ie languages

7/28/2019 IE Languages

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VII (continued).

BRONZE AGE IN EURASIA

[Lecture 9 delivered 22 July 1991]

Overview by Geraldine Reinhardt

In studying the Bronze Age, the mass migrations which took place in

Eurasia are of utmost importance. In this the ninth lecture, ProfessorAlexeev presents a recent ethnic map of the three great language families

and examines the geographical areas of Central Asia, Siberia, and the

Caucasus in terms of their ethnic composition.

According to Alexeev, the three great language families include Indo-European, Finno-Ugric, and Turkic. Indo-European profiles with seven sub-

families: Slavic, Baltic, Germanic, Latin/Roman, Armenian, Greek, and Indo-Iranian and covers the largest portion of Eurasia from the Iberian

Peninsula across the northern Mediterranean to European Russia [Alexeev

does not include the Indo European families of Celtic (western Europe) and

Illyric (Albanian) because he only was referencing the former Soviet

Union]. Finno-Ugric covers a territory from Scandinavia to Siberia to a

far off place in Hungary. Alexeev includes the Nenet = Nenetic here as asubgroup of Finno-Ugric but in the following lecture mentions that he made

a gross error [Nenetic (Samodic) and Finno-Ugric are subfamilies of the

Uralic family; Finno-Ugric further divides into Finnic and Ugric

branches]. Turkic is a complicated language and is found in pockets in the

Caucasus, the Volga Valley, Central Asia including Xingjiang, southern and

central Siberia, and in Turkey.

To Alexeev's information I have added ethnographic data from HOLLIS (and

in a few instances from "Britannica"). To both the Alexeev and HOLLIS

language families and people, Arutiunov has made detailed commentary which

I in turn have incorporated into the text.

Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Slavic

Alexeev comments that ethnic interpretations and the ethnic phase of the

Bronze Age are of great importance. In Eastern Europe in the sixteenth

century, Slavic populations are distributed from Eastern Europe to Siberia

and Slavic is the main population of Russia. Slavic populations are also

in Ukraine, Belarus (White Russia), Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the

northern Balkans (Yugoslavia).

The Russian language is spoken on the eastern plain, Ukrainian is

spoken in southwest European Russia, and White Russian is spoken in

Belarus. In Poland there is only one language, Polish, while in
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Czechoslovakia there are two, Czech and Slovak. The Slavic language is a

sub-family of Indo-European.

Slavic (sub-family) - as per Alexeev

1. Russian

2. Ukrainian

3. White Russian or Belarusian

4. Polish

5. Czech

6. Slovak

HOLLIS divides Slavic languages into three divisions: southern,

eastern, and western. For the southern Slavic group HOLLIS includes

Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovenian. For the eastern

Slavic group: Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian. For the western Slavic

group: Czech, Kashubian, Lechitic, Polabian, Slovak, and Sorbian. For the

sub-heading Lechitic, HOLLIS lists Kashubian, Polabian, and Polish

languages, and the Slovincian dialect.

For the Polish language HOLLIS has 1,884 entries; for the extinct

Solvincian dialect HOLLIS has 2 entries. Thus, it seems appropriate that

the Polish language, along with the other major Slavic sub families, be

listed as major headings.

According to Arutiunov, ancient Bulgarian until the time of Jenghiz-Khan(13 century) was spoken in the Volga-Bulgarian area and partly in thenorthern Caucasus. It was a Turkic language. Bulgarian was also spoken bythe founding royal dynasty of modern Bulgaria and their clan, but was soonassimilated by the local Slavic population. Until the XIIIth century there

were two Bulgarias; one on the Volga and the other on the Danube. Thus, asper Arutiunov, the Bulgarian language was Turkic; the Turkic language wasthen assimilated by the Slavic populations and thus became Indo-European.

Additional information on Slavs: in an area extending along the Baltic

coast west of Rugen Island to the Vistula River are the sea coast provincesof Pomerania (as per Arutiunov, Obodrite-Polabian was the extinct language

of Pomerania). Czechs are native peoples of Bohemia, Moravia, and/or

Silesia (Silesia is an ancient region in central Europe partly in Prussia

and partly in Poland). Polabians are Slavic people dwelling in the basin

of the Elbe and on the Baltic coast of Germany; Slovaks are people living

in eastern Czechoslovakia, and, as per Arutiunov, the Sorbians are a Slavic

people occupying eastern Germany, near Dresden, who maintain a costume and

speak two dialects: Upper Lausitz and Lower Lausitz. Kashubian, Polabian,

and Slovincian are Polish languages.

Slavic Language - as per HOLLIS with comments in Bold Face byArutiunov.


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1. Southern Slavic

a. Bulgarian - there are 2 Bulgarias

b. Macedonian

c. Serbo-Croatian

d. Slovenian - language of Slovenia

2. Eastern Slavic

a. Belarusian

b. Russian

c. Ukrainian

3. Western Slavic

a. Czech

b. Kashubian - Polish

c. Lechitic - an artificial name; a Polish dialect

. Kashubian - dialect of Polish along with Mazurian

. Polabian - extinct

. Polish languages

. Slovincian dialect - minor Polish dialect

d. Polabian - extinct Polish language

e. Slovak

f. Sorbian - in eastern Germany

Slavs - as per HOLLIS with comments in Bold Face by Arutiunov

1. Southern Slavs

a. Bulgarians

b. Macedonians


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c. Yugoslavs (Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, Bosnians,Slovenes)

2. Eastern Slavs

a. Belarusians

b. Drygavichy Slavic People - ancestors of Belarussian

c. Krivichi Slavic People - ancestors of northern Russian

d. Russians

e. Ukrainians

3. Western Slavs

a. Obodrites - practically the same as Polabian Slavs

b. Polabian Slavs

c. Veletians -probably the same as Venedi

d. Venedi

INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - SLAVIC: RESOLUTION

To resolve the Slavic subfamily of Indo European language, I join the

Alexeev listing and modifications by Arutiunov with the HOLLIS listings

which also include modifications by Arutiunov. HOLLIS treats all

languages, both extinct and contemporary as well as numerous dialects, as

of equal stature. Alexeev, on the other hand, separates archaic and

contemporary languages and does not include minor dialects. I think that

when one deals with diachronic and synchronic relationships, a separate

treatment of archaic and contemporary languages and the deletion of minor

dialects best enables the student to comprehend the complex picture.

Arutiunov also advises to separate the language from the people.

Thus in the following several chapters, I have attempted to resolve the

major world language families by combining information from Alexeev,

HOLLIS, and Arutiunov. I have listed languages and ethnic groups

separately and have removed extinct languages as well as minor dialects

from the two listings. However, I must state boldly that to establish a

definitive structure for language or ethnic groups is a futile task simply

because both groups are fluid and are in a constant state of flux.

Slavic Languages

1. Eastern Slavic

a. Belarusian


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b. Russian

c. Ukrainian

2. Western Slavic

a. Czech

b. Slovak

c. Polish

d. Sorbian (Wend)

3. Southern Slavic

a. Bulgarian

b. Macedonian

c. Serbo-Croatian 1

d. Slovenian

[Obodrites, Polabian Slavs, Veletians, and Venedi are

all extinct. So too are the Drygavichy Slavic People and

Krivichi Slavic People]

Slavic People (resolved as of spring, 1996)

1. Eastern Slavs

a. Belarusians

b. Russians

c. Ukrainians

2. Western Slavs

a. Czechs

b. Slovaks

c. Poles

d. Sorbians (Wends)2


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3. Southern Slavs

a. Bulgarians

b. Macedonians

c. Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, and Bosnians d. Slovenes

4. And all the Slavic people who have dispersed throughoutEurope, Central Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North America, Central

America, South America etc.

[Yugoslavia is no longer a centralized country; the

Yugoslavians have assumed their former ethnic identity]

Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Baltic

Alexeev states that in eastern Europe there are other sub-families in

addition to Slavic. In the area of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland

is the Baltic sub-family consisting of three languages: 1) Latvian; 2)

Lithuanian; and 3) East Prussian. East Prussian becomes extinct at the end

of the seventeenth century.

Baltic (sub-family) - as per Alexeev

1. Latvian

2. Lithuanian

3. East Prussian - extinct

Baltic Languages - as per HOLLIS with comments in Bold Face byArutiunov

1. Latvian

2. Lithuanian

3. Prussian - extinct

4. Balto Slavic linguistic unity - this is

ancestor to all Baltic languages on one

hand and to all Slavic on the other.


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Balts Indo European People - as per HOLLIS with comments inBold Face by Arutiunov

1. Jacwiez - Jatwiagi is a subdivision of Lithuanians

2. Latvians

3. Lithuanians

4. Prussians Baltic People 3

INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - BALTIC: RESOLUTION

The Baltic sub family in eastern Europe is easily resolved with Alexeev,

Arutiunov, and HOLLIS concurring.

Baltic Languages

1. Latvian

2. Lithuanian

[Prussian is extinct]

Balts Indo European People

1. Latvians

2. Lithuanians

3. And all the Baltic people who have dispersed throughout

Europe, Central Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North America, Central

America, South America etc.

[The Prussian people have assimilated since Prussia is nolonger a country]

Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Germanic

According to Alexeev, the German language is a sub-family of Indo-

European. Until the late seventeenth century there were no German

populations in Russia. However, Alexeev did not detail the Germanic

language family.

Germanic Language (sub-family) - as per HOLLIS with Bold Faceby Arutiunov


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1. Afrikaans

2. Danish

3. Dutch

4. English

5. Old English - extinct

6. Frisian 4

7. German

8. Gothic - extinct

9. Low German

10. Norwegian

11. Scandinavian (ancestor to Danish, Swedish, Norwegian,and Icelandic)

12. Scots

13. Swedish

14. Icelandic

Germanic Peoples - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in

Bold Face.

1. Alemanni Germanic People - extinct

2. Bajuwarii Germanic People - extinct

3. Bastarnae Germanic People - extinct

4. Batavi Germanic People - extinct

5. Chauci Germanic People - extinct

6. Cimbri Germanic People - extinct

7. Franks - extinct

8. Gepidae Germanic People - extinct

9. Goths - extinct


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10. Jutes - extinct

11. Lombards - extinct

12. Lygii Germanic People - extinct

13. Quadi Germanic People - extinct

14. Saxons - extinct

15. Suevi Germanic People - extinct

16. Ubii Germanic People - extinct

17. Vandals - extinct

This section on the Germanic sub family of the Indo European is most

interesting. Alexeev did not detail the Germanic language family. HOLLIS

lists the Germanic people, but they are all extinct. Arutiunov claims the

Germanic people as known by Tacitus or Julius Caesar i.e. Allemani,

Burgundi, Sicambri etc. have been extinct for some time having been

transformed into the French or modern Germans. But, as per Arutiunov,

there are Germanic peoples of today like the Germans, Dutch, Swedes,

Afrikaaners, etc. as well as those Jews who still speak Yiddish who must be

considered as Germanic since the criteria for being labelled Germanic is

only a linguistic alignment. The English and Americans are also Germanic

people since English is one of the Germanic languages. Thus, according to

Arutiunov, we must differentiate between modern Germanic people, Germanicpeople of the medieval era, and the Germanic people of the Roman authors

[note: the Germanic people of the medieval era and of ancient Rome will

both be treated as extinct].

INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - GERMANIC: RESOLUTION

Germanic Languages

1. Afrikaans

2. American

3. Danish

4. Dutch

5. English

6. Frisian


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7. German

8. Icelandic

9. Norwegian

10. Scots

11. Swedish

[Extinct German languages include: Old English, Gothic, Low

German]

Germanic People of today

1. Afrikaaners

2. Americans

3. Danes

4. Dutch

5. English

6. Frisians

7. Germans

8. Icelanders

9. Norwegian

10. Scots

11. Swedes

12. And all the German people who have dispersed throughoutEurope, Central Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North America,

Central America, South America etc.

[Ancient Germanic people now extinct include the Alemanni,Bajuwarii, Bastarnae, Batavi, Chauci, Cimbri, Franks, Gepidae, Goths,

Jutes, Lombards, Lygii, Quadi, Saxons, Suevi, Ubii, Vandals,

Burgundi, and Sicambri]


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Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Latin/Roman

The northern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean are encircled by

the romantic languages i.e. Romania. These include Spanish, Portuguese,

Galician, Catalan, French, Italian, Romanian (with dialect of Moldavian),

and local Rumanche dialects in Switzerland.

Latin/Roman (sub-family) - as per Alexeev with additions by

Arutiunov in Bold Face.

1. Spanish (plus Catalan, Galician, and Portuguese)

2. French (with Languedoc and Provencal)

3. Italian

4. Romanian (with Moldavian dialect)

5. local dialects in Switzerland (Reto-Romanian or Rumanche)

6. Moldavian (a dialect of Romanian)

Romance Languages (sub-family) - modified from

HOLLIS with additions in Bold Face byArutiunov.

1. Spanish Language (including Catalan and Ladino Languages)

2. French Language (including Languedoc and Provencal)

3. Italic Language (including Faliscan language, Latin

language [extinct], and Venetic language [likely extinct])

4. Romanian Language (including Moldavian dialect)

5. Dacian Language (extinct; it was Illyric, not Romance)

Latin/Roman people - modified from HOLLIS

1. Spanish

2. Portuguese

3. Italian

4. French

5. Swiss

6. Romanian


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7. Moldavian

INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - LATIN/ROMAN: RESOLUTION

Latin/Roman (Romance) Languages

1. Catalan


3. Galician 5

4. Italian

5. Portuguese

6. Rumanche (or Reto-Romanian in Switzerland)

7. Romanian (and Moldovian dialect)

8. Spanish

[Extinct Romance Languages include Latin,

Faliscan, Oscan, ???Venetic]

Latin/Roman People

1. Catalan


3. Galician

4. Italian

5. Portuguese

6. Rumanche

7. Romanian (and Moldovian dialect)

8. Spanish

9. And all the Latin/Roman people who have dispersed

throughout Europe, Central Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North


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America, Central America, South America etc.

Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Armenian

Before World War I, Armenia had occupied a great area in easternTurkey. Then one million Armenians were killed by the Turks. Armenian is

a complicated language in origin and is thought of as a special language

with correlations to some extinct Near East language. Armenian vocabulary

differs from the vocabulary of other Indo-European languages. Linguistic

research in the last 30-40 years places Armenian 6 in the Indo-European

group but in a special case as an isolated language forming a specific sub-

group. HOLLIS also lists Armenian as an Indo-European language and the

Armenians as an Indo-European people. Of interest is the dispersal of

Armenian people: from the Arab countries to Uruguay including Argentina,

Central Asia, Australia, Azerbaidjan, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria ... Turkey,

Uruguay etc. a true diaspora. HOLLIS has a separate category for the

"Armenian Question" relating it to the Armenian massacres of 1894, 1896,

1909, 1915, and 1923 and highlights recent human rights violations inNagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan (see below, the Caucasus). HOLLIS relates the

Armenian language to the Khayasa language. Arutiunov confirms that Khayasa

was a small ancient kingdom located at the confluence of the Euphrates and

Murat Rivers.

Armenian (sub-family) - as per Alexeev

1. Armenian

Armenian Language - as per HOLLIS

1. Armenian

Armenian People - as per HOLLIS

[dispersed throughout the world]

INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - ARMENIAN: RESOLUTION

Armenian Isolated Language

1. Armenian

Armenian People

[modern Armenian people are dispersed throughout the world]

Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Greek

According to Alexeev, some linguists see Greek7 in relationship to theRomance Language sub-family but this is not a realistic interpretation.


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HOLLIS lists four dialects for Greek: Aeolic Greek, Attic Greek, DoricGreek, and Ionic Greek. As per Arutiunov: "Greek is of course not Romance.

And the Mediterranean Race extends from Spain to Greece".

Greek (sub-family) - as per Alexeev

1. Greek

Greek Language family - as per HOLLIS

[dialects of Aeolic, Attic, Doric, and Ionic]

Greek People - as per HOLLIS

[HOLLIS lists Greek as belonging to the Mediterranean Racealong with Latin; this is not

correct]

INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - GREEK: RESOLUTION

Greek Language family

1. Greek

Greek People

[modern Greek people are dispersed throughout the world]

Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Indo-Iranian (Iranian, Indo Aryan,

and Nuristani)

The Indo-Iranian sub family of Indo-European is divided into three main

branches: Iranian, Indo-Aryan, and Nuristani 8. As per Alexeev, the

Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European language

consists of Osset (Ossetic), Tadjik, Pamir, and Kurd (Kurdic). Ossetic is

spoken in southern Russia and in the Caucasus. Tadjik which is nearly

similar to Farsi in Iran is spoken in Tadjikistan. The Parmir language is

spoken in the Parmir Mountains area and Kurdish is spoken in northern Iraq,

Afghanistan, south Caucasus, Turkmenistan, eastern Turkey, and somewhat in

Iran and Syria.

Iranian (sub-family) - as per Alexeev

1. Osset


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2. Tadjik

3. Pamir

4. Kurd

HOLLIS lists 14 additional sub-families for the Iranian language:

Avestan, Baluchi, Dari, Ephthalite, Gilaki, Hazara, Old Persian, Persian,

Pushto (Pashto), Talysh, Tat, Wakhi, Yaghnobi, and Yueh Chih. [Arutiunov

states that Yueh Chi and Ephthalite are probably the same and might be

Tokharic but are not Iranian 9] HOLLIS, as listed above, includes Yueh Chiand Ephthalite as members of the Iranian language family. As per

Arutiunov, Dari, Modern Persian, and Tadjik are three slightly different

standards of one language, Farsi.

Iranian languages in more detail: Avestan is one of the two ancient

languages comprising Old Iranian and that in which the sacred books of the

Zoroastrian religion were written and as an ancient language is extinct;Baluchi is spoken by an Indo-Iranian people of the Irano-Afghan type in

Baluchistan; and Dari is the literary language still used in Afghanistan.

The Ephthalites were a member of the western branch of the Yueh Chih

Tokharians who ruled Western Turkistan and northwestern India in the fifth

and sixth centuries AD (also called the White Huns) and spoke a Tokharian

language; Gilaki was spoken by a forest people of northern Persia

inhabiting the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea; Hazara is the

language spoken by the Hazaras, a Mongoloid people of Afghanistan; and Old

Persian is the other language composing Old Iranian and known from

cuneiform inscriptions from the sixth and fifth century BC but is now

extinct.

Persian is one of the ancient Iranian people who under Cyrus became thedominant people in Asia; today the people of Iran (Persia) speak Farsi.

Parthian is an ancient language spoken by inhabitants of Parthia, an

ancient country located southeast of the Caspian Sea. Pashto (Pushtu or

Pushto) is the Iranian language of the Pathan people (Pathans, a Hindi

word, refers to an Iranian people living in Afghanistan and in colonies

scattered throughout Pakistan and India) and the chief vernacular language

of eastern Afghanistan, northern Baluchistan, and the northwestern frontier

province of Pakistan. The Tajiks are dispersed among populations of

Afghanistan and Turkistan and speak Tajiki, a veriety of modern Persian.

Talysh are a people of the region around Lenkoran, Azerbaijan who speak a

dialect related to Talishi. The Tat are an agricultural people living in

scattered groups throughout Transcaucasia and possibly allied to the

Tajiks; they speak a Tat language. The Wakhi are an Indo-European peopleliving on the northern slope of the Hindu Kush who speak Wakhi and Wama.

The Yueh Chih (Tokharian) were people of advanced culture dwelling in

Central Asia during the ?first millennium AD until overrun by the Uighurs

[the Uighurs were a Turkic people from Mongolia who spoke a Turkic

language]. The Yueh Chih spoke a Tokharian language, a branch of the Indo

European language.

Iranian Language - modified from HOLLIS with additions by


1. Avestan (extinct)

2. Baluchi


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3. Dari (variety of modern Persian)

4. Ephthalite (might be Tokharic, not Iranian; they likelyare the same as the Yueh Chih and were replaced by the Uighurs)

5. Farsi (includes modern Persian, Dari, and Tajik)

6. Gilaki (???extinct) 7. Hazara

8. Kurdish

9. Old Persian (extinct)

10. Ossetic

11. Pamir

12. Parthian (extinct)

13. Persian (the standard of Iran is called Farsi)

14. Pashto (Pushtu or Pushto; spoken by the Pathan people)

15. Tajik (variety of Modern Persian)

16. Talishi

17. Tat

18. Wakhi (Wama and other Kafir languages of Nuristan)

19. Yaghnobi (relic of ancient Sogdian) 10

20. Yueh Chih (might be Tokharic, not Iranian; the Yueh

Chih were replaced by Uighurs)

HOLLIS lists the following Iranian People : Alani, Indo Iranians (Indo

Aryans & Iranians), Indo Scythians (Saka & Yueh Chih), Kurds, Ossetes,

Parthians, Pushtuns, Saka, Sarmatians, Scythians, Tajiks.

Iranian people in more detail: the Alani (see lecture 14) are an Iranian

people who migrated from Central Asia to the northern Caucasus. The

Ossetes who today still live in the central Caucasus are related to the

Alani (Alans). The Indo Iranians consist of the Indo Aryans whom HOLLIS

relates to the Parya Indic People and the Iranians. The Indo Scythians are

related to the Saka, a nomadic people of the steppelands north of the

Iranian plateau, and to the Yueh Chih (also known as Tocharian) a people in

Central Asia (Xingjang) during the ?first millennium AD until overrun by

Uighurs. [According to Arutiunov: "the Indo Scythians are Saka whomigrated to India; Saka are the eastern Scythians. Western Scythians were

succeeded by Sarmatians, later Alans, and finally Ossetes; they are all


17/56

descendants of each other"] The Kurds are a pastoral and agricultural

people inhabiting a large mountainous plateau region in adjoining parts of

Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria as well as in Armenia and Azerbaijan. [As

per Arutiunov: "In religion in Armenia, the Kurds are Zoroastrian; in

Azerbaijan they are Muslim. The Ossetes likely immigrated from the

Eurasian Steppes to the central Caucasus and are descendants of the Alani

(Alans)]

Parthia is an ancient country to the south east of the Caspian Sea.Parthians are inhabitants of the ancient country of Parthia and many

historical references describe the Parthians as warriors on horseback armed

with bow and arrow. Pushtun (Pushtu/Pashto) is the Iranian language of the

Pathan people, an Iranian people living in Afghanistan and in colonies

scattered throughout Pakistan and India; it is the chief vernacular of

eastern Afghanistan, northwest frontier province of Pakistan, and northern

Baluchistan. The Saka, as listed above, are nomadic people of the

steppelands north of the Iranian plateau. Sarmatia is an ancient region

north of the Black Sea; the language of the Sarmatians was likely Iranian;

the Sarmatians were succeeded by the Alans. The term Sarmatia has on

occassion been used to reference "Russia". Scythia is an ancient countrylying partly north and northeast of the Black Sea and partly east of the

Aral Sea. The origins and dispersal of the Scythians have occupied

historians from Herodotus to contemporary scholars (see lecture 14). The

Tajiks are Iranian people speaking an Iranian language who are dispersed

among the populations of Afghanistan and Turkistan including Tajikistan.

Iranian People - modified from HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov

in Bold Face.

1. Alani - are descendants of Sarmatian (and were replaced bythe Ossetes; thus Alani are extinct)

2. Indo Iranians

a. Indo Aryans 11

(Parya Indic People 12) - a small group; they are theonly Indo-Aryan people in the former USSR

b. Iranians

3. Indo Scythians

a. Saka (eastern Scythians; extinct)

b. Yueh Chih (not Iranian; extinct)

4. Kurds

5. Ossetes (successors of Alans, deriving from Sarmates)

6. Parthians (extinct)

7. Pushtuns (language of the Pathans)


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8. Saka (eastern Scythians; extinct)

9. Sarmatians (partly successors to Scythians;extinct)

10. Scythians (extinct)

11. Tajiks

12. Pathans (who speak Pushtun)

Alexeev did not detail the Indo Aryan branch of the Indo Iranian

language. The Indo Aryan branch of the Indo Iranian subfamily of Indo

European language, as per HOLLIS, includes Dardic, Palic, Prakrit,

Sanskrit, and Vedic.

The Dardic people or Dards were a stocky, broad shouldered moderately

fair people living in the upper valley of the Indus and spoke Dardic. The

complex of languages spoken by the Dards included Shina, Khowar, Kafiri,

Kashmiri, and Kohistani. Palic is an Indic language found in the Buddhist

canon and used as the liturgical and scholarly language of Hinayana

Buddhism. Prakrit is a catch all category including any or all of the

ancient Indic languages or dialects other than Sanskrit. Sanskrit, meaning

cultivated or refined, is the ancient classical language of India and of

Hinduism. Vedic is the language that the Vedas, the most ancient and

sacred writing of the Hindus, is written.

According to Arutiunov, Sanskrit and Vedic are very closed; only

Sanskrit is the written standard, Vedic is not. Vedic is older than

Sanskrit. Palic is one of the Prakrits (in medieval India there wereseveral Prakrits). Kashmiri is one of the Dardic group.

Indo Aryan Languages - as per HOLLIS with additions by


1. Dardic [also listed under Nuiristani]

a. Kashmiri 13

b. Phalura 14

c. Torwali 15

d. Wotapuri Katarqalai

2 Palic (is one of the Prakrits)16

3. Prakrit

a. Apabhramsa

b. Avahattha


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c. Sauraseni

4. Sanskrit (the written standard)

a. Manipravalam language Malayalam 5. Vedic

Indo Aryan Languages - other sources including standard

dictionary and Parpola 17

1. Dardic (from dictionary)

a. Shina

b. Khowar

c. Kafiri

d. Kashmiri

e. Kohistani

1. Dardic (from Parpola) 18; however we do

not know if extinct languages and/or

dialects are included.

a. Kalasa

b. Khowar

c. Dameli

d. Gawar-bati

e. Sumasti

f. Pasai

g. Baskarik

h. Torwali

i. Maiya

j. Wotapuri

k. Tirahi

l. Sina (or Shina)


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m. Phalura

n. Dumaki

o. Kashmiri

Indo Aryan People 19 - as per HOLLIS with additions by

Arutiunov in Bold Face

1. Parya Indic people 20- wrong!

Indo Aryan People - as per standard dictionary

1. Dards

The Nuristani branch of the Indo Iranian subfamily of the Indo European

language family was not detailed by Alexeev. HOLLIS lists Nuristani as a

subgroup of Indo Iranian along with Indo Aryan and Iranian. As per

Arutiunov, Nuristan (land of light) was formerly Kafiristan and was renamed

after being forcefully converted to Islam around the 1890's. As per

HOLLIS, Nuristan encompasses Afghanistan and the Chitral district of

Pakistan (Kafiristan region of Pakistan) 21. HOLLIS equates Nuristani with

Dardic 22, with Bashgali 23, and with the Kafiri languages 24 (Bashgali,

Dardic, and Nuristani are languages of Afghanistan). A Kafir 25 is defined

as a member of a group of southern African Bantu speaking people; a south

African of negroid ancestory. The term, however, usually is used

disparingly. A "caffer" is defined as one who is not a Muslim, again used

disparingly. There also appears to be a relationship between the Bashgali

and Kafir languages 26 and the Kafir and Xhosa languages 27. HOLLIS relates

the Kafir language to the Bantu Afrikaans language 28; however, Arutiunov

says this is nonsense:

"Nuristani used to be called Kafirs, i.e. 'infidels'. Bantu were

called the same by Arabs, hence 'caffres'. Bashgali has nothing in common

with Bantu. There are descendants of Black African slaves in India but

they have not preserved their language". [and when I ran the listings for

Bantu in HOLLIS, neither Bashgali nor Kafir appeared]

As per Arutiunov, Bashgali, Wakhi, and Wama are all Nuristani

(Kafiristani) languages. However, HOLLIS relates the Wakhi to the Ghalchahlanguages (Wakhi and Sarikoli) 29, HOLLIS relates the Ghalchah languages to

the Pamir languages, and for the Pamir languages, HOLLIS includes: Munji

language and Yazghulami language and 7 dialects. For Wama, HOLLIS relates

the Akurio Indians of Surinam (South America) 30 and the Wamakua African

people (Makua African people) 31. Thus, that Wakhi and Wama are Nuristani

languages cannot be substantiated by HOLLIS.

Nuristani Languages - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov

in Bold Face

1. Dardic [also listed as Indo Aryan]


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2. Kafiri (Xhosa, Bantu, Zulu of Africa; the languages ofAfghanistan, of the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan, and of the Kafir

region of Pakistan)

3. Bashgali - Bashgali, Wakhi, and Wama are all among the

Nuristani (Kafiristani) languages.

Kafir or Nuristani Languages - as per Parpola

1. Kati

2. Tregami

3. Waigali

4. Prasun

5. Askun

HOLLIS has no listing for the Nuristani people. However, Nuristani is

spoken in Afghanistan along with Bashgali, Brahui, Dardic, Dari, Munji,

Turkmen, Uighur, Wotapuri Katarquali, and Yazghulami. HOLLIS does have a

listing for the Kafiristani people and includes: Kafirs African people

(Xhosa, Zulu), Kafirs Afghanistan people, Kafirs of the Hindu Kush, and the

Kafir region of Pakistan.

Nuristani People (Kafiristani) - as per HOLLIS

[includes people of Afghanistan, Pakistan,

and the Xhosa, Bantu, and Zulu of

Africa]

(Arutiunov claims this is wrong)

INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - INDO-IRANIAN: RESOLUTION

[To assume that languages and people can be fully resolved is a precept of

structuralism. Languages disappear when people become assimilated into

different cultures. Ethnic identity when void of religious identity

changes to embrace the new geography.

However, when religious identity becomes of paramount concern, then the

ethnic identity takes on a religious identity and fuses into one. As well,

many people speak more than one language and many embrace a new language

and forget the original]

Indo-Iranian Languages


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A. Iranian Languages (RESOLVED)

1. Baluchi

2. Farsi (includes modern Persian, Dari, Tajik)

3. Hazara

4. Kurdish

5. Ossetic

6. Pamir

7. Pashto (Pushtu or Pushto)

8. Talishi

9. Tat

[Extinct languages: Avestan, Gilaki, Old Persian,

Parthian, Yueh Chih (Ephthalite)]

B. Indo Aryan Languages (UNRESOLVED)

1. Dardic (including Kashmiri, Phalura, Torwali, Wotapuri

Katarqalai, Shina,

Khowar, Kafiri, Kohistani, Kalasa, Dameli, Gawar-bati,Sumasti, Pasai,

Baskarik, Maiya, Tirahi, Dumaki)

2. Palic ??? is a Prakrit

3. Prakrit

4. Sanskrit

5. Vedic

C. Nuristani [Kafiristani] Languages (UNRESOLVED)

1. Bashgali ???

2. Kafiri (Xhosa, Bantu, Zulu of Africa; the languages of

Afghanistan, of the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan, and of the Kafir

region of Pakistan)


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3. Wakhi ???

4. Wama ???

5. Kati ???

6. Tregami ???

7. Prasun ???

8. Askun ???

Indo Iranian People

A. Iranian People (UNRESOLVED)

1. Baluchi

2. Hazaras

3. Kurds

4. Ossetes 5. Pamirs

6. Pathans

7. Tajiks

8. Talysh

9. Tat

[Extinct Iranian populations: Alani,

Gilaki, Parthians, Saka,

Sarmatians, Scythians]

B. Indo Aryan People (UNRESOLVED)

1. Parya Indic

2. Other ???

C. Nuristani People (IN CONFUSION)

[includes people of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Xhosa,

Bantu, and Zulu of Africa]


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Indo European Languages and People in Eurasia

Since Alexeev only detailed Indo European language families in the

former Soviet Union, I have turned to the HOLLIS listings and "Britannica"

for the languages and people of Eurasia. Commentary by Arutiunov is in

Bold Face. HOLLIS lists the following Indo European Languages: Albanian,Anatolian, Armenian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Illyrian, IndoIranian, Italic, Macedonian, Phrygian, Proto Indo European, Slavic,

Thracian, Tokharian, and Venetic.

The Albanian language is spoken by the Albanians and is a branch of the

Indo European that contains only Albanian. However, Arutiunov does not

agree claiming that Albanian is the last remnant of Illyric.

HOLLIS lists the following Anatolian languages: Caria, Hittite, Hurrian,

Luwian, Lycian, Lydian, Palaic, Phrygian, and Urartian. Arutiunov's

comments are in Bold Face. Further information: Caria, a word derivedfrom Latin and Greek, is an ancient division of Asia Minor and populated bythe Carian people. Several recent publications reference Carian

inscriptions in Sakkara, Egypt and Buhen, Sudan. Hittite is a word from

the Hebrew. The language of the Hittites is Indo European or Indo Hittite

and is known from cuneiform texts from Bogazkoy in central Asia Minor.

These texts are both pictographic and phonetic. Recent research has

related Hittite inscriptions with the Luwian language and with theYazilikaya site in Turkey. HOLLIS relates the Luwian and Palaic languages

to Hittite.

Continuing with the Anatolian languages ... Hurrians are an ancient nonSemitic people of northern Mesopotamia, Syria, and eastern Asia Minor circa

?1500 BC and possibly identical with the Horites (the Horites are an

ancient people of the biblical period prior to Abraham that inhabited the

Dead Sea region of the eastern Mediterranean). Recent research relates the

Hurrian and Akkadian languages (according to Arutiunov this is wrong. TheHurria and Akkadian are not related) and relates both to the ancient cityof Nuzi in Iraq. Luwian (Luian) is the Anatolian language of the Luwi who

live in Luya. This language is known from quotations in Hittite documents

and from ancient scripts from Crete and Cyprus. Recent research connects

the Luwian language to Hittite hieroglyphs, and relate Luwian inscriptions

from the Yazilikaya site in Turkey and to the Hittite religion .

Lycia, a word derived from the Greek, is an ancient district in southernAsia Minor. Lycian is an Anatolian language known from a small body of

inscriptions from southwestern Asia Minor dating to the ?fifth-fourth

centuries AD. Recent researches show Greek inscriptions in Lycia, Greekinscriptions in Turkey, and Lycian inscriptions in Turkey.

Lydia is an ancient country in western Asia minor and Lydian, a wordderived from the Greek, is an Anatolian language known from a small body of

inscriptions dating from the ?fourth century BC or earlier. Lydian


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inscriptions are related to the goddess Cybele and to idols and images of

Turkey .

Palaic is an Anatolian language known from quotations in Hittitedocuments. Hollis relates the Palaic language with both the Luwian and

Hittite languages . Phrygia is an ancient country in west central Asia

Minor and the language of the Phrygians is assumed to be Indo European.The Urartian language known from cuneiform inscriptions and is related to

Hurrian (According to Arutiunov, this is true but they both are related to

Dagestanic, not Anatolian).

Anatolian Languages as per HOLLIS with comments by Arutiunov in

Bold Face

1. Carian

2. Hittite

3. Hurrian (certainly non Indo European)

4. Luwian

5. Lycian

6. Lydian

7. Palaic

8. Phrygian (this language is little known and might beeither Armenian or Illyric; is not Anatolian)

9. Urartian (non Indo European; is related to Dagestanic, not

Anatolian)

The Armenian and Baltic languages are discussed above.

For Celtic languages HOLLIS includes:

Breton

Brythonic

Cornish

Gaelic

Gaulish

Goidelic


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Irish

Manx

Proto Celtic

Welsh

The Germanic and Greek languages are detailed above.

The Illyrian language is the language of Illyria, an ancient country on

the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and is poorly attested and not

certainly classified. According to HOLLIS, the Illyrian languages include

the Messapian and Venetic language. The Venetic language is spoken by the

Veneti Italic people also known as the Venetians who settled in the Aegean

Islands of Greece and Turkey, in Greece, Slovenia, and Italy. As per

Arutiunov, the only remnant of Illyrian is Albanian.

The Indo Iranian languages are detailed above.

The Italic languages and dialects according to HOLLIS are related to the

Faliscan, Latin, and Venetic languages and have a grammar comparable to

Armenian and Etruscan. However, Arutiunov claims that this informationregarding Venetic languages is wrong. Also, according to HOLLIS, theancient city of Italica is is Spain, likely Seville. However, as per

Arutiunov, this information regarding the ancient city of Italica is

doubtful 32.

Ancient Macedonia, a region in the central Balkan Peninsula, was occupiedby Macedonians whose language is generally assumed to be Indo European.

The modern Macedonian people speak a Slavic language. As per Arutiunov,

Old Macedonian was Illyric; New Macedonian is Slavic.

Phrygians speak one of the Anatolian languages (as per Arutiunov,Phrygian is extinct and the Phrygians spoke Armenian

rather than Anatolian).

The Proto Indo European language is a theoretical construct

which attempts to locate an origin for Indo European. Some

scholars trace its origin to the Nostratic Mega Language Family

33 and others see a relationship between the Indo European

vocabulary and Old Chinese. Arutiunov claims this is wrong. [NOTE: Thepublication on Indo European vocabulary in Old Chinese is detailed in the

endnote] 34. Perhaps the best definitive study on the reconstruction of a

Proto-language is by Tamaz Gamqrelize 35.

The Slavic language is detailed above.


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Thracian, the language of Thrace in the eastern Balkans, is

generally assumed to be Indo European. Thraco-Illyrian is

generally related to Thracian, Albanian, and Illyrian while

Thraco Phrygian is a catch all catagory for the Balkan and Asia

Minor languages which do not fit in other catagories. HOLLIS

relates the Thracian language to Dacian.

The Tokharian language is synonymous with Yueh Cheh. HOLLIS relates the

Yueh Chih to the Ephthalites or Hunas in India and the Kushans in

Afghanistan (Bactria). The Tokharian (Yueh Chih) have been regarded as the

"first" Indo-Europeans with their homeland in China.

The Venetic language is spoken by the Veneti Italic people also known as

the Venetians who settled in the Aegean Islands of Greece and Turkey, as

well as in Greece, Slovenia, and Italy. A dialect of the Venetic language

is spoken by a people in the Rio Grande Do Sol area of Brazil (Arutiunovclaims that this information regarding the Venetic language is a

confusion).

Indo European Languages in Eurasia - as per HOLLIS

with comments by Arutiunov in Bold Face.

1. Albanian

2. Anatolian

a. Carian

b. Hittite

c. Hurrian

(certainly notIndo

European)

d. Luwian

e. Lycian

f. Lydian

g. Palaic

h. Phrygian (not Anatolian)


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i. Urartian (not Indo European and not Anatolian; isrelated to Dagestanic)

3. Armenian

4. Baltic

5. Celtic

6. Germanic

7. Greek

8. Illyrian

9. Indo Iranian

10. Italic

11. Macedonian

12. Phrygian (extinct; and the Phrygians spoke Armenian notAnatolian)

13. Slavic

14. Thracian

15. Tokharian

16. Venetic

Alexeev does not separate the Indo European People from the Indo

European language; as well, he only lists Indo European in the former

Soviet Union. Thus I will defer to the HOLLIS listing for Indo European

People with commentary by Arutiunov in Bold Face. For Indo Europeans(peoples), HOLLIS lists: Albanian, Armenian, Balts, Celts, Germanic,

Hittites, Illyrians, Indo Iranians, Latin people, Luwian, Slavs, Thracians,

and Tokhari.

The Albanian people live on the western littoral of the Balkan Peninsula

in an area of an extremely complex mountain system enabling many groups to

exist, even today, in an isolated fashion. One group, the Ghegs, are known

as the "giant" north Albanian mountain people.

The Armenians are detailed above.

The Balts Indo European People (Baltic People) are detailed above.

The Celts are an early Indo European people of pre Roman Europe whoranged from the British Isles and Spain to Asia Minor (as per Arutiunov,


29/56

the Celts migrated to Asia Minor but are not native to it) and in part wereabsorbed into the Roman Empire as Britons, Gauls, Boii, Galatians, or

Celtiberians. HOLLIS also relates Celts to the Boii, Britons, and Gauls

but in addition also to the Carvetii, Cenomani Celtic People, the Druids,

the Helvetii Celtic People, the Picts, and the Welsh.

Germanic people are detailed above.

The Hittites, a word from the Hebrew, were the aboriginal population of

the kingdom of Khatti in eastern Asia Minor. Physical characteristics

include a sloping forehead and large aquiline nose as preserved in the

Hittite and Egyptian reliefs. The Hittite Empire of the second millennium

BC rivaled that of the Babylonians and Egyptians. Current research on the

Hittites relate the Hittites to the ancient city of Zippalanda and to

recent excavations in Turkey. The Hittites are also related to the Aegean

civilization 36.

Illyrians lived in an ancient country on the eastern shore of the

Adriatic Sea; the term is derived from Greek and Latin. Illyria ispopulated by the Illyrians whom HOLLIS relates to the Venetic Italic people

of the Venetian Republic or Venice, Italy (this relationship according to

Arutiunov is not correct).

The Indo Iranians are the Iranians, the Indo Aryans, and the Nuristani

and are detailed above.

HOLLIS relates the Latin peoples to Africa, the Black Sea region, and to

America. It is here that the controversial elements of race arise. Mostly

from older publications, topics such as Mediterranean race, Teutonic race,

Anglo-Saxon superiority and international competition in terms of trade andwar are listed. In the international competition category, earlier

publications i.e. 1899 are concerned with the superiority of peoples;

recent publications deal with agriculture and technology on a global

basis.

Luwian or Luian or Luwi are an ancient people who lived on the southern

coast of Asia Minor in and around Luya. The Luwian populations also

existed in Lycia and Cilicia Aspera during the Hellenistic period and in

Crete at a similar time period. The Luwian religion is related to that of

the Hurrian (however, the Luwian and Hurri languages are not related,

according to Arutiunov) 37.

Thrace (Thracians), a Greek word, is a region of the eastern BalkanPeninsula (Thracians were probably part of Illyric, as per Arutiunov).Thraco-Illyrian is generally related to Thracian, Albanian, and Illyrian.

HOLLIS relates the Thracians to areas of Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, and

the Black Sea lowlands of the Ukraine as well as to Denmark, Egypt, eastern

Europe, and Moldova (as per Arutiunov, Moldova yes! The rest [Denmark,Egypt, eastern Europe] is dubious). Recent archaeology in the Sveshtariregion of Bulgaria reveals a Thracian tomb near the village of Sveshtari,

and a recent congress examined Thracians as related to the Mycenaean

civilization 38.

The Tokhari (Tochari) are also known as the Yueh Chih (see above) andare a member of a people of advanced culture dwelling in Central Asia

during the ?first millennium AD until overrun by Uighurs. HOLLIS relates


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the Yueh Chih to the Ephthalites and the Kushans. The Ephthalites are the

Hunas (Safeta Hunas/White Huns) in India and the Kushans are in Afghanistan(Bactria). The Tokharian (Yueh Chih) have been regarded as the "first"

Indo-Europeans with their homeland in China 39.

Indo European people in Eurasia - as per HOLLIS with comments

by Arutiunov in Bold Face.

1. Albanians - the only remnant of Illyric.

2. Armenians

3. Balts (Indo European People) -this is to distinguish fromthe Baltic Finns

4. Celts

5. Germanic Peoples

6. Greek

7. Hittites - extinct

8. Illyrians - the only remnant is Albanian; the rest isextinct

9. Indo Iranians

10. Latin Peoples

11. Luwians - extinct

12. Slavs

13. Thracians - extinct; were probably Illyric

14. Tokhari - extinct

THE INDO EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE IN EURASIA - RESOLUTION

Indo European Language in Eurasia

1. Albanian

2. Armenian

3. Baltic

4. Celtic


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a. Breton

b. Brythonic

c. Cornish

d. Gaelic

e. Gaulish

f. Goidelic

g. Irish

h. Manx

i. Welsh

5. Germanic

6. Greek

7. Indo Iranian

8. Italic

9. Macedonian

10. Proto Indo European (a theoretical construct and easilycan be deleted)

11. Slavic

[Extinct Indo European Languages: Carian, Hittite, Hurrian,

Luwian, Lycia, Lydia, Palaic, Phrygian, Urartian, Illyrian,

Thracian, Tocharian, ???Venetic]

Indo European People in Eurasia

1. Albanian

2. Armenian


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3. Balts (Indo European People)

4. Celts

a. Breton

b. Brythonic

c. Cornish

d. Gaelic

e. Gaulish

f. Goidelic

g. Irish

h. Manx

i. Welsh

5. Germanic People (Germans)

6. Greek

7. Indo Iranian (Iranians, Indo Aryans, Nuristani)

8. Italic

9. Slavs

10. ??? HOLLIS does not list the Macedonian people but does

list the Macedonian language]

[Extinct Indo European People include

Hittite, Illyrian, Luwian,

Thracian, Tokhari]

Ethnic Interpretations: Finno Ugric

A second great family is that of Finno Ugric 40. Alexeev lists the

following sub groups of the Finno Ugric sub family: Ugric group = Mansi,

Khant (Khantic), and Hungarian; Finnic group = Lapp (Lappic), Nenet

(Nenetic) [to be changed from Finno Ugric to Samodic (obsolete Samoyedic)

in lecture 10], East Finnic, and extinct Estonian. Alexeev also divides

Finno-Ugric into the two sub families of Finnic and Ugric.

According to Alexeev, Finnic is a sub-family of Finno Ugric and is

widely distributed. In Finland on the coast of the Barentz Sea and in

eastern Norway and Sweden, Lapps live. The forerunners of the Laps played


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an important role in Russia. East of Finland in an area in northern

Siberia live the Nenet (Netic) people. In the Upper Volga Basin east of

Moscow are several different groups who speak the East Finnic language

[HOLLIS does not list an East Finnic language]. Estonian belongs to the

Finnic subfamily of Finno-Ugric. In the seventeenth century the Estonians

separated from the Finnic of Finland. Writing Estonian is very

difficult.

Alexeev lists the Ugric as a subfamily that is geographically

distributed in two areas in the Soviet Union and in one area in Hungary.Inthe Soviet Union in the Ob Valley of Western Siberia, Mansi is spoken.

Khanty (Khantic) is spoken north of the Mansi area in northern central

Siberia. Hungarian is spoken in Hungary which is quite far from both Mansi

and Khanty. [HOLLIS has no listing for Ugric and instead references

Hungarian]

HOLLIS lists two languages for the category Finno Ugric languages:

Finnic and Hungarian. For Finnic languages, HOLLIS lists the following

related headings: Baltic Finnic, Lapp, Mari, Mordvin, and Permic. For

Baltic Finnic Languages, a sub category of Finnic languages, HOLLIS lists =

Estonian, Finnish, Ingrian, Karelian, Livonian, and Veps. For Permic

languages, another sub category of Finnic languages, HOLLIS lists = Komi

language and Udmurt language. For the Hungarian language HOLLIS doesn't

list any related headings although dialects for Hungary are listed by

geographic regions include Moldavia, Oberwart Austria Bezirk, Ormansag, and

Transylvania (Romania), Szamos Valley, Szamoshat, Szeged, and Ukraine.

Arutiunov also divides the Finno Ugric subfamily into two groups: Finnicgroup and Ugric group. For the Finnic group, Arutiunov establishes four

divisions: Western (Baltic) consisting of Finnish, Estonian, Karelian,

Ingrian, and Vote; Eastern (Permian) consisting of Komi-Zyrian; Komi-

Permian, and Udmurt; the Southern (Volgaic) consisting of Mordvian (Erziaand Moksha dialects), and Mari (Meadow and Highland dialects); and Northern

consisting of Lapp (Saami). For Ugric, Arutiunov includes: Mansi, Khanti,

and Hungarian.

Since Alexeev did not separate language and people, I will list Finno

Ugrians people, as per HOLLIS, with comments by Arutiunov in Bold Face.Finno Ugrians: the Bulgars Turkic People or Bulgarians [Arutiunov statesthat Turkic is not Finno Ugric], Estonians, Finns, Hungarians, Karelians,Khanty, Komi, Livonians, Mansi, Mari, Mordvins, Permians, Sami European

People (Lapps), Udmurts, Veps, and Votes people.

The Bulgars Turkic People speak Bulgarian with different dialects spokenin Bulgaria in Boboshtice, Ikhtiman, Silistrenski Okrug, Sofia, and Tihomiras well as in Macedonia, Pontikia, Greece, Romania, Russia, and Thrace.

[According to Arutiunov, Turkic Bulgars were Turkic, not Finno Ugric; theywere assimilated by Slavs on the Danube; the dialects listed above are ofSlavic Bulgarians]. Modern Bulgarians speak a Slavic language.

The Estonians speak Estonian, the Finns speak Finnish (with perhaps the

greatest number of dialects), the Hungarians speak Hungarian, the Karelians

speak the Karelian language, the Khanty speak the Khanty language (with 4

dialects), and the Komi speak the Komi language.

The Livonians, from a small area in Latvia, speak the Livonian language,the Mansi of the Ob Valley in Siberia and the Tavda Valley in Russia speak

the Mansi language, the Mari speak the Mari language, and the Mordvins


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speak the Mordvin language with dialects of Erzya and Moksha. The Permians

speak the Permian (Permic) languages [consisting of 1) Udmurt, 2) Komi-Zyrian, and 3) Komi-Permian as per Arutiunov], and the Sami European Peoplespeak a Lapp language. The Udmurts speak the Udmurt language in the Vyatka

River region, the Veps speak the Veps language, and the Votes people speak

a Vote language.

That in some instances a different language exists in each valley isperhaps well illustrated by the Finnish language with dialects in Finland

including: Anjala, Hameen Laani, Helsinki, IItti, Jaala, Jyvaskyla,

Kainuu, Karkku, Kemi, Kiihtelysvaara, Kuusamo, Kymen Laani, Kymenlaakso,

Lahti, Lapin Laani, Mikkelin Laani, Nurmijarvi Uudenmaan Laani, Lolun

Laani, Pohjanmaa, Pohjois Karjala, Pori, Satakunta, Savo, Somero,

Suomussalmi, Tammela, Tampere, Tornio, Turku, Turun Ja Porin Laani, Tyrvaa,

Utsjoki, Uudenmaan Laani, Vaasan Laani, Vaskevesi, Viljakkala, and Virrat;

with dialects in Russia including Karelian Isthmus, Kurgolovo Peninsula,

Ladoga Lake Region, Leningradskaia Oblast, and Olonets; with dialects in

Sweden including Norrbotten and Vottangi; and with dialects in the Torne

River Valley of Sweden and Finland.

Finno Ugric Language Family - as per Alexeev with additions by

Arutiunov in Bold Face

A. Ugric Group

1. Mansi

2. Khant (Khantic)

3. Hungarian

2. Finnic Group

1. Lapp (Lappic) - Lapp/Saami

2. Nenet (Nenetic) *

3. Estonian

4. East Finnic - Finnish

5. Karelian

6. Ingrian

7. Vote

8. Komi-Zyrian

9. Komi-Permian

10. Udmurt


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11. Mordvian

12. Mari

* to be changed by Alexeev from Finno Ugric to

Samodic (obsolete Samoyedic) in Lecture 10

Finno Ugric Language - as per HOLLIS with additions by


A. Finnic (sub-family)

1. Baltic Finnic

a. Estonian

b. Finnish

c. Ingrian

d. Karelian

e. Livonian

f. Veps

2. Lapp

3. Mari

4. Mordvin

5. Permic

a. Komi

b. Udmurt

B. Hungarian (sub-family) - along with Khanty and Mansi form

the Ugricgroup of the Finno Ugric sub family

Finno Ugric Sub Family of Uralic Family - as per Arutiunov

A. Finnic group

1. Western (Baltic)

a. Finnish


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b. Estonian

c. Karelian

d. Ingrian

e. Vote

2. Eastern (Permian)

a. Komi-Zyrian

b. Komi-Permian

c. Udmurt

3. Southern (Volgaic)

a. Mordvian (Erzia and Moksha dialects)

b. Mari (Meadow and Highland dialects)

4. Northern

a. Lapp (Saami)

B. Ugric group

1. Hungarian

2. Mansi

3. Khanty

Languages spoken by the Finno Ugric People as per HOLLIS with

additions by Arutiunov in Bold Face

1. Bulgarian - Turkic Bulgars were Turkic,not Finno Ugric; they were assimilated

by Slavs on the Danube;

2. Estonian

3. Finnish

4. Hungarian

5. Karelian

6. Khanty


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7. Komi - a Permian language

8. Livonian

9. Mansi

10. Mari

11. Mordvin

12. Permian (Permic) - consists of Komi and Udmurt

13. Lapp

14. Udmurt - a Permian language

15. Veps (Vepsians)

16. Votiak (old name for Udmurts)

17. Vote (spoken by Votes in the Baltic area; nearly

extinct)

Finno Ugrians People - as per HOLLIS with additions by


1. Bulgars Turkic People (Bulgarians) - Turkic is not FinnoUgric

2. Estonians

3. Finns

4. Hungarians

5. Karelians

6. Khanty

7. Komi

8. Livonians

9. Mansi

10. Mari

11. Mordvins

12. Permians


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13. Sami (Saami) European People (Lapps)

14. Udmurts

15. Veps

16. Votes

FINNO UGRIC LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - RESOLUTION

In comparing the HOLLIS listings for the Finno Ugric languages with the

listings by Alexeev (as modified by Arutiunov), the following comparisons

can be made. HOLLIS lists the Bulgars Turkic people as Finno Ugric and

lists Bulgarian in the following regions: Boboshtice, Ikhtiman,

Silistrenski, Okrug, Sofia, Tihomir as well as areas in Macedonia,

Pontikia, Greece, Romania, Russia, and Thrace. Arutiunov, however, statesthat the Turkic Bulgars were Turkic, not Finno Ugric, that they wereassimilated by the Slavs on the Danube, and that the dialects listed aboveare Slavic 41.

HOLLIS divides Finno Ugric: Finnic and Hungarian whereas the Russianshave created the heading "Ugric" which encompasses Hungarian, Khanty, and

Mansi. HOLLIS relates Khanty to Tungus 42 and relates Mansi 43 to Hungarian

and Magyars (Hungarians, Palocs, Szeklers). Two groups listed by HOLLIS

but not included by the Russians are Livonians 44 and Veps 45. Livonian is a

district in Latvia and the Veps are a Finnish people of Russia.

Finno Ugric Language

1. Bulgarian ???

2. Estonian

3. Finnish

4. Hungarian

5. Karelian

6. Khanty

7. Livonian

8. Mansi

9. Mari

10. Mordvin

11. Permian (Permic)


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a. Komi

b. Udmurt

12. Lapp

13. Veps (Vepsians)

14. Vote

[no extinct Finno Ugric languages]

Finno Ugrians People

1. Bulgars Turkic People (Bulgarians) ???

2. Estonians

3. Finns

4. Hungarians

5. Karelians

6. Khanty

7. Livonians

8. Mansi

9. Mari

10. Mordvins

11. Permians

a. Komi

b. Udmurt

12. Saami European People (Lapps)

13. Veps

14. Votes

[no extinct Finno Ugric people]


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Languages in the Caucasus

In the Caucasus the mountains are greater than five kilometers high.There are some individual language families but Professor Alexeev will only

speak of the great families. Armenian 46 will be excluded because of its

complexity. According to Alexeev, Kartvelian 47 is spoken in the western

Caucasus. Kartli is the name of an ancient kingdom in the first century

AD. Georgian is spoken in Georgia proper and Megrelian (Mingrelian) is

spoken in western Georgia. Svanian is spoken in the central mountain

region north of the Megrelian area. Georgian, Megrelian, and Svanian

belong to the Kartic = Kartvelian Family. HOLLIS adds the Laz language to

the Kartvelian group. Arutiunov comments that Laz and Megrelian are two

dialects of a single language arbitrarily called Zanic.

Information on language families in the Caucasus, as per Alexeev, isquite brief; information from HOLLIS on languages in the Caucasus is quite

disjointed; confusion surrounds the usage of the terms: Abhazian, Abazian,

Abazin, Abhazho-Abazian, Abaza, Abkhazians, Abkhaziia, and Abkhaz. Thus

for the authoratative voice on languages and people of the Caucasus, I will

defer to Arutiunov:

"The North Causasian family stretches from the Black Sea Coast along the

Caucasus Mountain Range (north slopes mostly) to the Caspian Sea. The

North Caucasian Family is divided into two sub families: Abkhazo-Adigian

and Nakh-Dagestanian. The Abkhazo-Adigian sub family consists of Adigian

(two literary standards: Adigian proper in the Republic of Adigea and

Kabardin-Circassian in theRepublics of Karachai-Circassia and Kabardin-

Balkaria), Abkhazian (spoken in Abkhazia), Abazin (closely resemblingAbkhazian; spoken in small pockets in Karachai-Circassia), and Ubykh (Peh),

nearly extinct, spoken in an area between Abkhazian and Adigian.

There are more than thirty Nakh-Dagestani languages. Hurritic and

Urartian also belonged to this group. Circassian (Cherkessi) is a Russian

term; Adyge (Adigi) is self-denomination".

Alexeev mentions that the Ubykhian people also belong to the Abkhazo-

Adigian but live in eastern Turkey; Arutiunov comments that the Ubykhians

emigrated from Abkhazia in the 1860's and by now have shifted to Turkish.

Arutiunov continues:

"There is a Middle Eastern or Near Eastern racial type claimed by M.

Abdushelishvili and recognized generally by Alexeev. This type includes

Jews of Palestine, Armenians, Lowland Caucasians, and its more massive

Caucasionic variation of Caucasian highlanders. Linguistically Kartic =

Southern Caucasian family".

According to HOLLIS: Circassians are related to the Adygei and aregeographically identified with the Adygeiskaia Avtonomnaia Oblast Russia.

HOLLIS further relates the Circassians to Europe, Israel, and Jordan. In a

keyword listing for a publication on the Adygi48

, Hollis lists KarachayTurkic people and Balkar Turkic people as well as Circassians and


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Caucasus. A listing on the Circassian languages retrieves the related

headings of "Adygei language" and "Kabardian language".

Alexeev continues: in drawing this ethnic map, we have the Adigian

people on the Black Sea coast. Inland, and directly east, in a small area

we have Balkarian (Balkar) 49 and a small pocket of Karachaian (Karachay) 50

both of which are to the north of the Svanians (both Balkarian and

Karachaian belong to the Turkic family). To the east of the Svanians are

the Ossets (from the Iranian sub-family); to the east of the Ossets is the

Nakhs family 51; and to the east of the Nakhs and bordering the Caspian Sea

are the Dagestanian people. The Dagestan language family contains some

languages which only are spoken in one village 52. Comprising the Nakhs

family are the Chechenian and Ingushian 53. [HOLLIS adds the Bats (Batsbi)

language to Chechen and Ingush languages related to the Nakhs language;

Arutiunov concurs with HOLLIS]

As per Alexeev, four families that don't correspond to any other arelocated in an area in Azerbaijan which is directly south of the Dagestanian

people. The Azerbaijan language belongs to the Turkic family (as doBalkarian and Karachaian).

Alexeev does not list a Caucasian language family because he claims thatthere is no such thing; that the evidence does not substantiate one.

HOLLIS has the following listing for Caucasian Languages 54: Abazin, Abkhaz,

Abkhazo Adyghian, Bats, Chechen, Daghestan, Georgian, Ingush, Kartvelian,

Nakh, Nakho Daghestan, Tapanta dialect, and Ubykh. Arutiunov comments:

"Americans also should abandon as utterly incorrect, politically and

scientifically, a usage of Caucasian as designating the 'white' or Europoid

race. Caucasians are either native inhabitants of the Caucasus area

(including Armenians, Azeris, Ossetians and other Turkic and Indo European

speakers) or, linguistically, the people who speak Caucasian languages.

However, if we adhere to a linguistic definition i.e. people who speakCaucasian languages, then the above must be excluded and the term would

cover only Georgians or Kartwelic, Abkhazo-Adyghean and Nakh-Daghestanic.

Racially or physically, the term Caucasionic should instead be used. This

term was introduced by the Georgian antrhropologist M. Abdushelishvili55".

LANGUAGE FAMILIES IN THE CAUCASUS - As per Alexeev with

additions in Bold Face by Arutiunov

KARTIC = KARTVELIAN FAMILY

1. Georgian

2. Megrelian

3. Svanian

ABKHAZO-ADIGIAN FAMILY

1. Abazian (and Abkhazian)

2. Ubykhian


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3. Adygian

NAKHS FAMILY

1. Chechenian

2. Ingushian

3. Batsbian

DAGESTAN FAMILY

(some of these languages only are spoken in one village; there

are 29 languages as per Arutiunov)

INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY

1. Iranian sub-family

a. Ossets

TURKIC FAMILY

1. Kypchak sub-family

a. Balkarian

b. Karachaian

c. Kumik

d. Nogai

2. Oguz sub-family

a. Azerbaijani

CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov

in Bold type

1. Abazin 3. Adyge

2. Abkhaz 4. Ubykh

/. Abkhazo Adyghian - is sub-family of all 4 above

/. Bats - Batsbi belongs to Nakh


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5. Chechen - along with Ingush belongs to Nakh

6. Daghestani:

a. Agul

b. Avaric

c. Dargwa (and Kaitag and Kubachi dialects)

d. Lak

e. Lezgian

f. Rutul

g. Tabasaran

h. Ginukh dialect - delete

i. Kubachi dialect - delete

h. Tsahur

i. Rutul

j. Andi

k. Bagwali

l. Godoberi

m. Karati

n. Akhwakh

o. Chamalal

p. Botlikh

q. Tindi

r. Archi

s. Bezhti (and Gunzeb dialect)

t. Tsez (Dido)

u. Khvarshi (and Ginukh dialect)


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v. Udi - in northern Azerbaijan

w. Khinalug - in northern Azerbaijan

x. Kryz, Djek, Gaputl, and Budug (Shahdag languages in

northern Azerbaijan)

7. Georgian - same as Kartvelian

8. Ingush - delete

9. Kartvelian - same as Georgian

a. Georgian

b. Laz

c. Mingrelian

d. Svan

10. Nakh - includes Batsbi, Chechen, Ingush

11. Nakho Daghestan - includes Nakh and Daghestani

12. Tapanta dialect - of Abaza

13. Ubykh - emigrated from Abkazia and now speak Turkish

Caucasian People as per HOLLIS (HOLLIS has no listing for

Caucasian People; rather the listing for Caucasians retrieves "Caucasian

Race" and includes: Indo Europeans, Mediterranean Race, Semites,

Teutonic Race, Whites, and Working Class Whites)

LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE IN THE CAUCASUS - RESOLUTION

For Caucasian Languages, Arutiunov's directions are, for the most part,

followed. Dialects are eliminated, as is true for all the language

families listed above. The Caucasian People, other than referring to those

people who live in the Caucasus, will be eliminated and recommendation will

be made to those in the Harvard Library System that the entries for

Caucasian Race need attention - HOLLIS's listing for Caucasian Race

includes a mixture of race, language, and class and for the most part is

pejorative.

Caucasian Languages


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1. Abkhazo Adyghian sub family

a. Abazin

b. Abkhaz

c. Adyge

d. Ubykh

2. Nakho Daghestan sub family

a. Nakh

1. Batsbi

2. Chechen

3. Ingush

b. Dagestani

1. Agul

2. Avaric

3. Lak

4. Lezgian

5. Rutul

6. Tabasaran

7. Tsahur

8. Andi

9. Bagwali

10. Godoberi

11. Karati

12. Akhwakh

13. Chamalal

14. Botlikh


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15. Tindi

16. Archi

17. Tsez (Dido)

18. Udi - in northern Azerbaijan

19. Khinalug - in northern

Azerbaijan

20. Shadag - in northern Azerbaijan including Kryz,

Djek, Gaputl, and Budug

3. Kartvelian (Georgian) sub family

a. Laz

b. Mingrelian

c. Svan

[No extinct languages in the Caucasus]

Caucasian People - a geographic term relating to those people

who live in the Caucasus:

1. Abazin

2. Abkhaz

3. Adyge

4. Ubykh

5. Batsbi

6. Chechen

7. Ingush

8. Agul

9. Avaric

10. Lak

11. Lezgian


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12. Rutul

13. Tabasaran

14. Tsahur

15. Andi

16. Bagwali

17. Godoberi

18. Karati

19. Akhwakh

20. Chamalal

21. Botlikh

22. Tindi

23. Archi

24. Tsez (Dido)

25. Udi

26. Khinalug

27. Shadag

28. Laz

29. Mingrelian

30. Svan

[no extinct people in the Caucasus]

Ethnic Interpretations: Turkic

According to Alexeev, the Turkic language family is one of the most

complicated of families. Turkic occupies a great area in Eurasia yet it

does not form a continuous area i.e. there are no common borders.

HOLLIS lists Turkic languages in Central Asia, China (Xingjiang Uighur

Autonomous region), Caucasus, Khurasan Province in Iran, Siberia, and VolgaValley. HOLLIS lists the following Turkic languages: Azerbaijani,


48/56

Bashkir, Bulgaro Turkic, Chagatai, Chuvash, Gagauz, Kara Kalpak, Kazakh,

Khakass, Khalaj, Nogai, Oghuz, Turkic languages northwest, Turkic languages

southeast, and Turkic languages southwest. For the Turkic languages

northwest, HOLLIS lists: Bashkir, Cara Kalpak, Kazakh, Kuman, Kyrgyz,

Nogai, and Tatar. For the Turkic languages southeast, Hollis lists:

Chagatai, Khorezmian Turkic, Salar, Uighur, and Uzbek. For the Turkic

languages southwest, HOLLIS lists: Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Oghuz, Turkish,and Turkmen. Arutiunov comments that the northwest = Kypchak group;

southwest = Oghuz group; southeast = Karluk group; and northeast = Altain,

Khakass, Touvinian, Shor, and Yakut.

As per Alexeev, in the Caucasus is the Azerbaijan language familylocated in several areas. HOLLIS lists an Azerbaijani language with

dialects in Shaki, Azerbaijan; the Dmanisi region of the Georgia republic;

and Tabriz, Iran. Alexeev states that Balkarian and Karachaian are sub-

families of Azerbaijan.

HOLLIS lists Balkarian as Balkar Turkic people and Karachian as Karachay

Turkic people. HOLLIS lists the Lezgian languages as related to

Azerbaijani and relates the Balkar Turkic people and Karachay Turkic

peoople with the Kabardian language (related to Adygei) and to the

Circassian languages.

Arutiunov states that the above information from HOLLIS, beginning with

the fourth sentence is absolutely wrong! He continues:

"Karachai and Balkar are in the Kypchak group and Azerbaijani is in the

Oguz group. Karachai and Circassians live in the Carachai-Circassian

Republic; Balkars and Kabardins live in the Kabardin-Balkarian Republic.

This is the political and geographical distribution. However, Karachai and

Balkar are very close Turkic languages. Circassian and Kabardin are closedialects of Adigian language. Adigian and Turkic are NOT mutually

related".

HOLLIS relates the Circassian languages to the Adygei language and the

Kabardian language 56. Of importance is that for the Balkar Turkic people,

HOLLIS also includes a recent publication on civil rights infractions and

crimes against minorities 57.

As per Alexeev, Turkic is also located in the Upper Volga Valley whereEast Finnic is distributed. South of the East Finnic groups are two sub

families speaking Turkic: the Chuvashian [Chuvash] and the Bashkirian

[Bashkir]. The Tatarian [Tatar] language is also located in the VolgaValley. Tatar language dialects, according to HOLLIS, are located in China

(Manchou), Crimea, and the Russia Federation in ten different locales.

Alexeev continues: in Central Asia there are five groups who speakTurkic located in four geographical areas. Turkmenian [Turkmen] is spoken

in the western part of Central Asia (in Turkmenistan), Uzbeian [Uzbek] is

spoken in the desert area near the Aral Sea i.e. in Uzbekistan. Uzbek,

according to HOLLIS, is also spoken in Afghanistan, the Aral Sea region of

Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, Khorezm, Namangan, Shakhrisyabz, Tajikistan, and

nine different locations in Uzbekistan], Kara-Kalpakian [Kara-Kalpak] is

the northern population of Uzbekistan, Kirgiz = Kirgizian [Kyrgyz] (are in

Kirghizistan), and Kazakh or Kazah [Kazakh] (in Kazahkstan) i.e. spoken

along the borders of China.


49/56

Alexeev continues: Turkic is also spoken in eastern Siberia both in themountains and flats. Altai-Kizi is spoken in the Altai and to the east in

the Yenissei Valley is Khakassian [a republic in Siberia, as per

Arutiunov]. In eastern Siberia in the Lena Valley, Yakutian is spoken. In

the Tanno-Tuva region in the mountain area on the Yenisei River, Tuvinian

(in Tuva) is spoken. Tuvinian is classic Mongolian. [Arutiunov comments:

"this is wrong; Tuvinian is Turkic; Mongolian is Mongolic"] In westernSiberia, in the south areas, a west Siberian Tatarian language is spoken.

This language is also spoken in the Volga Valley (along with Chuvashian and

Bashkirian).

As per Alexeev: in Turkey, classic Turkish is spoken. [For the Turkish

language, HOLLIS lists dialects in Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria

(Turgovishtki Okrug and Vidin), Cyprus, Gaziantep, Turkey, Iraq,

Kazakhstan, Vevsehir, Uzbekistan, and

twelve different geographic locations in Turkey, and Yugoslavia (Prizren

Serbia)]. Alexeev concludes: Classic Turkish is similar to Azerbaijan.

Turkmens also live in eastern Iran and Afghanistan. Some Turkic groupslive in western Mongolia.

TURKIC (FAMILY) - as per Alexeev with additions by Arutiunov in

Bold Face

(In Caucasus)

1. Oguz group

a. Azerbaijani (only Azerbaijani; others areTurkish, Gagauz, and Turkmen)

2. Kypchak or Kuman group

a. Balkarian (Balkar)

b. Karachaian (Karachai)

c. Kumik

d. Nogai

(In Volga Valley)

1. Kypchak group

a. Chuvashian (Chuvash) ???

b. Bashkirian (Bashkir)

c. Tatarian (Tatar)


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1. Volga Tatars

2. Siberian Tatars

3. Mishars (east of Moscow)

(In Central Asia)

1. Oguz group

a. Turkmenian (Turkmen)

2. Karluk group

a. Uzbekian (Uzbek)

3. Kypchak group

a. Kara-Kalpakian (Kara-Kalpak)

b. Kirgizian (Kyrgyz)

c. Kazakh

(In Siberia)

1. Siberian group

a.Altai-Kizi (Altaian)

b. Khakassian

c. Jakutian (Yakut)

d. Tatarian - delete; replace with Tuvinian

e. Shor

(In Turkey)

1. Oguz group

a. Classic Turkish

Turkic Languages - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in

Bold Type

1. Azerbaijani - listed in Oguz


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2. Bashkir - listed in Kypchak

3. Bulgaro Turkic - the Bulgars Turkic people are extinct

4. Chagatai - listed in Karluk

5. Chuvash ???

6. Gagauz - listed in Oguz

7. Kara Kalpak - listed in Kypchak

8. Kazakh - listed in Kypchak

9. Khakass - listed in the Siberian group

10. Khalaj

11. Nogai - listed in Kypchak

12. Oghuz - a group, not a language

13. Turkic languages northwest (Kypchak)

a. Bashkir

b. Kara Kalpak

c. Kazakh

d. Kuman (Karachai, Balkar, Kumik)

e. Kyrgyz

f. Nogai

g. Tatar

14. Turkic languages southeast (Karluk)

a. Chagatai

b. Khorezmian Turkic language (dialect of Uzbek)

c. Salar - in China

d. Uighur - in China

e. Uzbek


52/56

15. Turkic languages southwest (Oguz)

a. Azerbaijani

b. Gagauz

c. Oghuz

d. Turkish

e. Turkmen

16. Turkish - delete

17. Turkmen - delete

18. Turkic languages northeast (Siberian)

a. Altaian

b. Khakass

c. Tuvinian

d. Shor

e. Yakut

Turkic People - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in

Bold Type

1. Afshar Turkic - close to Azerbaijani; in Iran

2. Altai Turkic - Altaian

3. Azerbaijanis

4. Balkar Turkic

5. Bashkir Turkic

6. Bulgars Turkic - extinct

7. Chuvash Turkic

8. Huns - extinct

9. Kara Kalpaks Turkic


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10. Karachay Turkic

11. Karapapaks Turkic - close to Turkmen; in Iran

12. Kazakhs

13. Kipchak Turkic

14. Kumyk Turkic (Kumik)

15. Kyrgyz

16. Nogai Turkic

17. Oghuz Turkic

18. Pecheneg Turkic - extinct

19. Qashqai - in Iran and Afghanistan (?)

20. Tatars 58

21. Teleut Turkic - Altaian

22. Turkmen

23. Turks

24. Tuvinians

25. Uighur Turkic

26. Uzbeks

27. Yakut Turkic

28. Yuruks Turkic - dialect of Turkish

TURKIC LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE - RESOLUTION

The Turkic language family, as per Alexeev, and the Turkic language as

per HOLLIS exhibited a direct relationship, and with Arutiunov adding the

finer points, the Turkic language appears to be reaching a point of

resolution. Likewise for the Turkic people. However, it again should be

emphasized that both language and people are fluid; languages become

extinct and people become assimilated into different geographic, religious,

and political groups.


54/56

Turkic languages in Eurasia

A. Oguz group - southwest

1. Azerbaijani

2. Gagauz

3. Turkish

4. Turkmen

B. Kypchak (Kuman) group - northwest

1. Bashkir

2. Kara Kalpak

3. Kazakh

4. Kuman (Karachai, Balkar, Kumik)

5. Kyrgyz (Kirgiz)

6. Nogai

7. Tatar

C. Karluk group - southeast

1. Chagatai

2. Salar (in China)

3. Uighur (in China)

4. Uzbek

D. Siberian group - northeast

1. Altaian

2. Khakass

3. Yakut

4. Tuvinian


55/56

5. Shor

Turkic people in Eurasia

1. Afshar Turkic (close to Azerbaijani) 2. Altai Turkic (inAltai region of Siberia)

3. Azerbaijanis (in Caucasus)

4. Balkar Turkic (in Caucasus)

5. Bashkir Turkic (in Volga Valley)

6. Chuvash Turkic (in Volga Valley)

7. Kara Kalpaks Turkic (in Central Asia)

8. Karachay Turkic (in Caucasus)

9. Karapapaks Turkic (close to Turkmen) 10. Kazakhs (inCentral Asia)

11. Kipchak Turkic (in Caucasus, Central Asia, and VolgaValley)

12. Kumyk (Kumik) Turkic (in Caucasus)

13. Kyrgyz (in Central Asia)

14. Nogai Turkic (in Caucasus)

15. Oghuz Turkic (In Caucasus, Central Asia, Turkey)

16. Tatars (in Volga Valley)

17. Turkmens (in Central Asia)

18. Turks (in Turkey)

19. Tuvinians (in Siberia)

20. Uighur Turkic (in China)

21. Uzbeks (in Central Asia)

22. Yakut Turkic (in Siberia)

[Extinct Turkic people: Bulgars Turkic, Huns,

Pecheneg Turkic]


56/56

The origin of the Turkic people is most difficult. Professor Alexeevfeels that the origin of Turkic should be dated no earlier than the first

millennium BC. Colin Renfrew 59 dates the origins of the Turkic people at

8-7 millennium BC and relates their origins to the origins of agriculture.

According to Alexeev, there is no evidence at such an early period. This

has been checked out by two Russians: Ivanov and Gamkrelidze 60. According

to Alexeev, Renfrew's dating suggests a strong feeling of racism.

Carlton Coon authored several books on racism 61; his work has been

criticized by many people. Frederick Hulse 62 is another scholar who

describes racial types. The Revolution of 1917 stopped racism in the USSR.

Racism reappeared in 1949 when Stalin eliminated western influences.

According to Arutiunov, what Stalin attempted to do, as was done in Tsarist

time, was to channel the discontent of the masses against the Jews and some

other minorities. Stalin toyed with a Russian chauvinist feeling to elicit

more political support.

ie languages

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