identifying strategic groups in the u.s. airline industry: an application of the porter model

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Identifying Strategic Groups in the U.S. Airline Industry: An Application of the Porter Model 學: 學學學 9932015 學學學 9953005 學學學學 : 學學學 學學 Author: JAMES A. KLING and KEN A, SMITH

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Identifying Strategic Groups in the U.S. Airline Industry: An Application of the Porter Model. Author: JAMES A. KLING and KEN A, SMITH. 學 生 : 蘇奕豪 9932015 賴冠妤 9953005 指導 老師 : 任 維 廉 教授. 大綱. 前言 Porter’s Generic Strategic 資料分析與驗證 結論與心得. 前言 -- Background. 另外 3 家停止 營運 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

Identifying Strategic Groups in the U.S. Airline Industry: An Application of the Porter Model

學 生 : 蘇奕豪 9932015 賴冠妤 9953005指導老師 : 任維廉 教授

Author: JAMES A. KLING and KEN A, SMITH

Page 2: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

大綱 前言 Porter’s Generic Strategic 資料分析與驗證 結論與心得

Page 3: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

前言 --Background

1978 年美國通過了航空公司解除管制法案( 開放天空 Deregulation)

15 大航空公司營運 1985 年

1989 年6 家航空公司結束經營

另外 3 家停止營運 1991 年

1991-1994 年前 9 大航空公司維持短暫營運平衡

Page 4: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

前言 -- strategic groups 策略群組 (strategic groups)

將類似營運模式或市場結構之公司進行分類 得以有效進行產業及營運績效分析,並能更容易 了解產業之競爭結構 常見分類方式

官方收益分析 : Majors , Nationals , Regionals 財務績效 : Strong ,Weak 其他 : New entrant carriers , Non-union

Page 5: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

Porter’s Generic Strategic 定義 為了使公司在該產業中取得較佳之營運績效, 並且維持長久之競爭能力,因此 Porter 認為, 每家公司必須有一個內部的持續性營運策略。 分類

Cost Leadership Differentiation Focus Stuck in the Middle

Cost Leadership Differentiation

FocusStuck in the

Middle

Porter’s Generic Strategic

Page 6: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

低成本 產品差異廣泛市場

(Broad market)

成本領導(Cost Leadership)

差異化(Differentiation)

有限市場(Narrow market)

集中(Focus)

Porter’s Generic Strategic

Page 7: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

Porter’s Generic Strategic --Cost Leadership

以成本為主要考量因素 優勢

生產成本相對較低、可收取較低的價格 若發生價格戰爭則較具優勢性

條件 較高的市占率 規模經濟 產品與服務相較而言較為簡略、生產流程設計較簡單

Page 8: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

Porter’s Generic Strategic -- Differentiation

以產品差異化為主要的兢爭因素 優勢

收取較高的價格 邊際效益高

條件 高顧客忠誠度 精細的顧客需求分析與研究

Page 9: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

Porter’s Generic Strategic -- Focus

以集中目標為主要考量因素 優勢

可達到該有限目標的高市佔率 利基市場

條件 需有明確的市場區隔

Page 10: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

Porter’s Generic Strategic -- Stuck in the Middle

無法明確的區分其主要的兢爭因素 平均收益低於同業 容易遭到市場淘汰

Page 11: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

資料分析與驗證 以美國國內航線的前 9 大家航空公司為資料基底

條件 : 收益 > 1 billion 並且九家公司佔總市場之 90%

步驟一 : 資料收集、畫成散佈圖• ASM

• AQR

• Porter’s model 分析步驟二 : 以實際收益驗證 Porter’s Model 之結果

Page 12: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

資料分析與驗證 --DATA Airline Cost : cents per available seat mile (ASM)

U.S. Department of Transportation 會受飛行距離長短影響,成反比

Service quality : Airline Quality Rating (AQR) National Institute for Aviation Nineteen factors: On-time performance, Safety, Financial stability

Age of aircraft , Lost baggage rates…….

Page 13: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

資料分析與驗證 --METHODOLOGY

• ASM (X-axis)• AQR (Y-axis)

Page 14: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

資料分析與驗證 -- Scatter-plot

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Southwest

America West

Continental

America

United

Delta

Northwest

TWA

USAir

(Cent difference from mean of 8.8)

Differentiation

Focus

Cost Leadership

Stuck in the Middle

Page 15: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

資料分析與驗證 -- IDENTIFICATION OF STRATEGIC GROUPS

Average flight distances: 左移 :Southwest , Delta , USAir , America West 右移 :American , United , Continental , Northwest 維持不變 :TWA

Page 16: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Southwest

America West

Continental

America

United

Delta

Northwest

TWA

USAir

(Cent difference from mean of 8.8)

Page 17: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

資料分析與驗證 -- Groupings Quality Differentiation Group: American , United , Delta

服務品質為主要績效 提供舒適之服務 開始投資發展高價之國內、國際航班

Page 18: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

資料分析與驗證 -- Groupings Cost Leadership: America West

Continental 因平均航程高於平均,所以成本十分接近平均成本 已不完全是以成本為導向 Continental 最終被歸類為 Stuck in the middle

Page 19: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

資料分析與驗證 -- Groupings Focus: Southwest

結合 Differentiation 以及 Cost Leadership 不使用 Hub and Spoke 之營運方式 採用 point-to-point 之方式 集中於短程、高密度之航線

Page 20: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

資料分析與驗證 -- Groupings Stuck in the Middle Group: TWA, NWA, USAir, Continental

Failed to achieve Differentiation—USAir 的服務品質雖達平均水準 但成本過高 Failed to achieve Cost Leadership—Continental Truly stuck in the middle—TWA 與 Northwest

Page 21: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

資料分析與驗證 --Validation Porter model :

公司達到三個中其中一個策略 ,就會有比 stuck in the middle 的公司有更好的財務表現 Porter 認為大規模可以低成本獲利 ,小規模以差異化獲利 但此案例卻是大規模以差異化獲利 ,小規模則以低成本獲利

Page 22: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

資料分析與驗證 --Validation

Page 23: Identifying Strategic Groups  in the U.S. Airline Industry:  An Application of the Porter Model

結論與心得 American, Delta, United採用之策略為 Quality Differentiation但若在高成本競爭之下,最終可能會毫無獲利 Southwest 若因顧客需求,而開航長程航線,雖然營運成長但容易失去其 Differentiation 之特性,而轉型成單純只有

Cost Leadership 之營運策略 TWA ,USAir, Continental未來應透過縮減規模等等方式,來找到符合之特定市場 Northwest 在此模型無法被適當解釋,應該是因為 Northwest 所在之市場獨特,使其得以在競爭激烈之環境下得到庇護。