開始。

（２）懇親会（11 日・12 日）参加

参加費：各日とも 1,000 円 11 月 4 日（火）までに下記へメールでご連絡ください。

三宅優子([email protected])、Tel 850-7328; 村田みずり([email protected]) Tel 850-7312 ※参加費は、シンポジウム受付にてお支払いください。懇親会のみご参加の方は、懇親会場でも受付けます。

※11 日は、17：30 にシンポジウム会場から懇親会場（稲佐山頂上「ひかりのレストラン」）へのバスが出ます。バス利用を希望

される方は併せてお知らせください。直接懇親会場へお出でになっても結構です。

※12 日は、19 時からシンポジウム会場で懇親会です。

November 11 Morning 9:00-9:10 Shigeru Katamine (President) Opening Remarks 9:10-9:20 Takashi Hayase (Dean, Graduate School of

Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies)

Welcome Address

9:20-9:30 Atsushi Ishimatsu Purpose of the symposium 9:30-9:40 Group photo Session 1 Critical ocean issues in Asia and Oceania Chair Takayuki Miyanishi 9:40-10:10 Hideaki Nakata Human impacts on fisheries environments and ecosystems in

the Japanese coastal water: present situations and a future

perspective 10:10-10:30 Nguyen Hieu Trung and Van Pham Dang

Tri Surface water resources changes in the Mekong Delta under impacts of hydrological change and socio-economic development

10:30-10:50 Nguyen Thanh Phuong, Truong Hoang Minh, Vu Nam Son and Tran Ngoc Hai

Coastal aquaculture and climate change impacts in the

Mekong Delta, Vietnam 10:50-11:05 Tea break 11:05-11:35 Mst Kaniz Fatema An overview of coastal environmental and fisheries issues of

Bangladesh 11:35-12:05 Raja Bidin Raja Hassan, Muzzneena

Ahmad Mustapha and Ku Kassim Ku Yaacob

Impact of climate change on pelagic fish in Malaysia

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Brief introduction of posters 12:05-12:08 Takamasa Hasegawa, Naoki Takatsuki,

Yuuki Kawabata, Atsuyoshi Manda, Gregory N. Nishihara, Shinji Fujita, Ryo Kawabe, Misato Yamada, Tsukasa Kinoshita, Nobuhiro Yamawaki, Yasuhiro Morii, and Yoshitaka Sakakura

Do fish juveniles associate with drifting seaweeds for food?

12:08-12:11 Teh Chiew Peng, Camilla Campanati, Thiyagarajan Vengatesen and Aileen Tan Shau Hwai

Early larval tolerance to elevated CO2: a comparison of

tropical and temperate oysters 12:11-12:14 Fumiaki Mori, Kunitsugu Yamaki, Ryo

Ueda, Ryuji Kondo, Yu Umezawa, Kazumi Matsuoka, Kazuhiro Suzaki, Hideaki Nakata, and Minoru Wada

Seasonal variation in microbial community respiration of dead

zone sediments of Omura Bay, Japan

12:14-12:17 Jing Song, Rika Eguchi, Yuka Morita, Daisuke Izumada, Ai Iwamoto, Kazuya Mijima, Masaki Nagae, Yuji Takao, and Kiyoshi Soyano

Survey of estrogenic contamination in Japanese coastal waters using the Japanese common goby Acanthogobius flavimanus

12:17-12:20 Mikinori Ueno and Tatsuya Oda Effects of enzymatic-digested alginate oligosaccharides on the growth of various marine microalgae including useful and harmful species

12:20-12:23 Nopparat Nasuchon, Jiro Okada, Kenichi Yamaguchi, Katsuya Hirasaka, Ryosuke Ono, Shohei Noma and Atsushi Ishimatsu

The effects of elevated CO2 on muscular systems of the red sea urchins Pseudocentrotus depressus

12:23-12:26 Peeraporn Punchai, Gregory Naoki Nishihara and Atsushi Ishimatsu

Impacts of ocean acidification on Sargassum thunbergii community: a mesocosm approach

12:26-13:50 Lunch Poster presentation time (13:00-13:50)

Afternoon Session 2 Impacts of ocean pollution in Asia and Oceania Chair Kiyoshi Soyano 13:50-14:20 (Keynote)

Vengatesen Thiyagarajan et al. Proteomics analysis of oysters provide new insights into molecular effects of multiple climate-related stressors

14:20-14:40 Mayumi Allinson Microcontaminants from wastewater effluents as marine pollution sources in Australia

14:40-15:00 Kathryn Hassell Marine pollution in Australia and the use of fish as sentinels and biomonitors

15:00-15:20 Yuka Morita, Wei-Chuan Chiang, Yuan-Shing Ho, and Kiyoshi Soyano

Reproductive biology of the skipjack tuna in the coastal waters of Okinawa and Taiwan coastal waters: changes in serum steroid levels and gonadal development

15:20-15:40 Sang-Woo Kim Transboundary pollution as an issue in northeast Asia

15:40-16:00 Akira Yamauchi, Kazuaki Kawamoto, and Atsuyoshi Manda

Influence of the Kuroshio on the detailed vertical cloud structure revealed by CloudSat products

16:00-16:15 Tea break

16:15-16:35 Kwang-Sik Choi Impacts of the Hebei Spirit oil spill on physiology of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas on the west coast of Korea

16:35-16:55 Minoru Wada, Hirokazu Suzaki, Fumiaki Mori, and Hideaki Nakata

Wind speed as a controlling factor for interannual variation in the extent of bottom hypoxia in Omura Bay

16:55-17:15 撤収 17:30 Bus leaves the symposium venue to the restaurant 18:00-20:00 Banquet at Hikari-no-Restaurant

2


November 12 Morning Session 3 Impacts of climate change in the oceans in Asia and Oceania

Chair Shigenobu Takeda 8:30-9:00 (Keynote) Philip Boyd Exploring the ramifications of ocean acidification in the

context of global environmental change and ocean biogeochemistry

9:00-9:30 (Keynote) Kunshan Gao Interactive effects of ocean acidification with solar UV radiation on marine primary producers

9:30-9:50 Song Hu, Zhe Lv, Wang Liu and Haoliang Wu East China Sea tide modeling and its application on green tide on Subei Bank

9:50-10:10 So Kawaguchi Krill and krill fisheries in a changing climate 10:10-10:30 Yukihiro Nojiri Collaboration of Japanese maritime laboratories for CO2

manipulation experiments assessing impact of ocean acidification on coastal ecosystem

10:30-10:50 Tea Break 10:50-11:10 Yuan Meng, Chaoyi Li, VBS Chan, and

Vengatesen Thiyagarajan Biomineralization under ocean acidification: a mechanical engineers perspective

11:10-11:30 Atsushi Ishimatsu, Rui Yin, Nopparat Nasuchon, Peeraporn Punchai, Jiro Okada, Kenichi Yamaguchi, Katsuya Hirasaka, Gregory N. Nishihara, and Kunshan Gao

Effects of ocean acidification and warming on coastal

animals and ecosystems

11:30-11:50 Aileen Tan Shau-Hwai, Teh Chiew Peng, Amelia Ng Phei Fang, and Zulfigar Yasin

Oyster aquaculture in an acidic ocean

11:50-12:10 Chang-Keun Kang, Hyun Je Park, Jung Hyun Kwak, Eunah Han, Chung Il Lee, and Suam Kim

Seasonal food-web dynamics in the southwestern continental slope of the East/Japan Sea: a discrepancy between pelagic and benthic counterparts

12:10-12:30 Sukgeun Jung Asynchronous responses of fish assemblages to climate-driven ocean regime shifts between the upper and deep layer in the Ulleung Basin and the Korea Strait from 1986 to 2010

12:30-13:30 Lunch

Afternoon Session 4 Impacts of human activities on the aquatic ecosystem in Asia and Oceania

Chair Yoshiki Matsushita 13:30-14:00 (Keynote) Sheng-Ping Wang, Mark N. Maunder, Tom

Nishida, and Ying-Ru Chen Influence of model misspecification and temporal changes on the stock assessment of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the Indian Ocean

14:00-14:20 Sangdeok Chung, Hirokazu Suzaki, Akihide Kasai, and Hideaki Nakata

The response of fish communities to climate and human-induced changes inferred from fishery landings in an enclosed bay

14:20-14:40 Seishiro Furukawa, Yuichi Tsuda, Ko Fujioka, Wei-Chuan Chiang, Shun Watanabe, Hsien-Chung Lin, Hsiao-Min Hung, Kazuki Tone, Hideaki Nakata, and Ryo Kawabe

Comparison of vertical habitat use by immature Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, and dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus, in relation with a thermocline in the northern East China Sea

3


14:40-15:00 Wei-Chuan Chiang, Michael K. Musyl, Seishiro Furukawa, Hsiao-Min Hung, Hsien-Chung Lin, Shun Watanabe, Yun-Hui Wu, Yuan-Shing Ho, Don-Chung Liu, Chi-Lu Sun, and Ryo Kawabe

Satellite tracking and multi-sensor data logging in

free-ranging sailfish

15:00-15:20 Hideki Nakayama and Siripong Thitamadee Environmental biotechnology using halophiles for reducing negative human impacts on fisheries in Asia and Oceania

15:20-15:40 Tea Break Session 5 Science in action (special talk from JICA)

Chair Seiji Katoh 15:40-16:00 Shunji Sugiyama How science communities could help secure marine

ecosystems and fishery production in developing countries in Asia and Oceania region

16:00-16:30 Concluding Discussion 16:30-16:40 Closing Remarks Atsushi Hagiwara (Vice President) 16:40-17:15 撤収

19:00-21:00 Farewell party Hotel Sainthill

November 13 Excursion (Unzen, Shimabara)

(Tentative)

8：30 Tour bus leaves Bunkyo Campus, Nagasaki University

9:00 Tour bus leaves Hotel Wingport Nagasaki

4


11 月 11 日 16：10～17：40 会場：グローバル教育・学生支援棟の G-38 JICA 杉山俊士氏講演会「魚が食べられなくなる日：共有資源管理の現状と課

題」

11 月 14 日 13：00～14：20 会場：環境科学部大会議室カントー大学招待者 2

名による講演会 Nguyen Hieu Trung 環境・天然資源学部長 Nguyen Thanh Phuong 副学長、養殖・水産学部

Hotel Wingport Nagasaki, 9-2 Daikoku-machi, Nagasaki Tel 095-833-2801

ホテルウィング・ポート長崎長崎市大黒町 9-2 Tel 095-833-2801

http://www.wingport.com/en/

Hotel Sainthill Nagasaki, 4-10 Chikugo-machi, Nagasaki, Tel 095-822-2251

ホテルセントヒル長崎長崎市筑後町 4-10 Tel 095-822-2251

http://www.kouritu-nagasaki.jp/sainthill/

Hikari no Restaurant, Inasayama Tenbodai, 364 Inasamachi, Nagasaki, Tel

095-862-1050

ひかりのレストラン長崎市稲佐町３６４稲佐山展望台 2F Tel 095-862-1050

http://inasayama-hikari.com/

企画責任者

石松惇 Atsushi Ishimatsu Tel 095-850-7312 E-mail [email protected]

事務局

松岡數充 Kazumi Matsuoka Tel 095-850-7316 E-mail [email protected]

三宅優子 Yuko Miyake Tel 095-850-7328 E-mail [email protected]

5

http://www.wingport.com/en/

http://www.kouritu-nagasaki.jp/sainthill/

http://inasayama-hikari.com/

mailto:[email protected]



6


Opening Remarks

Shigeru Katamine

President

Nagasaki University

It is my great pleasure to know that so many guests have spent their precious time to attend this

symposium on the oceanic environment and fisheries. As in many other Asian countries, the

Japanese culture is deeply rooted in our ancestor’s close tie to the oceans. Japanese people have

worshiped the wealth that oceans have offered us and have enjoyed the beauty of the oceans. Modern

science has rephrased this as ecological services, but our ancestors well recognized that our life is

supported by nature, of which the oceans constitute an essential part.

However, we now know that human power has become so strong that our activities could

threaten Earth’s environment and ecosystems to the extent that our own presence might also be

imperiled in the coming decades. Asia and Oceania are the regions that would suffer most seriously

from changes in the oceanic environment in the near future. Relatively high population density, vast

areas of low deltaic land, and insufficient preventive measures make many of the Asian countries

vulnerable to pollution, sea level rise and other local and global-scale changes in the coastal

environment. Oceania includes a large number of island nations whose elevation above sea level is

so low that sea level rise due to global warming will drown them and make them disappear from the

maps. Let me also mention that the sea around the Australia includes hot spots in ocean acidification

and temperature rise.

Marine research is one of the three major scientific activities of Nagasaki University. Together

with the other two, Radiation Medicine and Tropical Infectious Disease Research, Nagasaki

University has given strong support to marine science research. In earlier years, a main focus was

placed on fisheries science, but more recently fisheries science has been fused with environmental

science, based upon the recognition that sustainable fisheries production is only possible with careful

attention to the environmental health.

In this symposium, 23 marine scientists and scientists-to-be from 7 different countries will

discuss the current and future problems of the oceans and try to find how we can solve them. We

may be facing something that the earth has not seen or ecosystems have not experienced for

hundreds of thousands of years. I hope this symposium will become an opportunity for you to form

strong ties among Asian and Oceanian regions, and work together such that the gifts from the oceans

will remain healthy and wealthy.

Thank you.

7


Welcome Address

Takashi Hayase

Dean

Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies

Ladies and gentlemen. I am very pleased to meet all of you from so many different

countries to discuss current issues on the oceanic environment and fisheries. Hosting this symposium

on the oceanic environment and fisheries perfectly matches the mission of the Graduate School of

Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, which started only 3 years ago in 2011, as a fusion of

Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies. Although the history of our Graduate School is very

short, we have merged into a new interdisciplinary body, where faculty members work together to

solve environmental issues, and the problems related to food security.

14 years into the 21st century, we are facing a number of serious problems which would

threaten the fate of human race. Needless to say, global warming is an issue which you may see

nearly every day in the newspapers, increasing loss of biodiversity, population explosion, to name a

few. Often we see the word “unprecedented” in articles on these issues. So we may be living in a

world which has not existed before. To survive, we need to understand the nature of those problems,

figure out methods of adaptation or find solutions, all of which can only be achieved by scientific

endeavor.

As the dean of Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, I

sincerely hope that the next two days will be worth your time and the effort you have spent to

prepare and come to Nagasaki. For those Japanese participants, I also hope that you will find

somebody from overseas who shares a common interest with your discipline or those who is willing

to tackle the problem which you are handling with an interdisciplinary approach.

I do not like to be pessimistic about our future. There must be a way we can figure out how

to secure harmony of humans and nature, without which we most likely cannot persist.

Thank you.

8


Session 1

Critical ocean issues in Asia and Oceania

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Human impacts on fisheries environments and ecosystems in the Japanese coastal water: present situations and a future perspective

Hideaki Nakata

Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies

Nagasaki University

E-mail: [email protected]

In the context of global issues such as the explosive growth of the human population and

global environmental changes, wise use of marine living resources has been indispensable to the

sustainable development of the human society. The coastal ecosystem, in particular, is characterized

by its high biological productivity, which often contributes to a good yield of fisheries production.

However, human impacts due to industrial development and increased urbanization, and their

secondary effects such as harmful algal blooms and hypoxia formation in the bottom water have

considerably degraded coastal ecosystems. In addition, engineering projects such as reclamation and

construction of marine facilities have led to the loss of coastal nurseries and habitats, possibly

resulting in a rapid reduction in biological diversity and productivity. In recent years, water quality

itself has been much improved in most of the Japanese coastal waters due to the enforcement of

regulatory measures for land-based nutrient loads, however, ecological quality of the coastal

environment has not yet recovered at all. It has become a matter of great concern to restore the

coastal environment and ecosystem in its entirety.

This paper therefore intends to: describe some of the environmental problems at present in the

Japanese coastal water, and discuss future direction and tasks to achieve sustainable utilization of

marine coastal fisheries resources from an ecosystem perspective. A new approach to nutrient

management which ensures ecosystem diversity and productivity in the coastal water will also be

proposed as a promising way of the management of fisheries ecosystems.

10


Surface water resources changes in the Mekong Delta under impacts of hydrological change and socio-economic development

Nguyen Hieu Trung and Van Pham Dang Tri

College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Surface water resources in the Mekong Delta are strongly influenced by external driving

factors including upstream discharge, local rainfall, and tidal regimes. In addition, internal factors

(development of flood control dyke systems, diverting flow constructions, and coastal protection sea

dyke systems) also provide forces exaggerating water resources changes locally. Even though the

surface water resources in the delta provides vital conditions for development, they are highly

subjected to changes induced by local and regional socio-economic development and global climate

change. This presentation discusses the trends of changes of the surface water resources in the delta

with considerations on analysing impacts of the driving-forces. In addition, discussion on the

accumulative impacts of future changes on the surface water resources and consequent possible

threats on the sustainable development of the delta are also presented.

Key words: Mekong Delta, water management, climate change impacts, trans-boundary issues.

11


Coastal aquaculture and climate change impacts In the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Nguyen Thanh Phuong, Truong Hoang Minh, Vu Nam Son, and Tran Ngoc Hai

College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Vietnam

Email: [email protected]

In Vietnam, the aquaculture and fisheries sectors have made a vital contribution to economic

development and nutrition security. The aquaculture sector reached 3.2 million tons in production,

1.2 million hectares in culture area and US$ 4.2 billions in value in 2013. The Mekong River Delta,

in the southern part of Vietnam, is the main region of aquaculture in Vietnam with a total production

of 2.2 million tons, sharing 71.4% of the national value in 2013. With a coastline of over 700 km, the

coastal aquaculture of the Mekong River Delta has been well known for the farming of marine

shrimps (black tiger shrimp and white leg shrimp) and molluscs (blood cockle, white hard clam). For

instance, the production of marine shrimp in 2013 was 358,477 tons sharing 74.6% of Vietnam.

However, Vietnam is one of the countries which will be heavily affected by climate change

(IPCC 2007), especially the Mekong River Delta. The increase of temperature (projected to increase

by as much as 3°C within the century) and sea level rise (projected saline water intrusion into inland

area and water elevation as high as 1 m by the end of 21st century) are the two main factors of

concern with climate change. The changes of the environmental conditions are forecast to affect the

farming systems and sustainability of the coastal aquaculture in the Mekong River Delta. Our current

studies on the impacts of climate change on coastal aquaculture system (such as shrimp farming) has

recognized irregular weather change patterns, drought, sudden heavy rain, large daily temperature

variation, prolonged cold days, etc., which impacted negatively the shrimp farming. Adaptive

solutions for the coastal aquaculture in the Mekong River Delta to the changes of environmental

conditions under climate change impacts have been conducted and also call for collaboration in

order to have feasible solutions in the coming time.

Key words: aquaculture, climate change, environment, adaptation, Mekong delta.

12


An overview of coastal environmental and fisheries issues of Bangladesh

Mst. Kaniz Fatema

Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202,

Bangladesh


Bangladesh is a fascinating country having the largest delta in the world and is gifted with vast

aquatic resources in the form of rivers, canals, floodplains, lakes, ponds, lagoons, estuaries and a

long coast line exhibiting unique biotic and abiotic diversity. These water bodies are rich in fishery

resources. Bangladesh has inland waters of 4.7 million hectares and vast marine fisheries resources

expanding over an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 166000 km2. The fishery sector contributes

to 4.39% of the national GDP, 22.76% of the agricultural GDP and 2.46% of foreign exchange

earnings by exporting fish and fishery products (2011-12). Fish supplies about 60% of national

animal protein consumption and the people of Bangladesh largely depend on fish to meet their

protein needs in both the rural and urban areas. Moreover, fishery sector plays a significant role in

rural employment generation and poverty mitigation, almost 11% of the total population is directly

or indirectly engaged in this sector for their livelihoods. There are 260 freshwater fish species, 475

marine fish spp., 12 exotic spp., 24 prawn and 36 shrimp species in Bangladesh water. Commercially

important freshwater fishes includes Labeo rohita, L calbasu, Cirrhinus cirrhosus, Catla catla,

Puntius gonionotus, Clarius batrachus, Anabas testudineus, Mystus gulsha, Ompok pabda, Tor tor

etc. Commercially important marine fish species in the Bay of Bengal includes catfish, jewfish,

Indian salmons, pomphrets, eels, redsnappers, grunters, croaker, grouper, Bombay ducks, hilsa,

several cartilaginous fishes etc. Commercial shrimp resources of the sea of Bangladesh belong

almost exclusively to the family Penaeidae Penaeus monodon, P. indicus, P. semisulcatus,

Metapenaeus monoceros etc. Other biological resources of direct commercial and economic

potential consist of corals, cuttlefish, octopi, sea-urchins, sea-cucumbers, oysters, crabs, turtles and

seaweeds. Additionally, the world largest mangrove forest is located in Bangladesh, the Sundarban

mangrove forest (6000 km2) which functions as a nursery and potentially as breeding grounds for

various commercially important offshore and deep sea fishes, prawns and shrimps. The sea of

Bangladesh is divided into trawl and artisanal fishery zones. In 2011-2012 the yearly total fish

production of Bangladesh was 32,61,782 MT of which 82.26% was from inland and the rest

(17.74%) from the sea. Significantly, Tenualosa ilisha (Hilsa shad) of the Bay of Bengal is regarded

as the national fish of Bangladesh and has the highest contribution to the entire fish production,

economy, employment and export as a single fish species. Hilsa production was 0.347 million MT in

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2011-12, serving around 11% of the country’s total fish production. However, the bountiful water

bodies of Bangladesh is in danger of climate change which could affect broadly and profoundly

across ecosystems, societies and economies and increase pressure on all livelihoods and food

supplies. Climate changes in the form of - temperature variations, prolonged drought, erratic rainfall

and flooding, sea level rise, salinity intrusion, frequent cyclones, storms and tornados etc. adversely

affect aquatic ecosystems and their productivity which would aggravate economic hardship of

Bangladesh. Freshwater fish habitat destruction results from flooding, siltation, drought, ground and

surface water contamination, squeezing, and domestic and industrial pollution leading to fish

mortality, loss of wild and cultured fish stocks, reduced wild fish growth, reproduction and

recruitment, threatening the survival and distribution and finally a high risk of extinction in the wild.

In addition, sea level rise, consequent increased salt water intrusion and frequent incidence of

cyclones are a few major lines of visible evidence of climate change impact on coastal area of

Bangladesh. Cyclone, Sidr (15 Nov., 2007) and Aila (27 May, 2009) are the latest examples of

greater climate variability and uncertainty of Bangladesh. In spite of having enormous economic,

social and ecological importance, impacts of climate change have not been accurately assessed in

depth and influence of climate change on fisheries sector of Bangladesh is still undefined.

Development of adequate research and adaptive measure to protect the fisheries sector is necessary

for future food and nutrition security as well as economic growth of Bangladesh.

Key words: fish, fisheries resources, climate change

14


Impact of climate change on pelagic fish in Malaysia

Raja Bidin Raja Hassan1, Muzzneena Ahmad Mustapha2 and

Ku Kassim Ku Yaacob3

1Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department, Chendering Fisheries

Garden, 21080 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

E-mail: [email protected] 2National University of Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

E-mail: [email protected] 3Fisheries Research Institute, Batu Maung, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia


Pelagic fish is one of the important group of fish caught by fishing industry in Malaysia and the

world. Their presence are very much affected by environmental conditions including oceanographic

parameters where they live. Occurrence of monsoon season in Malaysia that effect on spatial and

temporal variability of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and chlorophyll distribution thus influences

the seasonal distribution of pelagic fishes. Understanding the relationship between distribution of

pelagic fish and the water biophysical characteristics are important to identify its distribution.

Increasing trend of temperature due to climate change provide a significant impact on pelagic fish

distribution. The potential changes in pelagic fish distribution which was estimated following

temperature changes in the next three decades based on Representative Concentration Pathways,

indicated that the fish distribution shifted to areas away from the Malaysian Exclusive Economic

Zone. The results demonstrated the variability in spatial distribution of pelagic was influenced by

chlorophyll and SST. Understanding this relationship enables contribution to formulation of a

regional fisheries management and development.

Key words: pelagic, climate change, oceanographic parameters, fish abundance

15


Session 2

Impacts of ocean pollution in Asia and Oceania

16


Proteomics analysis of oysters provide new insights into molecular effects of multiple climate-related stressors

Vengatesen Thiyagarajan et al.

The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong

Kong, Hong Kong SAR


Oysters have an incredibly complex life-cycle with metamorphic process that transforms

swimming larva to sessile adult in minutes. This transition is perhaps the most challenging step

because larva must simultaneously choose the right place, switch their molecular machinery to suit

sessile life and to build calcite shells instead of aragonite larval shells through sophisticated

calcification mechanisms. Now oyster larvae have to accomplish these tasks while seawater

chemistry rapidly changing due to anthropogenic CO2 enrichment, warming and freshening.

Although the impacts of theses stressors (individually) on oyster larvae are known, the proteome

level changes or plasticity that underlie these multiple stressors effects is required to fully realize

climate change effects on shellfishes. Using the newly annotated complete genome information and

the quantitative proteomics approach (iTRAQ labeling followed by LC-MS analysis with

LTQ-Orbitrap), the interactive effects of acidification, warming and freshening on proteome of the

Pacific oyster larvae was examined. Series of our proteomics studies combined with physiological

data suggests that the Pacific oyster larvae possess necessary molecular machinery for acclimation or

short-term adaptation to tolerate near-future OA scenarios.

17


Microcontaminants from wastewater effluents as marine pollution sources in Australia

Mayumi Allinson

CAPIM, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Australia


The sources of marine pollution are considered to be from inland and offshore activities, and

atmospheric deposition. Microcontaminants from industries, agricultural and domestic sources

mainly reach the ocean directly or indirectly via rivers, creeks and storm water drains. Of the

numerous organic micropollutants, emerging contaminants, the natural steroids and pharmaceuticals

and personal care products have been little studied until recently in Australia. The country’s dry

climate makes water recycling ever more important but still the majority of wastewater effluent

discharges go directly into the sea after treatment. However, only a limited number of chemicals are

monitored in effluent discharges. Utilising both innovative multi-screen database methodology

(AIQS database GC-MS screening for over 900 semi-volatile organic chemicals) and bioanalytical

testing (yeast bioassays for estrogenic and xenobiotic activities), the chemical composition of the

effluents from wastewater treatment plants in Victoria were evaluated.

Key words: microcontaminant, wastewater treatment plant effluent, AIQS-database, yeast bioassay

18


Marine pollution in Australia and the use of fish as sentinels and biomonitors

Kathryn Hassell

Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne,

Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia


Marine pollution is a global issue that threatens long term species survival worldwide.

Australia is a large continent with extensive temperate and tropical marine environments that are

susceptible to impacts from a range of factors, from natural stressors such as variable climate and

rainfall patterns, to anthropogenic stressors such as habitat modification, impacts from expanding

populations and pollution inputs. Much of Australia’s native marine fauna is unique and vulnerable

to environmental change, and Australian environments are also important for a number of migratory

species. There are several Ramsar-listed coastal wetlands throughout Australia that provide

important breeding areas for wetland birds of international significance, and several marine

mammals utilise Australian waters as nursery grounds too. In order to protect such values, we need

to monitor the ecological health of these environments, which is achieved most effectively through

biological monitoring.

Biological monitoring is an important tool for assessing the ecological health of an environment, and

various species have been utilised to demonstrate ecological alterations (i.e. loss of sensitive species,

changes in species composition, altered reproduction) in response to natural or anthropogenic

stressors. One group of organisms that are particularly useful for biomonitoring are fish. As an

example of the benefits of this approach, in this study I will discuss the changes we examined in

gene expression, protein expression and gonad histology of Australian and Japanese specimens of

the common Japanese goby (mahaze, マハゼ), Acanthogobius flavimanus, which is found in both

countries. Results will be discussed comparatively, and in the context of the value of international

collaboration, whereby we have been able to rapidly develop a ‘new’ test species for biomonitoring

in Australia using methods originally developed in Japan.

19



Reproductive biology of the skipjack tuna in the coastal waters of Okinawa and Taiwan coastal waters: Changes in serum steroid levels and gonadal

development

Yuka Morita1, Wei-Chuan Chiang2, Yuan-Shing Ho2, and Kiyoshi Soyano1

1Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, Japan 2Eastern Marine Biology Research Center of Fisheries Research Institute, Taiwan


The discharge of chemicals and heavy metals into the marine environment has caused concern

regarding the health of marine ecosystems and the safety of marine food. This problem has been noted in

the East China Sea that is easy to be affected by human activity because the region has the world’s largest

heavily-populated area and industrial district on the coast. There is a high possibility that the artificial

chemicals and heavy metals have an effect on reproduction of fish. Therefore, we planned a research for

understanding the contaminations of artificial chemicals and heavy metals and its biological effects using

the skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis as a target species. As a first step of the research, we tried to obtain

the biological and physiological information about the reproduction of the skipjack tuna in the eastern

coastal waters of Taiwan and mainland of Okinawa.

The skipjack tuna were captured offshore of Motobu town in Okinawa, Japan in April, July, and

October in 2013. They were also purchased at the Shinkang harbor of southeastern Taiwan from June to

October in 2013.The histological observation of gonad were carried out to analyze the seasonal changes

in gonadal development. In addition, plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T) and 11-keto-testosterone

(11KT) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The females with yolk-accumulated oocyte (vitellogenic stage) appeared in summer season in

Okinawa, although the female of vitellogenic stage was confirmed throughout the year in eastern Taiwan.

On the other hand, the spermatogenic male having the testis of early maturation or late maturation stages

appeared throughout the year in both regions. These results show that the maturation of female in the

skipjack tuna varies by the region. Moreover, the female maturity is a determining factor of the spawning

season. Taiwan is located south of mainland of Okinawa and water temperature in eastern Taiwan is

constantly higher than that of the mainland of Okinawa. Spawning season may be strongly related to the

water temperature in the habitat area.

In addition to the above-mentioned contents, we will explain about the relationship between

maturation and hormone levels of the skipjack tuna.

Key words: East China Sea, Katsuwonus pelamis, maturation

20


Transboundary pollution as an issue in northeast Asia

Sang-Woo Kim

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea


Transboundary pollution (air and water) is part of the wider environmental agenda which

includes resource scarcity (energy, food, water, etc.), degradation of natural resources, biodiversity,

and climate-related natural disasters. The rapid economic growth in Northeast Asia over the past

decades has increased trace gas emissions and fine pollution aerosols, resulting in various

environmental issues, including regional haze, air quality degradation, acid deposition, and climate

change, which threatening the health of human and ecosystems. In particular, severe haze events

have become both more intense and frequent in recent years, likely due to the increase in

anthropogenic emissions in China. Seasonal westerly winds carry these pollutants across whole

Northeast Asia region. Over the decade, several intensive campaigns and long-term continuous

measurements within the framework of UNEP Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC)-Asia project have

been provided useful observation data for studying the properties of transboundary pollution and

dust particles and for estimating direct and indirect effects of these particles on atmospheric and

oceanic environment. Some key findings from field measurements of transboundary pollution and

dust particles at regional background stations in Northeast Asia, especially focusing on Gosan

Climate Observatory (33.29N, 126.16E) in Korea, will be presented. An identification of long-range

transported haze phenomena and their meteorological features over northeast Asia also will be

discussed.

Key words: transboundary pollution, haze, Asian dust

21


Influence of the Kuroshio on the detailed vertical cloud structure revealed by CloudSat products

Akira Yamauchi, Kazuaki Kawamoto, and Atsuyoshi Manda

Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki,

Japan


We analyzed meteorological data and CloudSat satellite products for the period between May

15 and June 15 from 2007 to 2010. The CloudSat radar reflectivity was used as an index to represent

cloud microphysical processes. We observed high radar reflectivity values from the lower to upper

layers over the Kuroshio and an increase in rainfall intensity that extended to the upper troposphere.

The strong updraft flow was related to the increase in rainfall intensity following an analysis of

Mesoscale spectrum model (MSM) and CloudSat data. In addition, we showed that the frequency of

occurrence of geometrically thick and strongly precipitating clouds increased over the Kuroshio, and

an increase in rainfall strength in the cloud occurred at higher altitudes (6–10 km) than in locations

surrounding the Kuroshio. Our analyses using CloudSat succeeded in capturing the changes in

smaller droplets and drizzle in the upper part of the clouds, rather than the established precipitation

observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). In conclusion, these findings

indicated that strong updraft flow over the Kuroshio could change the vertical structure inside

clouds.

Key words: air-sea interaction, cloud physics, satellite observation

22



Impacts of the Hebei Spirit oil spill on physiology of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas on the west coast of Korea

Kwang-Sik Choi

School of Marine Biomedical Science

Jeju National University, 102 Jeju Daehakno, Jeju 690-756


In December 2007, Hong Kong registered crude oil carrier Hebei Spirit anchored off the

coast of Taean on the west coast of Korea was collided with a crane barge. The collision resulted in

the leaking of 10,800 tonnes of crude oil and the dispersed crude oil covered most of the Pacific

oysters raised on tidal flats in Taean. A small proportion of the farming oysters survived from the

accident. To understand impacts of the oil spill accident on physiology, we monitored their annual

gametogenesis and determined their reproductive effort from January 2008 to December 2010.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) level in oyster tissue was 10-20 times higher in the spilled

area during the spring of 2008. Histology revealed that gametogenesis of oysters in the spill area was

significantly retarded several months after the accident and the female produced significantly less

quantity of eggs during spawning in 2008 summer. In the spring of 2008, oysters in the spilled area

also showed high level of digestive gland atrophy and low level of glycogen in their tissues

compared to the control oysters, suggesting that the survived oysters from the accident are under

high level of physiological stress. In 2010, the PAHs levels in the oyster tissues declined to a great

extent and the level was comparable to the pre-oil spill period. Accordingly, the annual reproductive

cycle pattern and quantity of the eggs produced during spawning season 2010 in the spill area were

much comparable to those of the control oysters. Histology also revealed that annual reproductive

cycle and reproductive effort of the wild Pacific oysters in the spill area monitored in 2011 were

similar to the control wild oysters. Accordingly, it was believed that the impacts of the spilled oil on

oyster physiology become mitigated two years after the accident and the oysters in the spilled area

recovered their normal physiology including the reproduction.

23


Wind speed as a controlling factor for interannual variation in the extent of bottom hypoxia in Omura Bay

Minoru Wada1,2, Hirokazu Suzaki2, Fumiaki Mori1, and Hideaki Nakata1,2

1Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Japan.

2Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Japan


It has often been said that the extent, duration and severity of coastal hypoxia are increasing

due possibly to human alteration of coastal ecosystems and changes in oceanographic conditions due

to global warming. In contrast to the impacts of nutrient loading, however, those on hypoxia of

climatic and meteorological changes are poorly understood. Here, we report on wind speed as one of

the easily accessible meteorological parameters to examine the possible link between local wind

forcing and interannual variability in the extent of bottom hypoxia of Omura Bay, Nagasaki, Japan.

According to a recent study of Omura Bay (Takeshige et al. 2013), local wind speed in August

decrease at the rate of 0.0325 m s-1 year-1 during approximately the last half century (1961-1994).

This trend appears to be inversely correlated with the increase reported by Chung et al. (2014) in the

extent of hypoxia. We further compared a basin-wide volumetric index of hypoxia and cumulative

time of a strong wind during July through September over a recent past (1997-2006), and found a

strong negative correlation (r2=0.85, p<0.005) between the two parameters. Further regression

analysis made for the last 5 years (2009-2013), however, revealed a significant outlier in 2012,

during which bottom of Omura Bay became largely anoxic. Nevertheless, these results demonstrate

that wind speed is an important meteorological factor controlling the interannual variation in the

extent of hypoxia in Omura Bay.

Key words: hypoxia, interannual variation, wind speed

24


Session 3

Impacts of climate change in the oceans in

Asia and Oceania

25


Exploring the ramifications of Ocean Acidification in the context of global environmental change and ocean biogeochemistry

Philip Boyd

Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7005


More than a decade of research into Ocean Acidification has enabled ocean scientists to

evaluate both how acidification is driven by a range of ocean processes, and how in turn it influences

ocean biota. Recently, the consequences of ocean acidification have been appraised more broadly.

This appraisal includes the influence of acidification on other biogeochemical processes, and the

biological consequences of the interplay of acidification with other changing oceanic properties.

This more holistic approach reveals a complex series of both biogeochemical and biological feedbacks.

For example, acidification can alter the bioavailability of trace metals. Biological feedbacks of ocean

acidification include its interaction with ocean warming that can result in synergistic or antagonistic

effects on the biota. Such feedbacks present challenges for the interpretation of ocean survey or

time-series observations, and also for the design of environmental manipulation experiments on ocean

biota. In this presentation I will explore the nature of these challenges and how addressing them can

help us better understand controls on, and the impact of, acidification in a rapidly changing ocean.

Key words: acidification, multiple stressors, ocean phytoplankton

26


Interactive effects of ocean acidification with solar UV radiation on marine primary producers

Kunshan Gao

State Key Laboratory of Marine Environment Sciences, Xiamen University


The oceans are taking up over one million tons of CO2 per hr and have been acidified by 30%

since the industrial revolution, and will be further acidified by 150% (pH drop to 7.8, A1F1 scenario)

by the end of this century. Typical chemical changes associated with the ocean acidification are

increased concentrations of pCO2、H+ and HCO3- and decreased concentration of CO32- and CaCO3

saturation state.

The combined effects of UVR and seawater acidification resulted in inhibition of calcification

rates by 96% and 99% and that of photosynthesis by 6% and 15%, at pH 7.9 and 7.6, respectively, in

Emiliania huxleyii. This differential inhibition of calcification (C) and photosynthesis (P) leads to

significant reduction of the C/P ratio. Seawater acidification enhances the transmission of harmful

UVR by about 26% through a reduction of the coccolith layer by 32%. Our data indicate that the

impact of a high CO2/low pH ocean on E. huxleyi enhances the detrimental effects of UVR on the

major phytoplanktonic calcifier. For the articulated coralline alga Corallina sessilis Yendo grown at

elevated CO2 (1000 ppmv) for more than a month under solar radiation calcified less and even lesser

in the presence of UVR. PAR+UVR, in contrast to PAR alone treatment, inhibited the growth,

photosynthetic O2 evolution and calcification rates by13%, 6% and 3% at the low (380 ppmv) and by

47%, 20% and 8% at the high CO2 concentrations, respectively, reflecting a synergistic effect of CO2

enrichment with UVR. The results imply that coralline algae may suffer from more damages caused

by UVB when they calcify less and less with progressing ocean acidification.

When exposed to CO2 concentrations projected for the end of this century, natural phytoplankton

assemblages of the South China Sea (SCS) responded with decreased photosynthetic carbon fixation

and increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ, an indicator of light stress) at light intensities

representative of the upper surface layer. The community composition of these experimental

phytoplankton assemblages shifted away from diatoms, the dominant phytoplankton group

encountered during our field campaigns. To examine the underlying mechanisms of the observed

responses, we grew three species of diatoms at different CO2 concentrations and under varying levels

(5-100%) of solar radiation to mimic the range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)

experienced by the phytoplankton at different depths of the euphotic zone. Above 22-36% of

incident surface solar radiation, corresponding to 26-39 m depths in the SCS, growth rates in the

high CO2-grown cells were inversely related to light levels, and exhibited reduced thresholds at

27


which PAR becomes excessive, leading to higher NPQ. In addition, photorespiration and nighttime

respiratory carbon loss were also enhanced. Future ocean warming will cause a shoaling of upper

mixed layer depths, exposing phytoplankton to increased mean light intensities. This, in combination

with rising CO2 levels, may cause a widespread decline in marine primary production.

Key words: algae, UV, ocean acidification

28


East China Sea tide modeling and its application on green tide on Subei Bank

Song Hu, Zhe Lv, Wang Liu, and Haoliang Wu

College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China


Massive green algae blooms have become an environmental disaster in the Yellow Sea from

2008 to 2013. Yearly surveys have been carried out over Subei Bank, a complex mudflat at the

western edge of the Yellow Sea. During the past five years (2009-2013), evidences were found every

year that from April-May small-scale patches of green tide occurs in the intertidal mudflat. The WRF

(Weather Research and Forecasting Model) was used to hindcast the meteorological fields for

periods when the early aggregation of green algae was found. An FVCOM modeling tidal current

field was also applied to analyze the possible fate of the early patches. Combining WRF, FVCOM

and observations we presented that the increasing water temperature favors the early aggregation and

the typical shape of patches is possibly caused by the tide dynamics. The physical-biological

interaction might be a key physical mechanism for the early development of algae blooms.

Key words: FVCOM, small-scale, early aggregation, green tide, WRF

29


Krill and krill fisheries in a changing climate

So Kawaguchi

Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania, 7050, Australia


Antarctic krill (hereafter krill) may be one of the most abundant metazoan species on the

planet. There are an increasing number of studies indicating the critical role that krill play in the

ecosystem, not just as a key species in the food web but also through their important role in

biogeochemical cycles. Krill is also a target for the largest fisheries in the Southern Ocean, which is

managed by the Commission of the Conservation of Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR).

CCAMLR uses an ecosystem-based management approach which accommodates harvesting as long

as such harvesting is carried out in a sustainable manner and takes account of the effects of fishing

on other components of the ecosystem. The main products from the krill fishery are for aquaculture,

but pharmaceuticals and health food products made of krill oil are also rapidly expanding due to

developments in harvesting and processing technologies, and new markets. There have been

suggestions that the krill population, especially in the South Atlantic, has already decreased as a

result of productivity changes caused by reduced winter sea ice. Declining sea ice cover has resulted

in greater accessibility to the krill stocks for the fishing fleets, particularly in winter. Increases of

pCO2 levels in Southern Ocean surface waters over the last decades have also been observed, and

recent experimental data on krill, and ocean carbon cycle modelling, suggested that some of the

current important krill habitats are likely to become high-risk areas for krill recruitment within the

next 100 years. Krill provide critical ecosystem services in the Southern Ocean. The interaction

between environmental and operational factors emphasises the need for orderly and precautionary

management of the development of this fishery for the health of the Southern Ocean ecosystem.

Keywords: Antarctic krill, krill fishery, climate change

30


Collaboration of Japanese maritime laboratories for CO2 manipulation experiments assessing impact of ocean acidification on coastal ecosystem

Yukihiro Nojiri

Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan

n


A new study program (2014-2018) has been launched with Kakenhi funding from Japan Society

for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). The program is collaboration of maritime laboratories belongs to

Fishery Research Agency, Marine Ecology Research Institute, Kyoto University, and University of

Ryukyus. In this project, impact of increasing pCO2 in seawater on coastal marine organisms is

experimentally studied in species level. Impact on ecosystem is also studied by recruitment

experiment and by observation of interspecies interaction. The target is coastal marine biome around

Japan.

1. Impact of ocean acidification (OA) on various species will be done with indoor CO2 manipulation

system for small organism and larvae. The system can mimic the diurnal variation of pCO2, which is

useful for the understanding of effect of CO2 variability.

2. Using outdoor CO2 manipulation system, impact study of multiple species will be done

simultaneously. The system will be applied for recruitment study, observing settlement of calcifiers

and non-calcifiers in the overflowing seawater tanks with various pCO2.

3. Reproduction experiment (spawning, fertilization, and hatching) of valuable fish species under

various pCO2 will be done using large volume seawater tanks.

Impact of OA on various marine organisms around Japan will be evaluated using state-of-art CO2

manipulation systems. OA impact on coastal marine ecosystem will be evaluated under unified

protocol within Japanese maritime laboratories.

Key words: CO2 manipulation system, ocean acidification, coastal ecosystem impact

31


Biomineralization under ocean acidification: a mechanical engineers perspective

Yuan Meng, Chaoyi Li, VBS Chan, and Vengatesen Thiyagarajan,

The Swire Institute of Marine Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong

Kong, Hong Kong SAR


Most marine calcifiers construct robust calcareous skeletons or shells through biomineralization to protect themselves from desiccation and predatory attacks. Due to increased anthropogenic emission of CO2 in recent years, reduced global ocean pH and decreased carbonate

concentration in seawater (the process called as “ocean acidification” - OA) are expected to impede the CaCO3 accretion during biomineralization and ultimately animals tend to produce a more brittle shell structure under OA. Our series of laboratory based experiments involving multiple disciplines

(science, biomedical and engineering) has investigated the effects of OA on calcifying marine organisms using tubeworm and oyster as models. When we have exposed the fast-calcifying

seruplid tube forming Hydroides elegans to OA, the calcareous tube made by the worm showed altered tube ultrastructure, reduced volume and density, decreased tube hardness and elasticity to a

large extent by ˜80% and ˜70%, and the tube breaking force required to damage the tube was reduced by 64%. The finite element analysis (FEA), a computerized method, found that tube

structure produced under OA is more breakable and suffering higher stress concentration. Thus, under near-future OA condition, tubeworm appears to produces an impaired and mechanically

weaker calcareous protective armor. Edible oysters are fantastic models to investigate OA impacts on hard shell farming commercial invertebrates (such as corals and mussels). Currently, we are testing a hypothesis that oysters will form impaired shells with poor mechanical properties under OA. From our comparative study of two commercially important oysters the micro-CT scanning analysis has

shown that the Crassostrea angulata formed more stratified shell structures while the shell structure of Crassostrea hongkongensis formed fewer layers, and shell density of C. hongkongensis is higher

than C. angulata. As a consequence, Crassostrea angulata might generate poorly mineralized shell in the future OA conditions compared to other closely related oyster species and thus become loser

in acidified future ocean. This hypothesis will be tested by spatially mapping the micromechanical properties of their shells. Oyster shell hardness and elasticity data obtained by nanoindentation

together with shell geometry will be integrated into FEA. Finally we will apply FEA to predict the potential vulnerabilities of oyster shells under various elevated CO2 levels. So far, it appears that protection of marine calcifiers from predator and environmental attacks will be weekend in near

future acidified coastal ocean.

32



Effects of ocean acidification and warming on coastal animals and ecosystems

Atsushi Ishimatsu1, Rui Yin1, Nopparat Nasuchon1, Peeraporn Punchai1, Jiro Okada2, Kenichi

Yamaguchi2, Katsuya Hirasaka2, Gregory N. Nishihara1, and Kunshan Gao3

1Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, Japan

2Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Japan

3State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, China


Data on the effect of ocean acidification and warming on marine biota have been rapidly

accumulating but we still have limited knowledge about underlying mechanisms and how these

marine environmental changes will affect ecosystem structure and function in coming decades. In

this talk, I will briefly summarize the results of our experiments during the last few years and also

some of the ongoing studies, attempting to give clues to these important questions. First, we exposed

the temperate sea urchin, Hemicetrotus pulcherrimus, to elevated CO2 conditions at two

temperatures and quantified feeding, mobility, and metabolism. The results demonstrated that

feeding was decreased with time, metabolism suppressed, and at the end of 7 months of exposure,

mobility was also decreased. Notably, spawning was completely inhibited under the high CO2

conditions at both natural and elevated temperatures. A subsequent study on the subtropical sea

urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina, confirmed a negative effect of CO2 on feeding. We hypothesized

that these effects were due to impairment of the muscular system. Some preliminary results of the

ongoing study will be presented by Ms. Nopparat Nasuchon later in this session. Another line of our

study (by Ms. Peeraporn Punchai) examines effects of CO2 on macroalgal communities. We have

exposed the brown alga (Sargassum thunbergii) and its epifauna (predominantly, a gastropod

Barleeia sp.) to the ambient and elevated CO2 conditions for two months, and investigated their

responses. Exposure to high CO2 conditions reduced both Gross Ecosystem Production and Net

Ecosystem Production of the mesocosm. There were substantial negative impacts upon epifaunal

abundance. Through scientific research in the last 10 years, we know much better about potential

impacts of near-future marine environmental changes. Nevertheless, there is urgent need to spur

scientific endeavor on how these changes will impact aquaculture species and productions, which are

vitally important in Asian countries.

Key words: macroalgal communities, mesocosm experiment, ocean acidification, sea urchins

33



Oyster aquaculture in an acidic ocean

Aileen Tan Shau-Hwai1, Teh Chiew Peng1, Amelia Ng Phei Fang1, and Zulfigar Yasin2

1Marine Science Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden,

Penang, Malaysia 2School of Marine and Environment, Universiti Terengganu Malaysia, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia


About one third of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions had been absorbed by the

ocean since the Industrial Revolution. The chemistry of seawater had been changed with the massive

input of CO2 where pH had been lowered (i.e., increases its acidity) and this is known as “ocean

acidification”. Most of the ocean acidification impacts are gradual and long term and may eventually

lead to changes in ecosystems of future oceans. The decrease in pH had caused difficulties for

marine calcifying organisms to form biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO3), besides dissolving rapidly

the existing CaCO3. It is still unclear if the ecosystems have the ability to adapt to these changes. A

comparison study had been conducted on two populations of oysters cultured commercially in areas

experiencing different salinities and pH. Observations were made on the shell characteristics as well

as the feasibility of its offspring to survive in lower pH conditions. The results show the oysters

collected from the farm with lower pH level (mean pH value = 7.29) exhibit thinner and brittle shells

compared to the oysters from the farm with higher pH (mean pH value = 8.30). However, the larvae

produced from the broodstock collected from the farm with lower pH are able to survive at lower pH

levels compared to the larvae produced from the broodstock collected from the farm with higher pH.

This is an indication that some marine organisms such as oysters are able to adapt and become more

tolerant to high pCO2. Hence, oyster species that are able to tolerate the high pCO2 environment can

be used in selective breeding to secure aquaculture production and food security in future coastal

environment.

34


Seasonal food-web dynamics in the southwestern continental slope of the East/Japan Sea: a discrepancy between pelagic and benthic counterparts

Chang-Keun Kang1, Hyun Je Park1, Jung Hyun Kwak1, Eunah Han1, Chung Il Lee2, and Suam Kim3

1 School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology,

Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea

2Department of Marine Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Republic of Korea

3Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea


The East/Japan Sea is one of the representative marginal seas in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The sea has been characterized as a semi-closed sea with thermohaline circulation system, which allows warm and cold current each to fill surface of the sea, and thus called 'The miniature of the ocean'. Especially, the Ulleung Basin (UB) is located in the southwest of the East Sea. The prevailing surface current in the UB is the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC), which branches off from the Kuroshio Current. The TWC flows northward through the East China Sea and enters the East/Japan Sea through the Korea/Tsushima Strait. Upon entering the UB, the TWC flows over the top of the East/Japan Sea Proper Water. Despite the prevalence of the nutrient poor surface water mass of the TWC, the UB can be considered as a biological ″hot spot″ in terms of high phytoplankton productivity and biological pump efficiency supported by hydrographic conditions that provide nutrient supplies from the underlying water. At present, however, we do not have much knowledge about the current status and structure of ecosystem in the basin. In the present study, we revealed seasonal shift in the major fishing species in the southwestern part of the East Sea by the analysis of catch data of the warm and cold water species, including the squid, herring, mackerel and Pacific saury, during the last decade (2000−2011). Monthly catches of cold water fish Pacific herring and warm water species squid were clearly switched over a decade, displaying regular seasonal variations. Although less clear than fisheries catchment, abundances of euphausiids and copepods also tended to be seasonally switched. Water column of the UB had two distinct seasonal features: one is well-mixed and the other is well-stratified condition. Water column structure seemed to affect nutrient availability. Then seasonal change in whole components of pelagic ecosystem was observed in relation to changes in physical and chemical conditions. A clear seasonal switching of overall food web structure including phytoplankton, zooplankton, and dominant fish species and top predator, was confirmed by temporal changes in their stable C and N isotope ratios. In contrast, such a seasonal change in pelagic food web structure was not observed in benthic-affinity counterpart that is exposed to less variable environmental conditions. Bentho-pelagic and benthic invertebrates, and deep-sea fish in various consumer groups did not show seasonal differences in both their δ13C and δ15N. Isotopic data suggest seasonal consistencies in C dependence on benthic pathway as well as trophic position of most consumers. Finally, our results indicate that changes in epipelagic water-column structure can lead shifts in pelagic ecosystem of the UB, providing in situ background information for future fisheries management. In contrast, overall responses of deep-sea ecosystem are not sensitive to changes in pelagic environmental conditions of the basin as determined by stable isotope tracers. Keywords: food web, seasonal shift, pelagic and benthic ecosystem, environmental change, East/Japan Sea

35



Asynchronous responses of fish assemblages to climate-driven ocean regime shifts between the upper and deep layer in the Ulleung Basin and

the Korea Strait from 1986 to 2010

Sukgeun Jung

College of Ocean Sciences, Jeju National University, Ara 1-dong 1, Jeju, 690-756, R. Korea


Past studies suggested that a basin-wide regime shift occurred in 1988-1989, impacting marine

ecosystem and fish assemblages in the western North Pacific. However, the detailed mechanisms

involved in this phenomenon are still yet unclear. In the Ulleung basin and the Korea Strait, filefish,

anchovy and sardine dominated the commercial fish catches in 1986-1992, but thereafter common

squid comprised >60% of the total catch in 1993-2010. To illuminate the mechanisms causing this

dramatic shift in dominant fisheries species, I related changes in depth-specific oceanographic

conditions from 0 to 500 m to inter-annual changes in the fish assemblage structure from 1986 to

2010. In the upper layer of 50-100 m depths, water temperature suddenly increased in 1987-1989,

and consequently warm-water epi-pelagic species (anchovy, chub mackerel, and common squid)

became dominant, while sardine, relatively cold-water epi-pelagic species, nearly disappeared. An

annual index of the volume transport by the Korea Strait Bottom Cold Water, originating from the

deep water of the Ulleung Basin, displayed a sudden intensification in 1992-1993, accompanied by

decreased water temperature and increased water density in the deep water and replacement of

dominant bentho-pelagic species from filefish, warm-water species, to herring and cod, cold-water

species. The results suggest that climate-driven oceanic changes and the subsequent ecological

impacts can occur asynchronously, often with time lags of several years, between the upper and the

deep layer, and between epi-pelagic and deep-water fish assemblages.

36


Session 4

Impacts of human activities on the aquatic

ecosystem in Asia and Oceania

37


Influence of model misspecification and temporal changes on the stock assessment of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the Indian Ocean

Sheng-Ping Wang1, Mark N. Maunder2, Tom Nishida3, and Ying-Ru Chen1

1 Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,

Taiwan 2 Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, United States

3 National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Fisheries Research Agency, Japan


Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the Indian Ocean have historically been exploited by Japan and

Taiwan. Since the early 1990s, the catch of swordfish in the Indian Ocean increased substantially

owing to the seasonal targeting of the Taiwanese fishery, the targeting of EU longline fisheries, and

exploitation of semi-industrial longline and artisanal fisheries. Although the recent stock assessments

suggested that the MSY-based reference points were not exceeded for the Indian Ocean population,

these assessment results may be misleading because they lacked the consideration of uncertainty

about changes in fishing operations and model structure assumptions. In this study, we conducted a

stock assessment using an integrated age-structured model and evaluated estimates of management

quantities under alternative assumptions for changes in catchability for CPUE-based indices of

abundance and for gear selectivity. The results of this study indicated that assuming time-blocks for

catchabilities may be appropriate to reflect the changes in fishing operations of Japanese and

Taiwanese longline fleets. This assumption also provided better model performance and more

optimistic assessment results because it implied that the decline in indices of abundance may have

resulted from changes in catchabilities rather than depletion of biomass. However, assuming

time-blocks for selectivities, misspecifying shapes of selectivity curves and changing weights for

CPUE data may not be appropriate for this stock assessment because model performance was

deteriorated under these assumptions. More generally, substantial changes in catchability (e.g. due to

changes in targeting) may not be fully addressed in CPUE standardization and may require

modelling catchability within the stock assessment model. Time varying should be applied

judiciously because unmodelled changes in catchability may cause distortion of the selectivity curve

to compensate for the changes in selectivity.

Key words: stock assessment, uncertainty, swordfish

38


The response of fish communities to climate and human-induced changes inferred from fishery landings in an enclosed bay

Sangdeok Chung1, Hirokazu Suzaki2, Akihide Kasai3, and Hideaki Nakata1, 2


2Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Japan 3Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan


Variations in the fish community structure in Omura Bay, an enclosed bay in the East China Sea,

were investigated using long-term fishery landing data over the past five decades (1965–2006). We

confirmed that the fish community structure in Omura Bay showed three conspicuous regimes

during the study period. Anchovies dominated in the pelagic domain with abundant and various

demersal fish species in the first phase (1965–1978). Demersal fish declined remarkably with the

dominance of sardines in the pelagic domain during the second phase (1979–1987), and fish

community was simplified with the return of anchovies and no recovery of demersal fish in the third

phase (1988–2006). These changes were significantly related with periodic large-scale climate

changes and cumulative regional-scale human impacts. The replacement of sardine/anchovy caused

by a climate regime shift in the North Pacific contributed to the fish community regime shifts in

Omura Bay. Moreover, habitat degradation such as depletion of dissolved oxygen combined with

climate-induced changes in food web systems resulted in a rapid reduction in demersal fish.

Contraction of the habitat volume due to an increase in oxygen restricted water simplified the fish

community structure and eventually reduced fishery landings in Omura Bay. These findings

demonstrate that long-term fish community responses to large-scale climate changes and

regional-scale human impacts can be observed in a coastal enclosed bay, providing useful

information for fisheries management in areas with climate and human-induced changes.

Key words: fish community, climate variability, human impacts

39


Comparison of vertical habitat use by immature Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, and dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus, in relation with

a thermocline in the northern East China Sea

Seishiro Furukawa1*, Yuichi Tsuda2, Ko Fujioka3, Wei-Chuan Chiang4, Shun Watanabe1,

Hsien-Chung Lin4, Hsiao-Min Hung4, Kazuki Tone5, Hideaki Nakata6, and Ryo Kawabe1

1Institute for East China Sea Research, Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental

Studies, Nagasaki University, Japan 2Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Japan

3National Research Institute of FarSeas Fisheries, Fisheries Research Agency, Japan 4Eastern Marine Biology Research Center of Fisheries Research Institute, Taiwan

5Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Japan 6Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Japan


The extent of vertical habitat use by pelagic predatory fish in the East China Sea, and hence

their possible interactions with longline fisheries, is little known. Immature Pacific bluefin tuna

(IPBT; Thunnus orientalis) is the main target species of surface longline fisheries, and the

dolphinfish (DF; Coryphaena hippurus) is a major bycatch species during late spring when the

horizontal distributions of IPBT and DF overlap in the Tsushima Strait. To clarify their vertical

habitat use in relation to temperature structures, we obtained data for swimming depth and

temperature from data loggers for IPBT and DF. When a thermocline developed, IPBTs made

frequent dives below the thermocline, and their main distribution depth was shifted to just above the

thermocline from the surface. DFs in this area remained just near the surface and never dived across

the thermocline. Our results provide evidence that thermal stratification causes habitat separation

between different pelagic fishes. Then, why does a thermocline partition the vertical habitats of both

species? To investigate the thermal adaptation of both species under low ambient temperatures, we

analyzed data for ambient and peritoneal cavity temperatures. Eleven DFs with archival tags were

released in South East Taiwan, and two fish were recovered. We also used published archival tagging

data for IPBT. Using a simple heat budget model, we compared the thermal adaptation of both

species. The heat budget model revealed that IPBTs could maintain body temperature for a short

period, but the body temperature of DFs rapidly decreased when they dived beyond the thermocline.

This is a possible reason why thermoclines partition the vertical habitats of IPBT and DF.

Keywords: immature Pacific bluefin tuna, dolphinfish, vertical habitat separation

40


Satellite tracking and multi-sensor data logging in free-ranging sailfish

Wei-Chuan Chiang1*, Michael K. Musyl2, Seishiro Furukawa3, Hsiao-Min Hung1, Hsien-Chung Lin1,

4, Shun Watanabe3, Yun-Hui Wu1, Yuan-Shing Ho1, Don-Chung Liu5, Chi-Lu Sun6, and Ryo

Kawabe3

1Eastern Marine biology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Taiwan 2Pelagic Research Group LLC, USA


Studies, Nagasaki University, Japan 4Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,

Taiwan 5Fisheries Research Institute, Taiwan

5Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taiwan

*E-mail: Wei-Chuan Chiang ([email protected])

The sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) is distributed widely in the tropical and temperate waters of the world’s oceans. Sailfish are of substantial economic importance to Taiwan because of their seasonal abundance (April to October, with a peak from May to July) off the island's eastern coast. They are also harvested by drift gill nets, set nets, harpoons, and as incidental bycatch by inshore longline fisheries. Pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were used to clarify horizontal and vertical movement patterns and diving behavior in sailfish. Multi-sensor data loggers (i.e., records video, depth, swim speed and acceleration) were also deployed to obtain detailed information in free-ranging sailfish. Tagging was conducted near the southeastern coast of Taiwan from May 2008 to 2013. Linear displacements ranged from 550 to 1,400 km from deployment to pop-up locations in four PSATs and their horizontal movements were confined to the East China Sea. PSAT tagged sailfish exhibited typical diel oscillations in their diving behavior and spent >85% of their time in the upper uniform mixed layer above ~50 m. In addition, data obtained from the multi-sensor data loggers allowed us to investigate whether these high performance fish switched their ventilation mode to correlate with swimming speed. The fine-scale data correlated with the PSAT data and indicated sailfish mainly swam at the surface or exhibited basking behavior exhibited occasional vertical movements where it traversed from the surface to a maximum depth of ~90 m. Mean swimming speeds ranged from 0.25 to 0.58 m/s (0.11–0.25 Fork Length /s) with maximum swimming speeds reaching 1.0–2.6 m/s (0.47–0.97 FL/s). Image analysis demonstrated that the fish ventilated by pumping the gills when floating at the surface or when it swam slowly (< ~0.18–0.48 m/s), but then switched to ram-jet ventilation when swimming at higher speeds; thus confirming the fish switched between the two ventilation modes. Keywords: biologging; gill-ventilation; habitat preference; temperature threshold

41


Environmental biotechnology using halophiles for reducing negative human impacts on fisheries in Asia and Oceania

Hideki Nakayama1 and Siripong Thitamadee2, 3

1Institute of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental

Studies, Nagasaki University, Japan 2Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of

Science, Mahidol University, Thailand 3Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand


In the year 2020, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UNFAO) has estimated that half of the world seafood supply will be obtained from aquaculture since aquatic species in the wild has been sharply decreased due to overfishing activities to serve the demand of rising world population. Asia and Oceania leads the world in production seafood from aquaculture. In order to maintain a sustainable development of aquaculture industry, technological innovation is desired to prevent diseases and environmental pollutions cased by human activities. Especially, because of the high economic returns and often catastrophic environmental impact of production in coastal areas, shrimp aquaculture plays an important but controversial role in the economic development of many countries in Asia and Oceania. Currently, the greatest threat to the future of shrimp aquaculture is infectional diseases cased by untreatable viral or bacterial pathogens. One of the major viruses of concern in shrimp aquaculture is a white-spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which can lead to 100% accumulative mortality within 7-10 days in shrimp challenged with WSSV. To establish sustainable shrimp farming, effective and environmental friendly WSSV control strategies are needed urgently. Moreover, in addition to the viral thread, we also need to prevent environmental pollution caused by nutrient-rich and high-salinity wastewater from shrimp farm. Thus, we aim to develop environmental biotechnology using the moderately halophilic eubacterium, Halomonas elongata, which can grow by consuming various types of carbon and nitrogen sources under high salinity. As a joint research project between Nagasaki University and Mahidol Univeristy, we are now generating antiviral arming Halomonas cells, which display WSSV’s major envelope protein, VP28, on their cell as oral vaccine or antiviral feed additives against WSSV for use in shrimp farming. In future, nutrient-rich and high-salinity wastewater from shrimp farm would be used as feedstock for producing the antiviral arming Halomonas cells as the challenge of establishing waste-biomass refinery system integrated with shrimp farming. Key words: environmental biotechnology, shrimp aquaculture, white-spot syndrome virus, Halomonas elongate

42


Session 5 Science in action (special talk from JICA)

43


How science communities could help secure marine ecosystems and fishery production in developing countries in Asia and Oceania region

Shunji Sugiyama

Japan International Cooperation Agency


Marine ecosystems and fishery production are of fundamental importance to the Asia and

Oceania region in terms of sustaining coastal communities’ livelihoods. Japan International

Cooperation Agency (JICA) has been working in the region to provide needed assistance for the

protection of marine ecosystems and sound development of the fisheries sector. In the course of its

action, it is often found that required information on, inter alia, the effect of policy instruments,

socio-economic dimensions of coastal livelihoods and interactions between marine ecosystems and

human activities is not readily available, which makes difficult to set adequate assistant approaches

as well as to monitor/assess the effect of donor supported projects. In this presentation, JICA’s major

activities in the region are introduced and research agenda that address the above information gaps

are presented, which implicates the need for further contributions from science communities.

44


Posters

45


Do fish juveniles associate with drifting seaweeds for food?

Takamasa Hasegawa1, Naoki Takatsuki1, Yuuki Kawabata1, Atsuyoshi Manda1, Gregory N.

Nishihara1, Shinji Fujita1, Ryo Kawabe1, Misato Yamada2, Tsukasa Kinoshita2, Nobuhiro Yamawaki2,

Yasuhiro Morii2, and Yoshitaka Sakakura1

1Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Japan 2Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Japan


Over 113 species belonging to 51 families of fish juveniles associate with drifting seaweeds

around the coastal area of Japan, indicating the ecological importance of drifting seaweeds for fishes

in their early life stages. Several hypotheses have been advocated to explain association behavior of

juvenile fishes to floating structures, such as; 1) “shelter from predator hypothesis”; fish use floating

structures as a shelter from predators, 2) “meeting point hypothesis”; fish use floating structures to

increase encounter rate between isolated individuals or small schools and other schools, 3)

“concentration of food supply hypothesis”; fish feed on small fishes, zooplanktons and sessile biotas

associated with floating structures, 4) “indicator-log hypothesis”; fish use floating structures as a

indicator of productive area. Since food availability is one of the most important ecological factors in

the early life stages of fishes, we assumed that “concentration of food supply hypothesis” or

“indicator-log hypothesis” can be applied for fish juveniles associated with drifting seaweeds.

Therefore, we investigated food condition around the drifting seaweeds and food availability of fish

juveniles associated with drifting seaweeds.

We conducted field survey by T/V Kakuyo-maru, Nagasaki university, around the shelf-break

region in the sea of Goto islands (32°06’ N-32°30’ N, 129°06’ E-129°30’ E) from May to November

2012 and from April to November 2013. We investigated frontal zone and distribution of drifting

seaweeds from visual observation, hydrographic conditions by the data of CTD, and convergence

model of surface water by analyzing the reanalysis data of JCOPE2 (Miyazawa et al. 2009).

Zooplankton abundance and composition around the drifting seaweeds were compared with other

area by the Norpac net (Φ45 cm, GG54) towing. We also collected fish juveniles associated with

drifting seaweeds. They were divided into the 3 groups according to usage pattern of drifting

seaweeds (Senta 1965, 1986). Up to 30 specimens of conspecific fish juveniles were randomly taken

from each sampling stations, and gut contents of juveniles were classified into species-level and

Chesson’s selectivity index (Chesson 1978) was calculated for each food item.

Convergences with different current vectors, and frontal zone by the difference of temperature

and/or salinity were formed around the shelf-break region. Distribution of drifting seaweeds

corresponded well with convergences. Sampling stations of convergence and with drifting seaweeds

46



were not highly abundant in zooplankton comparing to other area. Zooplankton density was higher

in the year 2013 than 2012, and was the highest (3233±1451 ins./kL; mean±SD) in April 2013. We

caught a total of 21 species of juvenile fishes (n=1003) with drifting seaweeds. Fish juveniles

associated with drifting seaweeds mostly fed on planktonic copepods, appendiculata and larvae of

bivalve with significant selectivity. One hundred% (always in the seaweed; 4 species, 176 ind.) and

40% (touches seaweeds; 5 species, 177 ind. and swimming around the seaweeds; 5 species, 247 ind.)

of fish juvenile species fed on phytal animals on drifting seaweeds. However, feeding incidence of

fish juveniles on phytal animals were low; 14.2% for fish always in the seaweed, 8.5% for fish

which touch seaweeds and 1.6% for fish swimming around the seaweeds, respectively. Our results

suggest that food abundance and availability for fish juveniles are not high around the drifting

seaweeds.

Keywords: fish juveniles, drifting seaweeds, food availability

47


Early larval tolerance to elevated CO2: a comparison of tropical and temperate oysters

Teh Chiew Peng1, Camilla Campanati2, Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen2, and Aileen Tan Shau Hwai1

1Marine Science Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden,

Penang, Malaysia 2The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong

Kong, Hong Kong, SAR


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted to the atmosphere by human activities is absorbed by the oceans

and consequently causes not only an increase in partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) but also a decrease

in seawater pH and carbon dioxide ion. The alteration of pH in seawater have significant effects on

calcifying invertebrates particularly in the early developmental stage. To date, no study was

conducted on the effect of elevated CO2 on larval calcifiers and reported deleterious impacts on

morphology and growth in tropical oysters. The objective of this study is to investigate the tolerance

level of the tropical oyster larvae, Crassostrea iredalei in an elevated CO2 condition. The impacts of

the ocean acidification were examined through physiological analyses on early larval stage and

compare with previous studies on temperate oyster species. Embryo of tropical oyster, C. iredalei,

were reared in filtered seawater with six pH levels, i.e. pH 8.1 (control), 7.8, 7.6, 7.4, 7.2 and 7.0.

Larval survival and growth were monitored for 5 days. The larvae C. iredalei appears to be resistant

to pH up to 7.4 but slower in growth. Larval survival and growth were robust to pH changes, with a

significant effect detected as the seawater pH decreased from 7.2 to 7.0. Based on the results of this

study, early larvae stages might not be affected by the predicted pH levels in the next century (i.e.

decrease of 0.3-0.4 pH units) although some negative impacts were observed in oysters.

Key words: pCO2, ocean acidification, tropical oysters

48


Seasonal variation in microbial community respiration of dead zone sediments of Omura Bay, Japan

Fumiaki Mori1, Kunitsugu Yamaki1, Ryo Ueda1, Ryuji Kondo2, Yu Umezawa1,

Kazumi Matsuoka1, Kazuhiro Suzaki3, Hideaki Nakata1, and Minoru Wada1

1 Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University

2 Department of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University 3 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University


We aimed at revealing the sediment microbiological processes responsible for the development

of hypoxia in an enclosed bay (Omura bay, Nagasaki, Japan). Along with CTD profiling of the water

column in the central basin of the bay, we estimated the potential sediment oxygen consumption

(SOC) by an in vivo electron transport system activity (in vivo ETSA: Wada et al. 2012) method and

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) abundance with qPCR over a consecutive 3 years (2011-2013). The

degree of bottom hypoxia was the most severe in 2012. We estimated relative contribution of

chemical oxygen consumption (COC) and biological oxygen consumption (BOC) to the whole SOC

(WOC). In all cases, WOC was consistently dominated by COC. COC negatively correlated with the

near-bottom DO level during summer (from July through September) (COC: r=-0.79, p<0.05, N=13).

It was further demonstrated that both WOC and COC positively correlated with bottom temperature

(WOC: r=0.54, COC: r=0.59, p<0.05, N=20). On the other hand, there is no correlation between

COC and SRB abundance during hypoxia.

Key words: hypoxia, microbial respiration, in vivo ETSA

49


Survey of estrogenic contamination in Japanese coastal waters using the Japanese common goby Acanthogobius flavimanus

Jing Song1, Rika Eguchi1, Yuka Morita1, Daisuke Izumida1, Ai Iwamoto2, Kazuya Mijima2, Masaki

Nagae2, Yuji Takao2, Kiyoshi Soyano1




It is well known that the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water

environment is one of the major causes threatening the reproduction and next generation production

in wildlife. In particular, the chemical substances having estrogenic activity (environmental estrogen:

EEs) have a high potential for induction of feminization in aquatic animals. However, the filed

survey for collecting the information about the feminization and abnormality of reproduction in

wildlife has hardly been done since 2005. In this study, we conducted the field survey in Japanese

coastal waters using the Japanese common goby, Acanthogobius flavimanus, in order to know the

actual situation of estrogenic contamination and the effect of its pollution on fish reproduction.

As a good target species to evaluate the effect of estrogenic contamination, the common goby

were collected in Tokyo (Yokojuke River and Tsukuda-bori) and Nagasaki (Taira River) in autumn

from 2012 to 2014. The histological observation of gonad was carried out for confirming the gonadal

abnormality. The levels of vitellogenin (VTG) in plasma were measured by enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to understand the effect of EEs on endocrine system. In addition,

VTG mRNA expression in liver was measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR.

In the present study, abnormal gonad, such as testis-ova, was not observed in all fish. However,

plasma VTG levels in male and immature fish collected from Tokyo areas indicated high levels

similar to mature female, which is an abnormal level for male and immature fish. These results

indicate that the goby living the sampling area in Tokyo is exposed to EEs and the endocrine system

of reproduction in the fish is affected by EEs. In contrast, the fish in Taira River (Nagasaki) seems

uninfluenced by EEs.

Key words: endocrine disrupting chemicals, environmental estrogen, vitellogenin

50


Effects of enzymatic-digested alginate oligosaccharides on the growth of various marine microalgae including useful and harmful species

Mikinori Ueno1 and Tatsuya Oda1, 2


2Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Japan


Alginate, an acidic linear polysaccharide isolated from brown algae, is widely used in food,

medical, and cosmetic industries. In addition to alginate polymer, enzymatic-digested alginate

oligomers (AO) are known to show various bioactivities in animal and plant systems. Especially, it

has been reported that AO has growth-promoting effects on several higher plants. In this study, the

effects of AO on the growth of marine microalgae including useful and harmful species were

investigated. AO significantly promoted the growth of Nannochloropsis oculata and Chaetoceros

gracilis which are important marine microalgae used as feeding sources for bivalves and larvae of

some crustacean and fish species in aquaculture industry. Furthermore, heavy metal-stress on N.

oculata caused by Cu2+ was profoundly alleviated by AO. On the other hand, AO inhibited the

growth of harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi and Heterocapsa circularisquama, which often

cause serious damage on aquaculture industry due to mass-moralities of fish and shellfish species.

Furthermore, partial protective effect of AO on Pagrus major exposed to Chattonella antiqua was

observed. Since C. antiqua is known as highly toxic to fish species, AO might be used as mitigation

strategy to harmful algal blooms (HABs). Taken together, our findings suggest that AO is useful not

only for promoting and/or improving the growth of important marine microalgae, but also for

reducing the impact of HABs. Further studies are needed to clarify the detail action mechanism of

AO towards marine microalgae.

Key words: alginate oligosaccharides, plankton, HABs

51


The effects of elevated CO2 on muscular systems of the red sea urchins Pseudocentrotus depressus

Nopparat Nasuchon1,2, Jiro Okada3, Kenichi Yamaguchi3, Katsuya Hirasaka3, Ryosuke Ono4,

Shohei Noma4, and Atsushi Ishimatsu1


Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan 2Chumphon Marine Fisheries Research and Development Center, Department of Fisheries, 408 Moo

8, Paknam, Muang, Chumphon, Thailand 86120 3Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14

Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan 4Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan


As atmospheric CO2 concentration rises, the CO2 concentration in ocean surface waters

increases through the process commonly referred to as ocean acidification. Echinoderms including

sea urchins are regarded as one of the most sensitive animals to ocean acidification. It has been

shown that elevated CO2 affected feed intake of Anthocidaris crassispina (Wang et al. 2013) and

Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (Yin et al. unpublished), which might be due to a functional depression

of the muscular system in the macerating apparatus. We examined effects of elevated CO2 on feed

intake, maximum movement rate, force of attachment to the substratum, and contractility of the

muscles involved in feeding and locomotion (retractor muscle of Aristotle’s lantern and tube feet).

Adult sea urchins Pseudocentrotus depressus were individually acclimated for 45 days to three

levels of CO2 concentrations; 400 ppm (control), 2000 ppm and 10,000 ppm at 24°C. Feed intake

was significantly lowered at 10,000 ppm (F2,60 = 457.373, P < 0.001). Similarly maximum speed of

movement significantly lowered at 10,000 ppm (F2, 39 = 25.696, P < 0.001). Attachment force at 400

ppm and 2000 ppm was not significantly different (t = -0.091, df = 24, P = 0.929), and it was not

possible to measure at 10,000 ppm because the force was too low to be accurately measured with our

technique. Tube feet contraction showed significant difference between treatments (F2,58 = 25.697, P

< 0.001), while contraction of retractor muscle was not significantly affected by CO2 (F2,37 = 3.016,

P = 0.061). Histological examination revealed that retractor muscles of 10,000 ppm urchins were

atrophied compared with those in the lower CO2 treatments.

Key words: ocean acidification, sea urchin, muscles

52


Impacts of ocean acidification on Sargassum thunbergii community:

a mesocosm approach

Peeraporn Punchai1, Gregory Naoki Nishihara1, and Atsushi Ishimatsu1



Ocean acidification (OA) has become a detectable fact, but its potential impacts are still

poorly understood. This study investigated how OA will affect coastal algal communities under

oscillating conditions of carbonate chemistry. Five Sargassum thunbergii thalli with epifauna were

maintained in 100 L tanks with flow-through seawater supply at a rate of 2 L/min. Five tanks were

supplied with natural seawater (control) and the other five received seawater acidified with CO2

(0.3-0.4 units below control). Dissolved oxygen concentration was continuously determined to

estimate gross and net ecosystem production (GEP and NEP), and community respiration (CR). At

the end of the experiment, the algae were analyzed for mass, size and photosynthesis, and the

epifauna was analyzed for its composition and biomass. Mesocosms could produce fluctuating

environmental conditions. However, there were higher fluctuations of light and water temperature in

control and high CO2 tanks than field conditions. Furthermore, dissolved oxygen and seawater pH

showed daily fluctuations with a larger magnitude in the CO2 tanks. Incubation under low pH

conditions increased both GEP and NEP, but not CR. Low pH conditions also caused a higher

elongation rate of Sargassum thunbergii and changes in the abundance of predominant epifaunal species. Number of gastropods (Barleeia sp.) decreased by 50% and 85% in the control and CO2

treatments, respectively. In contrast, total number of amphipods increased by 18 and 11 times in the control and CO2 treatments, respectively. Moreover, gastropod shell in the CO2 treatment showed

signs of dissolution that could be a possible cause for gastropod decline.

Key words: Sargassum thunbergii community, mesocosm experiment, ocean acidification

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List of presentersName Affiliation E-mail addressAileen, Tan, Shau Hwai Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia [email protected], Mayumi The University of Melbourne, Australia [email protected], Philip Wallace University of Tasmania, Australia [email protected], Wei-Chuan Fisheries Research Institute, Taiwan [email protected], Kwang-Sik Jeju National University, Republic of Korea [email protected], Sangdeok Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Mst. Kaniz Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh [email protected], Seishiro Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Kunshan Xiamen University, China [email protected], Takamasa Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Kathryn Louise The University of Melbourne, Australia [email protected], Song Shanghai Ocean University, China [email protected], Atsushi Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Sukgeun Jeju National University, Republic of Korea [email protected], Chang-Keun Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea [email protected], So Australian Antarctic Division, Australia [email protected], Sang-Woo Seoul National University, Republic of Korea [email protected], Yuan The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong [email protected], Fumiaki Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Yuka Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Hideaki Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Hideki Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Nopparat Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Hieu Trung Can Tho University, Vietnam [email protected], Thanh Phuong Can Tho University, Vietnam [email protected], Yukihiro National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan [email protected], Peeraporn Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected]

Raja Bidin Bin Raja HassanSoutheast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Marine FisheryResources Development and Management Department, Malaysia

[email protected]

Song, Jing Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Shunji Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan [email protected] Teh, Chiew Peng Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia [email protected], Vengatesen The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong [email protected], Mikinori Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Minoru Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected], Sheng-Ping National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan [email protected], Akira Nagasaki University, Japan [email protected]

human impacts on oceanic environment, … book...ecosystem, and fisheries 11-12 november 2014 hotel...

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