iii - sangudl.sangu.edu.ge/pdf/qartvelologiis-aqtualuri-problemebiiii.pdfiii 2014....

qap

ქართველოლოგიის

აქტუალური პრობლემები

Actual Problems of Kartvelology

III2014

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulissaxelobis qarTuli universiteti

Saint Andrew the First-Called Georgian Universityof the Patriarchate of Georgia

ქართველოლოგიის

აქტუალური პრობლემები

Actual Problems of Kartvelology

APK

III

2014

UDC (უაკ) 908(479.22)ქ-275

yovelwliuri samecniero Jurnalis - ,,qarTvelo-logiis aqtualuri problemebis” - III tomSiibeWdeba saqarTvelos sapatriarqos andriapirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetisqarTvelologiis centris mier organizebulisaerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi; aseve,recenzirebuli (enaTmecnieruli, literaturaT-mcodneobiTi, folkloruli, istoriografiuli,kulturologiuri, eTnologiuri...) gamokvlevebi.

saredaqcio kolegia:

mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), sveta adamia/swavluli mdivani/, gia alibegaSvili, amiranarabuli, nomadi barTaia, merab beriZe,Teimuraz gvancelaZe, vaxtang guruli, karinavamlingi, sergo vardosaniZe, naTia iakobiZe/pasuxismgebeli mdivani/, lia kariWaSvili, TamarlomaZe /inglisuri teqstis redaqtori/, guramlorTqifaniZe, Tamar mesxi, roin metreveli,maia miresaSvili, said muliani, aleqsiJordania, merab robaqiZe, manana tabiZe/redaqtori/, tariel futkaraZe /mTavariredaqtori/, inga RutiZe, roin yavreliSvili,bela SavxeliSvili, lela SaTiriSvili, rezoSerozia, fevzi Celebi.

redaqciis misamarTi:

0162, Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis #53a, qarTuli universiteti,kabineti #110 /qarTvelologiis centri/; tel.: +995790 71 78 11

el-fosta: [email protected] el-versia ix.: www.sangu.ge© qarTuli universiteti

ISSN 1987-930X

3

UDC (უაკ) 908(479.22)ქ-275

The materials of the international conference organized bythe Kartvelology Centre at the St. Andrew the First CalledGeorgian University of Patriarchate of Georgia arepublished in the annual scientific journal: "ActualProblems of Kartvelology".

Editorial BoardMetropolitan Anania (Japaridze), Sveta Adamia (scientific

secretary), Gia Alibegashvili, Amiran Arabuli, Nomadi Bartaia,Merab Beridze, Pevzi Chelebi, Inga Ghutidze, VakhtangGuruli, Teimuraz Gvantseladze, Natia Iakobidze (responsiblesecretary), Lia Karichashvili, Roin Khavrelishvili, TamarLomadze (editor of the English text), Guram Lortkipanidze,Tamar Meskhi, Roin Metreveli, Maia Miresashvili, SaidMuliani, Merab Robakidze, Bela Shavkhelishvili, LelaShatirishvili, Rezo Sherozia, Manana Tabidze (responsibleeditor), Tariel Putkaradze (editor-in-chief), Karina Vamling,Sergo Vardosanidze, Aleksi Zhordania.

Address of the editorial office:

Ilia Chavchavadze N53a, Tbilisi 0162, St. Andrew the First-Called Geor-gian University, Kartvelology Centre, Room N110. Tel. 0790 71 78 11

E-mail: [email protected]: www.sangu.ge

© Georgian UniversityISSN 1987-930X

4

Sinaarsi

svetlana adamia, mariam kilanava, fereidnelqarTvelTaTvis qarTuli saliteraturo enis swavlebasTan

dakavSirebuli ramdenime problemuri sakiTxi ........................7

svetlana adamia, Mariam kilanava, Teaching Georgian LiteraryLanguage to the Fereydan Georgians.......................................................14

nomadi barTaia, sami periodi saqarTvelosa da iranelqarTvelTa urTierTobaSi .............................................................15

Nomadi Bartaia, Three Periods of Relations between Georgia and IranianGeorgians .................................................................................................24

liana baSeleiSvili, qarTuli zmnis gvaris swavle-

bisaTvis rusuli diskursi............................................................25

Liana Basheleishvili, To the Teaching of the Voice of Georgian VerbRussiandiscourse ......................................................................................34

xaTuna gelaSvili, rogor vaswavloT qarTuli anbani(wera, kiTxva, mosmena da warmoTqma)swrafad da

efeqturad?...........................................................................................35

Khatuna Gelashvili, How to Teach Georgian Alphabet (Writing,Reading, Listening and Pronunciation) Quickly and Efficiently? ...........41

Tamar gogolaZe, mariam koberiZe, qarTulis, rogorcaramSobliuri enis sametyvelo funqciebis (mosmena,

laparaki) swavlebis problemebi .................................................42

Tamar Gogoladze, Mariam Koberidze, Problems of Teaching Non-written Functions (listening, speaking) of Georgian as a Non-NativeLanguage ..................................................................................................48

nebi giumuSi, me-16 saukuneSi osmaleTis kontrolis qveSmyofi ierusalimis teritoriaze mdebare qarTvelTa

wminda adgilebis gadacemasTan dakavSirebiT.........................50

5

Nebi GÜMÜŞ, 16. YIZYILDA OSMANLI İDARESİNDEKİKUDÜS’TE GÜRCÜLERE AİT ZİYARET YERLERİNİNİN İADESİNEDAİR BİRKAÇ SÖZ ...............................................................................53

vaxtang guruli, iranSi qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis isto-

riisaTvis (XVII saukunis damdegi) ............................................56

Vakhtang Guruli, For the History of Georgians Exiled in Iran (since the17th Century) ............................................................................................62

mahvaS vaheddusT, qarTuli elementi sparsul litera-

turaSi ...................................................................................................63

Mahvash Vaheddoost, Manifestation of Georgian Elements in PersianLiterature Texts ........................................................................................65

iaSa Tandilava, lazuris adgili qarTvelur enobriv

samyaroSi ...............................................................................................79

Iasha Tandilava, Place of Laz in the Modern Linguistic World ............84

maia kikvaZe, sirTuleebi qarTulis armcodneTaTvis

ergatiuli konstruqciis swavlebisas.......................................85

Maia Kikvadze, Difficulties while teaching ergative constructions toforeigners .................................................................................................91

amin nageliani, qarTuli enis aRzevebis xana iranSi........92

Amin Nagelian, The Era of the Rise of Georgian Language in Iran .....96

avTandil nikoleiSvili, fereidnelTa qarTuli

cnobierebis poeturi gamonaSuqi ................................................97

Avtandil Nikoleishvili, Poetic Reflection of Georgian Counsciousness ofthe Fereydan Georgians..........................................................................110

maka salia, Turqulenovani studentebisaTvis "kavkasiurixSulebis" (mkveTri Tanxmovnebis) swavlebis sakiTxisaTvis

................................................................................................................111

6

Maka Salia, Teaching Turkish-Speaking Students the So-Called‘Caucasian Occlusive Sounds’ (Ejective Consonants)...........................113

rusudan saRinaZe, harun Cimqe, TurqulenovanTaTvis

qarTuli saxelis paradigmis swavlebis problema.............114

Rusudan Saghinadze, Harun Cimke, Problem of Turkish

SpeakersStudying the Name Paradigm in Georgian Language..............121

manana tabiZe, iranSi gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebis

lingvisturi markerebi ..................................................................122

Manana Tabidze, Linguistic Markers of Georgians Exiled in Iran......131

tariel futkaraZe, mixeil labaZe, Tamar lomaZe, liaoTinaSvili, qarTuli enis swavleba "qarTuli teqstebiserovnuli korpusis" bazaze: problemebi da

perspeqtivebi ......................................................................................133

Tariel Putkaradze, Mikheil Labadze, Tamar Lomadze, LiaOtanashvili, Teaching Georgian Based on Georgian National Corpus:Problems and Prospects..........................................................................141

elene Jerardeni, qarTuli zmnuri morfosintaqsisswavlebis sakiTxebi: ori sirTule da ramdenime

SeTavazeba............................................................................................142

Hélène Gérardin, Problems of Teaching Georgian Verbal Morphosyntax:Two Difficulties and Some Suggestions ................................................151

recenzia

nomadi barTaia, tariel futkaraZis „qarTvelologiisSesavali”..............................................................................................152

werilisaqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomares baton daviT

usufaSvils .................................................................................155

qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY III 7

svetlana adamia /Tbilisi, saqarTvelos sapatriarqoswmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuliuniversiteti/mariam kilanava /Tbilisi, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuliuniversiteti/

fereidnel qarTvelTaTvis qarTulisaliteraturo enis swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli

ramdenime problemuri sakiTxi

"qarTuli ena erTaderTi Zafia, romelic fereidanisqarTvelobas

akavSirebs qarTul sulier samyarosTan; gadagvarebas ver ascdebaigi,

Tu mas ar Seenaxa es kavSiri... male daekargeba mas Segneba, rom is"gurjia",

rogorc ki gamoesalmeba am Segnebis burjs, enas”arnold Ciqobava

qarTul universitetSi 2012 wlidan sruliad saqarTveloskaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris iniciativiT moqmedebserTwliani programa _„ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi Tanamemamu-leTaTvis qarTuli enis Semswavleli intensiuri kursebi,programa ar iTvaliswinebs kvalifikaciis miniWebas. Sesabamisikreditebis dagrovebis SemTxvevaSi gaicema sertifikati.programa gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos amJamindeli sazRvrebismiRma mcxovrebi avtoqToni da migranti qarTvelebis STamo-mavlebisTvis.qarTuli enis mosamzadebeli programis mizania, xeli

Seuwyos sxva qveynis moqalaqe eTnikuri qarTvelebisintegracias qarTul sazogadoebaSi. agreTve, msmenelsgaacnos saqarTvelos istoriis mokle kursi da qarTulifaseulobebi.ucxoenovani studentisTvis enis swavleba mravalmxriv

saintereso procesia. sainteresosTan erTad es procesisasiamovnoc aris, maSin roca msmeneli qarTvelia, romelmacqarTuli enis mxolod dileqti icis, es dialeqti kisaliteraturo enas saukuneebis win dascilda.qarTuli enis swavlebis erTwliani kursi qarTul

universitetSi ar aris morgebuli romelime gansazRvrulasakobriv segmentze, Sesabamisad, msmenelTa Soris arian

8 svetlana adamia. mariam kilanava, fereidnel qarTvelTaTvis qarTuli saliteraturo...

rogorc bavSvebi, ise srulwlovannic; Tumca unda aRiniSnos,rom ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenelTa daintereseba qarTulieniT da maTi Cabma swavlebis procesSi aixseneba istoriulsamSoblosTan siaxlovis nostalgiuri wyurviliT.axalgazrda msmenelebi ki cdiloben iswavlon mSoblebis ena -qarTuli da is Tanamedrove cxorebaSi gamoiyenon; maTiumravlesoba cdilobs saqarTveloSi damkvidrebas, samsaxurisdawyebas da aqtiur cxovrebaSi CarTvas, risTvisac, pirvelrigSi, sWirdeba qarTuli enis codna. SeiZleba iTqvas, romqarTuli enis swavlebis erTwliani kursis mizani orgvariaRmoCnda, erTi mxriv is fesvebTan dabrunebis saSualebaa,meore mxriv ki momavlis perspeqtiva.dasaxebuli kontigentisaTvis qarTulis swavlebis

praqtikaSi ramdenime lingvistur-meTodikuri sakiTxigamoikveTa, romelTa gaazreba da Sefaseba uTuod waadgeba amsaqmeSi Cabmul maswavleblebs: fereidnel qarTvelTaTvisqarTuli saliteraturo enis swavlebis procesSi TavCeniliramdenime siZnelidan gamovyofdiT msazRvrel-sazRvrulisbrunebis sakiTxs da masTan dakavSirebul problemas.miuxedavad imisa rom msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebis

swavlebas calke ramdenime saaTi davuTmeT da studentebTanerTad amgvari Sesityvebis brunebis sakmaod bevri magaliTic“”gaviareT”, mainc bolomde ver aRmoifxvra am tipisSecdomebi gabmul metyvelebaSi;a) praqtikuli Tu sagamocdo davalebis SesrulebisasSecdomebis meti wili, swored, msazRvrel-sazRvrulisbrunebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.b) sagamocdo nawerebis Semowmebis dros msazRvrel-sazRvruli metwilad araswori formiT Segvxvda:”Cven sayvareli”“ /Cveni sayvareli-s magivrad/.”axal ambebma” /axalma ambebma/.”Tavis oTaxis”“ /Tavisi oTaxis/”Rvinos vaWari”“ /Rvinis vaWari/”bevr ambvis”“ /bevri ambis/”yovel dRes”“ /yovel dRe/”maRalis xmiT” “ /maRali xmiT/”erTi dRes”“ /erT dRes/;

g) SeiniSneba Semdegi tendencia: Secdomebi naklebiasaxelobiT brunvaSi, magaliTad: ”erTi kaci”, ”oriSvili”,„”ufrosi kaci”,„”Cveni fuli”, ”Cveni qarTvelebi”,„”erTi sofeli”,„ ”kargi amxanagi” “(iq erTi kargi amxanagigvyvanda), orni kacni...

svetlana adamia. mariam kilanava, fereidnel qarTvelTaTvis qarTuli saliteraturo... 9

iyo SemTxvevebi, roca konkretuli msazRvrel-sazRvruli,keZod,„ ”Cveni fexi”, erT-erTi msmenelis metyvelebaSi erTsada imave dros ori sxvadasxva formiT davafiqsireT„”CvenfexiT” “da„”Cveni fexiT”...d) Sesabamisad, fereidnel moswavleTa (msmenelTa)metyvelebaSi dasaxelebuli sintagmisaTvistipobriviabrunebis aseTi modeli (sanimuSod erT konkretulwyvils: „”TeTr vardebs”“ warmovadgenT):saxel. TeTr-i vardeb-imoTx. TeTr // TeTr-i // TeTr-ma vardeb-ma (aris „TeTrma

vardebma“)mic. TeTr // TeTr-i vardeb // vardeb-snaT. TeTr // TeTr-i vardeb-ismoqm. TeTr // TeTr-i vardeb-iTviT. TeTr // TeTr-i vardeb-adwod. ----- ------

e) Sebrunebuli (e.w. postpoziciuri) wyobiT msazRvrel-sazRvruli msmenelTa nawerebSi ar dafiqsirda, cocxalmetyvelebaSic naklebia substituciuri wyobis wili(Sesabamisad masze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba argagvimaxvilebia).aRsaniSnavia, rom fereidneli qarTvelebis enobriv

koncefcias ganapirobebs maTi mSobliuri dialeqti, romelicmaTi qarTvelobis erT-erTi umTavresi safuZvelia. miT ufro,rom Cveni studentebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sxvadasxvaasakisani arian (maTi nawili 50 welsaa gadacilebuli), daamdenad saliteraturo normas ukve sruliad Camoyalibebulidialeqturi codniT xvdeba; aq, SeiZleba iTqvas fereidnelobaarafer SuaSia, sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom garkveuliasakidan dialeqtizmebisgan bolomde gaTavisuflebas TiTqmisveravin axerxebs. saqarTveloSi dabadebul-gazrdiladamianebasc uWirT sakuTari dialeqtis siyrmiseuli gavlenisbolomde daZleva, miT ufro, Tue s mcdeloba gvian asakSiiwyeba.Sesabamisad, fereidnelebisaTvisac ar aris advili sakuTar

metyvelebaSi normatiuli formisagan gansxvavebulimagaliTis Secdomad aRqma. vinaidan isini wlebis manZilze,swored, Tavisi dialeqtis kanonzomierebebiTxelmZRvanelobdnen; fereidnul dialeqtSi ki, iseve rogorc,qarTuli enis bevr sxva kiloSi msazRvrel-sazRvrulisbrunebas garkveuli Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs.samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom fereidnul

kiloSi„”msazRvrel sazRvrulis brunebisas ori tendencia


iCens Tavs: Tanxmovanze fuZedaboloebuli msazRvreli yvelabrunvaSi warmodgenilia an fuZis saxiT (erT morwyavi „erTimomrwyveli, erT morwyavma...) an saxelobiTi brunvis formiT/erTi morwyavi, erTi morwyavma.../(b. jorbenaZe, 1989: 372);aRsaniSnavia, rom msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisswavlebisas saseminaro mecadineobebze studentebi Secdomebsnaklebad uSveben, radgan ganyenebul magaliTs wess adviladargeben, magram praqtikul metyvelebaSi, rodesac konteqstSisxvadasxva gramatikul sakiTxsa da Sinaarsze nawildebastudentis yuradReba, Secdomebis procenti kvlav maRalia.marTalia, gramatikuli Secdomebis gamosworeba sakmaod

xangZlivi procesia, Tumca miRwevadi; iseve rogorc qarTulienis gramatikis bevri problemuri sakiTxis swavlebisSemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, rogoricaa e. w. abruptivebisswavleba, agreTve, moTxrobiTi brunvis TaviseburebebSimoswavleTa garkveva da sxv. sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad CvenxSir gameorebas mivmarTavT; vfiqrobT, arasworadwarmoTqmuli frazis Tu mTeli winadadebis mudmivadgasworebas da Semdeg maT mier swori formiT kvlavwarmoTqmas didi Zala aqvs. TiTqmis yoveli leqciis drosvcdilobT moswavleebs (msmenelebs) davanaxoT gramatikiscodnis saWiroeba enis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis saqmeSi, maTimxridan arsebiTia, imis Segneba, rom TiToeuli maTi Secdomiswyaro gramatikis romeliRac (konkretuli magaliTismixedviT) sakiTxis saTanadod ar codnaa. Sesabamisad,vcdilobT, swavlebisas ama Tu im konkretul sakiTxs metiyuradReba davuTmoT.gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT

saxelmZRvaneloebis naklebobaze. enis aTvisebis saqmeSigramatikis swavlebis kvaldakval, saWiroa mcire moculobisteqstebis gacnoba msmenelTaTvis. Samwuxarod, qarTuli enisswavlebisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis 2/3gaTvlilia inglisurenovan studentebze, 1/3 ki _ sxvadanarCeni enebis warmomadgenlebze.Cveni saqmianobisaTvis sasargeblo saxelmZRvanelo

programebidan gamovyofT saqarTvelos enaTmecnierebisintitutis mier Seqmnili eleqtronul programas _

„Elearning.ge“, aseve samoqalaqo integraciisa daerovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis centris mierganxorcielebul swavlebis eleqtronul formas _

„Reading.ge“, romelTa samizne jgufebsac warmoadgenseTnikuri umciresobebis (araqarTulenovani) dawyebiTi


safexuris skolebi, dawyebiTi safexuris moswavleebi da maTimSoblebi. mocemuli internet gverdebi morgebuliaazerbaijanel da somex msmenelebze. gasaTvaliswinebelia isfaqtic, rom msgavsi programebi gaTvlilia garkveuli asakisjgufze, aseve msmenelTa im ketegoriaze, romlebic qarTulsswavloben, rogorc“”meore enas”“ (vfiqrobT umjobesiaprogramas daerqvas qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enisswavleba“ da ara qarTulis, rogorc meore enis swavleba). CvenSemTxvevaSi viTareba sxvagvaria, Cveni msmnelebi arianzrdasruli asakis adamianebi da isini qarTul enas swavlobenara rogorc e. w. „meore enas, aramed, rogorc mSobliur enas(TiTqmis daviwyebuls).fereidnel qarTvelTaTvis mizanSewonilia ara

inglisur, an sxva enovan moswavleze (msmenelze) morgebuliliteraturuli teqstebiT mSobliuri enis swavleba,aramed qarTul erovnul literaturul nawarmoebTa gacnoba;aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom maTTvis gansakuTrebiT axlobeliaRmoCnda iseTi teqstebi, romlebSic saqarTvelos istoriisada kulturuli idealebis amokiTxvaa SesaZlebeli: ”ereklemefe da ingilo qali”, ”cxra Zma xerxeuliZeni”, ”nikolozgostaSabiSvili”, ”Svlis nukris naambobi”.... gansakuTrebulyuradRebas iCenen istoriuli xasiaTis moTxrobebisadmi.qarTuli enis saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebic

dRes arsebobs, Sedgeba Tematuri dialogebisa da mciremoculobis teqstebisagan. magaliTad, rogoricaa: Cemibiografia, Cemi hobi da a.S..msgavsi masalis aTvisebis Semdegetapze, vfiqrobT, aucilebelia literaturulinawarmoebebis gacnoba msmenelTaTvis. saswavlo masalamoculobisa da sirTulis mixedviT unda ganawildes; Tumca,aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom literaturuli nawaroebebi, maTimoculobis simciris miuxedavad SesaZlebelia Zneli gasagebiiyos msmenelisTvis, Sesabamisad, unda arsebobdes maTiadaptirebuli variantic. saskolo asakis moswavlezegaTvlili (adaptirebuli) cnobili qarTuli literaturulinawarmoebebi Tanamedrove saskolo wignebSi ukve Setanilia,magram yvela asakis msmenelTan maTi gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia;aqve aRvniSnavT, rom msgavsi formiT saskolosaxelmZRvaneloebSi Sesuli adaptirebuli variantebiwarmoadgenen literaturul nawarmoebTa mokle Sinaarss daara miaxloebuli, gamartivebuli eniT daweril teqstebs,isini saqarTveloSi mcxovrebiskolis moswavlisTvis sruliadgasagebia, magram sxva enobriv sivrceSi gazrdili fereidnelimsmenelisTvis sakmaod rTuli.


im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom fereidneliqarTvelebisTvis qarTuli enis swavlebis erT-erT saukeTesosaSualebas qarTul literaturul nawarmoebTa gacnobawarmoadgens, aucilebelia maTi morgeba fereidnel (zogadad”gurj”“) studentebze.qarTuli enis Semswavleli erTwliani kursis mizani

msmenelis B1 doneze momzadebas gulisxmobs, Sesabamisad,erTi da imave teqstis doneebis mixedviT adaptireba, rogorces magaliTad inglisurenovani literaturis SemTxvevaSi

xdeba (Starter, Beginner, Elementary, Pre-intermediate,Intermediate, Upper intermediate) aucilebeli piroba undaiyos. zemoT moyvanili doneebis msgavsad SesaZlebelia(aucilebelia) qarTuli klasikuri literaturis adaptirebaeqvs Tu ara sam doneze mainc - damwyebi, saSualo da maRalidone. pirvel, damwyeb doneSi saSualod 200-300 axali sityvisgamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli, meore, saSualo doneSi 400-dan 500-mde, xolo mesame, maRali donis adaptirebuli teqstSisasurvelia daaxloebiT 1000-1500 axali leqsikuri erTeuliiyos.Sesabamisad, pirveli donis anu „damwyebis“ CarTva

momdevno doneebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul programebSierTwliani programis pirveli semestris bolos savsebiTSesaZlebelia, radgan am droisTvis msmenelebma ukve icianwera-kiTxva; literaturul nawarmoebTa adaptirebulivariantebi Tematur dialogebsa da teqstebTan erTad,damxmare literaturis statusiT SeiZleba Sevides saswavloprogramaSi. meore semestridan ki SesaZlebelia saSualo,mogvianebiT ki „maRali donis“ adaptrirebuli teqstebisgamoyeneba saswavlo procesSi.saliteraturo enis codnis gaRrmaveba aucilebeli

pirobaa Cveni TanamemamuleebisTvis qarTuli normirebulimetyvelebis swavlebis procesSi.msmenelebTan muSaobisas aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens

adaptirebuli teqstebSi gamoyenebul leqsikurerTeulTa ganmarteba, teqsts darTuli leqsikonis saxiT.gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom zogjer maTTvisgaugebari sityvebis ganmarteba gvixdeba Sualeduri enismeSveobiT. am SemTxvevaSi dro eTmoba erTi enidan meore enisdaxmarebiT mesame enaze gagebinebas. Cven SemTxvevaSi mesame,saurTierTo ena aris inglisuri, aqve unda SevniSnoT, rominglisuri ena fereidnel qarTvelTa Soris cotam Tu icis.amenas, saurTierTo doneze floben mxolod axalgazrda


msmenelebi. Sesabamisad, ucxoeTSi mcxovrebTanamemamuleTaTvis qarTuli enis swavlebis procesSiaucilebel pirobas, qarTuli literaturuli nimuSebisgacnobis mizniT warmoadgens qarTuli klasikuriliteraturis adaptirebuli variantebis Seqmna da saswavloprogramaSi CarTva; aucilebelia adaptirebul teqstebs TanerTvodes leqsikoni, romelic, sasurvelia, iyos qarTul -sparsuli, qarTul - Turquli an, sxva SemTxvevaSi, qarTul -qarTuli (sinonimTa); Tumca sinonimuri ganmartebasityvisTvis amomwuravi SesaZloa ar aRmoCndes, magaliTisTvismoviyvanT praqtikaSi gamoyenebul abstraqtuli cnebisgamomxatvel sityvas pativiscema, romlis gagebinebac ”gurji"qarTvelisTvis saTanado leqsikonis daxmarebis gareSe ZneliaRmoCnda.klasikuri, Tu sxva saxis literaturuli nawarmoebebis

miznobriv-adaptaciuri damuSaveba metad Sromatevadi saqmea,Tumca amis gakeTeba, vfiqrobT, aucilebelia, miT ufro, romsakmaod bevri „gurji“ gamoTqvams "winaprebis" (mSobliuri)enis Seswavlis survils.


Svetlana Adamia /Tbilisi.Saint Andrew the First-Called GeorgianUniversity of the Patriarchate of Georgia/

Mariam kilanava /Tbilisi.Saint Andrew the First-Called GeorgianUniversity of the Patriarchate of Georgia/

Teaching Georgian Literary Language to theFereydan Georgians

Summary

The program ‘Intensive courses of Teaching Georgian language andGeorgian History for the compatriots living in other countries’ started in2012. This is a one-year program. After completingthis course, studentsgetcertificates.

It was a very interesting process for the teachers to teach Georgianlanguage to the Georgians who had preserved old Georgian dialects.After 400 years it is pleasant to hear Georgian which dates back to 400years before now.

During the program the teachers faced some problems. Theseproblems were connected with teaching literature and some aspects ofgrammar. On the one hand, there was no variety of the adopted literarytexts in Georgian. The second problem was connected with thegrammatical cases which the students found very difficult to learn. Theproblems should be solved as soon as possible as far as this program isvery popular among the students.

qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY I II 15

nomadi barTaia /quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelobissaxelmwifo universiteti/

sami periodi saqarTvelosa da iranelqarTvelTa urTierTobaSi

Sah-abasis mier iranSi gadasaxlebul qarTvelTa raodenoba,sxvadasxva monacemebiT 100 aTasidan 300 aTasamde meryeobs,romlebic mimofantulad CausaxlebiaT iranis sxvadasxvamxareebSi. dRemde maTgan mxolod fereidnelebsSeunarCunebiaT mSobliuri ena, danarCenebi adgilobrivmosaxleobas Serevia da maT mexsierebas isRa SemorCenia, romician warmoSobiT qarTvelebi arian.iranSi qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb vaxuSti

bagrationis Semdegi cnoba gvaqvs: ”wariyvana ayrilni kaxnityved, da dasxna romelnime mazandaras, xvarasans da feriasa”(`qarTlis cxovreba”, 1959: 401). maTTan pir-veli Sexeba kimoxda 1871 wels, roca pirvelad dadga fexi fereidnelmaqarTvelma saqarTvelos miwaze. manam ki, mTeliorsaukunenaxevari, bneliT iyo moculi CvenTvis maTiarseboba.amgvarad, saukunenaxevaria, rac damyarda Cveni kavSiri

iranel qarTvelebTan. bunebrivia, am xnis manZilze esurTierToba erTnairi ar iqneboda, mas ganviTarebis Tavisidinamika gaaCnda da gaaCnia, romelic, Cveni azriT, SeiZleba samperiodad daiyos:pirveli periodi 1871_1971 wlebimeore periodi 1972 _ 1996 wlebimesame periodi 1996-dan _ dRemde.ratom maincdamainc es wlebi da ra ganasxvavebs am periodebs

erTmaneTisgan? SevecdebiT gavceT pasuxi.pirveli periodi:pirveli periodi daiwyo maSin, roca saqarTveloSi

iranidan 1871 wels pirvelad Camovida qarTveli kaci aTamonikaSvili da Camoitana ambavi iqaur qarTvelTa Sesaxeb. malemis kvals gamohyvnen: yolamreza xuciSvili da yolam hoseinonikaSvili (1896), muhamed mayaSvili da misi siZe nasrulahi(1900-1902), mahmud mayaSvili (1905-1906) da seifola-xanioseliani (1922), romelTagan, movlenaTa SemdgomiganviTarebis saqmeSi, gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT aTamonikaSvilsa da seifola ioselians.aTams didi survili hqonia iraneli qarTvelebis

saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebisa, amis Sesaxeb mas

16 nomadi barTaia, sami periodi saqarTvelosa da iranel qarTvelTa urTierTobaSi

mTavarmarTeblisa da grigol orbelianisTvis miumarTavs:SeibraleT sparsel qarTvelni, mixedeT maT tanjva-mwuxarebasda mogveciT daxmareba winaSe mTavar-marTeblisa, rom Cvensabralo qarTvelTa Txovnas yuradReba miaqcion da sparseliqarTvelni daixsnan sparsTa tyveobisagam“ (WiWinaZe, 1895: 36).grigol orbelians aTamisTvis aseTi pasuxi gaucia:`Zmao!

CvenSi araferi sazogadoeba arsebobs; me ver gavbede esTxovna,imitom, rom araferi iqneba, Cven Txovnas arSeiwynareben, iqidan aq xalxs ar gadmoasaxleben.an ra saWiroamaTi aq gadmosaxleba, iyvnen iq, icxovron mSvidobiT daxandaxan aqac movidnen” (WiWinaZe, 1895: 36-37).aTams es pasuxi Zalian swyenia.amis mere ,gulgatexili aTami, damegobrebula sagarejos

depos mwarmoebel amxanagobasTan da male am depoSidaxlidarad damdgara, monaTlula kidec, misTvis aleqsandredaurqmeviaT, qalic SeurTavs, magram, gaurkveveli mizeziT,1880 wels, sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT dausrulebia.mokled, pirveli mcdeloba, iranel qarTvelTa istoriul

samSobloSi dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT, uSedegoddamTavrebula.istoriul samSobloSi iranel qarTvelTa stiqiurad

dabrunebis mcdelobac ki yofila, magaliTad, 1654 wels.samwuxarod, am mcdelobas 165 qarTveli Seewira(onikaSvili,2004: 62).fereidneli qarTvelebi aramxolod fiqrobdnen istoriul

samSobloSi dabrunebze, aramed, am mimarTulebiTmoqmedebdnen kidec. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia seifola-xanioselianis mcdeloba, mas, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, 1943wels, Teiranis konferenciaze Camosul stalinisTvisac kimiumarTavs. stalins misTvis pasuxad gaucia, rom axla amisidro ar aris da amisTvis mere moviclio.fereidnel qarTvelebs didi survili hqoniaT ganaTlebis

miRebisa, risi gamoxatulebac iyo seifola ioselianis miersaqarveloSi Camosvla da aqedan dedaenis wignebis CatanafereidanSi, riTac safuZveliCaeyara qarTuli enis Seswavlasfereidnel qarTvelebSi.aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelodan, saxelmwifoebriv donezec

ki, yofila mcdeloba fereidnel qarTvelebSi qarTuliganaTlebis Setanisa. magaliTad, iranSi, ganaTlebiskomisariatidan, fereidnelTa cxovrebis Sesaswavlad daaRsawerad Casula n. yarangozaSvili. ai ras wers amis Sesaxebambako WeliZe:“”misgan (n. yarangozaSvilisgan n. b.) miviReagreTve mokle wesdeba tfilisSi daarsebul kulturuli

nomadi barTaia, sami periodi saqarTvelosa da iranel qarTvelTa urTierTobaSi 17

sazogadoebisa, romelic miznad isaxavda kulturul muSaobasqarTvel mahmadianebSi. man Camoitana erTi yuTi qarTuliwignebi, umTavresad saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloebi dabeletristuli nawarmoebebi im mizniT, rom gagvevrcelebiafereidnel qarTvelebSi, ganaTlebis komisariatis saxeliT”(WeliZe, 2011: 29).aramcTu qarTvelebi iTqvifebodnen iranelebSi, aramed es

procesi piriqiTac xdeboda. araerTi SemTxvevaa,fereidnelebTan axlo urTierTobaSi myofi qurTebisa dabaxTiarebis gaqarTvelebisa.1872 wlidan qarTul presaSi (”droeba”,“”isari”, ”amirani”,

”mwyemsi”, ”nakaduli”, ”niSaduri”,“”cnobis furceli”)fereidnelTa Sesaxeb, arc Tu ise xSirad, magram qveyndebainformaciuli xasiaTis masalebi.pirveli, vinc saqarTvelodan fereidanSi Cavida (1896-

1898ww.) da iqauroba aRwera, lado aRniaSvilia.aseve ambako WeliZem imogzaura fereidanSi 1827 wels da

dagvitova STabeWdilebaTa wigni (WeliZe, 2011).orive wigni fasdaudebeli ganZia fereidnel qarTvelTa

yofis istoriiT dainteresbul pirTaTvis.sabWoTa periodSi garTulda urTierToba iransa da

sabWoTa kavSirs Soris, erTmaneTisTvis miuRebeli sabWoTa daSahis reJimebis gamo. saqarTveloc, rogorc sabWoeTSiSemavali erT-erTi respublika, moklebuli iyo yovelgvarpirdapir kavSirs iranTan. iSviaTad Tu moaxerxebda vinme amdros iranSi Casvlas, an iranidan saqarTveloSi Camosvlas.amwnexis pirobebSi, 1945 wels, mainc SeZles fereidanSi Casvlairakli kandelakma da giorgi asaTianma, romlebmac Seqmnesdokumenturi filmi fereidanze.aseve 1969 wels iranSi Casvla da fereidanze dokumenturi

filmis gadaReba moaxerxa reJisorma guram pataraiam,operator irakli onofriSvilTan erTad. jgufSi iyvneniranisti magali Todua da Jurnalisti lamara bokeria.am drosmagali ToduamSeZlo fereidnelebisgan firze

Caewera enobrivi masala da Camoetana saqarTveloSi, romelicSemdeg damuSavebuli iqna enaTmecnierulad maia maWavarianismier. ufroadre ki 1923-1927 wlebSi, aTam onikaSvilisCanawerebze dayrdnobiT, arnold Ciqobavam enaTmecnieruligamokvlevebi miuZRvna fereidnul metyve-lebas.saqarTvelosada fereidans Soris urTierTobaTa pirveli

periodi or monakveTad SeiZleba daiyos. pirveli monakveTimoicavs urTierTobebs mefis ruseTis pirobebSi, meore ki -sabWoTa kavSirisas.


ideologiurma antagonizmma iransa da sabWoTa kavSirsSoris metad uaryofiTad imoqmeda saqarTvelosa dafereidnelTa Soris urTierTobebis damyarebaSi. Tu adresaqarTvelo-fereidans Soris mimosvla SezRuduli ar iyo daigi pirad survilsa da SesaZleblobebze iyo damokidebuli,sabWoTa xanaSiigi problemad iqca. xolo Tu ra Zneli iyo amdros sabWoTa kavSirisa da iraneli moqalaqis urTierTdakontaqtebac ki, amis Sesaxeb naTlad metyvelebserTidetali Cveni iranSi yofnidan:1960-ian wlebSi iransa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris,

miuxedavad ideologiuri urTierTdapirispirebisa, damyardaekonomikuri urTierTobani, rac ZiriTadad, sabWoTaiafimuSaxelis arsebobiT iyo gamowveuli.amdros iranSisafuZveli Caeyara sxvadasxva saxis mSeneblobas,maT Soris,isfahanTan axlos, metalurgiuli qarxnisas, sadac, sxvasabWoTa specialistebTan erTad, mivlinebuli iyvnen samuSaodqarTveli specialistebic.am dros isfahanSi arsebobda samSeneblo saswavlo centri,

romelic, sxvadasxva specialobiT, amzadebda metalurgiuliqarxnisTvis mSenebel kadrebs. saswvalebeli dakompleqtebuliiyo sabWoTa da iraneli kadrebiT. sabWoTa specialistebi,Tarjimnebis saSualebiT, gadascemdnen TavianT codnasiranelebs.1970-1971 wlebSi, sabWoTa kavSiris saSualo da umaRlesi

ganaTlebis saministros mier, rogorc sparsuli enisTarjimani, mivlinebuli viyavi samuSaod, swored, aRniSnulsaswavlebelSi.sabWoTa specialistebs, oficialurad, ufleba ar gvqonda

arasamsaxurebrivi kavSirebi dagvemyarebina adgilobrivmosaxleobasTan, miTumetes, qarTvelebs- qarTvelebTan da, ai,erT dRes, roca daireka leqciis damTavrebis mauwyebeli zarida studentebi auditoriebidan derefnebSi gamoiSalnen,xmaurSi, Semomesma viRacis xma _ `gamarjoba!” saswavlebelSimarto me viyavi qarTveli da CavTvale, rom is `gamarjoba” memekuTvnoda da pasuxic davubrune, Tan mimovavle irgvlivTvali, rom damenaxa igi, magram amaod. kidev gavimeore -`gamarjoba!”- da davumate - romeli xar-meTqi?magram amaod,pasuxi ar mimiRia.ase ganmeorda meore dRes, mesame dRes…da, raRa bevri

gavagrZelo, mTeli erTi semestris ganmavlobaSi Cven asevesalmebodiT erTmaneTs, imdenad iyo daSinebuli isaxalgazrda adgilobrivi uSiSroebis samsaxurebis mier.


ase dasrulda saqarTvelosa da iranel-qarTvelTaurTierTobis pirveli periodi.am periods SeiZleba ewodos urTierTgacnobisa da

samSobloSi dabrunebaze ocnebis xana.meore periodi:ramdenadac ucnaurad ar unda mogveCvenos, swored aseTi

daZabuli viTarebis fonze, 1972 wels, moxda iranidan 21qarTuli fereidnuli ojaxis istoriul samSobloSidabruneba.mcdeloba ki samSobloSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb, rogorc

fereidneli qarTveli vaxtang onikaSvili wers, daiwyo 1967wels, roca 100 ojaxma mimarTa gaerTianebuli erebisorganizacias da iranis mTavrobas istoriul samSobloSidabrunebis moTxovniT. ”daiwyo `brZola” iranis mTavrobasa daam xalxs Soris, romelmac xuT weliwads gastana, sanamdadgeboda CvenTvis nanatri 1972 weli. es iyo tanjvis, wamebis,abuCad agdebis, cemis wlebi...” (onikaSvili, 2007: 71).aseTi ramis daSveba iranisTvis aRiqmeboda rogorc mZime

ideologiuri dartyma, ris gamoc iranis mTavrobas,sanacvlod sabWoTa kavSirisa, maTTvis SeuTavazebia nebismierevropul kapitalistur qveyanaSi Casaxleba da daxmarebisgawevac ki.rogorc iqna,axda iranel qarTvelTa 400 wlis ocneba, isini

dabrundnen TavianT istoriul samSobloSi, rasac, ra Tqmaunda, didi emociebis gareSe ar Cauvlia, magram ramdenimeweliwadSi miviReT is, rasac verc kiwarmovidgendiT,garkveuli mizezebis gamo, 9 ojaxi dabrundaukan. Tu ra iyo amis mizezi, es calke gansjis sagania.aqve aRvniSnavT, dabrunebac aris da dabrunebac. mravali

dabrkolebis gadalaxva mouwiaT maT am gzaze.am periods SeiZleba vuwodoT mravalsaukunovani ocnebis

axdomis xana.mesame periodi:meoce saukunis bolo xanebi gardamtexi aRmoCnda calke

iranisa da calke saqarTvelosTvis. 1979 wels iranSi moxdamsoflio istoriaSi erT-erTi udidesi revolucia, romlisSedegadac daingra 2500 wliani iranis saxelmwifosmonarqiuli wyoba da mis nangrevebze aRmocenda iranisislamuri respublika, xolo 1991 wels saqarTvelom moipovasaukuneebiT nanatri damoukidebloba, rasac mohyva iransa dasaqarTvelos Soris, pirvelad TavianTi marvalsaukunovaniurTierTobebis istoriaSi, erTmaneTTan Tanabaruflebiani,megobruli kavSirebis damyareba.


or qveyanas Soris daiwyo mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba.pirvelad iranis islamur respublikaSi, 2001 wlis aprilisTveSi, oficialuri vizitiT Cavida saqarTvelossaparlamento delegacia,misi Tavmjdomaris zurab JvaniasxelmZRvanelobiT. delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen:revaz miSvelaZe, givi SuRarovi da petre ciskariSvili.2001 wlis ivnisSi fereidanSi Cavida saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II.oficialur vizitTa gvirgvini iyo 2004 wels saqarTvelos

prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis Casvla fereidanSi, saidanac,SeiZleba iTqvas, axali etapi daiwyo rogorc zogadad iran-saqarTvelos, ise saqarTvelosa da fereidnel qarTvelTaurTierTobaSi.mecnieruli interesebiT, sxvadasxva dros, fereidanSi

Casulni iyvnen: Tedo uTurgaiZe da darejan CxubianiSvili,oTar miminoSvili, nomadi barTaia, mixeil rostomaSvili,marine beriZe, lia bakuraZe, giorgi sosaniZe, rusudanramiSvili.fereidanSi ara, magram iranSi gadasaxlebul qarTvelTa

kvals Cahyvnen mazandaranSi: paata jafariZe, zviad cxvediani daTamar demetraSvili.oficialuri vizitiT Cavida iranSi 2013 wels qarTvel

mweralTa da gamomcemelTa jgufi, romlebmac moinaxulesfereidani, Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: mindia arabuli, nomadibarTaia, mariam bakuraZe, mayvala gonaSvili, mananagorgiSvili, genri doliZe, zviad kvaracxelia, petrekvaracxelia (mama petre), marex kezua, kaxmeg kudava, SalvamaRlakeliZe, qeTi matabeli, bela SalvaSvili, irakliSamaTava, Sorena Sengelia, Temur CalabaSvili da nanajafariZe.fereidani moinaxula saqarTvelodan iranSi oficialuri

vizitiT Casulma erTma jgufma 2010 wels SemdegiSemadgenlobiT: anzor SaraSeniZe, nodar koberiZe da amstriqonebis avtorma.am periodSi fereidanze wignebi gamoaqveynes: zurab

SaraSeniZem - ”fereidneli ”gurjebi”, (SaraSeniZe, 1979); oTarmiminoSvilma - ”axloa fereidnamde”, (miminoSvili 2000);vaxtang onikaSvilma (fereidnidan Camosuli qarTveli) -”fereidani”, (onikaSvili, 2004); avTandil sonRulaSvilma -”iranSi qarTvelTa nakvalevze”, (sonRulaSvili 2005); ambakoWeliZem - ”fereidneli qarTvelebi”, meore gamocema, (WeliZe,2011); vaxtang gurulma - ”tao-klarjeTi, lazeTi da fereidanisabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvanelobis gegmebSi


(1944-1951)” (dokumenturi masalebis krebuli), (guruli,2012).fereidnelTa metyvelebisa da Tu yofis sakiTxebs

mecnieruli naSromebi miuZRvnes: Teo CxeiZem, TinaTinWavWavaZem, maia maWavarianma, jemSid giunaSvilma, TedouTurgaiZem, darejan CxubianiSvilma, marine beriZem, liabakuraZem, giorgi sosaniZem, rusudan ramiSvilma, giorgiWipaSvilma, giorgi gociriZem...aras vambobT fereidnelebisadmi miZRvnil werilebze,

romlebic gamoqveynda sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTebSi.ra xdeba am dros iranSi?fereidneli Tu iraneli qarTvelebi aqveyneben sparsul

enaze Semdeg wignebs: mohamad sefiani, ìraneli qarTvelebi,(sefiani, 1357); maleq mohamad rahimi, ìraneli qarTvelebi”,(rahimi, 1379); abd-olali heidari gorji, ìranel qarTvelTaistoria” (heidari gorji, 1389).gamodis metad saintereso naSromi said mulianisa -

`qrTvelTa adgili iranis civilizaciisa da kulturisistoriaSi” (muliani, 2001).RevoluciisSemdgom iranSi viTareba yovelmxriv

Seicvala.qveyanam, rogorc garegnulad, ise Sinaganad, ieriicvala. xalxs mieca meti saSualeba ekonomikurad dakulturulad ganviTarebisa. im cvlilebaTagan, ramac TaviiCina am periodis fereidnelTa cxovrebaSi, es aris erovnuliidentobis gamovlenis gaaqtiureba. fereidanSi Seiqmnayuranis swavlebis sazafxuli skola, sadac gaixsna enebis, maTSoris qarTuli enis Semswavleli kursebi. am skolam ramdenimeweli iarseba.mniSvnelovan movlenad migvaCnia is, rom fereidanSi

ramdenjerme gaimarTa“”qarTuli enis yriloba”. -“”fereidnelTa damokidebuleba qarTuli enisadmi, saqebia” -ase brZana qarTuli enisadmi miZRvnil mesame yrilobaze iranisislamuri respublikis sparsuli enisa da literaturisakademiis prezidentma, amJamad saadis centris (boniade saadi)xelmZRvanelma batonma Rolam ali hadad adelma (`kalami”2012; 15).unda aRiniSnos, rom Teiranis universitetis ucxo enebis

swavlebis centrSi ukve mesame welia iswavleba qarTuli ena(maswavlebelia fereidneli qarTveli andro nageliani).aseve mniSvnelovan movlenad migvaCnia, rom 2014 wels

ispahansa da fereidanSi ificialurad gaixsna qarTuli enisSemswavleli kursebi (maswavlebelia fereidneli qarTvelisaid muliani).


fereidnis quCebSi, maRaziaTa abrebze, saflavebis qvebze,manqanebze... gaCnda qarTuli warwerebi. axalgazrdebi,iranulis paralerulad, irqmeven qarTul saxelebs.iran-saqarTvelos Soris savizo reJimis gauqmebam kidev

ufro daaxlova erTmaneTTan saqarTvelos qarTulimosaxleoba da iraneli qarTveloba.iraneli qarTveloba saqarTvelos sapatriarqos, kerZod,

kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmindesisa da unetaresis ilia IIzrunvis sagani gaxda. Swored, misi kurTxeviT aSenda maTTvissacxovrebeli saxli Tbilisis erT-erT ubanSi, sworedpatriarqi kurirebs istoriul samSobloSi CamosuliTiToeuli iraneli qarTvelis saqmianobas.gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom sapatriarqos

qarTul universitetSi 2012 wels gaixsna erTwliani ufasoskola qarTuli enisa da saqarTvelos istoriiTdainteresebul iranel qarTvelTaTvis.internet sivrceSi, qarTul enaze, moTavsda giorgi

alaverdaSvilis mier fereidnelebze Seqmnilimravalferovani dasaintereso masala.am periodismetad mniSvnelovan movlenad SeiZleba

miviCnioT, sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulisqarTul universitetSi Catarebuli iranSi qarTvelTagadasaxlebis 400 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili qarTvel da iranelmecnierTa erToblivi samecniero konferencia.rogorc qarTuli da iranuli mxare erTxmad aRniSnavs,

fereidnelebs didi wvlili SeaqvT iran-saqarTvelos Sorismegobrobis xidis mSeneblobaSi.am periods SeiZleba vuwodiT saqarTvelosa da iranel

qarTvelTa SorisTavisufal urTierTobaTa xana.daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas:pirveli periodi saTaves iRebs 1871 wlidan, roca

saqarTveloSi iranidan pirvelad Camovida fereidneliqarTveli aTam onikaSvili da Camoitana cnoba Sah-ababasismier iranSi gadasaxlebul qarTvelTa Sesaxeb. es periodimoicavs mTel saukunes da modis 1971 wlamde, romelsacSeiZleba vuwodoT urTierTgacnobisa da samSobloSidabrunebaze ocnebis xana.meore periodi moicavs 1972-1996 wlebs, roca fereidnel

qarTvelebs ausruldaT oTxasi wlis ocneba da or aTeulzemeti ojaxi dabrunda Tavis istoriul samSobloSi. am periodsSeiZleba davarqvaT ocnebis axdenis xana.mesame periodi iwyeba 1993 wlidan, anu mas mere, rac iran-

saqarTvelos Soris, mravalsaukunovani kavSirebis istoriaSi,


pirvelad damyarda Tanabaruflebiani saxel-mwifoebriviurTierTobani. am periods SeiZleba vuwodoT TavisufalurTierTobaTa xana.

damowmebuli literatura:aRniaSvili 1896 - lado aRniaSvili, sparseTi da iqauriqarTvelebi, tfilisi, 1896;guruli 2012 - vaxtang guruli, tao-klarjeTi, lazeTi dafereidani sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRva-nelobisgegmebSi (1944-1951), Tbilisi, 2012;Todua 1975 - magali Todua, qarTul-sparsuli etiudebi, II,თბილისი, 1975;`kalami” 2012-Jurn. `kalami”, iranis islamuri respub-likissaelCos kulturis ganyofilebis organo, #12, Tbilisi,2012;muliani2001 ایران،تمدنفرھنگوتاریخدرھاگرجیجایگاهمولیانی،سعید

- 1379اصفھان، ;onikaSvili 2004 _ vaxtang onikaSvili, fereidani, Tbilisi,2004;rahimi 2001 - 1379اصفھان،شھر)،(فریدونایرانھایگرجی،رحیمیمحمدملک ;sefiani 1980 - 1358اصفھان،گرجی،ایرانیانسپیانی،محمد ;sonRulaSvili 2005-avTandil sonRulaSvili, iranSiqarTvelTa nakvalevze, Tbilisi, 2005;`qarTlis cxovreba” 1959-`qarTliscxovreba”, II, simonyauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1959;SaraSeniZe 1979-zurab SaraSeniZe, fereidneli `gurjebi”,saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, aRmosavleTmcodneobisinstituti, Tbilisi, 1979;WeliZe 2011 - ambako WeliZe, fereidneli qarTvelebi, Tbilisi,2011;WiWinaZe 1895 - zaqaria WiWinaZe, qarTvelebi sparseTSi,Tbilisi, 1895;heidari gorji 2001 - ،تھران،ایران،ھایگرجیتاریخ،گرجیحیدریعبدالعلی1379.


Nomadi Bartaia / Kutaisi, Akaki Tsereteli State University/

Three Periods of Relations between Georgia and IranianGeorgians

SummaryWe received the first news concerning Georgians exiled in Iran

only in 1871, when a Fereydan Georgian first set foot on aGeorgian soil.

Since then, the relationship between Georgia and IranianGeorgians can be divided into three periods:

The first period dates back to 1871, when a Georgian fromFereydan - Atam Onikashvili first arrived in Georgia from Iran andbrought news about Georgians exiled in Iran by Shah-Abas. Thisperiod includes the whole century until 1971 and it can be calledthe era of acquaintance and dreams of returning to homeland.

The second period refers to 1972-1996 years, when, despitegreat difficulties, the 400-year-old dream of Fereydan Georgianscame true and more than twenty families returned to their historicalhomeland. This period can be called the age of realized dreams.

The third period starts from 1993, when an equal politicalrelationships were first established between Iran and Georgia. Thisperiod can be called the era of free relationships between Georgiaand Iranian Georgians.


liana baSeleiSvili /moskovi,lomonosovis saxelobissaxelmwifo universiteti/

qarTuli zmnis gvaris swavlebisaTvis(rusuli diskursi)

qarTuli zmnis gvaris swavleba rusulenovani audito-riisaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze Znelad dasaZlevi amocanaa,radgan rusul enaze qarTuli zmnis aqtualizacias xSiradmohyveba SekiTxvaTa kaskadi: mag. ratom aris zmna ”elodeba” (ismas) (ждетонто/его) an“”exmareba” (is mas) помогает (онему)qarTul enaSi vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi? sad aris mocemulSemTxvevaSi, ”vnebis” procesi an Sedegi? SekiTxvebi, ra Tqmaunda, ar Cndeba mxolod vnebiT gvarTan dakavSirebiT, arcmoqmedebiTi gvaris da saSuali gvaris zmnebia gamonaklisi amTvalsazrisiT.SeiZleba sakiTxis amgvarad dasmac: Cven xom qarTuli zmnis

gvars vaswavliT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi swavleba ise, romar mivmarToT paralelebs rusul enaSi? programuliamocanebidan gamomdinare, moskovis lomonosovis saxelobissaxelmwifo universitetSi es SeuZlebelia, radgan studentiunda Targmnides Tavisuflad rogorc qarTulidan rusulenaze, aseve rusulidan qarTulze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, manunda gaarkvios vin visze ”moqmedebs” da rogor, Tu moqmedebaTavad ubrundeba subieqtur pirs? Tu subieqti ”ivneba”agensuri damatebis mier? da paralelebi SeiZleba daiZebnosqarTul da rusul moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebs Soris, rasiZneleebia gadasalaxi vnebiTi da saSuali gvaris swavlebisas?SesaZloa Tu ara qarTuli zmnis Targmna rusul enazeqarTuli zmnis gramatikuli bunebis SenarCunebiT da piriqiT?am kiTxvebs rom pasuxi gavceT, unda gavisigrZeganoT, rom

rusulenovani studentisaTvis gvari aris leqsikur-morfologiuri an leqsikur-gramatikuli kategoria,romelic gamoxatavs zmnaSi markirebul diaTezas (a. a.xolodoviCis, i. a. melCukis terminologiiT), anu situaciisZiriTadi moqmedi pirebis urTierT-Sesatyvisobas winadadebissaxelad wevrebTan - qvemdebaresa da pirdapir damatebasTan.aqtivis centridanul konstruqciebs upirispirdeba pasiviscentrisaken mswrafi orientacia. nominatiur-akuzatiurienebisaTvis pirdapir gvarad moqmedebiTi gvari iTvleba, xoloergatiul enebSi imave funqcias ergatiuli gvari asrulebs.gardamavali zmnis aqtivi aRniSnavs moqmedeba-process,

26 liana baSeleiSvili, qarTuli zmnis gvaris swavlebisaTvis

romelic, rogorc wesi, kontrolirdeba subieqtis mier dagadadis samoqmedo obieqtze.zogadi enaTmecnierebis Sesavliskursidan, romelic aziisa da afrikis institutSi ekiTxebaTrogorc filologiis, ise istoriisa da socialur-ekonomiuri fakultetis studentebs, maT ician, rom pasiurikonstruqciebi ergatiul enebSic igeba.medialuri zmnebis gramemebi rusul enaSi ar arsebobs,

magram subgramemebis Sesaxeb studentebs codna gaaCniaT. Turoman iakobsonis ganmartebas gaviziarebT, postfiqs - ся-Tidaboloebuli rusuli zmnebi saSual-ukuqceviTi gvarisaa dastudenti, roca mas qarTul saSual gvarze vesaubrebiT,analogias eZebs rusul saSual-ukuqceviT zmnebTan, racxSirad arc aris mizanSewonili.yvelaze ”efeqturi” meTodi, romliTac SeiZleba

visargebloT qarTuli zmnis gvaris swavlebisas rusulenovanauditoriaSi es gamoricxvis meTodia.roca moqmedebiTigvaris zmnebs vaswavliT, unda gamovaricxinoT studentsabsoluturi zmnebi da orvalentiani zmnebidan iseTebi,romlebic -ebi/eba-ze bolovdeba, agreTve inversiuliorpiriani zmnebi, ”aqvs”,“”hyavs”,“”unda” da a. S. absoluturizmnebi, anu erTpiriani zmnebi ZiriTadad rusul TargmanSicinarCuneben Tavis gramatikul bunebas. samvalentiani anuordamatebiani zmnebi ramdenime gamonaklisis garda rusulenazec gadatanisas moqmedebiTi gvarisa iqneba. mag. ”aZlevs” (ismas mas) дает (онемуто); ”ukeravs” (is mas mas) шьет (онемуто);da a.S. gardamaval zmnebis gamosacnobad is meTodi, rameTodsac qarTuli enis, rogorc mSobliuri enis SeswavlisasmimarTaven, sruliad gamousadegaria ucxoenovanistudentisaTvis. rusulenovani Semswavleli ver daadgenspirdapiri obieqtis brunvacvalebadobas qarTulSi daSesabamisad, ver gamoarkvevs Tu ra gvarisaa mocemuli zmna.amitom man unda gamoricxos zmnebi -ebi/-eba daboloebiT daorpiriani inversiuli gardauvali zmnebi. rac naklebadmivmarTavT zmnis formaTa meqanikuri damaxsovrebis meTods,miT ufro gavaiolebT swavlis process.moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa erTi nawili Targmnisas rusul

enaze saWiroebs dazustebas, radgan misi bunebis gadmocemaerTsityviani leqsemiT SeuZlebelia. mag. amaTxovrebs (is mas)(заставляет нищенствовать); aafrens (is mas) (заставляетвзлететь); akivlebs (is mas) (заставляет кричать); atirebs (ismas) (заставляет плакать); amuSavebs (is mas) (заставляетработать);amRerebs(is mas) (заставляетпеть); aampartavnebs

liana baSeleiSvili, qarTuli zmnis gvaris swavlebisaTvis 27

(ismas); (заставляет быть высокомерным); acekvebs (is mas)(заставляет танцевать) da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, swored,amdagvar zmnebTan dakavSirebiT ar Cndeba SekiTxva am zmnebisgardamavlobis Sesaxeb.gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi niuansic, romelic moiTxovs

komentirebas. qvemdebare amgvar zmnebTan kauzatoris rolSigvevlineba. kauzacia aris mizezi ZiriTadi procesisa.kauzativs Tanamedrove rusul enaTmecnierebaSi xSirad gvariscalke jgufs miakuTvneben. ”kauzativis Sinaarsi qarTuladgadmoicema zmnebiT - aiZulebs, avalebs, sTxovs, saSualebasaZlevs, SeaZlebinebs” (arnold Ciqobava, 1950: 059). SualobiTikontaqtis Sinaarsis mqone leqsemebi, miRebuli erTpirianizmnebisagan dums (is) (молчит он)-adumebs (is mas) (заставляетмолчать); wuxs (is) (беспокоится он) - awuxebs (is mas)(беспокоит он его); gansxvavdeba - in- infiqsiT gaformebulzmnaTagan-awerinebs (is mas) (помогает он ему писать).erTpiriani zmnebisagan miRebuli, ”gakauzatiurebuli”moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi, rusul enaze ZiriTadad iseveiTargmneba, rogorc gramatikalizirebuli - in- infiqsianikauzativi. students orives warmoeba SeuZlia. erTpirianizmnebisagan -a-eb; TavsarT-bolosarTiT, xolo gardamavalorpiriani da sampiriani zmnebidan -in infiqsiT. es ukanaskneli”Zlier gramatikalizirebuli aplikativia, romelsacbeneficianti Semohyavs, anu is monawile, romlissasargeblodac xdeba moqmedeba” (Кругосветная энциклопедия,2014: 10-11). rusuli kauzativis erT-erT nairsaxeobasTantransformativTan qarTul SualobiT kontaqts paralelebinaklebad eZebneba - уменьшать, упростить, ровнять,руссифицировать, anu делатькаким- то am tipis kauzatiurizmnebi qarTuli moqmedebiTi gvaris uSualo kontaqtisformis zmnebiT iTargmneba - amcirebs; amartivebs; aTanabrebs,erTmaneTs utolebs; arusebs. maSasadame, moqmedebiTi gvariszmnaTa swavlebisas aucilebelia kontaqtis kategoriisSeswavlac da masalis imdagvarad dalageba, rom zedmetisirTule Tavidan iqnas acilebul.moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa uRleba friad Sromatevadia da

ramdenime etapad unda daiyos. ufro martivia, roca maTyalibebiT vcvliT. daviwyebT moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebisuRlebas -av;-am; -eb; -ev; -em; -of; ”Temis niSnebiT”, anu zmnurisufiqsebiT. aRvniSnavT, rom am daboloebebs zmnebi dakargavenmeore seriaSi. erTTemian zmnebis uRleba yvelaze advilad


dasaZlevia meore seriis mwkrivebSi. met SekiTxvebs -iTemisniSniani zmnebi badebs, romlebsac meore seriaSi -axmovani aRudgebaT Rvris (is mas) (выливает); (gada) Rvara (manigi) (вылил); (gada) Rvaros (вылить); yris (is mas)(выбрасывает); (gada) yara (man igi) (выбросил); (gada) yaros(man igi) (выбросить); cvlis (is mas) (меняет)- (gada) cvala (manigi) (поменял, сменил); an xmovanmonacvle -en TemisniSnianizmnebi -adgens (is mas) (постановляет, составляет); arcxvens (ismas) (стыдит); iTmens (is mas) ( терпит) da a.S. romlebsacwyvetilSi xmovani -e SeecvlebaT -i xmovniT, (da)adgina (manigi), Searcxvina(man igi), moiTmina (man igi) da a.S.mizanSewonilad migvaCnia -i da -en daboloebiani moqmedebiTigvaris rac SeiZleba meti zmnis uRleba da savarjiSoebismeSveobiT maTi gaaqtiureba winadadebaSi.zmniswinebis SerCeva da myofadis warmoeba moqmedebiTi

gvaris zmnaTa uRlebis Seswavlis yvelaze rTuli etapia.miuxedavad imisa, rom zmniswinebs Tavisi semantika gaaCniaT,maTi, ”morgeba” zmnasTan yovelTvis ar xerxdeba. (esgansakuTrebiT eZnelebaT studentebs moqmedebiTi gvariszmnebTan). Znelia vupasuxoT kiTxvas Tu ratom iTxovs zmna”klavs” myofadSi zmniswin -mo-s, romelic, gamoxatavsorientacias Cvenken da mimarTulebas aqeT (сюда). amitomacupriania samomavlod germanul zmnaTa msgavsad zmnisZiriTadi formebi vaswavloT: klavs (убывает); moklavs(убьет); mokla (убил); moklas (убить); mouklavs;([оказывается] убил); moekla (ктому времени он уже убил,[оказалось] он убил); moeklas (убил бы). masdari - mokvla(убить, убиение); mimReoba-mkvleli/ momkvleli (убийца,убивающий).moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa uRleba mesame seriaSi

teqnikurad advili dasaZlevia, magram inversiuli formebispraqtikuli gamoyeneba da maTi winadadebaSi aqtualizirebastudentTaTvis swavlebis damasrulebel etapzec kiinarCunebs gansakuTrebul sirTules. calke sakiTxiakavSirebiTi kilos mwkrivebis rusul enaze Targmnis sakiTxi,romelsac Tavis droze akad. a. SaniZem miaqcia yuradReba. es araris marto moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebis uRlebasTandakavSirebuli problema. kavSirebiTi kilos mwkrivebi rusulenaze Znelad Tu inarCuneben winadadebaSi im sxvaobas, racqarTul ekvivalentebSi moisazreba. werdes (он писал бы);


dawerdes (он написал бы); daweros (написать бы); daeweros(он быписал). gamonakliss, ”kavSirebiTebs” Soris kavSirebiTimeore warmoadgens e.w. optativi, romelic modalurkonstruqciebs da mowvevas, ”aformebs” erToblivmoqmedebaze. mag.: modi, davaleba davweroT (давай, напишемзадание). davweroT rusul enaze iTargmneba zmnis momavalidrois srulaspeqtiani formiT. es mdgradi konstruqciaarusul enaSi. sxva SemTxvevebSi kavSirebiTi meoris formebsZiriTad zmnis ganusazRvreli forma Seesabameba. mag.: me saqmeunda davasrulo (Я должен завершить дело); me minda esgadavTargmno (Я хочу это переводить/перевести). Sen undagadaTargmno is moTxroba? (Ты должен перевести тотрассказ?).xolmeobiTisa da myofadis kavSirebiTis garCeva swavlebis

meore welsac ki uWirT studentebs da es gamowveulia oriveSemTxvevaSi rusul konstruqciaSi erTi da imave -бы nawilakisxmarebiT. SevadaroT: me siamovnebiT gadavTargmnidi puSkins(Я судовольствием перевела бы Пушкина); me rom puSkinsgadavTargnide (Если бы я перевела бы Пушкина). oriveSemTxvevaSi rusul TargmanSi kavSirebiTi kilo gamodis. rocaqarTulSi xolmeobiTs ara aqvs kavSirebiTi kilos gageba, igimravalgzis pirobiT moqmedebas gadmogvcems, xolo rusulTargmanSi mas kavSirebiTi kilo Seesabameba. upriania aseTimeTodis gamoyeneba, Tu rusul teqstSi vxedavT konstruqciasесли бы mas qarTulSi kavSirebiTis mwkrivebi Seesabameba, anawmyosi an myofadisa, xolo Tu zmnis formas ubralodmosdevs nawilaki - бы mas xolmeobiTi Seesabameba. pirobiT-SedegobiTi winadadebebis gaformebas, maT Soris moqmedebiTigvaris formebiT, xolmeobiTisa da kavSirebiTebis mkafiodgacalkeveba sWirdeba.moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa uRleba subieqtur – obieqturi

wyobiT sakvanZo sakiTxTa rigs ganekuTvneba da ar arisdakavSirebuli mxolod moqmedebiT gvarTan, radgan orpirianigardauvali zmnebic iuRleba subieqtur-obieqturi wyobiT.am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs subieqtur daobieqtur piris niSanTa cxrilis codna da gageba imisa, Turomeli pirebi ”xvdebian” zmnaSi erTmaneTs. Он рисует тебя - isgxatavs Sen. studentma icis, rom -s mesame subieqturi pirisniSania, xolo -g meore obieqturi pirisa. mesame piri xvdebameores da am principiT agebs winadadebas.


qarTuli vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa didi nawili rusul enazeukuqceviTi zmnebiT iTargmneba da vnebiTobis semantikas, raTqma unda, kargavs. imaleba (is) (прячется он); Sendeba (is)(строится он); eTanxmeba (is mas) (соглашается он сним);eCqareba (mas) (спешит он); es zmna rusulSi ar arisukuqceviTi, magram arc vnebiTi gvarisaa. moikla is (убит он); esukanaskneli, aris nimuSi imisa, roca qarTul vnebiTi gvariszmnas Seesabameba rusuli vnebiTi gvaris zmna. mag.: qarTulsamwevrian pasiur konstruqcias naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuliagensuri damatebiTa da -mier TandebuliT gaformebuls, mag:.abeli moikla kaenis mier (Авель убит Каином), Seesabameba asevesamwevriani pasiuri konstruqcia rusul moqmedebiT(творительный) brunvaSi dasmuli agensuri damatebiT dasaxelobiT brunvaSi dasmuli qvemdebariT. orwevrianikonstruqciebi abeli moikla (Авель убит) adekvaturadiTargmneba rusul enazec da maTSi agensuri damatebebigamotovebulia. SevadaroT:“”vefxistyaosani” daiwerameTormete saukuneSi («Витязьвтигровойшкуре» был написан вдвенадцатом веке).rusul enaTmecnierebaSi ergatiuli enebis pasivs,

”antipasivad” moixseneben, rac aRniSnavs subieqtis ”TviTkmar”moqmedebas an subieqtis mdgomareobas, romelic aseTimoqmedebis Sedegia da romelzec fokusirebulia yuradReba.erTpiriani da orpiriani formebi vnebiTi gvarisa rusulenaze gadaTargmnisas moiTxovs Sesabamis ganmartebas: imaleba(is) (он прячется); emaleba (is mas) (прячется он от него);eTamaSeba (is mas) (играет он сним). araviTar sirTules arwarmoadgens erTpirian da orpirian zmnaTa klasifikacia. -iprefiqsiani zmnebi erTpirianebia da maT mxolod subieqtiSeewyobaT, xolo -e prefiqsiani formebi iribdamatebasmoiTxoven. studentma icis, rom iribi damateba brunvaucvlelia da micemiT brunvaSi svams irib damateba-obieqts.vnebiTi gvaris zmnebs, iseve rogorc moqmedebiTisas,

ewarmoebaT rogorc SualobiTi kontaqtis, ise uSualosformebi. Seadare: azrdevinebs is mas Svils(Он помогаетей/ему воспитывать ребенка); is aravis ezrdevineba (он никомунедает себя воспытывать). aqtiuri zmnis kauzativs rusulenaSi Seesabameba pirdapiri damateba, romlis sasargeblodacxdeba moqmedeba da ZiriTadi zmnis infinitivi, xolo vnebiTigvaris SualobiTi kontaqti mainc ukuqceviT nacvalsaxeliT


da ZiriTadi zmnis infinitiviT aformebs ukuqceviTkonstruqcias, anu vnebiTobis Sinaarsisagan daclilia.gunebis vnebiTis formebi - memRereba (me) (поется мне);

mecineba (me) (смешно мне); mecekveba (me) (танцуется мне);metireba (me) (хочется мне плакать); ar meseirneba (мне негуляется); ZiriTadad rusul enaze iTargmneba, rogorc upiro(impersonaluri)pasivi. gunebis vnebiTi ZiriTadadwarmodgenilia zmnis obieqturi wyobis formiT. rusulidanqarTulad upiro (impersonaluri) pasiuri konstruqciebiqarTul enaze xandaxan moqmedebiTi gvaris formasacmoiTxoven. mag.: Больного лихорадит, скрючило, бъет-avadmyofs aciebs, ikrunCxeba, laxavs (krunCxavs, ilaxeba). aserom, rusulidan qarTulze Targmnisas vnebiTi gvaris zmnasmoqmedebiTi gvaris zmnac SeiZleba Seefardos.qarTuli aRwerilobiTi vnebiTis konstruqciebis Seswavla

mxolod mas Semdegaa SesaZlebeli, roca mimReobaTa aTvisebadasruldeba: mag.: Cven mier SemuSavebuli iqna samoqmedo gegma(Нами был разработан план действия). aRwerilobiTi vnebiTisaukeTesod gadmoicema rusul enaze da igi SesaniSnavad esmiTstudentebs. upriania, maT SevaxsenoT, rom qarTul enaSiupiratesoba eniWeba zmnis piriani formiT gamoxatulmoqmedebas.miCnevis vnebiTis formebic manis rigis leqsemebiT

gadmoicema da rusul enaze dazustebas iTxovs: medideba (meis) (мне кажется то большим, великим); mecotaveba (me is) (мнето кажется малым) da a. S. miCnevis vnebiTebi rusul enazeafeqturi impersonaluri formebiT iTargmneba, romelicigeba rogorc upiro konstruqcia, micemiT brunvaSi dasmulisubieqtiT, modaluri mniSvnelobebiT, romlis kontrolisubieqts ar SeuZlia.qarTuli vnebiTi gvari SesaZleblobebsac gamoxatavs.

potencialisis Sesatyvisebi rusul enaze ar iTargmneba zmnisgramatikuli bunebis SenarCunebiT. mag.: iWmeba (is)-съедобныйест, ismeva (пьется, можнопить), eWmeba (mas is) (ему можно естто). samwuxarod, zmnis aseTi formebi TiTqmis arcerTqarTul-rusul leqsikonSi araa Setanili. dalagebis isprincipi, ra principiTac zmnebi SeaqvT leqsikonSi yovladmoZvelebulia da gamousadegari, rac gansakuTrebiT gvarTanmimarTebaSi iCens Tavs.vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa uRleba da konstruqciebi vnebiTi

gvaris zmna-SemasmenliT ufro advili asaTvisebelia


rusulenovani studentisaTvis, vidre winadadebis modelimoqmedebiTi gvaris zmna-SemasmenliT, romelSic qvemdebaresami brunviTaa warmodgenili, xolo pirdapiri damatebabrunvacvalebadia.vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa uRleba mesame seriaSi ukve iTxovs

mimReobis formebis warmoebis codnas da CveuliTanmimdevroba, rac axlavs qarTuli enis, rogorc mSobliurisSeswavlas, sruliad irRveva, roca qarTuls, rogorcucxoenas vaswavliT. mimReobasTan erTad aucilebelia zmna -aris; formaTa uRlebis codna mesame seriis mwkrivebSi. aserom, did dakvirvebas moiTxovs masalis Tamnmimdevroba da misimeTodurad swori dalageba (albaT upriania mwkrivSimonacvle da ricxvSi monacvle zmnebis adreul etapzeSeswavla da ganxilva).vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis uRlebisas myofadSi zmniswinis

SerCeva iseve rogorc moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebSi,problemuria. aqac saWiroa zmniswinis zusti Sesatyvisiscodna, misi damaxsovreba. mag.: emaleba (is mas) (прятается он отнего); daemaleba (is mas) (прятается он от него). vnebiTi gvariszmnebi wyvetilSi dakargaven -eb; sufiqss, iseve rogorcmoqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa formebi kargaven Temis niSans.saSuali gvaris gramemebi rusul enaSi ar arsebobs, xolo is

subgramemebi, romelsac rusul enaSi medialuri mniSvnelobagaaCniaT dids verafers aZlevs students qarTuli saSualigvaris bunebis gasagebad: кусается (ikbineba); царапается(ikawreba); ругается (ilanZReba); жжется (iwveba, wvavs); isinirusul enaSi medialur zmnebad iTvlebian, xolo qarTulSivnebiTi gvaris leqsemebiT iTargmneba.Tu rusuli enidanamovalT, saSuali gvaris zmnaTa raoba gaugebari darCebastudentebisaTvis.xSir SemTxvevaSi vnebiTi an saSuali gvaris zmnebi

erTnairad iTargmneba rusul enaze da esec damatebiTdabrkolebas qmnis qarTuli zmnis gvaris bunebis gasarkvevad.Seadare: agorebs (is mas) (катит он то); gordeba (is) (катитсяон); goravs (is) (катится он). aTamaSebs(is mas) (играет он им,поигривает он им, разыгрывает он его); TamaSdeba (is),(играется, разыгрывается то); TamaSobs (is) (играет он).rogorc wesi, amgvari formebi arcerT leqsikonSi ar arisSetanili.saSuali gvaris zmnebis uRleba erT-erTi sakvanZo sakiTxia.

zedmeti sirTulis Tavidan asacileblad SegveZlo yvela isinimogveqcia gardauvali zmnebis siaSi, magram saSual-


moqmedebiTi gvaris zmna-Semasmeneli meore seriaSi qvemdebaresmoTxrobiT brunvaSi moiTxovs, xolo saSual-vnebiTisa -saxelobiT brunvaSi.saSual-moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi sufiqsebiT -eb, -ob, -av,

”hgavs” moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebs da studentma igi undaganasxvavos Sesabamisi moqmedebiTisagan. erTpirianebisgamorCeva advilia, xolo orpirianebis damaxsovreba -uTavsarTiT SeiZleba. megobrobs (is) (дружит он скем-то);umegobrebs (is mas) (удружит он ему). trialebs (is)(вращается, вертится); utrialebs (is mas) (крутится,вращается то у него). myofadis warmoeba -i- eb yalibiTganasxvavebs saSual-moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebis uRlebasmoqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa uRlebisagan. myofadis formisaganigi awarmoebs wyvetils, aSorebs ra zmnas -eb daboloebas. mag.:icxovrebs - icxovra.rac Seexeba -ia-ze daboloebul zmnebs mag.: anTia (горит);

agdia (валяется); weria (написано); xatia (нарисовано); maTiTargmna rusul enaze gramatikuli bunebis SenarCunebiT,SeuZlebelia. isini an ukuqceviTi zmniT iTargmneba, anmimReobis mokle formiT. rac Seexeba maT uRlebas, aqgacilebiT ufro rTuladaa saqme. umjobesia am tipis zmnaTacalke Seswavla, rogorc gamonaklisisa. awmyoSi isini iTxovenmeSvel zmnas pirvelsa da meore piris mxolobiTsa damravlobiT ricxvSi. uwyveteli da awmyos kavSirebiTi kisaerTod ar ewarmoebaT. wyvetilSi studenti damoukidebladver SeZlebs maT miusadagos dinamikuri vnebiTisagan nasesxebiformebi (-enTo; -egdo; -ewera; -exata). nasesxeb formebs isiniver“”gamoTvlian”. oden yalibis meSveobiT SesaZlebeliwarmoeba. wyvetilSi vacilebT zmnas -ia daboloebas, pirisniSnis Semdeg vurTavT prefiqs -e-s, mwkrivis niSanic sufiqsi -eiqneba pirvelsa da meore pirSi, xolo mesame piris niSani -o.mag. vegde, egde, egdo (zmnis Ziri - gd). marTebulia am zmnaTaaRnusxva da yvela konkretuli SemTxvevis cal-calke ganxilva.yovelive zemoT Tqmuli im problemur sakiTxTa mcireodeni

CamonaTvalia, romelic gvarTan mimarTebaSi iCens Tavs.vimedovnebT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi Seiqmneba rusul-qarTuli leqsikonebi, romelSic Rirseulad iqnebawarmodgenili qarTul zmnaTa umdidresi formebi, racgaaiolebs, qarTulis, rogorc ucxo enis Seswavlis process.


damowmebuli literatura:qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni: 1950 - qarTuli enisganmartebiTi leqsikoni prof. arn. Ciqobavas saerToredaqciiT.tomi I.a-b.Tbilisi. 1950.Энциклопедия «Кругосвет»: 2014.Энциклопедия «Кругосвет»www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/ZALOG.html

Liana Basheleishvili /Moscow, Lomonosov State University/

To the Teaching of the Voice of Georgian VerbRussian discourse

Summary

Teaching Georgian as a foreign language demands new approaches,which have to be modified and methodically improved over time. Inconditions of the absence of the Georgian-Russian comparative grammar,the voice of Georgian verb, which is closely related to the person andtransitivity/intransitivity categories of a verb, requires systematization,creation of а bilingual dictionary of a new type and a research of newparallels between Georgian and Russian languages. The correspondencesof Georgian active voice in Russian lexical elements, the transit ofpassive and middle voice verb forms into the Russian languageconserving the grammatical nature – these are only a few questionswaiting for serious study and systematization. The correspondence ofGeorgian active voice verbs in the Russian language may be Russianreflexive verbs, the big part of the middle-active voice verbs also requiresreflexive-middle verbs in Russian or can be translated with the help ofactive voice forms of the verbs.

qarTvelologiisaqtualuriproblemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY III 35

xaTuna gelaSvili /ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti/

rogor vaswavloT qarTuli anbani(wera, kiTxva, mosmena da warmoTqma)

swrafad da efeqturad?

qarTulis, rogorc ucxo enis swavlebaSi sami Sto ikveTeba:1. qarTulis swavleba sazRvargareT (TurqeTSi, iranSi)mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebisaTvis;2. qarTulis swavleba saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebiaraqarTveli mosaxleobisaTvis;3. qarTulis, rogorc sruliad ucxo enis swavlebaucxoelebisaTvis.meswored am mesamekategorias, ucxoelebs, kerZod inglisur

enovan ucxoelebs vaswavli.vin arian Cemi moswavleebi?daaxloebiT 14-15 welia, rac vaswavli qarTuls uSualod

an internetiT. TiTqmis yovelTvis Cemi moswavleebi ariandamwyebi, mozrdili inglisurenovani adamianebi sxvadasvaqveynebidan, romlebic qarTuls swavloben praqtikulimiznebiT. maTi motivacia SeiZleba iyos: elementaruli komunikacia (Tavis gatana); pativiscema Cveni qveynisa da xalxis mimarT; lingvisturi cnobismoyvareoba; piradi kavSirebi qarTvelebTan (megobroba, naTesaoba,siyvaruli); samsaxureobrivi moTxovna (Casabarebeli testi qarTulenaSi); biznesi saqarTveloSi.saWiroa Tu ara maTTvis anbanis, anu wera-kiTxvis swavleba?xandaxan aseT moswavleebs araaqvT imdeni dro, rom nela da

gulmodgined iswavlon qarTuli ena. mokle kursianiprogramis Sedgenis dros yvelafers gulmodgined vervaswavliT, mxolod Zalian saWiro enobrivi masala undaSevarCioT. amitom, mokle kursis programis SedgenisasyovelTvis ismis kiTxva, ra sWirdebaT moswavleebs pirvelrigSi, amis mere ra ufro gadaudebeli da aucilebeliaa daa.S.?yofila SemTxveva, moswavles uTqvams, rom ar unda weris

swavla, kiTxvac cota sWirdeba, rom ZiriTadad laparaki da

36 xaTuna gelaSvili, rogor viswavloT qarTuli anbani

mosmena undaT iswavlon. magaliTad 1-3 kvira, me vuxsni, romqarTuli fonetikuri enaa da anbanis swavla, Tu wera ara,minimum, kiTxva mainc mxolod exmareba swor warmoTqmas,sworad gagebas, Tavis gatanas qarTul garemoSi, rom mxolodsametyvelo komunikaciis swavla Znelic iqneba da bevrSecdomasac dauSveben am dros. wera-kiTxvis dros moswavlexSirad afiqsirebs Tavis Secdomas, mas xSirad ereva msgavsibgerebi, magaliTad: Rili-xili, qari-kari, jeri-Weri, fafa-papa.anu, qarTulis mokle kursis swavlebis drosac ki saWiroa

qarTuli anbanis swavleba.rogor vaswavli me anbans?Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:

1. anbanuri TanmimdevrobiTpirvel rigSi, mcire informacias vaZlev qarTuli anbanis,

magaliTad, msoflio enebis sistemaSi misi adgilis, asoebis(xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebis) raodenobis, xazTan maTimimarTebis da a.S. Sesaxeb.mere vukiTxav anbans 2-jer nela da mkafiod. am dros

moswavleebi akvirdebian asoebis moxazulobas da Sesabamistransliteraciis simbolos. arasdros ar vaZlev anbansasoebis dasaxelebebiT: an, ban, gan. . . ,radgan, vfiqrob, rom fonetikuri enis praqtikuli

miznebiT Seswavlis dros es energies fuWi xarjvaa.am etapze moswavlem Tavisi mSobliuri enis an lingvisturi

gamocdilebis mixedviT SeiZleba Taviseburad Secvalostransliteraciis mocemuli simboloebi, magram mogvianebiTCems programaSi am simboloebs gamoiyenebs:

2. xelnawerimere vaCveneb xelnawer asoebs da isev vukiTxav anbans.

ab d e v z t i k’ l m n o p’ Zh Rs

t’ u

p k gh q’ sh ch ts dz ts’ ch’ kh j h

xaTuna gelaSvili, rogor viswavloT qarTuli anbani 37

am dros studentebi adareben xelnaweri asoebismoxazulobas beWdurs. am suraTebSi gamokveTilia:

1. rogor iwereba asoebi xazTan mimarTebaSi2. saidan unda daviwyoT wera ise, rom marcxnidan marjvniv

vwerdeT. momavalSi mravaljer Caixedaven aq.3. qarTuli aso-bgerebis klasifikacia warmoTqmis adgilisada ragvarobis mixedviT

es lingvisturi klasifikacia yvelaze mniSvnelovani etapiaasoebis dasamaxsovreblad. aq yvelaferi Tavis adgilze jdeba


da anbanisagan gansxvavebiT logikuria, amitomac, mas xSiradmimarTaven moswavleebi.am klasifikaciasac 1-2-jer vukiTxav, momyavs maTTvis

gasagebi nimuSebi, mag. pica c asosTvis. Gambedavi moswavlemaSinve cdilobs gaimeoros axali da misTvis uCveulo bgerebi,magram me jer ar vTxov rTuli bgerebis warmoTqmas. am etapzesakmarisia msgavsi bgerebi ganasxvavon mosmeniT, magaliTad.fafa-papa, TiTa-tita.4. qarTuli Tanxmovani bgerebis Sedareba inglisurTanxmovan bgerebTanm m z z s sn n J zh S shr r ღ gh ხ khl l v v fh h b b f py d d T tŋ g g q kw Z dz c tsj j j C chð θ

nacrisferi aRniSnavs bgerebs romlebic mxolod am enaSi(inglisurSi an qarTulSi arsebobs)5. asoebis filebiSemdeg viyeneb asoebis filebs, anu plastmasis patara

kvadratebs zed qarTuli asoebiT. isini aRebulimaqvslingvisturi TamaSidan, ”krosvordi”, rac Cems mierqarTulad adaptirebuli inglisuri samagido TamaSi Scrabble-ia. SesaZlebelia muyaosagan an qaRaldisganac damzaddesasoebi. jer vTxov moswavleebs, rom magidaze daalagon filebiise, rogorc lingvistur klasifikaciaSia. maT SeuZliaTCaixedon.mere vkiTxulobT da vimeorebT am klasifikacias, merevTxov Setrialdnen, me vaadgileb garkveul asoebs, pirveljerze advilebs, mere Znelebs, erTmaneTis msgavsebs. moswavlecdilobs yvelaferi Tavis adgilze daabrunos. SeiZlebavTxovo aawyos Tavisi saxeli an rame misTvis saintereso sityvafilebiT.ramdenime ase TamaSi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom moswavlem

daimaxsovros anbanis 70-80%, Tan nawilobriv asxvavebdes yrumkveTrebs yru fSvinvierebisagan, rac, Zalian xSiri problemaa.6. ramdenime aso TiTo jerze


Semdeg TiTo jerze 2-7 axali aso Semomaqvs CemisaxelmZRvanelos Practical Georgian-is gakveTilebSi. Moswavle amasoebs gamowers, maTi gamoyenebiT Semdgar sityvebs dawinadadebebs kiTxulobs. MagaliTad ase:

Semdeg gakveTilSi kidev emateba Zvelebs axali asoebi.


am etapze vaswavli TiToeuli axali bgeris sworadwarmoTqmas, magram Tu moswavles Zalian uWirs warmoTqmasametyvelo aparatis Taviseburebis an sxvamizezis gamo, arvaZaleb Tqvas rTuli bgera, miT umetes, enis gasatexebi anrTulad warmosaTqmeli sityvebi, rogorebicaa: ”bayayi wyalSiyiyinebs”, ”mwvrTneli” an “”WuWyiani”. maT nel-nela iswavlis.7. weraaxali asoebis nimuSebs gamovuwer pirveli klasis

rveulebSi, romlebSic specialuri grafebi exmarebaT maTxazTan mimarTebaSi sworad daweron asoebi.

Tu aqcenti zepirmetyvelebazea, ar vavaldebuleb bevrweras. Tu moswavles surs weraSic gaiwafos, maSin karnaxsvawerineb jer calkeuli asoebis nakads vkarnaxob da ase wersraime kargad nacnob an sasacilosi tyvas an winadadebas,romelsac iolad igebs da mere wavakiTxeb. amisTvis man undaCaweros nakarnaxevi bgerebis nakadi da mere sityvebigamoacalkevos. am dros xSirad ureven yru mkveTrebs da yrufSvinvierebs, gasworebis SemTxvevaSi ki imaxsovreben sityvassworad.amgvarad teqstebi TandaTan transliteraciis gareSe

Semodis da Cemi saxelmZRvanelos Practical Georgian-s eqvsgakveTilSi, anu daaxloebiT 10-16 saklaso saaTSi anbanispasiuri, aramyari codna nel-nela icvleba swori wera-kiTxva-mosmena-warmoTqmiT. paralelurad sxva mravali mniSvnelovanimasalisa (misalmeba, Tavaziani frazebi, gacnoba, yidva, daTvla,mravlobiTi ricxvi, piris, kiTxviTi, kuTvnilebiTi, CvenebiTinacvalsaxelebi da a.S.). Cemi wignis mizanic am etapzeSesrulebulia, win kidev bevri gakveTilia anbanisSemdeg,magram es etapi gavlilia - qarTuli, anbani, Cemi azriT yvelazelamazi anbani, ukve Seswavlilia!


Khatuna Gelashvili /Tbilisi, Ivane Javakhishvili StateUniversity/

How to Teach Georgian Alphabet (Writing, Reading,Listening and Pronunciation) Quickly and Efficiently?

Resume

This presentation is to share my method of teaching the Georgianalphabet to English-speaking foreigners with you. The method ensuesfrom my 15-years’ experience in teaching Georgian as a foreignlanguage and it is basically designed for adults, who study Georgianas a totally foreign language and they do it only for communicationpurposes. My program or my text-book Practical Georgian is a crashcourse of Georgian. In about 10-16 hours its user learns the Georgianalphabet, reading, writing the letters, correct pronunciation andrelatively correct listening of Georgian sounds in addition to a lot ofgrammatical and lexical aspects. How do I do it?

1. First I make a little introduction about Georgian alphabet2. Then I read the alphabet as students follow the shape of

letters and its respective transcription symbols3. Then we compare the printed alphabet to a handwritten

one.4. Then I give the linguistic classification of Georgian

sounds5. We compare the classification sets of Georgian and

English consonant sounds6. We practice and study the classification using letter tiles

(made of plastic, cardboard, paper)7. We study several letters carefully at one time, we read

and write words made with these letters, we gradually increasethe number of the learnt letters.

8. We write dictations.9. Sometimes we go out on immersion activities and we

read signs in the street.

This is how involving and exciting is the process of learning ourmost beautiful alphabet by my students.

42 qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY III

Tamar gogolaZe /goris saxelmwifo saswavlouniversiteti/mariam koberiZe /goris saxelmwifo saswavlo

universiteti/

qarTulis, rogorc aramSobliuri enis sametyvelofunqciebis (mosmena, laparaki) swavlebis problemebi

qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis dauflebauaRresad saWiro da aucilebelia saqarTveloSi mcxovrebumciresobaTa piradi karieris ganviTarebisa da qveyniscxovrebaSi CarTulobis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT.eTnikur umciresobebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi, sadac

saxelmwifo ena ar gamoiyeneba yoveldRiurobaSi,sakomunikacio ena rusulia, somxuri ki _ mSobliuri,moswavleebi skolas ver amTavreben qarTuli enis codniTaRWurvilebi. erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis mxolod zogadiunarebis testebis Sedegebis safuZvelze umaRlessaswavlebelSi qarTul enaSi momzadebis programazeCaricxuli somxurenovani studenti xSir SemTxvevaSisaerTod ar flobs arc erT enas, garda mSobliurisa.qarTul enaSi momzadebis programaze goris universitetSi

2010-2011 saswavlo wels Cairicxa erTi somxurenovanistudenti. winamdebare statiaSi warmovadgenT im problemebsada siZneleebs, romelic Segvxvda qarTuli enis, rogorcaramSobliuri enis sametyvelo funqciebis (mosmena-laparakis) swavlebisas. studenti saerTod ar flobda arcerT enas, garda mSobliurisa (rusul enaSi flobda mcireleqsikur marags). es problema erTi SexedviT TiTqosindividualuria, magram zogadad damaxasiaTebelia eTnikurumciresobaTa skolebis moswavleebisaTvis. aq Tavis rolsTamaSobs qarTuli enobrivi garemos ar arseboba da yofiTsituaciebSi enis gavrcelebis simwire.enis Seswavla metad xangrZlivi procesia da did dros

moiTxovs. aramSobliuri enis Seswavlisas yuradReba undamivaqcioT sabazo da akademiuri enobrivi unarebisganviTarebas. sabazo enobrivi kompetenciebi yalibdebaqarTulad metyvelebis praqtikiT. es aris unarebi, romelsacviyenebT yofiT situaciebsa da yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi.amas iTviseben bavSvebi ezoSi TamaSisas, transportiTmgzavrobisas, skolaSi moswavleebTan urTierTobiT. es aris

Tamar gogolaZe, mariam koberiZe, qarTulis, rogorc aramSobliuri enis... 43

socialuri urTierTobis konteqstSi Casmuli unarebi, amasemateba Jesti, mimika.akademiuri enobrivi kompetenciebi gulisxmobs mosmenas,

laparaks, kiTxvasa da weras. es aris is unarebi, romelicstudents daexmareba am enaze azrovnebaSi, bakalavriatSisxvadasxva saswavlo kursebis aTvisebaSi. akademiuri enobriviunarebis ganviTareba sabazo enobrivi kompetenciebis gareSever ganviTardeba. am problemis mosagvareblad Cven mogvixdamuSaobis dawyeba martivi leqsikis SeswavliT, martiviwinadadebebis SedgeniT, komunikaciisaTvis aucilebelisasaubroebis gamoyenebiT. aq erT problemasac wavawydiT: erTstudentTan individualuri muSaoba dialogebis, jgufurimuSaobis saSualebas ar gvaZlevda. aseT SemTxvevaSiauditoriis gareT sauniversiteto RonisZiebebSimonawileobam, qarTulenovan studentebTan urTierTobam,universitetSi Seqmnilma garemom da Sesabamisma pirobebmaxeli Seuwyo studentis socialur adaptacias da qarTuladmetyvelebis praqtikas.eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebTan, romlebmac ar

ician saerTod qarTuli ena da ar gaaCniaT aseve martivikomunikaciisaTvis aucilebeli leqsikuri maragi,urTierTobisaTvis, sasurvelia, TviTon maswavlebels hqondesminimaluri codna mainc ama Tu im enaSi.kultura moqalaqeTa mTlianobis umTavresi niSani da

erTobis safuZvelia. gaucxoebis dasaZlevad mniSvnelovaniaqarTuli kulturuli Rirebulebebis gacnoba da dafaseba.vfiqrobT, sasaubro qarTulis swavlebasTan erTadsaliteraturo enis codnis gaRrmavebasac unda mieqcesyuradReba, raTa studentebma momavalSi SeZlon originaluriliteraturis wakiTxva. am Sedegis misaRwevad kargisaSualebaa literaturis miwodeba. mxatvruli literaturaenis dauflebis aucilebel pirobasa da saSualebaswarmoadgens. aseTi teqstebi afarToebs studentismsoflmxedvelobas, awvdis masalas damoukidebeli daskvnebisada kerZo SemTxvevaTa ganzogadebisaTvis, rac uqmnis safuZvelsqarTulad azrovnebas. mxatvruli literaturis gaazrebuliwakiTxva, teqstis Sinaarsis swori gageba, misi enobrivi,esTetikuri da emociuri simdidris aRqma mniSvnelovangavlenas axdens studentis azrovnebisa da literaturuligemovnebis daxvewaze. wakiTxuli teqstis analizisas zepirigamokiTxva da kiTxvebis dasma xels Seuwyobs studentis mierenis Seswavlis procesSi leqsikuri maragis gamdidrebasa daqarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebel enobriv-stilur normebSi

44 Tamar gogolaZe, mariam koberiZe, qarTulis, rogorc aramSobliuri enis...

garkvevas. adaptirebul teqstze muSaobam unda ganapirobosgramatikuli, leqsikuri, stilistikuri kategoriebisSeswavla da wakiTxul masalasTan dakavSirebuli araerTisametyvelo da weriTi unar-Cvevis ganviTareba. leqtormaSeiZleba yuradReba gaamaxvilos teqstis avtorze,nawarmoebis saTaurze, an nawarmoebis erT-erT mnivnelovanTemaze, rac namdvilad gazrdis studentTa interess wasakiTximasalisadmi. maTSi gadmocemuli Tematika kargi saSualebaaenis SemswavlelTan diskusiaSi Sesasvlelad. mxatvruliliteratura saSualebas aZlevs students gaigos aramartomisi Sinaarsi, aramed gaacnobieros kidec konkretuli teqstiskulturul-literaturuli mniSvneloba. qarTuli enobriv-kulturuli Rirebulebebis gacnoba, dafaseba da pativiscemaqarTuli enis Seswavlis motivacias aZlierebs studentebSi.zepirmetyvelebaSi daSvebuli Secdomebis analizi enobrivi

problemebisa da siZneleebis gamovlenas uwyobs xels. enisSeswavlis procesSi Secdomebi gardauvalia. igi enis aTvisebisTanamdevi movlenaa. Sesaswavl enaze metyvelebis unarisganviTareba aucileblad iwvevs Secdo-mebs, romlebicsxvadasxva faqtorebiTaa ganpi-robebuli. aq ramdenimeproblemasTan gvaqvs saqme. rTulia Sesaswavli enisfonematuri struqturis srulad aTviseba da misi realizeba,sawarmoTqmo aparatis morgeba axali enis monacemebTan.sawarmoTqmo problemebis mogvareba advili ar aris. misigamosworeba mcire droSi ar xerxdeba. zogierTi individibunebrivi smenisa da sxva unar-Cvevebis Sedegad enis aTvisebisparalelurad axerxebs sawarmoTqmo aparatis srulyofas dauaqcento metyvelebas. vfiqrobT, saWiroa, specialuraddamuSavdes Sesaswavli enis fonematuri struqtura enisSemswavlelis mSobliur enasTan Sepi-rispirebiT. gamoiyosgansxvavebuli bgerebi. sasurvelia, am bgeraTa gamoyenebiTSeiqmnas winadadebebi da mcire zomis martivi teqstebi.bgeris umTavresi maxasiaTebeli misi sityvaTganmas-

xvavebeli funqciaa. bgeris CanacvlebiT SeiZleba miviRoTsruliad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis sityva. swavlebisasgansakuTrebul siZneles warmoadgens yru mkveTri (p, t, w, W, k,y) da yru fSvinvieri (f, T, s; q, S,c, C, x, h) TanxmovnebiswarmoTqma da maTi araswori gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi sityvismniSvnelobis cvla. yuradReba unda mieqces amgvar problemebsenaSi, gamoiyos iseTi bgerebi, romelTa araswori gamoyenebagamoiwvevs sityvis mniSvnelobis cvlas da masze specialuradSeiqmnas savarjiSoebi. mag.: p-f: papa-fafa, puri-furi; T-t:Tari-tari, Taro-taro; q-k: qudi-kudi, qar-kari; c-w:


curavswuravs; C-W: Ciri-Wiri, Cala-Wala; g-R: gvari-Rvari,gomi-Romi, gonieriRonieri.qarTulisaTvis specifikuria enaZirismieri y Tanxmovani da

misi sworad warmoTqma xangrZliv, SesaZlo dauZlevelproblemadac ki darCes qarTuli enis SemswavlelisaTvis.amdenad am problemaze aucileblad unda gamaxvildesyuradReba. metyvelebaSiSeiniSneba R da x bgerebis arasworigamoyenebay-s nacvlad. mag.: Rru-yru, Ria-yia, Rrma-yma, yeli-xeli.siZneles warmoadgens v bgeris warmoTqma u, o bgerebis win.

mag.: vambob-ambob, vuTxari-uTxari...mosmena-laparakis swavlebisas problemas warmoadgens l

bgeris sworad warmoTqma. l bgera Sereuli ragvarobisTanxmovania. mis warmoebaSi xdeba xSvac (winaenisa zedakbilebTan) da adgili aqvs napralsac (enis gverdebsa daloyebs Sua) (g. axvlediani, 1999: 44). enis Semswavlelis mierl-s darbilebuli warmoTqmiT sagrZnobi xdeba, qarTuli enisfonologiuri modelis darRveva (q. lomTaTiZe, 1993: 31),metyveleba iRebs arasaliteraturo, kuTxur iers da misigamosworeba aucilebelia. rogor aviciloT l-s arasworiartikulacia Tavidan? amisaTvis aucilebelia enis wverisfiqsireba zeda kbilebTan. am mizniT Semdeg savarjiSosmivmarTavT: enis wvers vaqceveT kbilebs Soris da isewarmovTqvamT l bgeras. mTavaria Cvens warmoTqmaSi magari darbili l-s gansxvaveba “daviWiroT" da SevZloT enis Sesabamisigadawevis marTva. SesaZlebelia specialuri enis gasatexisavarjiSoebis gamoyenebac.rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli metyvelebisaTvis xmovanTa

Tavmoyra maincdamainc ar aris damaxasiaTebeli da bunebrivi.amitomac aris, rom is, rac saliteraturo metyvelebaSiistoriuli tradiciiTa Tu gramatikuli normebiT arisSenarCunebuli, sxvadasxva kuTxur metyvelebaSi iseTcvlilebebs ganicdis, rac sabolood ramdenime xmovnis erTxmovanze dayvanas iwvevs. cocxali metyvelebis es tendenciaqarTuli enis, rogorc aramSobliuri enis Seswavlisasac iCensTavs. amitomac aris somxurenovanisaTvis mudmiviproblemaimgvari formebis marTlwera da marTlwarmoTqma,rogoricaa - gaaaxalgazrdava, gaaerTiana, gaaxlebs, gaaxvevs,gaadvilebs, gaaiafebs, dauaxlovebs, gaufarTovebs,daaiaravebs, gaeanalizebina, gaedvilebina, gaeumjobesebina,gauukeTesebia...


qarTuli warmoTqma TanxmovanTa kompleqsebs sakmaodkargad itans, magram es problemaa qarTuli enisSemswavlelisaTvis. calkeul TanxmovanTa Tavmoyrisas maTmetyvelebaSi SeiniSneba garkveuli fonetikuri procesebi -dayrueba, Serwyma... mag.: damaxasiaTebeli cvlilebebia: gtkiva-ktkiva, gparavs-kparavs, sjera-zjera, gverdze-gverZe, burTs-burc, sportsmeni-sportcmeni. amgvarma sawarmoTqmocvlilebebi xSirad weriT metyvelebaSic iCens xolme Tavs,amitomac maTze yuradRebis gamaxvileba sawarmoTqmoproblemebze saubris drosve aris mizanSewonili.TanxmovanTkompleqsebis warmoTqmaSi gasawafavad SeiZlebagansakuTrebulad rTul bgeraT jgufebze varjiSi datradiciuli enis gasatexis gamoyeneba: bdga, bdge, ptka, ptke,fTqa, fTqe, bZga, bZge, fcqa, fcqe, pwka, pwke... SemdegSevabruneT variantebi: gdba, bgZa, ktpa...gramatikuli Secdomebis gamosworeba metad xangrZlivi

procesia da igi gansakuTrebul muSaobas moiTxovs rogorcmaswavleblis, ise enis Semswavlelis mxridan. leqtorma undaCainiSnos yvela is Secdoma, romlebsac studentebi uSveben.zepiri da weriTi metyvelebis Secdomebis analizisasmniSvneloba eniWeba imas, Tu ra iwvevs am tipis Secdomas.Secdomebi SeiniSeba zmnis piris formaTa gamoyenebisas,droiswarmoebaSi, rTuli winadadebis konstruqciebis SedgenaSi...sintaqsuri problematika (wevrTa urTierTmimarTeba daTanamimdevroba winadadebaSi, martiv da rTul winadadebaTamonacvleoba, qvemdebare-obieqtebis ricxvis asaxva zmna-SemasmenelSi) mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sametyvelofunqciebis swavlebis sakiTxebTan. amitomac, qarTuli enis,rogorc aramSobliuri enis sametyvelo funqciebis (mosmena-laparakis) swavleba morfologiuri da sintaqsuriproblemebis win wamowevasac moiTxovs.1. xSiria -ze da -Si Tandebulis erTmaneTis nacvladgamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. mag.: stadionis gzaze - stadionisgzaSi, avtobusis kibeze - avtobusis kibeSi.2. qarTuli enis SemswavlelisaTvis problemas warmoadgenserTi da imave mimarTulebis zmniswinebis araswori Senacvleba.mag.: gadalaxos - daalaxos, amovida-gamovida, gavida-Cavida...3. somxurenovani SualobiTi kontaqtis formebs metyve-lebaSisaerTod ar iyenebs. maT nacvlad xSiria uSua-lo kontaqtisformebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi.4. rogorc cnobilia, subieqtis brunebisa da zmnisuRvlilebis formebi metyvelebaSi erTmaneTs uweven angariSs.


aseTive urTierToba gvaqvs ricxvSic: Tu subieqti-qvemdebaremravlobiTSia, masTan Sewyobili zmna-SemasmenelicmravlobiTSi unda Segvxvdes. somxurenovanisaTvis siZnelesricxvsa da brunvaSi SeTanxmebis sakiTxi warmoadgens. mag.:maswavleblebi movi-da, megobrebi wavida.5. jerjerobiT dauZlevel problemas warmoadgens rTuliwinadadebis Sedgena.aseTi gramatikuli problemebi, umjobesia, calke

damuSavdes, raTa studentma kargad gaacnobieros, romelienobrivi forma (brunva, ricxvi, Tandebuli, zmnis dro,kontaqtis romeli forma) unda gamoiyenos konkretulsituaciaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi gramatikul sakiTxebze ki arunda gavamaxviloT yuradReba, aramed enobriv formebze,rogorc azris gamoxatvis saSualebebze.calke damuSavebas moiTxovs problemebi rTuli sityvebis

gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. amitomac am prob-lemebzemuSaobisas konkretuli leqsikis Sedgenilobasada xSirgamoyenebaze unda gavakeToT aqcenti.saswavlo wlis dasasrulisaTvis somxurenovan stu-dents

ukve hqonda mosmenisa da metyvelebis unari, flobda garkveulleqsikur marags, SeeZlo mosmena rogorc audio-video masalisnawyvetisa, ise laparaki da kiTxvac. amave dros gamoyenebuliiqna specialur savarjiSoebTan erTad qarTul enaze arsebulilite-ratura (mokle teqstebi), enis matarebelTan (mezob-lebTan da qarTulenovan studentebTan) urTierToba,radios, magnitofonis mosmena, kompiuteruli programebi, veb-gverdi da eleqtronuli fosta...amrigad, zepirmetyvelebaSi daSvebuli Secdomebis analizi

enis kompetenciebis mixedviT enobrivi problemebisa dasiZneleebis gamovlenis saSualebaa qarTuli enis, rogorcaramSobliuri enis sametyvelo funqciebis swavlebisas;moxdes im sakiTxebis gamoyofa, romlebzedac yuradRebismiqceva SesaZlebeli iqneba enis flobis konkretulidonisaTvis, sabazo da akademiuri unarebis ganviTarebisaTvis.am mxriv mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia, specialurad damuSavdesqarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura enis SemswavlelismSobliur enasTan mimarTebiT, metyvelebaSi sawarmoTqmo,gramatikuli da leqsikuri problemebis dasaZlevadprofesor-maswavlebelTa gamocdilebis gaziareba, qar-Tulenobriv garemosTan urTierTobiT (skolaSi da umaRlessaswavlebelSi swavlis periodSi) da qarTul enobriv -kulturuli Rirebulebebis gacnobiT, dafa-sebiT da


pativiscemiT saxelmwifo enis Seswavlis motivaciisgaZliereba.

damowmebuli literatura:g.axvlediani, 1999 - g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikissafuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1999;q. lomTaTiZe, 1993 - q. lomTaTiZe,qarTuli enisfonologiuri modelis darRvevis gamo warmoTqmaSi: qarTulisityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1993.

Tamar Gogoladze /Gori State Teaching University/Mariam Koberidze /Gori State Teaching University/

Problems of Teaching Non-written Functions (listening,speaking) of Georgian as a Non-Native Language

Summary

The article aims to identify problems and difficultiesaccompanying the teaching process of the non-written functions(listening, speaking) of Georgian within the framework ofGeorgian language training program.

In the regions populated by the ethnic minorities, where the statelanguage is not applied in the everyday life, the language ofcommunication is Russian, while Armenian is a mother tongue.Pupils leave school having no knowledge of Georgian. Studentsspeaking Armenian and being accepted at the universities on thebases of just the results of the test in general skills at the UnifiedEntry Examination, do not practically know any language apartfrom their mother tongue. Whereas, academic linguisticcompetences, which will later help them to think and study variousbachelor’s courses in Georgian, are unlikely to develop without thebasic linguistic skills.

Individual work with one student does not enable a teacher toconduct dialogues and group works. In this case, it is veryimportant to encourage the students to work outside the classroomand to participate in various university activities that gives themopportunity to communicate with the Georgian-speaking studentsensuring their social adaptation with a Georgian environment.


Classifying mistakes made in speech is the best way of revealinglinguistic problems and difficulties. Here we encounter severalproblems. It is difficult to master and utilize the phonemic structureof a target language, to adjust a pronunciation apparatus with thepeculiarities of a new language. We regard that it is necessary towork on the phonemic structure of a target language in connectionwith a mother tongue, to distinguish specific sounds and to createsentences and short texts containing these sounds. For example,specific sound for the Georgian language ‘ყ’, pronunciation of thesound ‘ვ’ before vowels, etc.

While analyzing problematic issues of grammar, it is noteworthyto identify the mistakes connected to the verb forms, in tenseformation, construction of complex sentences, reflecting number ofsubjects and objects in verbs, etc. Therefore, teaching thecommunicative functions (listening-speaking) of the Georgianlanguage requires to highlight the morphological and syntacticproblems as well.

50 qarTvelologiisaqtualuriproblemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY III

nebi giumuSi /TurqeTi, rejef taip erdoRanis uni-versiteti/

me-16 saukuneSi osmaleTis kontrolis qveS myofiierusalimis teritoriaze mdebare qarTvelTa wminda

adgilebis gadacemasTan dakavSirebiT

osmaleTis imperia aris erTerTi im saxelmwifoTagani,romelmac SeZlo gansxvavebuli aRmsareblobis erTamSvidobian garemoSi Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofa.qarTvelebi iTvlebian im erad, romelic did mniSvnelobasaniWebs sakuTar rwmenasa da im adgilebs, romelTac isiniTvlian wmindad. osmalur arqivebSi daculi rigi sabuTebizemoT xsenebuli mosazrebis gamamyarebel mtkicebulebebsSeicavs.qarTvelebi warmoadgenen im ers, romelmac erTerTma

pirvelma miiRo qristianoba da mosalocad stumrobsierusalimis wminda miwas. qarTvelebi ierusalimis wmindamiwaze molocvas agrZelebdnen agreTve mas Semdeg, racierusalimi gadavida osmaleTis kontrolis qveS 1517 wels.imereTis mefe bagratma, samcxes aTabegma yvaryvarem da kaxeTismefe levanma 1524 wels mimarTes osmaleTis fadiSah sulTansuleimans im mizniT, rom maT surdaT ierusalimis molocva1 .rogorc irkveva Sesabamisi wyaroebidan, qarTlis mefe giorgi,imereTis mefe bagrati da kaxeTis mefe levani estumrnenierusalims 1532 wels2; maTi moTxovna dakmayofilebul iqnada agreTve irkveva isic, rom osmaleTis mmarTvelebsa daqarTvel mefeebs Soris arsebobda pozitiuri politiuriurTierTobebi.sainteresoa is faqti, Tu ratom gadavida sxvaTa xelSi is

mosaloci wminda adgilebi Tu monasterebi, romlebicekuTvnoda qarTvelebs. profesor cisana abulaZis erTerTimosazreba SeiZleba am kiTxvis pasuxad iqnes miCneuli. rogorc

1W.E.D. Allen, A History of the Georgian People, London 1932, s. 139; M.Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, Osmanlıların Kafkas-Ellerini Fethi, Ankara 1993, s. 99.2 vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, s.yauxCiSvili, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 811.

nebi giumuSi, me-16 saukuneSi osmaleTis kontrolis qveS myofi... 51

profesori abulaZe amtkicbs, qarTvelebi iZulebulni iyvnenTavianTi eklesia-monastrebi giraos saxiT daetovebinaTsomxebis, berZnebisa da frangebisTvis, xolo maSin, rodesacver moaxerxes Tanxis ukan dabruneba, iZulebulni iyvnendaetovebinaT is eklesia-monastrebi da amis SedegadgamudmebiT mimarTavdnen osmaleTis mmarTvelebs daxmarebismizniT 3 . sainteresoa agreTve imis dadgenac, Tu ra wmindaadgilebs flobdnen qarTvelebi ierusalimis teritoriaze.savaraudod, es unda iyos jvris monasteri. CanawerebismixedviT aRniSnuli monasteri da masTan dakavSirebulieklesiebi 1305 wels mamluqebma gadasces ierusalimSi myofqarTvelebs, 1517 wels regionis osmaleTis kontrolis qveSgadasvlis Semdeg ki igi gadeca ierusalimis marTmadidebelsapatriarqos. amasTanave, xsenebul periodSi ierusalimSiarsebobdnen qarTuli da sxva mcirericxovani qristianierTobebi4.imereTis mefem stambolSi gaagzavna elCi da osmaleTis

mmarTvelebs acnoba im faqtis Sesaxeb, rom ierusalimSimdebare qarTuli mosaloci xelSi Caigdes somxebma dafrangebma. am mimarTvis Sesabamisad sakiTxi ganxilul iqnadivanis farglebSi romlis Semdegac ierusalimis yadisa dasanjaybeisadmi 1577 wlis 14 aprils gagazavnil iqnakorespondencia da sakiTxi gamokvleul iqna eqspertis mier.yovelive amis Sedegad qarTvelebs neba daerToT aRniSnuliadgilis molocvaze da maT amaSi sxva veravin SeuSlida xels5.Semdgomi korespondeciebidan irkveva, rom xsenebuli

mosaloci jvris monasteria. kaxeTis mefe aleqsandremfadiSahs gaugzavna werili, sadac is iTxovda daxmarebas, raTaqarTvelebisaTvis daerToT neba ierusalimSi wminda

3 cisana abulaZe, "XV-XVIII. saukuneebis Turqul (osmalur) -qarTuli urTierTobebis amsaxveli osmaluri xelnawerebi, ed. GülerEren, Osmanlı, İstanbul 1999, ტ. I, gv. 630.4 Butrus Abu-Manneh, "The Georgians in Jerusalem in the Memluk Period”,Egypt and Palestina. A Millenium of Arrociction (869-1948), New York 1984, p.106-109.5 Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Mühimme Defteri, XXX, 63

52 nebi giumuSi, me-16 saukuneSi osmaleTis kontrolis qveS myofi...

adgilebis monaxulebisTvis, razec man dadebiTi pasuxi miiRo6.Canawerebidan aseve irkveva, rom 1579 wlis 15 oqtombriTdaTariRebul mefe aleqsandresadmi gagzavnilkorespondenciaSi qristian qarTvelebs neba daerToTierusalimis mosalocad. amasTanave, ierusalimSi mosalocadgasamgzavrebeli qarTvelebisTvis yovelgvari daxmarebisaRmoCenis moTxovniT werilebi gaegzavna ierusalimis beisa daerzrumis beilerbeisac7. igive TariRs sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTgagzavnil iqna werilebi ierusalimis sanjaybeisa da erzrumisbeilerbeisadmi.ierusalimis sanjaybeisadmi miweril korespondenciaSi

moTxovnili iyo kaxeTis mefis aleqsandres beWdiani weriliTCasul qristian qarTvelTa jvris monasterSi SeuferxebladSeSveba adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier, iseve rogorc maTiusafrTxo dabrunebis uzrunvelyofa8 . irkveva agreTve isic,rom mosalocad Casuli qarTvelebis mimarT miRebul iqnaSesabamisi usafrTxoebis zomebi. erzrumis beilerbeisadmigagzavnili werilidan irkveva, rom moTxovnil iqnasaqarTvelos sazRvarTan myofi begebis mier ierusalimidandabrunebuli qarTvelebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa9.daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ierusalimSi mdebare

wminda adgilebis monaxulebaSi osmalo mmarTvelebiqarTvelebs daxmarebas uwevdnen da maT Soris kargiurTierTobebi Camoyalibda.

6 BOA, MD, XXXII, 497, 498, 5027 BOA, MD, XXXII, 497.8 BOA, MD, XXXII, 502: Kudüs beyine 17 Zilkade 986 (15 Ocak 1579) tarihlihüküm.9 BOA, MD, XXXII, 498: Erzurum beylerbeyine 17 Zilkade 986 (15 Ocak 1579)tarihli hüküm.


Nebi GÜMÜŞ /Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi/

16. YIZYILDA OSMANLI İDARESİNDEKİ KUDÜS’TEGÜRCÜLERE AİT ZİYARET YERLERİNİNİN

İADESİNE DAİR BİRKAÇ SÖZ

Osmanlı Devleti, milletler sistemi denilen bir idare ile farklıdinlere mensup milletleri bir arada barış içinde yaşatmayı başarmışbüyük devletlerden biridir. Gürcüler de dini inançlarına ve kutsalsaydıkları mekanlara değer veren bir millet olarak bilinmektedir.Osmanlı arşivlerinde yer alan bazı belgeler bu kanaatleripekiştirecek dikkate değer hususları ihtiva etmektedir.

Gürcüler Hıristiyanlığı Kabul eden ilk milletlerden olup eskidenberi Kudüs’teki kutsal mekanları ziyaret etmektedirler. Bu durumKudüs’ün Osmanlı hakimiyetine girdiği 1517 yılından sonar dadevam etmiştir. İmereti Kralı Bagrat, Samshe Atabeyi Kvarkvareve Kaheti Kralı Levan 1524'de Osmanlı padişahı Kanunî SultanSüleyman'a müracaat ederek Gürcülerin Kudüs'ü ziyaret etmekistediklerini bildirmişlerdir10. Kartli Kralı Giorgi'nin İmereti KralıBagrat ve Kaheti Kralı Levan ile 1532'de Kudüse gitmeleri 11 ,taleplerin karşılandığını ve Osmanlı padişahları ile Gürcü krallarıarasında siyasî ilişkilerin iyi olduğunu göstermektedir.

Gürcülere ait bir ziyaretgahın neden başkalarının eline geçmişolduğu sorusu akla gelmektedir. Ts. Abuladze’nin birdeğerlendirmesi bu sorunun cevabı için açıklayıcı olabilir.Abuladze, Gürcülerin manastırlarını Ermeni, Rum ve Fransızlaraipotek olarak bıraktıklarını, borçlarını ödeyemeyince tamamen terketmek zorunda kaldıklarını ve bu sebeple devamlı olarak padişaha

Prof. Dr., Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi [email protected] W.E.D. Allen, A History of the Georgian People, London 1932, s. 139;M. Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, Osmanlıların Kafkas-Ellerini Fethi, Ankara 1993, s. 99.11 Vahuşti Batonişvili, Ağtzera Sameposa Sakartvelosa, nşr. S. Kauhçişvili,Tbilisi 1973, s. 811.

54 nebi giumuSi, me-16 saukuneSi osmaleTis kontrolis qveS myofi...

müracaat ettiklerini belirtmektedir 12 . Kudüs’te Gürcülerinidaresinde olan kutsal yerlerin nereler olduğu sorusu da aklagelmektedir. Buranın Haç Manastırı olduğunu tahmin etmekmümkündür. zira Haç Manastırı ve buraya bağlı olan kiliselerinMemlükler tarafından 1305'de Kudüs'te bulunan Gürcülere iadeedildiği, bölge 1517'de Osmanlı idaresine katıldığında şehirdeGürcülerin bulunduğu ve diğer küçük Hıristiyan cemaatler gibiKudüs Ortodoks Patrikliği'ne bağlandıkları kaydedilmektedir13.

İmereti kralı İstanbul’a elçi gönderip Gürcülerin Kudüs'teeskiden beri ziyaret ettikleri bir ziyaretgahın Frank ve Ermenilertarafından gasp edildiğini bildirerek şikayetçi olmuştur. Bununüzerine konu Divan’da görüşüldükten sonra Kudüs kadısı vesancakbeyine 25 Muharrem 985 (14 Nisan 1577) tarihliinde biryazı yazılarak konuyu bilirkişi marifetiyle araştırıp Gürcülerinziyaretgahı ise onları ziyaret ettirip başkalarının müdahalesine izinverilmemesi istenmiştir14.

Sonraki yazışmalardan da bahse konu yerin Haç Manastarıolduğunu göstermektedir. Kaheti Kralı Aleksandr, padişaha birmektup gönderip Gürcistan'daki Hıristiyanların Kudüs'ü ziyaretlerikonusunda yardım istemiş ve kendisine bu konuda olumlu cevapverilmiştir 15 . Aleksandr'a yazılan 15 Ocak 1579 tarihli yazıdaHıristiyan Gürcülerin Kamame'yi (Haç Manastırı) ziyaretleriyleilgili talebinin olumlu karşılandığı, göndereceği adam vemektupların yollarda bekletilmemesi için serhad beylerinehükümler gönderildiği, ayrıca Kudüs'e gidip Kamame'yi ziyaretedecek olanlarla ilgili olarak Kudüs beyine ve Erzurumbeylerbeyine de hükümler gönderildiği ve kendilerine kolaylık

12 Tsisana Abuladze, "XV-XVIII. Yüzyıllar Arası Türk (Osmanlı)-Gürcistanİlişkileri Hakkında Osmanlı Belgeleri", ed. Güler Eren, Osmanlı, İstanbul 1999, c.I, s. 630.13 Butrus Abu-Manneh, "The Georgians in Jerusalem in the MemlukPeriod”, Egypt and Palestina. A Millenium of Arrociction (869-1948), New York1984, s. 106-109.14 Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Mühimme Defteri, XXX, 63.15 BOA, MD, XXXII, 497, 498, 502.


gösterilecegi bildirilmiştir16. Aynı tarihte Kudüs sancakbeyine veErzurum beylerbeyine de konuyla ilgili yazılar gönderilmiştir.

Kudüs sancakbeyine yazılan bir yazıda, Kaheti KralıAleksandr'ın mühürlü tezkeresi ile gelen Hıristiyan Gürcülerinhiçbir zorlukla karşılaşmadan Kamame'yi ziyaret ederek emniyetiçinde dönmelerinin sağlanması istenmiştir 17 . Kudüs’e gidipdönecek olan Gürcülerin yol emniyeti için de tedbirlerin alındağıgörülmektedir. Erzurum beylerbeyine gönderilen yazıda Gürcistansınırında olan beylere mektuplar gönderip Kudüs'ü ziyarete gidenve oradan dönerken Hıristiyan Gürcülere yardımcı olunmasıistenmiştir18.

Sonuç olarıak şunu ifade etmek gerekir: Kudüs’teki kutsalmekanları ziyaret konusunda Gürcülerle Osmanlı Devleti arasındadostluk ve iyi ilişkiler gelişmiştir.

16 BOA, MD, XXXII, 497.17 BOA, MD, XXXII, 502: Kudüs beyine 17 Zilkade 986 (15 Ocak 1579)tarihli hüküm.18 BOA, MD, XXXII, 498: Erzurum beylerbeyine 17 Zilkade 986 (15 Ocak1579) tarihli hüküm.


vaxtang guruli /Tbilisi, sapatriarqos wmida andriapirvelwodebulissaxelobisqarTuli universiteti/

iranSi qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis istoriisaTvis(XVII saukunis damdegi)

qarTul istoriografiaSi xSirad gaurkvevlad, zogadadaamiTiTebuli XVII saukunis damdegs iranSi qarTvelTagadasaxlebis dro. TiTqmis araferia naTqvami zustad rodis,ramden etapad da saqarTvelos romeli kuTxeebidanmimdinareobda gadasaxleba. srulad ar aris CamoTvliliiranis is provinciebi, sadac moxda qarTvelTaCasaxleba.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom istoriografiis xarvezimetwilad gapirobebulia mkvlevarTa mier gamoyenebuliwyaroebis fragmentulobiTa da arakonkretulobiT. Cven dResar vapirebT yvela wyaros dawvrilebiT ganxilvas, mivuTiTebTmxolod or maTganze, romelsac ZiriTadad eyrdnoba qarTuliistoriografia.

***vaxuSti bagrationi, romelmac kritikulad Seiswavla da

gaanaliza qarTulenovani wyaroebi, iranSi qarTvelTagadasaxlebis zust TariRs ar uTiTebs. qarTvelTa iranSigadasaxlebas vaxuSti varaudobs mas Semdeg, rac 1615 welsTeimuraz I-ma ali-yuli-xanis sardlobiT saqarTvelosdasarbevad SemoWrili iranis laSqari wiwamurTan sastikaddaamarcxa, rac Sahis gamoborotebisa da kaxeTze axalilaSqrobis mizezi gaxda. vaxuStisTan ambebis Txroba iseawarmodgenili, rom unda vivaraudoT: Sah-abas I-s qarTvelebiiranSi 1616-1617 wlebis laSqrobebis Semdeg gadausaxlebia.ufro konkretulia vaxuSti bagrationi iranSi qarTvelTaCasaxlebis adgilis miTiTebisas, kerZod, asaxelebs”mazandaras, xuarasans da ferias”. vaxuStis cnobas movitanTmTlianad: “Semdgomad dauteva feiqar xan spiTa kaxeTs daTviT [Sah-abas I _v.g.] warvida da wariyvanna kaxni tyued dadasxna romelnime mazandaras, xuarasans da ferias” (vaxuStibatoniSvili, 1973: 589). vaxuSti bagrationi arafers ambobs,Tu zustad ra dros moxda qarTvelTa gadasaxleba iranSi,saqarTvelos romeli kuTxidan da ramden etapadganxorcielda gadasaxleba.qarTvelTa iranSi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli ucxouri

wyaroebidan mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicavs isqander-beg

vaxtang guruli, iranSi qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis istoriisaTvis 57

Turqmenis, imave isqander-munSisSah-abas I-sadmi miZRvniliTxzuleba _ ”abasis qveynis damam-Svenebeli istoria”. amwyaroSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb daculi masalebis qarTuliTargmani sparsul teqstTan erTad gamosca vladimerfuTuriZem (isqander-munSi, 1969).iranSi qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis sakiTxs mravali

istorikosi Seexo. Cven yvela naSromis mimoxilvas arSevudgebiT, movitanT amonawers mxolod saqarTvelosistoriis narkvevebis rvatomeulis IV tomidan. narkvevebis IVtomis am monakveTis avtori kaxeTSi Sah-abas I-is oTxilaSqrobis mimoxilvis dasasruls wers: “kaxeTma Tavisimosaxleobis ori mesamedi dakarga. asi aTasamde mters Seakvda,orasi aTasamde ki tyved iqna wayvanili, romelnic iranis SidaprovinciebSi daasaxles (im dros gadasaxlebuli qarTvelTaSTamomavlebi dResac cxovroben fereidanSi, ispaanisprovinciaSi; agreTve, xorasanSi, mazandaransa da sxv. ...)”/saqarTvelos istoriis narkve-vebi, 1973: 272-273/.iranSi qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli qarTuli

da sparsulenovani wyaroebi (vaxuSti bagrationi, isqander-munSi da sxv.) srulad ver asaxavs movlenas _ wyaroebiarakonkretuli da zogadia. 1943 wels saqarTveloskomunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) centraluri komitetispirvelma mdivanma kandid Carkvianma moskovidan miiRodavaleba, moemzadebinaT masala Sah-abas I-is mier iranSigadasaxlebuli qarTvelebis Sesaxeb. kandid Carkvianmadavalebis Sesruleba akademikos simon janaSias miando. simonjanaSiam dawvrilebiT Seiswavla qarTul da sparsul-enovaniwyaroebi da literatura, amasTan erTad pirvelad miaqciayuradReba somxuenovan masalas. cnobilia, rom Sah-abas I-siranSi marto qarTvelebi ar gadausaxlebia, iranSi didiraodenobiT gadaasaxles somxebic. rogorc Cans, simon janaSiaswored amitom dainteresda somxuri wyaroebiTa daistoriografiiT. simon janaSias narkvevi kandid Carkvians 1944wlis 26 marts miuRia (saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTasaministros arqivi (II), fondi 14, aRwera 25, saqme 229,furclebi 14-56). akademikos simon janaSias mier lavrentiberiasaTvis wardgenili masala fereidneli qarTvelebisSesaxeb 2012 wels gamoaqveynes vaxtang gurulma da levan jiqiam(guruli.. 2012).simon janaSias mier moZiebuli masalebismixedviT, iranSi qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis istoria metwiladsxvagvarad warmogvidgeba.

58 vaxtang guruli, iranSi qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis istoriisaTvis

iranSi qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis dro1614-1617 wlebSi kaxeTs Tavs daatyda iranis

gamanadgurebeli laSqrobebi. am dros iranis Sahi iyo abas I(1587-1629). kaxeTidan qarTvelTa iranSi gadasaxleba, qarTulistoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, amlaSqrobebis dros an mis Semdeg mimdinareobda. aqve garkveviTunda aRiniSnos, rom iranSi qarTvelTa didi nawili 1603-1608wlebSi gadaasaxles (guruli ... 2012: 8-9).e.i. gadasaxleba1614 wlamde, anu Sah-abas I-is laSqrobebamde daiwyo.iranSi qarTvelTa gadasaxlebis etapebi1603-1608 wlebSi iranSi qarTvelebi erTbaSad ar

gadausaxlebiaT. wyaroebis mixedviT, ganxorcielda Svidi anrva gadasaxleba, anu gadasaxleba mimdinareobda Svid an rvaetapad (guruli... 2012: 9). ufro savaraudoa, rom iyo Svidigadasaxleba anu Svidi etapi. gadasaxleba grZeldeboda 1614wlis Semdegac. zustad ar dgindeba 1614 wlidan ramdengadasaxlebas hqonda adgili.

saqarTvelos romeli kuTxeebidan moxda qarTvelTairanSi gadasaxlebaqarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli Sexedulebis

sawinaaRmdegod aRvniSnavT, rom qarTvelebi iranSi mxolodkaxeTidan ar gadausaxlebiaT. marTalia, qarTvelebis didinawili gadaasaxles kaxeTidan, magram gadasaxleba moxdaqarTlidanac. qarTlidan gadasaxleba moxda ori regionidan _Sida qarTlidan (qalaq goridan) da qvemo qarTlidan(borCalodan)/guruli... 2012: 8/.iranSi qarTvelTa Casaxlebis adgiligadasaxlebis pirvel etapze iranSi qarTvelebi Caasaxles

Semdeg adgilebSi: mazandaranis, ispaanis, xuzistanisa daxorasanis provinciebSi, gilianis, yazvinis, Teiranisadahamadanis raionebSi. mazandaranis provinciaSi qarTvelebiCaasaxles qalaq aSrefis midamoebSi (guruli... 2012:7).qarTvelebis erTi nawili Caasaxles qalaq ispaanismidamoebSi, xolo nawili _ uSualod ispaanSi.1943 wlisaTvis fereidanSi simon janaSias xelT arsebuli

masalebis mixedviT, 11 qarTuli sofeli yofila (soflebissaxelebi mogvyavs rusuli dednis mixedviT):1. zemo axora (igive sofeli martyofi) (somxebis sofelsangebaranidan dasavleTiT 9 kilometris moSorebiT).sofelSi cxovrobda 1000 komli. qarTuli ena yvelam icoda.zemo axora fereidanis qarTul soflebs, da saerTod


fereidanis soflebs Soris, yvelaze didi yofila. sofelSiidga samxedro nawili, moqmedebda Jandarmeriis posti, aqve iyoraionis administraciis xelmZRvanelis rezidencia dafinansTa sammarTvelos ganyofileba. sofelSi mxolodqarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, gamonaklis Seadgendnen zemoTCamoTvlili saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis TanamSromlebi.mosaxleobis saqmianobis ZiriTadi dargi iyo miwaTmoqmedeba.miwis erTi mexuTedi ekuTvnodaT iranel memamuleebs, xolooTxi mexuTedi _ qarTvel glexebs. sasoflo-sameurneosavargulebidan miRebuli yvela saxis sasoflo-sameurneoproduqtis wliuri raodenoba Seadgenda 37080 kilograms.mosaxleobas hyavda sakmao raodenobiT cxvari _ 5000 suli.sofelSi moqmedebda skola, romelsac emsaxureboda orimaswavlebeli. skolaSi moswavleTa raodenoba 70-dan 100moswavlemde meryeobda.2. qvemo axora (igive sofeli qvemo martyofi) (somxebissofel sangebaranidan samxreT-dasavleTiT 7 kilometrismoSorebiT). sofelSi cxovrobda 200 komli. qvemo axo-raSigarda qarTvelebisa borCalodan gadasaxlebulebiccxovrobdnen (borCalodan gadasaxlebulebi wyaroebSi”TaTrebad” ixseniebian). iyo qarTvelTa da borCaloelTa(TaTarTa) Soris qorwinebis SemTxvevebic. qarTvelebsmSobliuri ena daviwyebuli hqondaT, laparakobdnen mxolodsparsulad. miwis erTi mexuTedi ekuTvnodaT qarTvelglexebs, oTxi mexuTedi _ qarTvel memamuleebs: reza yulixans, xosro xans da bagir xans. soflis mosaxleobas 1200 sulicxvari ekuTvnoda.3. daSkesani (somxebis sofel sangebaranidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT 7 kilometris moSorebiT). sofelSi cxovrobda60 komli. miwis nawili ekuTvnoda qarTvel memamules: rezayuli xans,asevehaji heidars da haji ahmeds. danarCen miwasflobdnen qarTveli glexebi. daSkesani fereidanis qarTulsoflebs Soris yvelaze Raribi iyo. Tavdapirvelad sofelSiqarTvelebi da somxebi cxovrobdnen, romelTac erTi saerToeklesia hqondaT. qarTvelebis gamahmadianebis Semdegsomxebisxva sofelSi gadasaxldnen da maTi adgili borCalodangadasaxlebulebma daikaves. am droidan iwyeba qarTvelTa daborCaloelTa (TaTarTa) Sereuli qorwinebebi.4. buini (sofel daSkesanidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT 3kilometris moSorebiT). sofelSi cxovrobda 220 komli.mosaxleoba flobda qarTul enas. miwis erTi meeqvsedisofelSi Turq memamules mamed husein xan daxtxas ekuTvnoda


(memamules qarTveli coli hyavda). danarCeni miwa qarTveliglexebis sakuTrebas Seadgenda. glexebi cxvris SedarebiTmcire raodenobas flobdnen _ sul 800 suls. sofelsmoqmedebda skola erTi maswavlebliTa da 15 moswavliT.5. dombeqamari an miiandaSti(sofel buinidan CrdiloeTiT 2kilometris moSorebiT). sofelSi cxovrobda 240 komli.sofelSi qarTuli yvelam icoda. miwis xuT meeqvseds flobdamamed husein xan daxtxa.m iwis erTi meeqvsedi qarTvel glexebsekuTvnoda. sofelSi cxvris raodenoba 1000 suls udrida.sofels skola ar hqonda.6. axCa (sofel dombeqamaridan dasavleTiT 6 kilometrismoSorebiT). sofelSi cxovrobda 90 komli. mosaxleobaflobda qarTul enas. miwis nawili ekuTvnoda qarTvelglexebs, umetesi nawils _ memamule haji huseins. sofelSicxvris raodenoba 1200 suls udrida.7. Sahiurdi (sofel axCadan CrdiloeTiT 4 kilometrismoSorebiT). sofelSi cxovrobda 120 komli. mosaxleobasqarTuli daviwyebuli hqonda. soflis mTeli miwa ekuTvnodamemamule mamed-husein-xan daxtxas. sofels skola ar hqonda.8. afusi (sofel axCadan samxreTiT 4 kilometris moSorebiT).sofelSi cxovrobda 300 komli. moxucebs mSobliuri ena jerkidev mTlad daviwyebuli ar hqondaT, axalgazrdebi mxolodsparsulad saubrobdnen. soflis miwis nawili ekuTvnodamemamuleebs _ haji mexti yuli-xans da sardar moazams,danarCeni qarTvel glexebs. sofelSi 2000 aTasi suli cxvarihyavdaT. sofelSi ar iyo skola.9. CuRureTi (sofel afusidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT 6kilometris moSorebiT). sofelSi cxovrobda 200 komli.qarTvelebi mSobliur enas kargad flobdnen. soflis miwisnawili ekuTvnoda qarTvel memamules reza yuli xans. miwisdanarcen nawilsflobdnen qarTveli glexebi. xorblismosavlis saerTo raodenoba Seadgenda 25200 kilograms.soflelebs hyavdaT 1500 suli cxvari. sofelSi ar iyo skola.10. sibaqi (sofel CuRureTidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT 6kilometris moSorebiT). sofelSi cxovrobda 250komli.mSobliur enas yvela flobda. miwis ¼ erTi meoTxediekuTvnodaT mciremiwian qarTvel memamuleebs, danarCeniqarTvel glexebs. xorblis mosavlis saerTo raodenobaSeadgenda 25200 kilograms. soflelebs hyavdaT 1500 sulicxvari. sofelSi ar iyo skola.11. jayjayi (sofel sibakidan samxreTiT 2 kilometrismoSorebiT). sofelSi cxovrobda 150 komli.mSobliur enasyvela flobda. soflis mTeli miwa ekuTvnodaT qarTvel


glexebs, romelTa sakuTrebaSi iyo aseve 1000 suli cxvari.sofelSi ar iyo skola (guruli... 2012: 21-24).Amrigad, fereidanis 11 qarTul sofelSi cxovrobda 2830

komli, rac saSualod erTi komlis 5 wevrze gamravlebiTudris 14150 suls, 6 sulze gamravlebiT _ 16980 suls.

damowmebuli literatura:

batoniSvili vaxuSti 1973 - aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa._ qarTlis cxovreba. tomi IV. teqsti dadgenili yvelaZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tbilisi,1973;isqander-munSis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 1969;saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. tomi IV. saqarTvelo XVIsaukunis dasawyisidan XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde. Tbilisi,1973;saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi (II), fondi14, aRwera 25, saqme 229, furclebi 14-56;guruli ... 2012 -tao-klarjeTi, lazeTi da fereidani

sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvanelobis gegmebSi(dokumentebi da masalebi), (1944-1951), gamosacemad moamzadesvaxtang gurulma da levan jiqiam. Tbilisi, 2012.


Vakhtang Guruli /Saint Andrew the First-Called GeorgianUniversity of the Patriarchate of Georgia/

For the History of Georgians Exiled in Iran(since the 17th Century)

Summary

In 1941-1944, the political leadership of the Soviet Union gotseriously interested in Georgians exiled in the Iranian province –Fereydan in the early 17th century. According to several historicalsources, Joseph Stalin intended to return Fereydan Georgians to theirhistoric homeland. Soviet embassy of Iran received an instruction fromMoscow to collect materials about Georgians living in Fereydan.Georgians political leadership, Georgian diplomats and other specialistswere also involved in this. Official correspondence started betweenTbilisi and Moscow. Representatives of the Soviet security services wentto Iran, visited Georgian villages and described the seen in their reports.According to this report, there were eleven Georgian villages in Fereydanby 1943: Zemo Akhora (1000 households), Kvemo Akhora (200households), Dashkesani (60 households), Buini (220 households),Dombekamari or Miiandashti (240 households), Akhcha (90households), Shahiurdi (120 households), Apusi (300 households),Chugureti(200 households), Sibaki (250 households), Jakjaki (150households). The overwhelming majority of Fereydan Georgians werepeasants, some of them were landowners: Reza Kuli Khan, Khosro Khan,Bagir Khan (in Kvemo Akhora), Haji Heidar, Haji Ahmed (Dashkesan).


mahvaS vaheddusT /irani, urmiis universiteti/

qarTuli elementi sparsulliteraturaSi

irans da saqarTvelos uxsovari droidan aqvT saerToistoriuli Rirebulebebi da memkvidreoba. am or qveyanasaqemenianTa epoqidan dRemde akavSirebs politikuri,ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli da gansakuTrebiT kiliteraturuli interesebi, ris Sedegadac or xalxs SorisCamoyalibda sulieri da kulturuli siaxlove. amkulturuli urTierTobebis Sedegad orive xalxisliteraturul ZeglebSi airekla iranul-qarTuli elementida kulturuli urTierTgavlena.naSromis mizania gamoavlinos sparsul literaturul

ZeglebSi arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis qarTuli elementi. CvenSevecadeT Sesabamisi masalis moyvaniT gavaanalizoT aseTielementis xasiaTi da mniSvneloba.qarTuli elementi klasikur sparsul literaturaSic

gvxvdeba, magram yvelaze meti cnoba XVI-XVII saukuneebissefianTa da XIX saukunis yajarTa epoqebis sparsulliteraturasa da istoriul dokumentebSia dafiqsirebuli.yvelaze meti qarTuli elementi dafiqsirebulia iseTixasiaTis ZeglebSi, rogorebicaa: istoriografiuliTxzulebebi, mogzaurobaTa dRiurebi da memuarebi,leqsikonebi, sparsuli literaturis Sirvanis skolispoeturi nawarmoebebi da sxva.sparsul literaturul ZeglebSi dafiqsirebuli qarTuli

elementis xasiaTi:1. zogadi informacia saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis Sesaxeb,qarTuli warmoSobis leqsika, romlebic gafantuliasxvadasxva leqsikonebsa da cnobarebSi, mag.: dehxodassparsuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonSi, an sparsuliliteraturis enciklopediaSi.2. iransa da saqarTvelos Soris arsebuli xangrZliviistoriul-kulturuli urTierTobebis da zegavlenisSedegad uamravi sparsuli sityva Semovida da damkvidrdaqarTuli enSi.3. mraval istoriografiul ZeglSi sxvadasxva istoriuliprocesebis konteqstSi mravali cnobaa daculi iranisistoriis Sesaxeb, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi exeba kavkasiisregions da saqarTvelos, gansakuTrebiT ki, qalaq Tbiliss.esaa pirdapiri an iribi istoriuli wyaroebi da sparsuliliteraturis sxvadasxva ZeglebSi daculi cnobebi

P 64 mahvaS vaheddusT, qarTuli elementi sparsul literaturaSi

4. sparsul wyaroebSi mravladaa dafiqsirebuli sxvadasxvaqarTuli geografiuli mxaris Tu qalaqis saxeli. qalaqTbiliss, rogorc kavkasiis udides politikur, kulturul dasamxedro centrs gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs daTmobili.magaliTad: faxrodin asad gorganis poema „vis o raminSi“saqarTvelo xSiradaa naxsenebi afxazeTis saxiT. aseve, nizamiganjelis SemoqmedebaSi xSiradaa naxsenebi saqarTvelo daqalaqi Tbilisi. uaRresad did interess iwvevs sefianTa dayajarTa periodebis mogzaurTa dRiurebi da memuarebi.5. sparsuli literaturis zogierT ZeglSi qristianulireligiis sxvadasxva rituali, rwmena-warmodgena da terminimravladaa dafiqsirebuli. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnosxayani Sirvanelis Semoqmedeba, romlis deda kavkasieliqristiani iyo.

sparsul wyaroebSi qarTuli elementis Sesvla sxvadasxvagziT moxda:1. saqarTvelodan iranSi, gansakuTrebiT sefianTa periodSigadasaxlebuli qarTvelebis meSveobiT, romlebic fereidanisada iranis sxva regionebSi Caasaxles.2. iraneli istorikosebis meSveobiT, romelTac TavianTTxzulebebSi mravali cnoba Semogvinaxes saqarTvelossxvadasxva kuTxis Sesaxeb.3. Tanamedrove iraneli mecnierebisa da mwerlebis meSveobiT,romlebmac gansakuTrebiT bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSisxvadasxva wigni, Tu statia uZRvnes saqarTvelos istoriis,qarTuli kulturisa da xelovnebis sxvadsaxva sakiTxebs.gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos XX saukunis gamoCeniliiraneli mecnieris said nafisis Rvawli, romelmac araerTigamokvleva uZRvna qarTul literaturas, saqarTvelos dairan-saqarTvelos istoriul-kulturuli urTierTobebissakiTxebs.4. iraneli mogzaurebis meSveobiT, romelTac ZiriTadadsefianTa da yajarTa epoqebSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSiimogzaures.5. sparsuli literaturis sxvadasxvas anTologiasa dapoetTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis aRmwer krebulSi asevemravladaa daculi saintereso cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.6. yajarTa periodis istoriuli xasiaTis korespondenciasuaRresad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, rogorc mniSvnelovaniinformaciis Semcvel istoriul wyaros.

65mahvaS vaheddusT, qarTuli elementi sparsul literaturaSi

Mahvash Vaheddoost /Iran, Urmieh University/

Manifestation of Georgian Elements in Persian LiteratureTexts

IntroductionGeorgia, considered part of the Caucasian lands, has several thousand

years of history and thus boasts a culture as rich. Some historians believethat Georgia was the original habitat of Aryans across the Caucasus.

Over the centuries, commercial exchanges between Georgia and itsneighboring countries, in particular Iran had prospered to a great degree.For instance, Georgian carpets and rugs and Tbilisi garments werepopular goods found in different regions of Iran. The close culturalrelationship between Georgia and Iran greatly contributed to thedevelopment of Georgian science and national civilization. Throughoutthe centuries, despite the ups and downs in the relationship between thetwo countries, common grounds have remained as strong as any othertime in history (Giunashvili, 2012: 55).

Georgia is among the countries that have been continuously exposedto the intellectual and cultural exchanges between the West and the Eastand has thus always been inspired by two rich sources of knowledge andculture. Although Georgians have been seeking novelty and welcoming itin the entirety of their history, they have always tried to adhere to theirethnic originality and adapt novel elements to deeply-rooted principlesand join them together; they have thus created a particularly Georgianlink between material and spiritual culture that boasts the characteristicsof a national culture. A unique cultural continuity can therefore beperceived in this country (ibid, 157).

In general, the 11th and 12th centuries AD (5th-6th centuries AH) were aperiod of extensive cultural-scientific exchanges between the Christianpopulation of Georgia and various Muslim nations who were livingtogether in Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, or its other cities, withoutreligious or racial prejudices and enriching their knowledge andcapacities in the different fields of science, art and culture. At this period,Georgian science, culture and art, and more specifically literature,adopted the elements, concepts and knowledge of the Islamic worldparticularly through classic Persian language and literature, and, throughtheir integration with its own indigenous elements, the country reached awhole new stage of development (Chulukhadze, 2008: 40).

Review


As mentioned earlier, apart from their historical common grounds,Iran and Georgia have boasted political, economic, social, literary andcultural relations since the Achaemenid period. As a result, deepemotional and cultural ties have developed between the nations of Iranand Georgia, and, through cultural interactions and under each other’sinfluence, Georgian and Iranian elements have grown roots in theirliterature side by side. This study is concerned with differentmanifestations of Georgian elements in Persian literature and sets out toexamine the subject matter by providing examples from relevant books.Manifestations of Georgian elements are most prominent in Persianliterature of the Safavid and Qajar periods, though these elements alsoexist in classic Persian literature. For instance, in his " سفرنامھ "(Safarnama)1, Naser Khosrow (1003-1088 AH), poet and writer of the 5th

century AH, mentions Georgian kings (Naser Khosrow Ghobadiyani,2007: 156 & 189). " المصدورنفثة " (Nafsat-al-Masdoor) also refers to thebeauty of Georgian women who were long known for their beauty andintelligence (Zeidari Nasavi, 2010: 169). Apart from writers andhistorians, Iranian poets have also long been using Georgian elements intheir poems; an instance would be their use of the terms “Georgian” and“Abkhazian” –only a few of which are referred to here. In his thirdvolume of "مثنوی" (Masnavi), Rumi mentions Georgian tribes residing inGeorgia who were symbols of power and heroism at the time:

ازشدمیھزیمتکھ)اژدھا(برجباالیخودکردمیھوادرگرجوروموی

,Rumi))22.:ق1299مولوی،(1881 AH: 22)

dar hava mikard khod balaye borje ezhdeha Ke hazimat mishodaz vey rumo gorj

Considering the historical and literary requirements, Georgianelements are most prominently manifested in Azerbaijani poetry. Poets ofthis particular style, including “Mojir-al-din Bilghani”, “Falaki Shirvani”,“Nezami Ganjavi”, “Khaqani Shirvani” and so forth, have frequentlyused Georgian elements including Georgian places and historical issuesas they were well acquainted with Georgian culture due to theirgeographic proximity to Georgia and Tbilisi. In addition, in the 12th C.AD (6th C. AH), Georgia had unique extensive relations with Ganja,Shirvan and Arran. “Davood IV” regained these regions from Seljukidoccupation and governed Shirvan and Darband and turned them into theprotégés of the Georgian empire. These efforts led to the expansion of

1 Travel Tale


political, economic and, more importantly, cultural relations amongCaucasian nations; Georgian kings and sovereigns of Darband andShirvan even formed kinship relations between themselves throughmarriage into one another’s family and thus developed their political andcultural ties. It is important to note that religious or racial differences didnot affect the cultural relations and exchanges between Caucasian nationsand there were close economic and cultural relations between Christiansof Georgia and the Muslim populations of Sirvan, Darband, Arran andGanja that had enriched the culture and arts of these nations. As protégésof the Georgian empire, Shirvanshahs (Kings of Shirvan) and their courtmen were frequently lodged in Georgia. According to the historicalGeorgian text تاجداران"ستایشو"تاریخ (Tarikh va Setayeshee Tajdaran),dating back to the early 13th C. AD (7th C. AH), which is the biography ofQueen Tamar of Georgia, the second Akhestan of Shirvanshah hadvisited Tbilisi multiple times and Nezami Ganjavi had also traveled twicewith the king’s court to Georgia (Chulukhadzeh, 2008: 37-38).

The entrance of Georgian elementsGeorgian elements have entered Persian language through several

different ways; for example, 1. through poets and writers, in particularIranian historians of the past, who have entered Georgian elementsincluding historical issues, Georgian places and descriptive accounts ofGeorgian people and cultures, into their writings due to historicalcommon grounds; 2. contemporary Iranian scientists, researchers andwriters, and 3. Iranian travelers and globetrotters.

Contemporary Iranian scientists have written various books about thecountry, people and history of Georgia. These books contain vastinformation on the culture and history of Georgia. For instance, SaeedNafisi, the cultural advisor of Iran in Georgia, is among the scholars whowrote prolifically about Iran-Georgia political and cultural relations.Other examples include تاریخ"مسیردر"گرجستان (Gorjestan dar Masir-eTarikh), written by Amir Ahmadiyan, or the various books and essayswritten by Ali Ojakeh, Saeed Moliyani and others. The books "تاریخچھ

"جبھمحمدداستانومحلھگرجیروستای (Tarikhche Roostaye Gorji Mahallehva Dastan-e Mohammad Jabbeh), written by Aliakbar Ojakeh tellsrewarding tales about the ancient village of “Gorji Mahalleh” and thestory of Mohammad Jabbeh. To summarize the book, Mohammad Jabbehwas a brave hero from “Gorji Mahalleh” village who rose against theoppression of the regime of the time and the tyranny of the tribal chiefsand the Russians residing in Iran.

1. Immigrant Georgians, in particular immigrants of the Safavidperiod: Georgians arriving in Iran from Georgia during the Safavid


period, especially during the reign of Shah Abbas I, settled in differentregions of Iran including the north (Ojakeh, 2010: 267). Trusting theirbravery and strength, the Safavid kings settled them in Isfahan nearthemselves and some of them managed to attract the trust of Safavidkings for their honesty and merit and soon Georgian leaders reached thehighest ranks of state and military authority in Iran. The most famous ofthese leaders was Allahverdikhan who became the generalissimo of Iranand held the highest rank of power after the king (Muliyani, 2000: 11).

2. Iranian globetrotters who traveled to Georgia: These globetrotterswho were mostly of the family of Qajar kings or else held social andpolitical positions during the Safavid and Qajar periods entered Georgianelements into Persian texts through their travel tales.

3. “Tazkirat”2 of the circumstances of the lives of poets andwriters: for instance, اختریتذکره" " (Tazkirat-e-Akhtar) and پیمانھ"تذکرۀ"(Tazkirat-e-Peymaneh) by Golchin Ma’ani and " دلگشاتذکرۀ " (Tazkirat-e-Delgosha). Some of these biographical accounts were written byGeorgian Iranians; instances would be Ahmad Beig, known by hispenname Akhtar, and his younger brother Bagher Beig, known by hispenname Neshati, had both written a number of biographical accounts. Inthe introduction to his “Tazkirat”, Fazelkhan Garousi writes, “somepeople wrote biographies before him but were not successful; twoGeorgian Iranians once lived by the names of Ahmad Beig, known by hispenname Akhtar, and Bagher Beig, his younger brother, known by hispenname Neshati, who wrote a “Tazkirat” titled " آراانجمن " (Anjomanara).In fact, " خاقانانجمنتذکره " (Tazkirat-e-Anjoman-e-Khaghan) is based on" اخترتذکره " (Tazkirat-e-Akhtar) only with certain additions.” (Garousi,1997: 14-16)

4. Georgian Iranian survivors of Georgian immigrants in Iran, mostof whom married Iranians and were also born in Iran and can thus becalled Georgian Iranians: a number of prominent poets and writersemerged from these populations and are now part of the cultural heritageof Iran. For instance, Akhtar Gorji, Eshtehay Gorji, Berahman Gorji,Khosrow Gorji, Doostagh Gorji, Zanbil Gorjestani, Kami Gorjestani,Kokabi Gorji and Keikhosrow Gorji.

A number of Georgian elements reflected in Persian literature include,1. General information on Georgians and Georgia; 2. Georgian language;3. Historical referes; 4. Georgian places; and 5. Religious beliefs.

1. General information on Georgians and Georgia: Generalinformation denotes any information gathered on Georgian terms, the

2 Biographical account of the life of a poet.


country Georgia, or any other information about this land and its people.This information is primarily found in encyclopedias, in particular thoseabout the variations of Persian language such as “the Encyclopedia ofPersian Literature”. The entry in " دھخدانامھلغت " (Dehkhoda Dictionary)about the term “Georgia” and the 5th volume of “the Encyclopedia ofPersian Literature” both provide broad information on poets and writersand the status of Persian literature and poetry throughout the Caucasusand Georgia (Anousheh, 2001, Vol. 5). In " نامھسیاست " (Siyāsatnāma),Khajeh Nezam-al-Molk Toosi (1017-1092 AD), the resourceful ministerof Seljuqids during the 5th C. AH, describes Georgian horsemen as braveand courageous (Khajeh Nezam-al-Molk, 1969: 165). Apart from"اسکندرنامھ" (Iskandarnama)3, Nezami Ganjavi also refers to severalGeorgian elements in his other work " مجنونولیلی " (Leyli-o-Majnun); forexample, he describes Georgians as:

.4بریدهسرطّرۀچو)روس(روزشدبرکشیده،طّرهگرجیزین(Nezami Ganjavi, 1965: 379, 3523-3524)

zin gorji torreh barkeshide shod ruz cho torreye sar boride“Mohammadtaghi Sepehr” refers to Georgian women who were

odalisques for the Arabs [Imam of Muscat] (Lesan-al-Molk Sepehr, 1998:1232) and tells of the hospitality of the people of Tbilisi and Georgia intheir welcoming the ambassador of Iran in the 3rd volume of his “Historyof Qajar” (ibid: 1270).

2. Georgian language: With regard to the social, cultural andpolitical interactions and exchanges between Iran and Georgia and theirhistorical common grounds, not only did Persian language influenceGeorgian language, but some Georgian words also entered Persianlanguage. Most of the loan words were imported by poets of Azerbaijanistyle who were born in the Caucasus and also through the friendlyrelations between Shirvan, Ganja, Arran, Darband and Georgia; theseIranian Persian-speaking poets of Azerbaijani style were familiar with thelanguage and culture of the people of Georgia and have used Georgianterms in their poems in the most natural way– a point that requiresbroader investigations. Among the Azerbaijani style poets (adhering toAzerbaijani style of writing), Khaghani Shirvani uses elements ofGeorgian language most frequently than anyone else in his ode "ترسائیھ"(Tarsaeiyeh):

ملجاوجابُقراطیانمدرِ ُمخراندیروناَجرَمکیومن

3 The Book of Alexander.

4 . This night, which resembles the black curly hair of the Gorjis, has made theRussian’s day as dark as hair.


چوخاپوشیدهومولوزنشدهغاریسوراخدربینندمراman o najarmaki o deire mokhran dare boqratianam ja vo malja

mara binand dar surakhe ghari shode moluzan o pushide chukha(Khaghani, 2004: 25).

Khaghani was familiar with Georgian language and used Georgianterms in his quatrains and other poems:

گوییگرجیوگشتمنشینابخازروییرومیمویصلیبعشقازموییھرزبانوزبانممویشدموییموییبگفتمشکھبساز

az eshqe salibe muye rumi ruyi abkhaz neshin gashtam o gorjigui

az bas ke begoftamash mu-yi mu-yi shod muye zabanam vazaban har muyi

(Khaghani, 2003: 742)صنمتخوانمچگونھالقدسروحدمتاستعیسیھمدمصنماگرجی

غمتزمویممویکھموییموییستمتبردمکھبسزشدممویچونھمان(

:708(gorji sanama hamdam-e isast damat ruholqodos chegune khanam

sanamatchon mui shodam ze bas ke bordam setamat mui mui ke mui

muyam ze qamat(ibid: 708)

Immigrant Georgians in the Safavid era greatly contributed to theimporting of Georgian terms into Persian language, which is quite evidentin regions where Georgians were residing. Immigrant Georgiansdispersed through the provinces of Mazandaran, Gilan, Khorasan,Isfahan, Fars, etc. and integrated with Iranian peoples. This assimilationgradually faded Georgian originality and language and only Georgiansliving in “Faridan” managed to maintain the Georgian language (Ojakeh,2010: 267):

One of the characteristics of Georgians that was influenced by theirliving environment after they immigrated to Iran was their language. Forinstance, Georgians of Mazandaran spoke Georgian at the beginning, butwithin several centuries of their migration to these lands, their originallanguage was lost. Nowadays, Georgian terms and expressions are oftenspoken by old men and women in their colloquial language on rareoccasions though their origin is not clear for the educated youngergeneration of this village. (Ojakeh, 2003: 21)

3. Historical referes: The historical element of texts about thehistorical events of Iran denotes the referes made in these texts tohistorical issues related to the Caucasus and Georgia. These referes eitherare directly and formally related to historical issues or else are reflected


indirectly and literally by the works of past Iranian poets and writers.Numerous historical books have referred in different ways to Georgia andits cities, in particular Tbilisi, which are pertinent to the historical eventsof Iran.

A. Historical books: Historical books written during the Safavid eraincluded extensive accounts of information about the historical issuespertaining to Georgia; an instance would be " عباسیآرایعالم " (Alam ArAyAbbAsi) by Eskandar Beig Monshi, a famous historian of the Safavid eraand a secretary of Shah Abbas’ court who was also familiar with the courtof Shah Tahmasb and other Safavid kings. " عباسیآرایعالم " (Alam ArAyAbbAsi) involves significant historical information about the relationsbetween Iran and Georgia and frequently makes historical referes to it.For instance, in the first volume of this book alone, the terms Georg,Georgian and Georgia are repeated at least twenty seven times (EskandarBeig Monshi, 1998: 19, 74, 79, 115, 118, etc.), the term “Tbilisi” isrepeated at least five times (ibid: 109, 119, 124, 226 & 528), and the term“Tfilisi” repeated seven times in place of “Tbilisi” (ibid: 138, 139, 142,145, 147, 224, 316) and the events of the Tfilisi Fortress are talked offour times (ibid: 361, 388, 407 & 416). Similarly, in other volumes of" عباسیآرایعالم " (Alam Aray Abbasi), historical accounts of Georgia areabundant. " برینخلدتاریخ " (Khold-e Barin) or " صفویھروزگاردرایران " (IranDar Roozgar-e Safavieh) by Mirza Mohammad Yousof Valeh Isfahani,the minister of Shah Abbas and Shah Ismail, is a book about Iran thatmakes several referes to Georgia and Tbilisi; for instance, it refers tohistorical issues related to Georgia at least twenty three times (1, 94, 96,261, 263, 270, etc.) while referring also to Tbilisi three times (356, 409,& 624) and once to the thwarted invasion of Homayoon Khan Gorji toIran (Valeh Isfahani, 1993: 356). " التواریخناسخ " (Nasikh-al-Tawarikh)tells of the attack of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar against Tbilisi(Sepehr, 1998: 76). In the chapter " آذربایحانبھقاجارشاهفتحعلیحرکت "(Fathali Shah Qajar’s move to Azerbaijan), Sepehr also points out to theattack of the Russians against Qarabaq with the intention of occupying it(ibid, 185-186) and then refers to “the conquest of Tbilisi and its suburbsunder the command of Agha Mohammad Shah” (ibid, 76). In Mera’t-al-Baladan, Etemad-al-saltaneh writes about Shah Abbas’ invasion ofGeorgia, “Tahmoures Khan Gorji gathered his people from Georgia andentered Tiflis without warning and attacked against Mohammad KhanZiadoghli Qajar who had come to Tiflis with his fifteen thousandsoldiers, and so forth” (Etemad-o-saltaneh, 1988: 798).

B. Historical letters: Historical letters of the Qajar era are amongthe Persian texts that have historical referes. For instance, Amberger's


Letter (the Consul General of Russia in Iran) to Ghaem Magham (GhaemMagham, 1980: 206) and Mirza Fathali Akhondzadeh’s letter to thesecretary of Mellat-e Sunni-e-Iran newspaper (Akhondzadeh, 1994: 32-33).

C. Poetry: Sometimes poems, too, contain historical allusions. Aspreviously mentioned, two instances are the poets Nezami Ganjavi andKhaghani Shirvani who made historical referes to the Russians’ invasionof Iran. For example, in his "اسکندرنامھ" (Iskandarnama), Nezami Ganjaviprovides a description of the Russian invasion of the Caucasian cityBardae. According to Dr. Zarrinkoub, Nezami might have adopted theterms Noushabeh and Barda from sources written in middle Georgian orArmenian (Zarrinkoub, 1993: 185). In "شرفنامھ" (Sharafnama), a chapterof "اسکندرنامھ" (Iskandarnama), Nezami points to Alexander’s camisade toAbkhazia and his battle with the army commander of Abkhaz (NezamiGanjavi, 2004: 270); further on in the poem he writes:

پذیرعمارتشداوازتفلیسکھپیردھقانپورباگفتچنینchonin goft ba pur dehqane pir ke tiflis azu shod emarat pazir

(ibid)In fact, the element of historical referes is quite evident in these lines.

The poet’s allusion is when Alexander bids farewell to the ChineseKhagan and faces toward Transoxiana, builds Samarkand during the tripand ponders on the thought of returning to Rome while all of a sudden,Dowali, the ruler and local hero of Abkhazia, informs him about theRussians’ invasion of Bardae and how they have torn it down andcaptured Noushabeh, the queen of Bardae of whom Alexander had grownfond of during his earlier trip there (ibid). The news left Alexanderrestless as he determined to go and defeat the Russians and release Bardaand Noushabeh. He thus moved toward Cumania where an arduous battletook place between Alexander and Ghantal, commander of the Russianarmy (Nezami Ganjavi, Vol. 2, 2011: 1117-1147).

In his odes, Khaghani also makes referes to the historical eventsaround the Caucasus, in particular the Russian invasion of the region(Khaghani, Vol. 1, 1994: 48 & 532). In his ode “Tarsaeiyeh”(Christianity), Khaghani mentions Boqratiyans of Georgia who ruled thatcountry (Khaghani, 2004: 25).

4. Georgian places: This element involves any referes to Georgiancities, in particular Tbilisi or the territory of Georgia. In his epic poem" رامینوویس " (Vis and Ramin), Fakhreddin As’ad Gurgani refers toAbkhazia (Georgia or Western Georgia) when he writes, “Ramin’s goingto Gourab and glancing upon the flower and falling in love with it”(Fakhreddin As’ad Gurgani, 1970: 326).


Nezami Ganjavi traveled to Georgia twice accompanied by the secondAkhestan of Shirvanshah; in one of these trips, he attended a poetry circlewhere famous Georgian and Shirvanian poets cited poetry to each other.According to researchers in the field of cultural relations betweenCaucasian nations, Nezami Ganjavi used the book the Biography ofGeorgian Kings by Leonti MroveliI, the well-known Georgian historianof the second half of the 11th C. AD (late 5th C. AH), when composing his"اسکندرنامھ" (Iskandarnama) epic poem. In Nezami’s works, Abkhazia5

was located in the geographical areas of Azarabadegan, Arman, Bardae,Iraq and Yemen (Nezami Ganjavi, 1974: 20).

Georgian places are manifested in Khaghani’s poems more than in anyother poet’s works. Aside from traveling to Tbilisi with Shirvanshah, hehad an affinity for this land as it was said that he had a Georgian wife orlover and traveled back and forth to Abkhazia and Tbilisi. He also had aChristian mother and was therefore quite familiar with the culture,religion and language of Georgia (Ojakeh, 2010: 266). In his works,Khaghani frequently mentions Georgia, Tbilisi, and the residences of theGeorgian kings (Khaghani, 2003: 759; 2004: 712)

Among contemporary poets of Iran, Nima Yooshij, whosegrandmother was arguably Georgian (Tahbaz, 1996), the Founder ofmodern Persian poetry, uses the word Georgian in his poem " ودارپی"چوپان (Pey-e Daar-o-Choopan) (Nima Yooshij, 1996: 389).

In addition to Persian poetry and prose of the past, texts written in theQajar era also frequently refer to Georgian places; books of Qajar historymake referes to Georgia or Tbilisi in their accounts of the history of Iran.As mentioned earlier, one example is " التواریخناسخ " (Nasikh-al-Tawarikh)or " قاجاریھتاریخ " (the Qajar History) by Mohammad Taghi Ibn-e (Molla)Mohammad Ali Kashani who not only refers to the events of Iran in theirrelation to Georgia but also mentions Georgian servants and odalisques.In this book, he makes at least twenty-five referes to Georgia (Sepehr,1998: 52, 76, 128, 151, 158, 162, etc.), three to Georgians (ibid: 77, 198,& 527) and at least thirty six to Tbilisi (ibid: 858, 907, 1142, 1143, 1197,1264, etc.).

Mentioning Tbilisi and Georgia in travel tales of the Qajar era:Travel tales are the most significant texts describing cities of Georgia,Tbilisi in particular. For instance, Mirza Saleh Shirazi stopped by inTbilisi in 1815 after “departing from Tabriz for traveling to Petersburgand visiting England” and provides a rather detailed description of Tbilisi

5 Abkhazia refers to the entire Georgia or the Western Georgia (Giona Shoveili,2012: 129)


but makes no referes whatsoever to the conditions of drama in Tbilisi(Malekpour, 1984: 69-75; Mirza Saleh Shirazi, 1968: 316). In his traveltale, Naser-al-din Shah mentions that he had also traveled to Poti port andTbilisi (Naser-al-din Shah, 1983: 2 & 3). Mozaffar-al-din Shah alsowrites about Tbilisi and the Caucasian lands in his travel tale (Mozaffar-al-din Shah, 1984: 42 & 56-57). In “Farsnameh-y-e Naseri”, HosseiniFasayi also mentions Tbilisi (Hosseini Fasayi, 1988: 860-863). In histravel tale, Farhad Mirza describes Tbilisi, Poti port and Batumi port(Farhad Mirza, 1987: 316-317). Soltan Mohammad Mirza Seif-al-dawleh,the 44th son of Fath Ali Shah Qajar, born in 1812 from a Georgian womannamed Taj-al-dawleh (Seif-al-dawleh, 1985: 5-8) discusses Georgia andTbilisi in his travel tale (Seif-al-dawleh, 1985: in “First Journey”). AfsharOrumi also describes Tbilisi in his travel tale (Afshar Orumi, 2007: 67).

Referes made to Tbilisi in texts of the constitutional era imply that thiscity was considered the center of drama and theater, and Iranianplaywrights learnt the art of playwriting and theater from that region;moreover, some Iranian playwrights were living in Tbilisi during theconstitutional revolution. Tbilisi was also known as the center ofcivilization; in fact, Fath Ali Akhondzadeh, the most prominent writer,critic, and playwright of the Iranian constitution who played an importantrole in the victory of the constitutional movement lived and was buried inTbilisi. “Tbilisi was the city of commanders and the capital of Caucasusand dominated over other Georgian cities in terms of culture andliterature. At the time, Tbilisi became the hub of literary, social, andpolitical activities due to the exile of numerous dissidents to that city. Theatmosphere of Tbilisi had a great influence on the writer’s intellectualevolution. Akhondzadeh was assigned the teacher of Persian and Azerilanguages at the local Caucasian school in Tbilisi from December 1836 toSeptember 1840. Akhondzadeh became acquainted with scientists, poetsand government officials of the city and highly valued their friendships.He learnt Russian in a short time and familiarized himself with classicRussian and European works by the help of this newly-learnt language.”Akhondzadeh developed a heart disease in late 1877 and died of a heartattack on March 12th, 1878. He was buried next to Mirza Shafi Vazeh’stomb in Tbilisi’s cemetery as per own request in his will (Akhondzadeh,1994, 1-24; Malekpour, 1984: 129-130).

The first historical encounter between Iranians the Western dramatakes place during Agha Mohammad Khan’s invasion of Georgia andTbilisi. In his invasion of Georgia and after many killings anddestructions, Agha Mohammad Khan commands his army to kill a greatnumber of theater actors in Tbilisi. Tbilisi drama, which boasted aWestern-inspired culture and drama at the time, almost disintegrated after


this massacre (Malekpour, Vol. 1, 1984: 54-106). Akhondzadeh in facthad no knowledge about drama and theater until his trip to Tbilisi in1834. His first encounter with drama was in the fifth decade of the 19th

century. At this epoch, concerts were held in the salons of wealthyGeorgian princes and short pieces of the works of Russian and Georgianwriters would go on display. A large theater was later founded in Tbilisiand the plays of Moliere and Griboyedov went on stage there.Akhondzadeh went to these plays and familiarized himself with the mostimportant Russian plays such as the ones by Gogol Ostrovsky and wasthus inspired by Shakespeare and Moliere. In the introduction to hisParables, Akhondzadeh writes, “the noble science of edification hasnever been written in Persian in the form of comedy or drama that is theethereality of words, and our fellow countrymen are deprived of this gift.If God wills, such prose will be written by this humble in Persian so thatit shall persist over time. As the grand monarch, honorable empress,Ashraf Amjad, قنیازواررنصوف(؟) , ruler of the Caucasus, built an edificefor a theater in Tbilisi in 1887 and supported anyone who possessed thetheory and practice of drama for staging their gifts, therefore I, too, havecomposed six parables and one story in Turkish and presented them all inone book in order to make Muslims familiar with this alien matter”(Akhondzadeh, 1977: 21-29 & 3-5; Malekpour, 1984: 171-177). Asmentioned earlier, Tbilisi was considered the land of Iranian democratsduring the Iranian constitutional revolution. In the introduction to thebook Masalek-al-Mohsenin, Talbof mentions his move to Tbilisi forpursuing his political activities (Talbof, 1977: 5-7). Mirza JalilGholizadeh, son of Mohammad Gholi, another satirist of theconstitutional era and founder of Molla Nasraddin newspaper, entered theteachers’ school of Gori (Georgia) at the age of 14 or 15 and, upongraduation in 1904, went to Tbilisi and began writing for Shargh-e-Russnewspaper with the editorship of Mohammad Agha Shah Takhti(Aryanpour, 1978: 40-46). He published Molla Nasraddin newspaper inTbilisi (Aryanpour vol. 2, 1978: 40).

5. Religious beliefs: Khaghani’s odes, sonnets and quatrains arefilled with Christian allusions as his mother and wife were Christians ofthe Caucasus. His poetry collection is laden with Christian expressionsand his ode, “Tarsaeiyeh”, is well known for its abundance of ChristianGeorgian expressions (Khaqani, 2004: 25).

ConclusionDeep emotional and cultural ties have developed between Iran and

Georgia over the ages, and, through cultural interactions and under eachother’s influence, Georgian and Iranian elements have grown roots in


their literature side by side. Georgian elements most frequently reflectedin Persian literature are: 1. General information on Georgians andGeorgia; 2. Georgian language; 3. Historical refers; 4. Georgian places;and 5. Religious beliefs.

Georgian elements have entered Persian language through severaldifferent ways; for example, 1. Through poets and writers, in particularIranian historians of the past, who have entered Georgian elementsincluding historical issues, Georgian places and descriptive accounts ofGeorgian people and cultures, into their writings due to historicalcommon grounds; 2. Contemporary Iranian scientists, researchers andwriters; and 3. Iranian travelers and globetrotters. Persian literature textsthat are most abundant with Georgian elements include historicalaccounts, travel tales, encyclopedias and Azerbaijani style poetry, inparticular the poems of Nezami Ganjavi and Khaghani Shirvani.

References- Akhondzadeh, M.F. (1994). Persian essays. Compiled by HamidMohammadzadeh, Tehran, Negah Publications, 1st ed.- Akhondzadeh, M.F. (1977). Parables. Translated byMohammadjafar Gharachedaghi, Tehran, Kharazmi Publications, 3rd ed.- Ojakeh, A.A. (2003). History of Gorji Mahalleh village and thestory of Mohammad Jabbeh, Sari, Mohr-e Sajaddeh Publications.- Ojakeh, A.A. (winter, 2010). Survey and Analysis of theProgressive Course of Georgian Culture in Persian literature. SpecializedQuarterly of Persian literature, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad,28(7).- Anousheh, H. (2001). Encyclopedia of Persian Literature.Tehran, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.- Monshi, E.B. (1998). History of Alam Aray Abbasi. Vol. 3, M.E. Rezvani (Ed.). Tehran, Donyay-e Ketab Publications.- Afshar Orumi, A. (2007). Travel tale of Mecca. R. Jafarian (Ed.),Elm Publications.- Amir Ahmadiyan, B. (2004). Georgia throughout the history.Tehran, Shirazeh Publications.- Survey and Analysis of the Progressive Course of GeorgianCulture in Persian literature: Ali Akbar Ojakeh. Specialized Quarterly ofPersian literature, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, 28, winter 2010,PP. 266-280.- Chulukhadze, A. (2008). The Etymology and Semantics ofIranian Loan Words in the Epic “The Man in the Panthers Skin”, PhDThesis, Ali Mohammad Haghshenas (Advis.). Tehran University, Facultyof Humanities and Literature.


- Hosseini Fasayi, M.H. (1988). Farsnamey-e Naseri. Compiled byDr. Mansour Rastegar Fasayi. Tehran, Sepehr Printing Office, 1st ed.- Khaqani, A. (1994). Khaghani Poetry Collection. Z. Sajadi (Ed.).Tehran, Zavvar Publication.- Khaqani, A. (2003). Khaghani Poetry Collection. Z. Sajadi (Ed.).Tehran, Zavvar Publication, 7th ed.- Khajeh Nezam-al-Molk Toosi, A.H. (2010). Siyāsatnāma; TheBook of Government or Rules for Kings. Tehran, Amirkabir Publications.- Zarrinkoub, A. (1993). The preceptor of Ganja in search ofUtopia. Tehran, Sokhan Publications.- Zeidari Nasavi, Sh. M. (2010). Nafsat-al-Masdoor. Translated byAmirhossein Yazdgerdi. Tehran, Toos Publications, 3rd ed.- Seif-al-dawleh, S.M. (1985). Travel tale of Mecca. A. A.Khodaparast (Ed.). Ney Publications, Meraj Printing Office, 1st ed.- Sepehr, M. T. (1998). Nasikh-al-Tawarikh. Vol. 1 & 2 (QajarPeriod). Compiled by Jamshid Kianfar. Tehran, Asatir Publications, 1st

ed.- Saleh Shirazi, M. (1968). The Travel tale of Mirza Saleh Shirazi.Compiled by Esmaeel Raein. Tehran, Rozan Publications.- Talbof, A.T. (1977). Masalek-al-Mohsenin. Introduction andnotes by Bagher Momeni. Shabgir Publications, 2nd ed.- Gurgani, F.A. (1970). Vis and Ramin epic poem. M. Todoa & A.Gvakharia (Eds.). Tehran, Iranian Culture Foundation Publications.- Motamed-al-dawleh, F.M. (1987). The Travel tale of FarhadMirza. Compiled by Esmaeel Navabsafa. Zavvar Publications, 2nd ed.- Ghaem Magham Farahani, M.A. (1980). Sporadic letters ofGhaem Magham Farahani. Second chapter, Vol. 2. Compiled by JahangirGhaem Maghami. Iranian Culture Foundation Publications, 2nd ed.- Garousi, F. (1997). Khaghan’s Anjoman Tazkirat. Tehran,Rozaneh Publications. 1st ed.- Gorjiyan, a biographer of the Qajar era- Giunashvili, J. (2012). Works of Fifty Years (A selection ofwritings on Iranology and cultural-historical relations between Georgiaand Iran). Tbilisi, Tsereteli Institute of Oriental Studies, The associationfor scientific-cultural relations and cooperation between Georgia and IranPublications, 11.- Sepehr, M. T. (1998). Nasikh-al-Tawarikh. (History of Qajar).Vol. 3 in 2 titles. Compiled by Jamshid Kianfar. Tehran, AsatirPublications.- Mozaffar-al-din Shah Qajar. (1982). The Travel tale of Farang.Compiled by Ali Dehbashi. Ashena Publications, Tehran, 2nd ed.


- Malekpour, J. (1984 & 1986). Dramatic Literature in Iran. Vol. 1,Tehran, Toos Publications.- Rumi, J.M. (1881) Masnavi Manavi. by the order of MohammadRahim Ala-al-dawleh Amir Nezam & compiled by Mirza MohammadTahir Mostowfi Kashani. Tehran, Vesal books.- Muliyani, S. (2000). The status of Georgians in the history,culture and civilization of Iran. Isfahan, Yekta Publications.- Naser Khosrow Ghobadiyani, A. (2007). The Travel tale of NaserKhosrow. Compiled by Mohsen Khadem. Tehran, GhoghnoosPublications, 2nd Ed.- Naser-al-din Shah. (1983). The Traveltale of Naser-al-din Shahon the West. Tehran, Mash'al Publications, 1st ed.- Nezami Ganjavi, E.Y. (1965). Leyli-o Majnun. E. E. Berthels(Ed.). Compiled by Ajdar Ali Oghli, Ali Asgharzadeh & F. Babayov.Moscow, Danesh Publications.- Nezami Ganjavi, E.Y. (2011). The Works of Nezami Ganjavi. H.Vahid Dastgerdi (Ed.). Tehran, Negah Publications, 2nd ed.- Nezami Ganjavi, E.Y. (2004). Sharafnama. H. Vahid Dastgerdi(Ed.). Compiled by Saeed Hamidiyan. Tehran, Ghatreh Publications.- Nezami Ganjavi, E.Y. (1974). Khosrow & Shirin. Compiled byAbdolhamid Ayati. Tehran, Elmi va Farhangi Publications.- Yooshij, N. (Ali Esfandiyari). (1996). Complete Collection ofPoetry. Compiled by Siroos Tahbaz. Tehran, Negah Publications, 4th ed.- Valeh Isfahani, M.Y. (1993). Khold-e Barin (Iran during theSafavid era). Compiled by Mirhashem Mohaddes. Tehran, Bonyad-eMoghoufat-e Mahmood Afshar.

Roshd Encyclopedia. Nima’s Autobiography, The world is my home.Selected, duplicated and compiled by Siroos Tahbaz. Iranian National

Commission for UNESCO Publications, 1st ed., 1996.danesh.roshd.ir/mavara/mavara-

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qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY I II 79

iaSa Tandilava /Tbilisi, saqarTvelos sapatri-arqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobisqarTuli universiteti/

lazuris adgili qarTvelur enobrivsamyaroSi

qarTvelur enobriv sivrceSi lazur metyvelebasistoriuladac da Tanamedrove viTarebis mixedviTac erT-erTi gamorCeuli adgili ukavia. lazuri metyvelebaqarTveluri enobrivi sistemis nawilia. miuxedavad imisa, romlazebs saukuneebis manZilze sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv dakulturul velSi uxdebodaT cxovreba, maTi enobrivifsiqologia qarTvelurs ar gascilebia; lazurze, rogorcqarTveluri enobrivi sistemis nawilze, bolo xuTi saukunisganmavlobaSi moZalebulma Turqulenovanma enobrivmasamyaromac ver SeZlo gavlenis moxdena. garda imisa, romlazurma TavisTavadoba ar dakarga, man, ucxo enobriv-kulturul sivrceSi mSobliurisgan izolaciaSimoxvedrilma, araerTi arqauli qarTuli elementi SeinarCuna.es ki qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis istoriaze momuSaveqarTvelologebs saSualebas aZlevs, sistemaSi momxdaricvlilebebi saTanadod gaaanalizon. amasTan, ver vityviT, rom

es SesaZlebloba - lazuris monacemTa CarTva qarTvelurienobrivi sistemis kvlevaSi - dRemde sruladaa gamoyenebuli.SesaZloa esec iyos mizezi imisa, rom qarTvelologTa nawililazurs calke enad miiCnevs. magaliTad, iseTi kvalificiurimkvlevari, rogoric g. kartozia iyo, lazurs damoukidebelenad Tvlida. bolo xanebSi gamoqveynebuli misi sainteresonaSromi asea dasaTaurebuli: „lazuri ena da misi adgiliqarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi“ (g. kartozia, 2005); TumcanaSromis mixedviT ar Cans, sistemis TvalsazrisiT raganasxvavebs lazurs Tundac megruli metyvelebisagan.qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis kvlevas TiTqmis

orsaukunovani istoria aqvs. qarTvel da ucxoelqarTvelologebs am kuTxiT uzarmazari samuSao aqvT

80 iaSa Tandilava, lazuris adgili qarTvelur enobriv samyaroSi

Catarebuli. erT-erT mTavar problemad Tavidanve gamoikveTaqarTvelur qvesistemaTa kvalifikaciis sakiTxi; kerZod:gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom saerToqarTvelur enas jer gamoeyosvanuri da qarTul-zanuri, Semdeg ki qarTul-zanurigancalkevda qarTul da zanur enebad (g. deetersi). momdevnoetapad varaudoben zanuris daSlas lazur da megrul enebad(g. maWavariani, T. gamyreliZe, t. gudava, g. kartozia...)arn. Ciqobavas TvalsazrisiT, saerTo qarTvelurs jer

gamoeyo zanur-svanuri da qarTuli, Semdeg ki zanur-svanuridaiSala zanur (megrul-Wanur) da svanur enebad. aq arsebiTiaori faqtori: erTi mxriv, SeniSnulia zanurisa da svanurismeti siaxlove, meore mxriv, megruli da Wanuri (lazuri) erTenobriv erTianobad aris warmodgenili, rac, arn. Ciqobavas dasxva mkvlevarTa naSromebis garda, lazuris zmnur Zir-fuZeTaCveneuli analiziTac mtkicdeba.t. futkaraZis azriT (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis vrclad ix.:

futkaraZe 2000; futkaraZe 2005; gvancelaZe 2006),qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro moicavs erT istoriul enasa daramdenime qarTvelur dialeqtur jgufs; kerZod: qarTvelTasamwignobaro ena - sasuliero mwerlobis ena (e.w. ZveliqarTuli ena) efuZneba saerToqarTvelur enobriv koines;qarTuli samwignobro enis Tanamedrove varianti daqarTveluri dialeqturi metyvelebani (lazur-megruli,svanuri, mesxuri, qarTl-kaxuri, raWuli, heruli, fxouri...)uSualo gagrZelebaa saerTo qarTvelurisa da istoriulisamwignobro enisa; Sesabamisad, nakleb sarwmunoa mosazreba,rom qarTuli saliteraturo ena efuZneba qarTlurs, kaxurs,an sxva romelime erT qarTvelur kilos.odiTganve qarTul saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi mcxovrebi da

qveynis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi rolis SemsrulebelierT-erTi ZiriTadi qarTveluri tomis - lazebis (igiveWanebis) mimarT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamovlenilmanaklebma interesma, samwuxarod, arsebiTi zegavlena moaxdinamaTi garkveuli nawilis qarTvelTagan erovnul gaucxoebaze.es ufro exeba saqarTvelos sazRvrebs miRma darCenilistoriul teritoriebs, magram saqarTvelos respublikisfarglebSi darCenili lazTa (WanTa) mcire nawilzec sabWoTa

iaSa Tandilava, lazuris adgili qarTvelur enobriv samyaroSi 81

periodSi garkveuli uaryofiTi zegavlena xdeboda, kerZod,sabWoTa periodSi erTaderT kompaqturad dasaxlebul sofelsarfSi mcxovrebTa erTi jgufi (axalgazrdebi) specialuradgagzavnil iqna q. leningradis „nacionalur umciresobaTa“saswavlebelSi, e.w. muSfakSi, TiTqos lazebi saqarTveloSiiyvnen "erovnuli umciresobani". miuxedavad imisa, romsaqarTvelos Zveli da Sua saukuneebis istoriis Seswavlisdros mecnierebi xazgasmiT warmoaCendnen lazebisgansakuTrebul wvlils qarTuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisada aRmSeneblobis saqmeSi, XV-XVI sakukuneebSi osmaleTismier lazeTis mitacebis Semdgomdroindeli istoria, yofa dakultura CvenSi Zalze sustad da zedapiruladaa Seswavlili.saqarTvelom 1877-78 wlebis omis Sedegad miRebuli

qarTuli (/lazuri) teritoriebis is mcire nawilic dakarga,romelic sabWoTa wyobilebis mier 1921 wlis 16 marts sabWoTaruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris moskovSi oficialuradgaformebuli yarsis xelSekrulebis mixedviT SemoierTa. amisSemdeg daiwyo asimilirebis mZime procesebi. Zvel qarTvelur(lazur) toponimikas ucvlidnen saxels, lazebiT dasaxlebulteritoriebze SemohyavdaT araqarTveluri (aralazuri)eTnikuri jgufebi, ikrZaleboda lazuri laparaki,maxinjdeboda istoriuli faqtebi, ris Sedegadac miviReTlazebis garkveuli nawilis erovnuli gaucxoeba da mSobliuristoriul fesvebisgan daSoreba. samwuxarod, saerToqarTuli sivrcisgan lazTa daSorebis tendencia dResacstimulirdeba.rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, lazuri (Wanuri) da megruli

metyvelebebi samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaakvalificirebuli:zogi mkvlevari (n. mari, i. yifSiZe, S. beriZe, g. kartozia...)

maT damoukidebel enebad miiCnevs, zogic (arn. Ciqobava, v.Tofuria, a. kiziria, g. klimovi, b. jorbenaZe...) lazursa damegruls zanuri enis kiloebad ganixilavs. mkvlevarTa nawilis(t. futkaraZe, m. tabiZe, T. gvancelaZe, r. Serozia, a. lomTaZe,e. dadiani...) azriT ki arsebobs qarTvelTa erTi deda ena,romlis standartuli saxesxvaobebia mravalsaukunovaniqarTuli samwignobro ena da mravalricxovani zepiri


qarTveluri dialeqtebi. warmodgenili TvalsazrisiagrZelebs Zveli qarTveli mematianeebis, mkvlevrebisa dasazogado moRvaweebis (p. Waraia, i. javaxiSvili, i. WavWavaZe, T.saxokia, a. wereTeli. i. gogebaSvili, l. lolua, s. xundaZe, T.Jordania, wm.ambrosi xelaia...) xedvas.vfiqrobT, logikuria tradiciuli Tvalsazrisi, romlis

Tanaxmadac arsebobs erTi ena - qarTuli ena da am enisdialeqtebia met-naklebad erTmaneTs daSorebuli: megruli,lazuri (Wanuri), svanuri Tu qarTluri, imeruli, aWaruli,TuSuri da mravali sxv., ramdenadac megrelebi, lazebi, svanebiqarTlelebTan, imerlebTan, aWarlebTan, TuSebTan... erTadarian qarTuli samwignobro kulturis Semqmnelni da erT ersqmnian; maTi saSinao sametyvelo kodebic erTi da imave enisnawilebia, saxesxvaobebia, teritoriuli/kuTxuri variantebia.faqtia:qarTuli saliteraturo enis (kulturis) Seqmna-

ganviTarebaSi Tavidanve saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis moRvaweniiRebdnen monawileoba, amitomac qarTuli saliteraturoenisa da qarTveluri dialeqtebis mimarTeba yvelasTvisnaTelia: mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze saqarTvelos yvelakuTxis mosaxleoba monawileobas iRebda qarTulisaliteraturo enis ganviTarebaSi da misi saSualebiTecnoboda sasuliero Tu saero qmnilebebs.Zveli droidanve qarTvelTa dialeqtebiT uwyvetad

mdidrdeboda saliteraturo ena; kerZod, megruli, mesxuri,qarTluri Tu imerxeuli Tvisobrivad erTnairad iyomasazrdoebeli xanmeti teqstebis, `vefxistyaosnis” Tupetriwis Sromebis enisTvis. Sesabamisad, Tanamedrovesaliteraturo ena ver CaiTvleba mxolod qarTl-kaxuriTsafuZveldebulad; am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa arn.Ciqobavas Tvalsazrisi: qarTuli samwignobro ena Seiqmnazanuri da svanuri dialeqtebis monawileobiT (Ciqobava 1948).Sdr., agreTve, n. maris mosazreba: qarTuli saliteraturo

enis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi monawileobas iRebdnen: qarTlelebi,imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, laz-Wanebi da sxvani. saRvTowerilis teqstSi Cven vpoulobT wminda Wanur anu megrul,imerxeul da sxva tomTa sityvebs. am realuris kulturul-

iaSa Tandilava, lazuris adgili qarTvelur enobriv samyaroSi 83

istoriulis SexedulebiT, qarTuli saliteraturo enaimdenaTve svanuria da megruli, imdenaTve gurulia daimeruli, ramdenaTac qarTluri. is aris RviZli samwerlo enayvela saqarTvelos tomisaTvis“ (n. mari, 1905).saqarTveloSi sabWoTa imperiis gabatonebamde megrul-

Wanur da svanur enobriv erTeulebs kiloebad acxadebdnenqarTvelTa wina Taobebic da mecnierebic.miuxedavad imisa, rom lazebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

ucxoenobriv garemoSi uxdeboda cxovreba, maTi metyveleba(msgavsad megrulisa) arsebiTad saerToqarTvelur xazsmihyveba; lazuris fonematuri, morfologiuri Tusintaqsuri struqturebi umTavresad qarTulisaliteraturo enisa da qarTuli dialeqtebis msgavsia. amasadasturebs lazurSi arsebuli saerToqarTveluri zmnuriZir-fuZeeebi, aseve mawarmoebeli afiqsebi (pirisa da ricxvisniSnebi, Tematuri sufiqsebi, xmovani prefiqsebi, mwkrivisniSnebi...).


gvancelaZe 2006 - gvancelaZe T., enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxiqarTvelologiaSi, Tbilisi, 2006;kartozia 2000 - kartozia g., svanurisa da zanurisurTierTmimarTebis istoriisaTvis; s. s. orbelianis sax.Tbilisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis qarTulienis kaTedris Sromebi, Tbilisi, 2000,№5;futkaraZe 2000 - futkaraZe, t., saerToerovnulisaliteraturo enisa da „saSinao“ sametyvelo kodebismimarTebis sakiTxi qarTuli saliteraturo enisa daqarTveluri dialeqtebis mixedviT (sametyvelo kodebisierarqiisaTvis), XX respublikuri dialeqtologiurisamecniero sesiis masalebi, zugdidi, 2000, 20-21 oqtomberi,"qarTuli ena";futkaraZe 2005 - futkaraZe t., qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi,2005;futkaraZe, 2014 - futkaraZe t., qarTvelologiis Sesavali,Tbilisi, 2014;Ciqobava 1938 - Ciqobava arn., Wanur-megrul-qarTuliSedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1938;


Ciqobava 1939 - Ciqobava arn., prof. ioseb yifSiZe da Wanurismecnieruli Seswavla, i. yifSiZe, Wanuri teqstebi,Tbilisi,1939;Ciqobava 1942a - Ciqobava arn., saxelTa brunebis istoriidanqarTulSi, Tsu Sromebi, 1942,t. XXIII;Ciqobava 1944 - Ciqobava arn., Wanuri myofadis warmoebisaTvis,saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 1944, t. V, #1;Ciqobava 1952 - Ciqobava arn., enaTmecnierebis Sesavali,Tbilisi,1952;Cuxua 2003 - Cuxua m., qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTileqsikoni, Tbilisi, 2000-2003.

IashaTandilava /Tbilisi.Saint Andrew the First-Called GeorgianUniversity of the Patriarchate of Georgia/

Place of Laz in the Modern Linguistic World

Despite the fact that the Laz had to live in the foreign languageenvironment for centuries, their speech (like Megrelian) essentiallyfollows the common Kartvelian line; Phonemic, morphological andsyntactic structures are mostly similar to the Georgian literary languageand dialects. This is confirmed by common Kartvelian verbal roots thatappear in Laz and also derivational affixes (markers of person andnumber, thematic suffixes, vowel prefixes, screeve markers, etc.).


maia kikvaZe /baTumi, SoTa rusTavelis saxel-mwifo universiteti/

sirTuleebi qarTulis armcodneTaTvisergatiuli konstruqciis swavlebisas

anotaciaqarTulis armcodneTaTvis qvemdebaresa da Semas-menels

Soris sintaqsuri urTierTobis gagebaa yvelazemniSvnelovani. gansakuTrebiT sirTules qmnis ergatiulikonstruqciis swavleba.sxva enebSi gardamavali zmnis subieqti-qvemdebare saxe-

lobiTSi dgas yvela droSi, gansxvavebiT qarTulisagan, sadacqvemdebare brunvacvalebadia: saxelobiTi, moT-xrobiTi damicemiTi qvemdebaris brunvebia.sakvanZo sityvebi: pirianoba, gardamavloba, qvemdebare,

brunvebi, konstruqciebi.bilingvizmi sul ufro da ufro aqtiurad iWreba Cvens

cxovrebaSi. ”bilingvizmis cnebis farTo gansazRvraSiigulisxmeba urTierTobisTvis ori enis gamoyenebis unari. amTvalsazrisiT, bilingvizmi gvevlineba meore enis swavlebisSedegis saxiT...”(n. imedaZe, m. jafariZe, 2011:71);zmnis gardamavlobis Seswavla erT-erT rTul problemas

warmoadgens qarTulis armcodneTaTvis. misi gageba ki maTexmareba, Caswvdnen qarTuli enis erT sainteresoTaviseburebas-ergatiuli konstruqciis raobas;ergatiuli konstruqciis problema saTanado enaTa

gardamavali zmnis Taviseburebis problemaa.,,zmnasa da aqtantebs Soris garkveuli sintaqsuri kavSiria.

zmna marTavs saxels brunvaSi, xolo saxeli marTavs zmnaspirSi. amrigad, iqmneba morfo- sintaqsuri konstruqciebi,romlebic warmoadgens qarTuli enissafuZvels”(nikolaiSvili, 2011:95). zmnasTan Sewyobiliaqtantebi qmnian sintaqsur konstruqciebs.qarTuli ena struqturulad rTulia. amas naTlad

vgrZnobT, roca araqarTul auditoriasTan gvaqvs saqme.bilingvuri swavlebis dros warmatebis miRwevawarmoudgenelia ori enis (mSobliuri da meore enis)struqturuli da enobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebisgareSe. sakiTxs SedarebiT martivad vwyvetT, roca ori enismsgavs kategoriebze Tu enobriv movlenebze gviwevs saubari.sirTules ki vawydebiT maSin, roca araqarTvels misi enisgan

86 maia kikvaZe, sirTuleebi qarTulis armcodneTaTvis..

gansxvavebul wesebs vuxsniT, erT-erTi aseTi swored zmnissintaqsuri konstruqciebis Seswavlaa.qarTulis armcodneebTan Sexvedris pirvelive dRidan Cven

vcdilobT maT gavagebinoT mosalodneli sirTuleebi.veubnebiT, rom qarTulSi winadadeba faqtobrivad zmnazeaagebuli. ”zmnis sirTule ganapirobebs enis swavlebaSisirTules”(bepievi, 2011:42). zmnaze aranakleb rTuliaqarTulSi saxelebi, romlebiTac aqtantebia gadmocemuli.gasaTvaliswinebelia qarTuli gardamavali zmnis subieqtisbrunvis sakiTxi. im enebSi, romelTa mflobelebTanac Cvengviwevs urTierToba (Turquli, somxuri, azerbaijanuli,rusuli), gardamavali zmnis subieqti-qvemdebare saxelobiTSidgas yvela droSi, gansxvavebiT qarTulisagan, sadacqvemdebare brunvacvalebadia: saxelobiTi, moTxrobiTi damicemiTi qvemdebaris brunvebia.winadadeba aris saxelisa da zmnis urTierTobaze agebuli

Sesityveba. es ori metyvelebis nawili umTavresia winadadebisagebisaTvis,ucxoelebTan qarTulis swavlebisas qvemdebaresa da

Semasmenels Soris sintaqsuri urTierTobis gagebaa yvelazemniSvnelovani. Cvens winadadebaSi Semasmeneli Tu gardamavalizmniTaa gadmocemuli, igi gabatonebul poziciaSia da marTavsqvemdebares, maT Soris gvaqvs saurTierTo marTva.swori, gamarTuli frazis konstruqcia damokidebulia

zmna-Semasmenlisa da masTan dakavSirebuli aqtantebisbrunvaTa formebze. qarTulSi brunvebs sintaqsurifunqciebi gaaCniaT. swored brunvebiT iqmneba sintaqsurikonstruqciebi. gansakuTrebiT gamovyofT sam brunvas:saxelobiTs, moTxrobiTsa da micemiTs. eseni qvemdebarisbrunvebia. saxelobiTi da micemiTi araqarTvelisTvis adviladgasagebia, maTTvis sirTules moTxrobiTi brunva qmnis.Sesabamisad, gardamavali zmnis sami konstruqciidan -nominatiuri, ergatiuli da datiuri, problemas ergatiulkonstruqciasTan vawydebiT. rogor gavagebinoT sxva enismomxmarebels, qarTuli enis Semswavlels, Tu rodisaa saWirosaxelobiTi, rodis moTxrobiTi da rodis micemiTi brunvisformebi? arada, amis gareSe swori metyveleba praqtikuladSeuZlebelia. vfiqrobT, gamosavalia zmnis drois kategoriisgamoyeneba. amasTan, kiTxvis dasmis meTodic gvexmareba,qarTulis armcodneebs gavagebinoT qvemdebaris sintaqsurikonstruqciebi da gansakuTrebiT ergatiuli konstruqcia.bilingvur swavlebaSi Teoriul codnaze aranaklebi

mniSvneloba praqtikul komunikacias eniWeba. araqarTveli

maia kikvaZe, sirTuleebi qarTulis armcodneTaTvis.. 87

abiturientebi Tu studentebi etapobrivad, nel-nela,swored praqtikuli komunikaciis pirobebSi axerxebenbrunvaTa swori formebis, saTanado sintaqsurikonstruqciebis gamoyenebas. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom bilingvurswavlebaSi mniSvnelovania qarTulis armcodneebs mSobliuran Suamaval enaze avuxsnaT qarTuli enis gramatikis ZiriTadisakiTxebi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi somxurenovanTaTvis aseTiarusuli, azerbaijanulenovanTaTvis ki rusuli an Turquli.qarTuli enis swavlebis mosamzadebel safexurze,

daaxloebiT 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi, araqarTvel abiturientebsTu studentebs Cven komunikaciur unar-Cvevebs vuyalibebT,vaswavliT qarTuli enis praqtikul gramatikas im doziT, rommaT SeZlon teqstis gageba, naTqvamis gaazreba, komunikacia. esexeba ara mxolod leqsikuri maragis Segrovebas, aramedmartivi sintaqsuri konstruqciebis agebas. rac mTavaria,isini SeZlebisdagvarad mzad unda iyvnen swavlebis Semdgomsafexurze swavlis gasagrZeleblad. amis miRweva kiSesaZlebelia praqtikul-komunikaciuri da aqtiurimeTodebis gamoyenebiT.zmnis kategoriebidan ramdenimes gamovyofT, romelTac

meore enis, qarTulis, swavlebisas gansakuTrebuli yuradRebasWirdeba. esaa piri, dro, kilo, aspeqti. qarTvelur enebSiergatiuloba swored dro-kilo-aspeqtis kategoriazeadamokidebuli.termini ,,ergativi" qarTul samecniero literaturaSi

moTxrobiTis aRsaniSnavad avstrielma qarTvelologma hugoSuxardtma gamoiyena.cnobilia, rom qvemdebaris ergatiuli konstruqcia gvaqvs

gardamavali zmnis meore seriis formebTan: wyvetilsa dameore kavSirebiTSi: bavSv-ma suraTi daxata (warsuli dro);bavSv-ma suraTi daxatos! (kavSirebiTi, kilo); amgvarikonstreuqcia gvaqvs im zmnebTan, romelTac dakarguli aqvTpirdapiri obieqti:bavSv-ma Sexeda dedas; mama-m axeda Svils (dro warsulia).ergatiuli konstruqcia gvaqvs ,,icis” da ,,uwyis” zmnebTan

pirvel seriaSi, axlandel droSi da ara warsulSi (am zmnebskonstruqcia meore seriisa aqvT): deda-m kargi keTeba icis.yvela CamoTvlil SemTxvevaSi qvemdebare aRiniSneba ,,man”nacvalsaxeliT. e.i. qarTulSi moTxrobiTi brunvagardamavali da zogierTi gardauvali zmnis mesame pirissubieqts mxolod aoristSi gaaCnia (gamonaklisia awmyoSi «manicis» forma).


rig gardauval zmnebSi, romelTa subieqti moTxrobiTbrunvaSia, gvaqvs ergatiuli konstruqcia. aseTia saSualigvaris zmnebi. qarTvelisTvis SedarebiT advilia gamijnosmedioaqtivis da mediopasivis formqbi, anu gaiTvaliswinosnasesxebi formis sintaqsuri Zala. araqarTvelisTis es sakmaodrTuli asaxsneli da gasagebia. medioaqtivebTan qvemdebarebrunvacvalebadia, meore seriaSi moTxrobiT brunvaSia: bavSv-ma itira; wyal-ma iduRa (warsuli dro); bavSv-ma itiros);wyal-ma iduRos (kavSirebiTi); kac-ma icxovra, qal-ma itira...mediopasivebTan ki brunvaucvlelia, samive seriaSisaxelobiTSia. am dros qarTulis armcodnem yuradReba undagaamaxvilos, ramdenad aqtiuria qvemdebare (wyal-i duRs,wyal-ma iduRa, wyal-s uduRia);qarTulSi gardamavali zmna- Semasmeneli marTavs

qvemdebares brunvaSi, kerZod, pirvel seriaSi, awmyosa damyofadis wreebSi, qvemdebare saxelobiTSia, e.i. nominatiurikonstruqcia gvaqvs: bavSv-i TamaSobs; bavSv-i iTamaSebs. amdros qvemdebare gadmocemulia ,,is” nacvalsaxeliT;meore seriaSi, wyvetilsa da meore kavSirebiTSi-

ergatiuli konstruqciaa: bavSv-ma iTamaSa; bavSv-ma iTamaSos!am dros qvemdebare gadmocemulia ,,man” nacvalsaxeliT; mesameseriaSi ki-datiuri konstruqciaa: bavSv-s uTamaSia, eTamaSa,eTamaSos- qvemdebare gadmocemulia ,,mas” nacvalsaxeliT.,,qarTulSi qvemdebare koordinatia imdenad, ramdenadac

zmnisagan imarTeba brunvaSi, Tavad ki marTavs SemasmenelspirSi''. evropul enebSi, TurqulSi da bevr sxva enaSiqvemdebare ar aris koordinatori. igi mxolod marTavsSemasmenels pirSi, magram ar imarTvis misgan brunvaSi”(feiqriSvili, 1998); qvemdebaris brunvacvalebadoba Cveni enisspecifikurobaa.konstruqciebis Seswavla drois kategoriis

gamoyenebiT:1. qvemdemare saxelobiT brunvaSia, nominatiuri

konstruqciaaxlandeli (awmyo) - ras akeTebs?warsuli (dausrulebeli)-ras akeTebda?momavali - ras gaakeTebs?modeli: modeli orpirian zmnaTaTvis: S-i (Ø) + O-s + zmnaaxlandeli (awmyo) biW-i suraTs xatavsaxlowarsuli(uwyvet.)biW-i suraTs xatavda is(S)momavali - biW-i suraTs daxatavsmodeli sampirian zmnaTaTvis: S-i(Ø) + O-s+ O-s+ zmnaaxlandeli (awmyo)


deda Ø ninos torts ucxobsaxlo warsuli(uwyvet.)deda Ø ninos torts ucxobda is (S)momavalideda Ø ninos torts gamoucxobs2.qvemdemare moTxrobiT brunvaSia, ergatiuli

konstruqciawarsuli (wyvetili) -ra qna?axlandeli, momavali (II kavS.) - ra qnas?modeli: orpirian zmnaTaTvis: S-ma/m +O-i(Ø)+ zmna;student-ma davaleba daweranino-m wign-i waikiTxastudent-ma davaleba daweros! man (S)nino-m wign-i waikiTxos!modeli: sampirian zmnaTaTvis:S-ma/m + O-s+ O-i(Ø)+ zmna.deda -m elene-s kaba SeukeradaviT-ma bebias gazeT-i waukiTxa man (S)deda -m elene-s kaba SeukerosdaviT-ma bebias gazeT-i waukiTxos!3. qvemdemare micemiT brunvaSia, datiuri konstruqciawarsuli (pirveli-meore Turm. ) - ra uqnia? ra eqna?momavali (III kavS.) -ra eqnas?student-s davaleba dauweria ; mas (S)nana-s dedis-Tvis saCuqari uyidia;student-s davaleba daewera ; nana-s dedis-Tvis saCuqari

eyida;student-s davaleba daeweros ; nana-s dedis-Tvis

saCuqari eyidos!brunvacvalebadi konstruqcia axasiaTebs erTpirian

aqtiur formebs (tiris, trialebs, cxovrobs...):1.nominatiuri konstruqciaaxlandeli, warsuli(dausrulebeli), momavali is(S)bavSv-i tiris; bavSv-i tiroda; bavSv-i itirebs2.ergatiuli konstruqciawarsuli (wyvetili), axland.momavali(IIkavS.) man (S)bavSv-ma itira, bavSv-ma itiros...3.datiuri konstruqciawarsuli (pirveli-meore Turm. ),momavali (III kavS.) mas

(S)bavSv-s utiria; bavSv-s etira; bavSv-s etirosamrigad, sintaqsuri konstruqciebis gageba zogadad, da

gansakuTrebiT ergatiulisa, qarTulis armcodneTaTvis


ufro advilia kiTxvis dasmis meTodiTa da drois kategoriisgamoyenebiT. ZiriTadad zmnis drois mixedviT SeiZlebaganisazRvros qvemdebaris brunva.


n. bepievi 2011- n. bepievi, SedarebiTi gramatikis swavlebasaxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakiTxebi, problemebi dagamowvevebi, saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi,baTumi, 2011n. imedaZe, m. jafariZe 2011 -n. imedaZe, m. jafariZe ,bilingvizmis modeli qarTulis, rogorc meore enis,dauflebis procesSi, saxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakiTxebi,problemebi da gamowvevebi, saerTaSoriso samecnierokonferenciis masalebi, baTumi, 2011l. kvaWaZe 1988 - l. kvaWaZe qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tb.1988m. nikolaiSvili 2011- m. nikolaiSvili,zmnis ZiriTadikonstruqciebi qarTulSi, saxelmwifo enis swavlebissakiTxebi, saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi,2011J. feiqriSvili 1998- J. feiqriSvili, qarTuli enis sintaqsi,1998a. SaniZe 1980.- a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi,Tb., 1980.arn. Ciqobava 1950- arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadidaxasiaTeba, qegl, I, Tb., 1950arn. Ciqobava 1939 - arn. Ciqobava, moTxrobiTi brunvisgenezisisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. X, Tb.,1939.


Maia Kikvadze /Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University/

Difficulties while teaching ergative constructions toforeigners

ResumeStudying transitive verbs help foreigners to go deeper in the essence

of ergative constructions – one of the peculiarities of Georgian language.Ergativity is closely connected to transitivity. Studying Georgian verbs istoo hard for the foreigner as it has many persons. Verbs with actantscreate syntactic constructions.

Bilingual teaching is impossible without taking into considerationstructural and language peculiarities of both: native language and secondlanguage. Teaching becomes easier than the same constructions exist inboth languages. Difficulties arise only then when the teachers have toexplain the grammar rules connected with syntactic constructions.

In Georgian subject with transitive verb is case - changeable. It hasthree cases: nominative, ergative and dative. In Georgian cases havesyntactic structures. Studying nominative and dative case is easy forforeigners, but it is no longer easy with ergative case. Accordingly, fromthree constructions that transitive verbs possess (nominative, ergative,dative), problematic is teaching ergative constructions. The usage of verbcategories and the method of asking questions will be a great help forforeigners who wish to study Georgian syntactic constructions.


amin nageliani /irani, Teiranis universitetis ucxoenaTa centris qarTuli enis maswavlebeli/

qarTuli enis aRzevebis xana iranSi

2012 wlis gazafxulze, roca saqarTvelo-irans Sorisekonomikur-kulturuli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebadaiwyo, uamravi iraneli dainteresda saqarTveloSimogzaurobiT, risTvisac saWiro gaxda qarTuli enisSeswavla. am problemis mosagvareblad Teiranisuniversitetis ucxo enaTa centris direqtorma batonmamahdi dahmardam qarTuli enis Semswavleli kursebisgaxsna gadawyvita.Teiranis universiteti iranSi yvelaze

saxelganTqmuli saswavlebelia, sadac moqmedebs ucxoenaTa centri. aq iswavleba daaxloebiT 34 ena msofliosmoqmedi da daviwyebuli enebidan, igi swavlebis doniTaziaSi pirvel da msoflioSi meoTxe adgils ikavebs.swored, am saswavlo dawesebulebaSi 2012 wlisnoemberSi gaixsna qarTuli enis Semswavlelioficialuri kursebi.Teiranis universitetSi qarTuli enis kursebis

gaxsnasTan dakavSirebul RonisZiebebSi monawileobdnensaqarTvelosa da somxeTis elCebi, fereidneli deputati,Teiranis universitetebis profesorebi daenaTmecnierebi.qarTuli enis kursebis gaxsnisas upirvelesi problema

maswavlebelTa moZieba gaxda, gadawyvites, romsaqarTvelodan moewviaT kvalificirebuli pedagogebi,magram Semdeg gaiTvaliswines is faqti, rom iranSi,mravali qarTveli cxovrobs, kerZod ki fereidunSahrSi,gadawyda, rom warmomadgeneli im universitetidangamoegzavnaT fereidanSi qarTuli enis Sesaswavlad.fereidanSi me vmaspinZlobdi Teiranis universitetis

warmomadgenels, vawvdidi informacias qarTuli enisa daqarTuli tradiciebis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg damniSnesqarTuli enis maswavleblad Teiranis universitetisenaTa centrSi, es Cemi cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovanimovlena da axdenili ocnebaa.

amin nageliani, qarTuli enis aRzevebis xana iranSi 93

dRes iranis sataxto qalaqSi daaxloebiT aTasiqarTveli cxovrobs. maT Soris uamravi adamianiadainteresebuli, iswavlos Tanamedrove qarTuli ena daSeinarCunos Tavisi erovnuloba. Teiranis qarTvelobaaqtiurad CaerTo qarTuli enis Semswavlel kursebSi davimedovnebT, rom isini warmatebiT daeuflebianmSobliur enas.mogvianebiT iranelebic dainteresdnen qarTuli enis

SeswavliT; cxadia, rom qarTveli ufro adviladswavlobs qarTuls, vidre iraneli. cnobilia, romqarTuli ena kavkasiur enaTa ojaxs ganekuTvneba,sparsuli ena ki - indo-evropuls. umTavresi gansxvavebaqarTulsa da sparsul anbanSi isaa, rom qarTulis 8 aso-niSani sparsul anbanSi ar gvaqvs, es asoebia: c, k, p, t, w, Z,R, W.sxva problema, rac Cvens kursebs exeboda, isaa rom

qarTuli enis srulyofili saxelmZRvaneloebi sparselistudentebisTvis iranSi ar arsebobda da Cvenc zustadar vicodiT, romeli wigniT gvexelmZRvanela. Cveni didisurvili da aucilebloba aris zrunva saTanadoliteraturaze; Cven saqarTvelos saelCos mivmarTeTTxovniT, rom dagvxmarebodnen qarTuli enissaxelmZRvaneloebis mowodebaSi, isini dagvpirdnen,magram samwuxarod, danapirebi ar Segvisrules.samwuxaroa, iranSi saqarTvelos saelCos umoqmedo dauniaTo moRvaweoba, iranSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs xomsaelCos mxardaWera da moraluri Tanadgoma,gansakuTrebulad gvesaWiroeba. minda mogaxsenoT, romiaponiis saelCo iranSi ramodenime welia afinansebsiaponuri enis Semswavlel kursebs da iranis samecnierocentrebsa da universitetebTan aqtiurad Tanam-Sromlobs. iaponuri enis Seswavlis mizniT yovelwli-urad moqmedebs studentTa gacvliTi programa. iaponiissaelCo Teiranis universitetis enis centrTanacTanamSromlobs, awvdis samecniero literaturasa dasaxelmZRvaneloebs, samwuxarod, saqarTvelos saelCoerTi wigniTac ar dagvxmarebia qarTuli enis Semswavlelcentrs. Cven aramarto saqarTvelos saelCos, aramed sxvada sxva uwyebebsac mivmarTeT TxovniT: magaliTad,

94 amin nageliani, qarTuli enis aRzevebis xana iranSi

diasporis saministros. bolo werili yofilma elCmabatonma giorgi janjRavam saqarTvelos ganaTlebissaministros gaugzavna da sTxova CvenTvis moewodebinaTsaxelmZRvanelo ,,TavTavi“- wigni sam nawilad, samuSaorveuliTa da maswavleblis damxmare wigniT. vfiqrobT, eswigni yvelaze saintereso da srulyofili wignia, raciranSi dRemde gvinaxavs. elCis werilis gagzavnidandaaxloebiT cxra Tve gavida, magram samwuxarod, dRemdearc erTi wigni ar migviRia.sabednierod, saqarTvelo-irans Soris urTierTobebi

yvela sferoSi sul ufro Zlierdeba, dadga is dRe,rodesac iranSi qarTuli enis Seswavlis aranairiwinaaRmdegoba da araviTari safrTxe ar udgas. iranSimcxovreb qarTvelebs aqvT ufleba, rom iswavlonmSobliuri ena da SeinarCunon adaT-wesebi.misasalmebelia, rom iranis mTavroba am sakiTxsdadebiTad afasebs, magram arsebobs Semdegi saxisproblemebi, razec qvemoT mogaxsenebT:1. srulyofili saxelmZRvanelo sparselistudentebisaTvis. Cven Cveni universitetis saxeliTmzad varT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT qarTvelenaTmecnierebTan da qarTuli enis pedagogebTanviTanamSromloT.2. dRes aucilebelia, rom iranSi moRvawe qarTuli enismaswavleblebma iswavlon saqarTvelos universitetebSi,ra Tqma unda Cven fereidnelma qarTvelebma TanamedroveqarTuli ena wignebiTa da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebqarTvelebTan urTierTobisas SeviswavleT, araviTariakademiuri kursebi saqarTveloSi ar gagvivlia enisSeswavlis TvalsazrisiT, rac dRes Zalian saWiro dadroulia. saqarTvelos universitetebi am TemiT undadainteresdnen da aqtiurad CaerTon am CvenTvisumniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis mogvarebaSi.3. ar arsebobs saqarTvelosa da iranis universitetebsSoris oficialuri da samecniero xelSekrulebebi.aRsaniSnavia, rom Teiranis universitetis ucxo enaTacentrs ramodenime ucxo qveynis universitetebTanxelSekruleba aqvs gaformebuli da studentebi swavlisdasrulebis Semdgom swavlas agrZeleben im qveynisumaRles saswavlebelSi, romel enasac euflebian

amin nageliani, qarTuli enis aRzevebis xana iranSi 95

samSobloSi. vimedovnebT, rom saqarTvelosa da iranisumaRles saswavleblebs Soris xelSekrulebissafuZvelze Seiqmneba studentTa gacvliTi programa dakursis dasrulebisas gaicema serTifikati.4. qarTuli enis Semswavleli kursebi dRes ramdenimecentrSi iwyebs moqmedebas, saqarTvelos samecnierowreebidan da saelCodan araviTari kontroli ararsebobs, Cemi azriT, umjobesia, rom Sesabamisisamsaxurebi dainteresdnen aRniSnuli problemiT,gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT daxmareba gaewioTsamecniero, pedagogiuri da meToduri literaturiT,rac xels Seuwyobs enis xarisxian Seswavlas.siamayiT aRvniSnav, rom am saswavlebelSi qarTuli

enis swavlebis msurvelTa raodenoba gacilebiT metiadanarCen enebTan SedarebiT... es ki Cven didpasuxismgeblobas gvakisrebs.dRes metad aqtualuria seriozulad davfiqrdeT

qarTuli enis Semswavleli kursebis gaZliereba-gafarToebaze msoflios masStabiT, razec seriozulimuSaoba marTebT samecniero wreebsa daqarTvelologebs. saocrad mdidaria qarTuliliteratura, magram samwuxarod msoflioSi uamravmaadamianma ar icis ra ganZs vflobT; ar icnoben CvenTvisesoden saamayo SoTa rusTavelis ”vefxistyaosans”...vfiqrob, pirvel rigSi unda gaZlierdes saswavlo

programa TurqeTSi, azerbaijansa da iranSi. saukuneebismanZilze iransa da saqarTvelos Soris daZabuli,istoriuli movlenebis miuxedavad, dRes iranSiaTasobiT qarTveli cxovrobs da saukuneebis SemdgomacdResac qarTulad metyveleben da qarTvelobiT amayoben.Tu qarTuli enis swavleba gaZlierdeba iranSi, es iqnebaudidesi mxardaWera da zrunva mSobliur fesvebsmowyvetili qarTvelobisTvis.amJamad iranSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi gansakuTrebuli

gavleniT sargebloben, maT ukaviaT maRali Tanamdebobebida aqtiurad monawileoben qveynis marTvaSi. adre amRonisZiebebis Catareba iranSi, CvenTvis Soreuli ocnebaiyo.

96 amin nageliani, qarTuli enis aRzevebis xana iranSi

Teiranis universitetSi qarTuli enis Semswavlelikursebis warmatebulad Catarebam safuZveli moamzadaimisTvis, rom uaxloes momavalSi qarTuli enisSemswavleli kursebi gaixsnas sxva universitetebSic.ufro metic, Cveni umTavresi mizani qarTuli enisa daliteraturis fakultetis gaxsnaa.

Amin Nagelian /Georgian language teacher of the languagecenter, Tehran University/

The Era of the Rise of Georgian Language in IranSummary

In spring 2012, when the formation of economical-cultural tiesbetween Georgian and Iran started, a lot of Iranians expressedinterestto travel in Georgia, which made it necessary to studyGeorgian. In order to solve this problem, the director of the foreignlanguage center of the Tehran University – Mahdi Dahmarddecided to open Georgian language course.

Tehran University is the most prominent university in Iranwhere there is a foreign language center. Approximately 34existing and forgotten world languages are taught. According to thelevel of taining, it occupies the first place in Asia and the forth onein the world. In Novemeb 2012, the official courses of Georgianlanguage training was launched in this very center.

The primary problem that appeared with the opening of theGeorgian language training course was finding teachers. It wasinitially decided to invite qualified teachers from Georgia, but later,taking into consideration that there are numerous Georgians livingin Iran, namely in Fereydunshahr, they decided to invite arepresentative of that universitiny Fereydan to study Georgian.


avTandil nikoleiSvili /quTaisi, akaki wereTlissaxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti/

fereidnelTa qarTuli cnobierebispoeturi gamonaSuqi

sakvanZo sityvebi: fereidani, gurjistani, qarTveli,qarTuli ena, erovnuli cnobiereba.statiaSi ganxilulia fereidanSi mcxovreb qarTvel

moleqseTa da saxalxo mTqmelTa mier SeqmniliqarTulenovani poeturi Semoqmedeba, rogorc maTipatriotuli TvalTaxedvis warmomCeni erT-erTiumniSvnelovanesi masala. fereidnelTa mier Seqmnilpoetur teqstebSi siRrmiseuladaa gamoxatuliistoriuli avbedobis Sedegad mSobliur wiaRsmowyvetili Cveni Tanamemamuleebis erovnuli cnobierebisganmsazRvreli arsebiTi mxareebi.

2003 wlis noemberSi, quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobissaxelmwifo universitetTan damegobrebul iranis islamurirespublikis gilanis universitetSi stumrad yofnis dros,qalaq reSTSi, sadac es universiteti mdebareobs, iq arsebuliqarTuli radios redaqciaSic migviwvies stumrad. mkiTxvelsSevaxseneb, rom es radio 1998 wlidan bolo dromde yovel-dRiurad gadioda saRamos eTerSi erTsaaTiani programiT. amgadacemaTa mimReb ZiriTad auditoriad saqarTvelo moiaz-reboda. iranis qaruli radios mizani iyo, qarTulenovani msme-nelisTvis miewodebina mravalferovani informaciebi rogorciransa da saqarTveloSi, ise msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebisSesaxeb. waruSleli emociebiT damuxtul am SexvedrazeradioredaqciaSi momuSave Cvenma iranelma Tanamemamuleebma,romelTa umetesoba fereidneli qarTveli iyo, bevri ramgviambes TavianT Sesaxeb.miuxedavad obieqturad warmoqmnili sirTuleebisa, fere-

idnelTa didi nawili mainc cdilobs winaparTa fesvebTan kav-Siri ar gawyvitos, erovnuli cnobiereba ar dakargos da qar-Tuli ena ar daiviwyos. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom qarTve-lebs, iseve rogorc mahmadianuri aRmsareblobis mimdevar sxvaarasparselebs, iranSi mSobliurenovani skolis gaxsna da beW-duri produqciis gamocema SezRuduli aqvT, es raodenoba sak-maod didia da damaimedebeli.rogorc cnobilia, mTeli msoflios masStabiT

sayovelTaod mimdinare urbanizaciis procesma, rac did

98 avTandil nikoleiSvili, fereidnelTa qarTuli cnobierebis poeturi gamonaSuqi

qalaqebSi mosaxleobis masobrivi migraciis safuZvelic xdeba,fereidnel qarTvelTa cxovrebaSic Secvala bevri ram.miuxedavad amisa, maTi didi nawili mainc cdilobs, mSobliurfesvebs ar mowydes da SeZlebisdagvarad SeZlos Tavisierovnuli identobis ganmsazRvreli iseTi umTavresifenomenis gadarCena da SenarCuneba, rogoricaa erTmaneTsSoris ZiriTad sakomunikacio saSualebad qarTuli enisgamoyeneba.es rom namdvilad asea, amaze fereidneli axalgazrdebis sai-

niciativo jgufis mier 2003 wlis 14 aprils (diax, 14 aprils,qarTuli enis dRes) qalaq fereidunSahrSi qarTuli enis dac-visadmi miZRvnili pirveli kongresis Catarebis faqtic naT-lad metyelebs. kongresis mizani iyo fereidnel qarTvelTa mi-er martyofis enad wodebuli qarTuli enis SenarCunebisproblemaze msjeloba.iranis qarTuli radios TanamSromlebma ara marto sityvie-

rad gviambes am kongresis Sesaxeb, aramed misi audioCanawericgvisaxsovres. kongresis mizandasaxulobaze Cveni maspinZlebismonaTxrobs gansakuTrebuli emociuri muxti SesZina dedaeni-sadmi miZRvnili simReris mosmenam, romelSic istoriuliavbedobis gamo TiTqmis oTxi saukunis winaT mSobliur fesvebsmowyvetili Cveni Tanamemamuleebi gulisSemZvreli sityvebiTasxamdnen xotbas `martyofis enas" da simRerad gardaqmniligodebiT Semdegnairad gamoxatavdnen TavianT erovnulwuxils:

ra tyuilad garbis dRebi, Ramebi, caSiseirnobs Cqara wamebi,

mivdivar wynarad bevri dardebiT, vfiqrobbaRCaze gamxmar vardebiT.

es aris Cemi bediswera, enis dakarga - civi sim-Rera.

vin uWvrets Cemsa gatexil gulsa, arvin areZebs Cems dakargulsa.

gulis wiaRSi maqvs bevri dardi, isic, romxmebi Cven lamaz vardi.

Cems gamxmar vardsa umRerebT Cvena, rom ar da-vkargoT Tvis dedaena.

is vardi aris Cemi martyofi, istoriis xeliTavantyofi.

mTebis SuaSi Cavardnila, wyarosgan Sors da-vardnila.

arvin gaigebs mis gulistkivils, mxolod uW-vreten Tvis civi RimiT.

avTandil nikoleiSvili, fereidnelTa qarTuli cnobierebis poeturi gamonaSuqi 99

ra tyuilad garbis dRebi, Ramebi, caSiseirnobs Cqara wamebi,

mivdivar wynarad bevri dardebiT, vfiqrobbaRCaze gamxmar vardebiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom enobrivadac da poeturi ostatobismxrivac simRerad qceul am teqstSi bevri ramaa saTanadoddauxvewav-gaumarTavi, igi mkiTxvels mainc xdis im saTuTi tki-vilis Tanamoziared, ris safuZvelzec es patriotuli elegiadaiwera. kerZod, damowmebuli leqsis mkiTxveli yovelgvarisirTulis gareSe Seicnobs Cveni fereidneli moZmis miermSobliuri enisa da winaparTa istoriuli samSoblos poeturalegoriebad qceuli iseTi sityva-gamoTqmebis miRmanagulisxmev azrobriv qveteqstebs, rogorebicaa: gamxmarivardebiT savse baRCa, gatexili guli, civi simRera da a. S.aqve minda zemoT moxseniebul kongresze gamosuli erT-er-

Ti qarTveli oratoris _ alireza rahimis is sityvebicgavixseno, riTac man Tavis ucnob da Soreul samSoblos mimar-Ta iranidan: “Cemo Zvirfaso, keTilSobilo samSoblo, Cemo ak-vano da Cemo saflavo! dido da didebuli momavlis qveyanav!ramdeni sikeTe giqnia qveynierebisaTvis! ramdenma meomarma dagmirma dasdva Tavi Sens Zlierobas da didebas! Cemo dedav, meSen jer kargad ver gicnob, magram miyvarxar da vamayob, rom SeniSvili var! miyvars Seni mSveniereba, sikekluce, Seni zRva, Seniwyaroebi da mdinareebi, qalaqebi da soflebi“.vficav, Seviyvaro Seni yoveli Svili, rogorc Cemi Zmebi!

Tayvansa vcem Sens sasiqadulo Svilebs, rogorc cocxlebs, isegansvenebulebs. me viqnebi SenTvis keTili da patiosani moRva-we. vficav, gemsaxuro mklaviT, WkuiT, suliT da guliT. da TuSen gansacdelis Jami dagidges, mzad viqnebi, sicocxlec Sevwi-ro Sens droSas, Sens saxels da Sens didebas!"qvemoT Sevecdebi, mkiTxvels dResdReobiT xelmisawvdom

masalebze dayrdnobiT, ramdenadme mainc Sevuqmna warmodgenaim erovnul TvalTaxedvaze, rasac fereidneli qarTvelebigamoxataven maTi qarTulenovani leqsebiTa da sasimReroteqstebiT. samwuxarod, maT mier Seqmnili folklorul-literaturuli memkvidreobis udidesi nawili jer kidev araaSekrebili da sruliad ucnobia saqarTveloSi.sasiamovnoa is faqti, rom bolo wlebSi am mimarTulebiT

muSaoba ramdenadme gaaqtiurda da realurad gadaidgapirveli warmatebuli nabijebi. am TvalsazrisiT uwinaresyovlisa minda jemSid giunaSvilisa da vaxuSti kotetiSvilismier 2003 wels TbilisSi gamocemuli poeturi krebuli _


“fereidnelis orovela“ gavixseno, romelSic Cvenifereidneli Tanamemamuleebis qarTulenovani leqsebiadabeWdili.albaT, ar gadavaWarbeb, Tu vityvi, rom fereidnelTa

SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenili erovnul-patriotuli muxtigacilebiT ufro mZlavria da mgznebare, vidre analogiurmdgomareobaSi myofi sxva qarTvelebisa. marTalia, mSobliuriwiaRisagan ganSorebiT ganpirobebuli tkivilis gamoZaxilimaTi qarTulenovani teqstebis umTavres Temadacaa qceuli,magram Tavisi simZlavriTa da masStabebiT igi fereidnelTapatriotul naazrevSi gamovlenil emociur muxts verSeedreba.fereidnel qarTvelTa xsenebuli teqstebis Seqmnis

umTavres safuZvlad ki pirvel yovlisa is erovnul-qarTulicnobiereba iqca, romelic maT mSobliuri fesvebisganoTxaswlovani mowyvetis miuxedavad mainc mtkiced da myaradSeinarCunes. yovelive zemoTqmulis dasturad aq Tundac imwerilis gaxsenebac iqneba sakmarisi, romelic erT-erTfereidnels gaugzavnia TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelisTvis2004 wels (ix: g. kalandia, 2010: 131). mozRvavebulnostalgiur grZnobaTa emociuri simZafriT warmomsaxveli eswerili metad mniSvnelovan dokuments im TvalsazrisiTacwarmoadgens, rom misi avtori istoriuli avbedobis gamomSobliur fesvebs mowyvetili Cveni Tanamemamuleebiserovnulad SemkavSireblis rolSic gamodis. ramdenadacCemTvis cnobilia, am adamianebis zogadad aRmniSvnel terminadman erTi gasaocari sityvac ixmara pirvelad _ Tanafesvi,riTac zusti adekvaturobiT gamoxata umTavresi arsi maTierTobisa da ganuyofelobisa.”fereidun Saxri. 2004 weli“ (stili daculia).Zvirfaso Zmao rejeb, salam aleiqum va rahmalah! gaumarjos

TurqeTis yvela qarTvels! ar vici, rogor giTxra, rasavgrZnobdi da rogor viyavi, rodesac vkiTxulobdi Senswerilsa. rogorc frinveli zecaSi frinavdes, ise viyav. tyavSida qerqSi ver vdgebodi sixaruliT. Tvalze cremli da gulSidardi mqonda. netav ratom Zmebi ase Sors iyvnen...Cven aq varT 400 welia. 1616 wels Sah-abasma Teimuraz

mefesTan da luarsabTan omSi gaimarjva da daasaxla bevriqarTveli iranSi. isini movides am raionebSi: mazandarani,farahabadi, isfahani, Sirazi, xorasani. mand rjulic SeiqmnaCveni mohamadiani.axla ki qarTvelebi arian aqnebSi: fereidun-SaxrSi (aq

20000 qarTvelia da aris iranis qarTvelebis centrSi)... aq


yvelaferi qarTvelebs uWiravT _ gubernatoroba, qalaqissabWo da armia.am qalaqis aremareSi patara soflebic ki qarTulia... aqedan

wasulan qarTvelebi axlodroebSi emigrantad: ispahanSi,najafabadSi, TeiranSi. aq zogs daviwynia ena, magram ufro metsara. bevrs uyvars qarTuli ena da eri da Cvenc ar gvinda iseTiqarTveli, romelic advilad daiviwyebs Tavis winapris tanjvas,brZolas enisa da erisaTvis.Cven axla ukve gvaqvs qarTuli skola da bavSvebs,

axalgazrdebsa da didebs wera-kiTxvas vaswavliT, me kiistoriis maswavlebeli var...Cven saxlSi mudam qarTulad vlaparakobT, magram

bunebrivia 400 weli daukavSireblaT deda samSoblosTanbevri sityvebi Seicvala da amnairaT rom giwer werils, yvelasar SeuZlia saubari da laparaki...Tu Cveni kavSiri gagrZeldeba da RmerTic mogveSvelebis,

bevr gasaocar rames dagiwer Cvenze, Tanafesvo...Zmao, axla aris saaTi dilis sami da ar damiZinia, gulSi ver

gTmob, gulSi ver gTmob-meTqi da imitom kidev gamogigzavnibevr werilsa da suraTs. Seni Tanafesvi, samudamo Zma iranisfereidun Saxris qarTvelebidan.im mamuliSvilTagan, romelnic dResdReobiT gamorCeulad

mniSvnelovan rols asruleben fereidneli qarTvelebiserovnuli TviTSegnebis dacvisa da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi,pirvel yovlisa said muliani (molaSvili) minda gavixseno,iqaur qarTvelTa Tavkaci, cnobili istorikosi da bevri didiqarTuli saqmis winamZRoli iranSi. said mulianis erovnuliRvawlis amgvar SefasebaSi gadaWarbebuli rom araferia, amisdasturad misi avtorobiT gamocemuli Tundac iseTi wignebisdasaxelebac iqneba sakmarisi, rogorebicaa: ”qarTuli enisTviTmaswavlebeli”, “dedaena spar-sulenovanTaTvis“ da“qarTvelTa roli iranis civilizaciasa, kulturasa daistoriaSi”.fereidnel qarTvelebSi qarTuli enis dacva-

SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebiT dResdReobiT realuradarsebuli mdgomareobis gasagebad uaRresad mniSvnelovancnobebs vxvdebiT gazeT `saqarTvelos respublikis” 2005 wlis22 maisis nomerSi gamoqveynebul s. mulianis qarTuladdaweril werilSi _“”fereidneli qarTveli Tavis dedis enaszeimobs”. rogorc xsenebuli publikaciiT irkveva, fereidanSimcxovreb Cvens Tanamemamuleebs qalaq fereidunSahrSi,romelsac qarTulad martyofi hqvia, 2005 wlis 14 aprils


(qarTuli enis dRes) sazeimod aRuniSnavT dedaenis dRe. amsaqmis Taosani“”iranel qarTvelTa sazogadoeba” yofila.ai, rogor ganmartavs Tavad said muliani am sazogadoebis

Seqmnis mizans (stili daculia): Cveni didi survilia xeliSevuwyoT“”qarTuli enisa da kulturis Senaxvas, gamravlebasda gacnobas qarTvelebisaTvis da iranel sxvadasxvatomebisTvis. am 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi Cveni jgufs gavkeTebibevri saqmeebi. maT Soris qarTuli enis TviTmaswavlebelisgamzadeba da dabeWdva, kasetas gamzadeba, broSurebisgamzadeba qarTvelebis Sesaxeba, Jurnal-gazetebSi statiebisdabeWdva qarTvelebis istoriasa da kulturis Sesaxeb dabevri sxva mniSvnelovani saqmeebi. erT-erTi CvenimniSvnelovani da didi saqme ari qarTuli enis didebisyrilobis Catareba 14 aprilSi”.yrilobas, romelsac batoni saidi Tavmjdomareobda, oTxasi

kaci daswrebia. damswreTa Soris yofilan saqarTvelos elCiiranis islamur respublikaSi, politikosebi, mwerlebi,mecnierebi da qveynis sxvadasxva regionebidan miwveuli sxvacnobili adamianebi. werilis avtoris TqmiT, yrilobazedasaswrebad imdeni xalxi misula, rom darbazSi nemsisCasagdebi adgilic ki aRar yofila da bevri maTgani fexzedamdgari adevnebda Tvals yrilobis mimdinareobas.yrilobis monawileni sam saaTze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi

saubrobdnen maT erovnul problemebze, poetebikiTxulobdnen qarTul enaze daweril TavianT leqsebs,asrulebdnen qarTul simRerebs, daariges qarTuli anbani dadedaenis wignebi. TanamemamuleTa erovnuli suliskveTebisamgvari erTsulovani gamovlinebiT aRfrTovanebuli batonisaidi Tavis emocias xsenebul werilSi Semdegnairadgamoxatavs: ”sixarulisagan kanSi ver vdgebodi. mindodamqonoda 2 frTa da gafrenilviyavi. mindoda minaxva Cveni 400winaprebi da meTqva, naxeT Tqveni Svilebi varT, Tqven gzazeTqveni miznebis SesrulebisaTvis vcdilobT. gixarodeT, romar daikarga Tqveni sisxli da fesvebi”. yrilobis dasrulebisSemdeg Turme ”yvela modioda kocniTa da madlobas ixdida”.iranSi said mulianis TavkacobiT ganxorcielebul qarTul

saqmeebze saubris dros aq qalaq ispahanSi 2013 wels qarTulisakvirao skolis daarsebis faqtic minda aRvniSno. rogorcinternetiT gavrcelebuli masalebiT SevityveT, batoni saidimis mierve dafuZnebul am skolaSi uamrav fereidnel qarTvelsaswavlis qarTul enasa da wera-kiTxvas.socialuri qselebiT Tanamemamuleebisadmi gavrcelebul

mimarTvaSi Tavad igi am didmniSvnelovan movlenas aseT


Sefasebas aZlevs: `Cemo debo da Zmebo, Cemo kargo megobrebo!didi sixaruliTa da siamayiT minda mogaxsenoT, rom ramdenimewliani pauzis Semdeg gaixsna fereidanSi sazafxulo qarTuliskola. es aris Cemi cxovrebis ulamazesi wamebi, roca SemiZliaxalxs vaswavlo qarTuli ena da wera-kiTxva. Cemo maRaloRmerTo, uRrmesi madloba, rom me amis Rirsi gamxade!.. eniT dasityvebiT auwerelia is siamovneba, romelsac me amiT viReb.mTeli samyaros simdidre rom momcen, imdens ar gamaxarebs,ramdensac qarTveli bavSvebis sixaruls rom davinaxav erTiqarTuli asos daswavlis Semdgom... msurvelTa raodenobammolodins gadaaWarba da iZulebuli gavxdiT or jgufadgagveyo, anu Cemi siamovneba ormagad gaizarda~(www.fereidani.ge).imis naTelsayofad, aRniSnul movlenas raoden masStaburi

gamoxmaurebac mohyva fereidnelTa mxridan, aq amasTandakavSirebiT batoni saidis mier internetiT gavrcelebuliRrmad emociuri mimarTvis am teqstasac davimowmeb: `guSinCemi ispahanis qarTul skolaSi im oTaxSi, sadac me undavaswavlo qarTuli wera-kiTxva, oTaxis kari ar ixureboda daskolis dasrulebamdec ver davxureT. albaT mixvdiT, esubralo movlena ratom aris mniSvnelovani da Zaliansasixarulo. qarTvelno, Cemo debo da Zmebo, Cems cxovrebaSiiSviaTad vyofilvar aseTi gaxarebuli. iciT, ratom arixureboda kari?“Cem qarTul skolaSi imdeni msurveli movida, rom

namdvilad nemsis adgilic aRar iyo. daujerebeli iyo. Tvalebsar vujerebdi. kinaRam sixaruliT vitire. Sah abasisdedaqalaqSi, sadac is gegmavda qarTvelTa gadaSenebas,qarTuli enis swavlis mizniT amdeni xalxi mosuliyo. 200kilometri gzis siaruliT daRliloba ucbad gaqra. 2 saaTigagrZelda es klasi. ise mixaroda, rom Tu ar gaeCeraT CemiTavi, dilamde vaswavlidi. RmerTo, uzomod madlobeli var,rom es dRe manaxe!“ (www.fereidani.ge).samwuxarod, fereidnel qarTvelTa zepirsityvieri

Semoqmedebis udidesi nawili ara marto farTosazogadoebisaTvisaa ucnobi, aramed TavadspecialistebisTvisac ki. miuxedavad imisa, rom XIX saukunis90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, Cveni fereidneli moZmeebisbediTa da yofiT araerTi qarTveli, maT Soris mecnieric,dainteresda, maTi folkloruli memkvidreobisSesagroveblad da mecnierulad Sesaswavlad dResdReobiTZalze cota ram aris gakeTebuli.


Tumca saamiso mcdelobas Tavad fereidnel qarTvelTamxridanac rom hqonda adgili, amas Jurnal `ganTiadis~ 1908wlis #5-6-Si gamoqveynebuli is werilic adasturebs,romelic erT-erT maTgans _ yolam-husein onikaSvilsgamougzavnia saqarTveloSi Tavisi qarTveli megobrebisaTvis:“me exla davdivar qarTul soflebSi da amaTi ricxvsa vswer,imaTi Zvelebur ambebsa da imaTi yofacxovrebas da imaTisuraTi gadamiRia“.samwuxarod, yolam-huseinisa da am saqmiT masaviT

dainteresebuli sxva moxaliseebis amgvar mcdelobasrealurad xelSesaxebi Sedegi dRemde ar mohyolia. uaRresadsaSuri es saqme ki saCqarod da dauyovneblad Tundacimitomacaa gasakeTebeli, rom fereidnelTa zepirsityvieriSemoqmedebis is nimuSebic ki, romelnic maT mexsierebasSemorCa, realurad dgas samudamod dakargvis safrTxis winaSe.fereidnelTa zepirsityvier Semoqmedebaze saubris dros

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba im nimuSebs minda mivaqcio,romlebSic oTxasi wlis ganmavlobaSi mSobliur fesvebsmowyvetili Cveni moZmeebis erovnuli tkivilia gamovlenili.marTalia, maT mier am Temaze Seqmnili zepirsityvieriSemoqmedebidan mxolod ramdenime nimuSiRaa moRweuli, magrammkiTxveli maTi meSveobiTac TvalnaTliv SeigrZnobsmSobliur fesvebs mowyvetili adamianis tragedias. naTqvamisdasturad aq saqarTveloSic popularuli is xalxuri leqsiminda gavixseno, romelSic emociuri simZafriTaa gamoxatuliyoveli fereidneli qarTvelisaTvis cxovrebis sisxlxorceulnawilad qceuli nostalgia maTi istoriuli samSoblosadmi:fereidanis miwas vxnav ager oTxasi welia,gamxmari fiqri CavTese, xmeli xorbali eria,samSoblos monatruli var ager oTxasi welia.folklorul nimuSebTan SedarebiT, qarTveli

sazogadoebisaTvis dResdReobiT fereidneli saxalxomTqmelebisa da poetur sityvas SeWidebul avtorTaqarTulenovani leqsebi ufroa cnobili da xelmesawvdomi.a. WeliZis cnobiT, gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi,

fereidanSi misi yofnis dros, iqaur qarTvelebs mxolod orimoleqse-moSaire hyoliaT. erT maTgans wera-kiTxva sruliadar icoda, ris gamoc mis mier SeTxzuli leqsebi ikargeboda,meore meleqse ki, romelic mahmad husein alahis fsevdonimiTiyo cnobili, sasuliero pirs warmoadgenda. marTalia, masqarTuli wera-kiTxvac scodnia, magram leqsebs Turme maincsparsul enaze werda. a. WeliZis SefasebiT, misi poeturiteqstebi “saSualo xarisxisaa, formiT da SinaarsiT igive,


rasac Tanamedrove aTeuli da aseuli mgosnebi weren, e. i.gameorebaa Zveli mgosnebis riTmisa da saxeebis... yovelSemTxvevaSi mahmad husein alahi erTaderTi mgosania,qarTvelebis wridan gamosuli” (a. WeliZe, 1951: 101).rogorc qarTvelma iranistebma mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis

Sedegad daadgines, a. WeliZis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebaimasTan dakavSirebiT, TiTqos mis mier moxseniebuli avtoriiranel qarTvelTa wridan gamosul erTaderT poetswarmoadgenda, simarTles ar Seesabameba da sparsulimwerlobis istoriaSi qarTuli warmomavlobis sxva poetebicsakmaod mravlad gvxvdebian. mTavari da arsebiTadmniSvnelovani am konkretul SemTxvevaSi mxolod isaa, rom a.WeliZis marTebuli SefasebiT, xsenebul mweralTa Soris igimarTlac erTaderTia, vinc Tavis sparsulenovan leqsebSiSeZlebisdagvarad cdilobs gamoxatos ”qarTvelebisdabeCaveba da CamorCena erovnuli TvalsazrisiT”.gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi farTod

aRzevebulma erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobamfereidnel qarTvelTa bediT Cveni sazogadoebisdainteresebas axali masStabebi SesZina. garda sxvadasxva saxispublikaciebisa da mravalferovani tele-radio proeqtebisa,amis erT-erT naTel gamoxatulebas fereidnelTa SesaxebinternetSi ganTavsebuli sakmaod vrceli moculobis veb-gverdic warmoadgens saxelwodebiT: www.fereidani.geCveni fereidneli moZmeebis erovnuli gulisTqmis

siRrmiseulad Sesacnobad gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mindamivaqcio 2003 wels TbilisSi vaxuSti kotetiSvilisredaqciiT gamocemul poetur krebuls _ ”fereidnelisorovela”, romelSic fereidnelTa qarTulenovani poeturiSemoqmedebaa dastambuli (Sekriba jemSid giunaSvilma).miuxedavad imisa, rom krebulSi dabeWdili leqsebis

mxatvrul-saSemsruleblo doneca da enobrivi mxarecsaTanadod gamarTuli ar aris, am wignis gamocema mainc undaSefasdes Cveni dRevandelobis erT-erT gansakuTrebiTmniSvnelovan movlenad. amgvari daskvnis gasakeTebladumTavres safuZvels pirvel yovlisa im mZafri siyvarulisgamoxatva qmnis, riTac krebulSi Tavmoyrili leqsebisavtorebi arian dakavSirebulni maT istoriul samSoblosaqarTvelosTan.ai, rogor ganmartavs am movlenis arss v. kotetiSvili

wignisTvis wamZRvarebul ”winaTqmaSi”:“”nostalgiis gancdaCveulebrivi da bunebrivi movlenaa yoveli normaluriadamianisaTvis. kacs rom ucxoeTSi Tavis samSoblo


enatrebodes, sadac siyrme da siWabuke gautarebia, ragasakviria?! magram genatrebodes qveyana, romelic arc Senginaxavs arasodes da arc Sens mamasa da papas, es ki marTlacuCveuloa da Znelad asaxsneli. miT umetes, rom Sensistoriul samSoblosagan oTxi saukune gaSorebs. es arisalbaT genetikuri nostalgia, memkvidreobiTi sevda, TaobidanTaobaSi gadasuli da ver daviwyebuli, drosa da sivrcesTanjiuti Widili aswleulebis manZilze”:fereidnel qarTvelTa erovnuli cnobierebis warmomCeni

pirveli da umTavresi niSani winaparTagan memkvidreobiTmiRebuli da Taobidan Taobas gadacemuli mSobliuriqarTuli enaa. marTalia, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSiucxour garemoSi cxovrebis Sedegad am enaSi bevri ramSeicvala, magram am xnis manZilze man mainc warmatebiT SeZloTavisi upirvelesi da umTavresi rolis Sesruleba _fereidnelTa erovnuli TviTSegnebis gadarCena daSenarCuneba. rogorc Cveni xsenebuli poeturi krebulidanacTvalnaTliv Cans, es WeSmariteba maTac kargad aqvTgacnobierebuli da TavianT leqsebSi isini mSobliuriqarTuli enis gandidebasac aqceven gansakuTrebuliyuradrebis sagnad.magaliTad, xosro moyadasi (sefaSvili) uRrmes

gulistkivils gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom xangrZlivi droisganmavlobaSi mSobliur wiaRs mowyvetili maTi dedaenarealurad dgas dakargvis safrTxis winaSe. am movlenisgacnobierebiT Sewuxebuli Cveni fereidneli moZme, romelic”tiriliT cremlgamxmari~ eZebs gamosavals ammdgomareobidan, Svelas pirvel yovlisa Tavis istoriulsamSoblos Txovs:aba gaiRviZeT rodisamde ZilSi?!Cemo Zmao, Cemo dao, veZebT, veZebT,sad movnaxoT deda ena.aorTqlda da avida,CaJona Tu Cavida? arsad, kaco!deda enis mZebnelo, ipove gulSi...ikargebis da veZebT, ar aris.cremli gaxma tiriliT.avadad varCev gaSlil qarTul sityvebs.miSvele, saqarTvelos mTebo,cao da saxelo, miSvele!“”fereidnelis orovelaSi” warmodgenili leqsebisadmi

interess arsebiTad gansazRvravs is faqti, rom maTSi RrmadSTambeWdavi saxiT vlindeba Cveni fereidneli


Tanamemamuleebis erovnuli cnobiereba. am TvalsazrisiTgansakuTrebiT sainteresoa emamyuli baTavanis (nikolozbaTuaSvilis) poeturi teqstebi. maTSi emociuri simZafriTaawarmoCenili rogorc fereidnel qarTvelTa tragikuliistoriis calkeuli epizodebi, ise maTi nostalgiurisiyvaruli fizikurad unaxavi istoriuli samSoblosadmi.miuxedavad imisa, rom fereidnel qarTvelTa umetesobas

maTi istoriuli samSoblo TvaliTac ki ar aqvs naxuli damisdami siyvaruli mis Sesaxeb mxolod Taobidan Taobaszepirsityvieri formiT gadacemuli ambebiT uyalibdeboda, essiyvaruli mainc iqca maTi erovnuli cnobierebissisxlxorceul nawilad. swored winaparTagan memkvidreobiTmiRebuli am genetikuri grZnobis naTel gamovlinebad undamiviCnioT is faqti, rom fereidnelebi gansakuTrebulsiyvaruls iCenen yovelive imisadmi, rac maT istoriulsamSoblosTanaa dakavSirebuli.saqarTvelosadmi siyvarulis grZnoba Cveni fereidneli

moZmeebis calkeul warmomadgenelTa TviTSegnebaSi imdenadZlieria da farTo masStabebis momcveli, rom isini qarTulmiwaSi samudamo gasasveneblis damkvidrebasac natroben.magaliTad, mehdi sefians leqsSi “”samSoblo” es ocneba aseaqvs gamoxatuli: “”cxovrebaSi me maqvs erTi natvra _ darCenSen miwaSi Cveni saflavi”.”fereidnelis orovelaSi” Tavmoyrili poeturi teqstebis

avtorebi uRrmes gulistkivils gamoxataven imis gamo, rombolo dromde realurad TiTqmis araferi keTdeboda maTsa damaTi winaprebis istoriul samSoblos Soris saukuneTamanZilze gawyvetili kavSir-urTierTobis aRsadgenad. amtragikuli movlenis gacnobierebiT ganpirobebul wuxilsemamyuli baTavani erTgan ase gamoxatavs:ityvian ase, gvaxseneben, sam saukune naxevariakavSiria gawyvetili Cven gurjebsa da imaT Soris...oh, dedao, Cvensas Soris kavSiria gawyvetili.emamyuli baTavanis Semoqmedeba gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas im mxrivac iZens, rom masSi umwvavesi formiTaagamoxatuli Cveni fereidneli Tanamemamuleebis erovnuligulistkivili. kerZod, avtori yovelgvari SeniRbvis gareSeavlens ukmayofilebas imis gamo, rom deda gurjistanis mxridanTavisi moZmeebis erovnuli cnobierebis gansamtkicebladgaweuli saqmianoba sakmarisi ar aris da TavianTi istoriulisamSoblos Svilebi maT mimarT nakleb praqtikulmzrunvelobasa da realur Tanadgomas iCenen. amgulistkivilis simarTles Tundac is faqtic adasturebs, rom


gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi repatrirebulfereidnelTa didma nawilma istoriul samSobloSi darCenaskvlavac iranSi cxovreba arCia. es garemoeba arsebiTadganapiroba im faqtma, rom Cveni imJamindeli sazogadoebaerovnuladac da fsiqologiuradac mzad ar aRmoCndasaukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mSobliur wiaRs mowyvetil moZmeTamisaRebad da maTTvis kuTvnili gulis siTbos sawiladeblad.garda aRniSnuli garemoebisa, emamyuli baTavani qarTvel

sazogadoebas misi calkeuli warmomadgenlebis mier maTTvisdapirebul saqmeTa Seusruleblobis gamoc eubneba sayvedursda fereidnel qarTvelTa diasporas sparseTis okeaneSi ugzo-ukvlod maval patara, Tavdaucvel da umotoro xomaldsadarebs:“”erT dRes meCeTSi iyo mejlisi. misalocad Sesvlisasiq vixile skolis dafa, Raribad rom kuTxeSi kedels ekra daSescqeroda ocda-camet qarTul anbans, romlebicTavCaxrilni maswavleblis carcs elodeboden! guli amevso davTqvi: aba, sad arian qarTuli enis gamavrcelebelisazogadoebis msaxurni, rom naxon sparseTis okeaneSi pataraTavdaucveli qarTuli umotoro xomaldi, romelsac ugzo-ukvlod mimoisvrian talRebi. da kidec gamaxsenda fragmentebifilmidan ”Soria gurjistanamde”, is epizodi, rom gvpirdebian!Camovleno rveulebiT, fanqrebiT da dedaeniTao... daerTbaSad wamovTqvi es Tqmuleba”.fizikuri siSoris miuxedavad, Cveni fereidneli moZmeebi

ara marto ubralod adevneben Tvals Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinaredramatul movlenebs, aramed gulSematkivari mamuliSvilispoziciebidanac exmaurebian maT. am TvalsazrisiTgansakuTrebiT sainteresoa e. baTavanis ”abxazeTis niavi”,romelSic avtori mZafrad gamoxatuli erovnuli tkiviliTmiapyrobs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas Cveni qveynis am regionSibolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebul tragikulmovlenebs.miuxedavad Cveni qveynisadmi daucxromeli siyvarulisa,

ucxo miwaze oTxaswlovanma cxovrebam mSobliur fesvebsmowyvetili Cveni moZmeebis cnobierebaSi fereidani samSoblostolfard im adgilad aqcia, sadac isini maT wilxvedr patarasaqarTvelos aSenebdnen da amiT ramdenadme mainc icxrobdnendeda gurjistanisagan samudamod ganSorebis umZafrestkivils.“”fereidnelis orovelaSi” Tavmoyrili poeturiteqstebisadmi interess mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs isfaqtic, rom maTSi iranis miwaze iqaur qarTvelTa mierSeqmnili maTi wilxvedri am“”patara saqarTvelosadmi”siyvarulic aris gamovlenili.


fereidanis miwaze patara saqarTvelos Seqmnis iluziurgrZnobas realurs xdida is faqti, rom qarTuli toponimebiTgadanaTlul iqaur soflebSi oTxi saukunis manZilzecxovreba ZiriTadad qarTuli yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebel wes-CveulebaTa dacviT mimdinareobda, mosaxleoba ki winaparTaeniT ekontaqteboda erTmaneTs. ”quCebSi ismis ZaxiliqarTveli dedis Tu mamis, Svilebs rom eZaxian Sinisken,lampionebi quCebSi morTulan da anaTeben gurjTa gzas. aseTisaamo samoTxe cota Tu aris qveynad. es aris Cveni sofeli”(emamyuli baTavani).dasasrul kidev erTxel gavimeoreb: miuxedavad imisa, rom

fereidnel saxalxo mTqmelTa da mxatvrul sityvas SeWidebulavtorTa qarTulenovani Semoqmedeba wminda literaturuliTvalsazrisiT naklebad mniSvnelovan faseulobaswarmoadgens, maT mier Seqmnili poeturi teqstebi mainc iZensgansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas imis gamo, rom maTSisiRrmiseuladaa warmoCenili istoriuli avbedobis SedegadmSobliur wiaRs mowyvetili Cveni Tanamemamuleebis erovnulicnobierebis ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi mxareebi.

damowmebuli literatura:g. kalandia, 2010 _ g. kalandia, ahmed melaSvili _ CveneburTabeladi, Tb. 2010 w;s. muliani, 2005 _ s. muliani, fereidneli qarTveli Tavisdedis enas zeimobs. gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika,~ Tb. 2005 w.22 maisi;yolam-husein onikaSvili, 1908 _ yolam-husein onikaSvili,Jurnali `ganTiadi,~ Tb. 1908 w. #5-6;fereidnelis orovela, 2003 _ fereidnelis orovela,leqsebi, masala Sekriba j. giunaSvilma; gamosacemad moamzada v.kotetiSvilma, Tb. 2003 w;WeliZe 1951 _ a. WeliZe, fereidani, Tb. 1951 w;internetsaiti: www.fereidani.ge.


Avtandil Nikoleishvili /Akaki Tsereteli State University/

Poetic Reflection of Georgian Counsciousness of theFereydan Georgians

Summary

In terms of the manifestation of national consciousness of theFereydan Georgians the collection of poems "Orovela of the FereydanGeorgian", published in Tbilisi in 2003, is an extremely importantmaterial, which includes Georgian poetical works of Georgian authorsliving in Fereydan. The main reason for the creation of the poems in thebook is the Georgian consciousness that has firmly and steadily beenmaintained by the Fereydan Georgians who have been away from theirnative roots for more than four hundred years.

The main sign that demonstrates national consciousness of the theFereydan Georgians is a native Georgian language that has been keptuntil today. It is true that a lot has changed in the language of theFereydan Georgians as a result of living in a foreign environment for along time, but during this period it has successfully managed to play itsprimary role _ to preserve and maintain the national consciousness of theFereydan Georgians.

The interest towards the poems of our Iranian brothers is substantiallyincreased by the fact that through expressing their patriotic feelings theyactually represent the views of all Fereydan generations in an emotionallyimpressive way. Despite the relentless love towards our country in theconsciousness of the Fereydan Georgians, who have been torn from thenative roots for four hundred years and lived in a foreign land, Fereydanbecame the place equal to their homeland, where they built their smallshare of Georgia and somehow managed to kill the pain that was causedby being isolated from their real motherland _ Georgia.

Despite the fact, that creative works of Fereydan authors written in theGeorgian language have less creative value from literary point of view,their poetic texts still acquire special importance as they throroughlyrepresent the key factors determining national consciousness of ourfellow-countrymen who have been torn from their native roots as a resultof historical misfortune.


maka salia /TurqeTi, duzjes universiteti/

Turqulenovani studentebisaTvis ”kavkasiurixSulebis" (mkveTri Tanxmovnebis) swavlebis

sakiTxisaTvis

”bgerebis mixedviT enaTa Soris met-naklebi gansxvavebaSeiniSneba. qarTuli enis bgeriTi sistemisTvisdamaxasiaTebelia TanxmovanTa mravalferovneba. tipologiurniSans warmoadgens mkveTri Tanxmovnebis arseboba, romelicniSandoblivia zogadad iberiul-kavkasiuri bgeriTisistemisTvis" (arn. Ciqobava, 2008: 108).msjeloba exeba p, t, k,w, W, y Tanxmovnebs. fonetikur literaturaSi saanalizoTanxmovnebis aRsaniSnavad cnobilia terminebi: ”mkveTriTanxmovnebi", ”kavkasiuri xSulebi",“”usunTqveliTanxmovnebi", ”abruptivebi". g. axvledianis axsniT, akustikuriSTabeWdilebis mixedviT, gamarTlebuliatermini“”mkveTrebi", magram“”gaWirda misgan terminebiswarmoeba da misi ucxour enebze Targmna, amitom vxmarobTtermin abruptivs (laT. abruptio “”mowyveta, mogleja").marTlac, saartikulacio organoebi swrafad moswydebianerTmaneTs. akustikuradac mowyvetis STabeWdileba gvaqvs.misgan sxva terminebis Sedgenac araa Zneli (abruptivuli,abruptivizacia, dezabruptivizacia...), sxva enebze misiTargmnis saWiroebac araa (g. axvlediani, 1999: 80-81).p, t, w, W, k, y Tanxmovnebi ucxoa Turquli enisTvis.

amitomac qarTuli enis swavlebisas (TurqulenovanstudentebTan) erT-erTi problema swored am TanxmovnebTan e.w.“”kavkasiur xSulebTanaa" dakavSirebuli. swavlebis sawyisetapze, studentebs uWirT bgeraTa JReradobiT garCeva; diddros vuTmobT calkeuli bgerebis sworad warmoTqmas,artikulaciasa da misi unaris gamoyenebas metyvelebaSi.swavlebis procesSi xSirad mivmarTavT eleqtronulresursebs, sadac erTerTi savarjiSoa“”mosmena, gameoreba",magram sasurvel Sedegs mainc ver vaRwevT. zogjer studentebiizepireben swor formebs: kerZod, a) sityvebs, romlebic amaTu im aso-bgeris pirveli gacnobisas gvxvdeba:p: pepela, pavle, puri, papa, aprili;t: kata, toti. telefoni, televizori;w: wiwila, wero, wabli, wiwaka;W: WianWvela, saWmeli, WriWina, Wa, Wiqa;

112 maka salia, e.w. ,,kavkasiuri xSulebis” seavlebisaTvis

k: soko, komSi, ku, koka;y: yayaCo, yinuli, yvavili.b) sityvebs, romlebsac xSirad viyenebT sagakveTilo procesSi:wigni, universiteti, leqtori, studenti... mimarTvisformebi - batono, qalbatono; an kidev is sityvebi,romlebsac maT wasaxaliseblad mivmarTavT: yoCaR! kargi xar!TiToeul am meTods aqvs Tavisi wvlili swavlebis

procesSi, magram sasurveli SedegisTvis, meti savarjiSomasala da sxva meTodebi da xerxebia saWiro. radganacproblemebi isev mravladaa da Tavs iCens studentTa, rogorcmetyvelebaSi aseve, weriT davalebebSi.warmogidgenT studentTa namuSevrebs. mag.: ”TbilisTan

axlos simcvaneSi Cafluli patara sofelia. aq erTi lamazieqlesia dgas. Cisqvilebic paTaraa. aqauri vazi da qurzenicnobilia saqarTveloSi. ”babu”. ratom cvalob, Sen xom magaTnaqofs ver moeswrebi? -vici, rom ver movescrebi, magram sxvebimoescrebian da iTqvian asxonoso - ”ufasuxa moxucma";”Tbilisi didi musiqaluri kulTuris cenTria"...cnobilia, rom mkveTri Tanxmovnebi sameulTa sistemaSi

erT-erT lokalur rigs qmnian:b f pd T tZ c wj C Wg q kymetyvelebis dros xdeba yru mkveTri Tanxmovnis Canacvleba

sameulis yru fSvinvieriT, rac saTanado asaxvas poulobsstudentTa weriT namuSevrebSic (ix. zemoT):simwvane -> simcvaneeklesia -> eqlesiawisqvili -> cisqviliupasuxa -> ufasuxa ...metyvelebis dros k mkveTri Tanxmovnis nacvlad xSirad g

mJReri Tanxmovanic ismis. mag.: Tagvs gagali ukvars...weriTi metyvelebis dros xSirad vxvdebiT y -> k

SemTxvevebs: miyvars -> mikvars, tye -> tke, yayaCo -> kakaCo...metyvelebaSi ki y bgeris adgilas ismis“”g" an ”q" bgerebi:miqvars (<-miyvars), qidulobs (yidulobs), gagaCo (yayaCo)...situacia ufro rTuldeba, rodesac sityvaSi erTze meti

mkveTri Tanxmovania. mag.: ”wyali" sityvis warmoTqmisas ismis

maka salia, e.w. ,,kavkasiuri xSulebis” seavlebisaTvis 113

cqali, sqali, sxali formebi, ”tyis" nacvlad maTmetyvelebaSi dasturdeba - Tqe, tke...qarTulSi ama Tu im bgeris arasworad gamoyeneba sityvas an

mniSvnelobas ucvlis, an saerTod abundovanebs azrs (kari :qari; weli: celi...) - sagangebod SerCeul savarjiSoebzemuSaobiT, studentebi Tavad midian aRniSnul daskvnamde dameti pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebian marTlwerisa da metyvelebisproblemebs.qarTuli ena Turqulenovani studentebisTvis ucxo enaa,

amitom, zemoT aRniSnuli problemebic bunebrivia, magramvfiqrob, es xarvezebi, mxolod swavlebis sawyisi etapisTvisaadamaxasiaTebeli da daZlevadia.


axvlediani, 1999 - giorgi axvlediani. zogadi fonetikissafuZvlebi. Tb. 1999;Ciqobava, 2008 - arnold Ciqobava. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali.Tb. 2008;

Maka Salia /Duzce University/

Teaching Turkish-Speaking Students the So-Called‘Caucasian Occlusive Sounds’ (Ejective Consonants)

SummaryIn 2013, specialty of the Georgian language and literature was opened

at the Düzce University (the Republic of Turkey). Correspondingly, thereis only the first year course of this specialty. The problem we encounterat this stage of teaching is of phonetic character and concerns theCaucasian occlusive sounds.’პ, ტ, კ, წ, ჭ, ყ (p’, t’, k’, c’, č', q’) ejective consonants, which are

characteristic for the Caucasian languages, are unusual for the Turkishlanguage. Students find it difficult to pronounce these sounds. Theycannot distinguish these ejectives from some ejective sounds of thesame line. This problem is reflected both in spoken as well as writtenspeech.


rusudan saRinaZe /quTaisi,akakiwereTlis saxelmwifouniversiteti/harun Cimqe /TurqeTi, rejef taif erdoRanis

universiteti/

TurqulenovanTaTvis qarTuli saxelisparadigmis swavlebis problema

statia exeba gansxvavebuli brunvebis mqone saxelTaformebis gadmocemasTan dakavSirebul problemebsTurqulad molaparake qarTvelisa da, piriqiT, qarTuladmosaubre Turqis metyvelebaSi. naSromSi mocemuliamcdeloba am problemaTa daZlevis gzebis Ziebisa daganxilulia mxolod moTxrobiTi da wodebiTi, anu iseTibrunvebi, romlebic qarTulSi aris da Turquls ar gaaCnia.sakvanZo sityvebi: qarTuli, Turquli, brunvebi,

moTxrobiTi, wodebiTi.mravalferovani da metad saintereso bunebis, agebulebis

mqone qarTuli enis Seswavlis procesSi ucxoelTaTvis da, maTSoris, TurqulenovanTaTvis mravali problema iCens Tavs.zmnasTan SedarebiT TiTqos martivia saxeli, rogorc ak. SaniZemiuTiTebda, magram ori sxvadasxva sistemis enis Sexvedrisas,bunebrivia, aRqmisa da aTvisebis etapi an Senelebulia, an -daCqarebuli imis mixedviT, ramdenad vaxerxebT swavlebisgamartivebuli, daxvewili meTodebis SemuSavebasa Tugamoyenebas.brunvaTa raodenoba gansxvavebulia qarTulsa da

TurqulSi. vgulisxmobT tradiciul gramatikebSi arsebulbrunvebs, ris mixedviTac Tanamedrove saliteraturoqarTulSi aris Svidi brunva (saxelobiTi-i,moTxrobiTi --ma/ -m, micemiTi --s, naTesaobiTi --is, moqmedebiTi --iT, viTarebiTi --ad/-d, wodebiTi --o/-v), TurqulSi ki - rva: 1. saxelobiTi - ev(saxli); 2. braldebiTi –evi(saxls - saxli); 3. micemiTi -eve(saxls); 4. adgilobiTi -evde (saxlSi/-ze); 5. gamosvliTi -evden(saxlidan); 6. naTesaobiTi -evin (saxlis); 7. Vasıta Hali-pirdapir iTargmneba, rogorc saSualeba (es brunva qarTulismoqmedebiTi brunvis Sesatyvisia); 8. Eşitlik Hali (laT. Ekvativ,maTanasworebeli) - viTarebiTi (Z. Korkmaz 2009: 266).orive enisaTvis saerTo brunvebia: saxelobiTi, micemiTi,

naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi.gansxvavebul brunvebSi gamoiyofa:

rusudan saRinaZe, harum Cimqe, TurqulenovanTaTvis qarTuli saxelis paradigmis.. 115

a) brunvebi, romlebic qarTulSi aris da Turquls argaaCnia. aseTia moTxrobiTi da wodebiTi;b) brunvebi, romlebic TurqulSi aris da qarTuls ar

gaaCnia. aseTia: braldebiTi, adgilobiTi da gamosvliTi.sainteresoa gansxvavebuli brunvebis mqone saxelTa

formebis gadmocema qarTulsa da TurqulSi. aseTi brunvebisgamoyenebisas Tavs iCens winaaRmdegobebi Turquladmolaparake qarTvelisa da, piriqiT, qarTulad mosaubreTurqis metyvelebaSi. amgvari gansxvavebis safuZvelze gaCeniliproblemebi, cxadia, arTulebs, anelebs kidec enis Seswavlisprocess. Cveni mizanic swored am problemaTa daZlevis gzebisZiebaa. amjerad SevexebiT mxolodiseT brunvebs, romlebicqarTulSi aris da Turquls ar gaaCnia, anu moTxrobiTsa dawodebiTs. moTxrobiTirogorc arn. Ciqobava aRniSnavs, qarTulisaTvis Taviseburi

movlenaa ergatiuli konstruqcia. moTxrobiTi brunva argaaCnia arc rusul da arc evropul enebs. maTTan SedarebiTqarTuls aklia braldebiTi da meti aqvs moTxrobiTi.gramatikosTa garkveuli nawili cdilobda, rom braldebiTiscariel adgilas moeTavsebina moTxrobiTi. es arn. CiqobavasdauSveblad miaCnia, radgan braldebiTis funqcia qarTulSiSeiZleba daekisros mxolod micemiTsa da saxelobiTs. gardaamisa, braldebiTi yovelTvis aRniSnavs umoqmedos, pasiurs,xolo moTxrobiTi - moqmeds, aqtiurs. igi sakuTrivqvemdebaris brunvaa.ramdenadac moTxrobiTis garda qvemdebares aqvs sxva

brunvebic, kerZod, saxelobiTi da micemiTi, moTxrobiTibrunvis formis mqone saxelTa gadmocemisas qarTuladmosaubre Turqis metyvelebaSi Tavs iCens winaaRmdegobebi. manuswrafesad unda gaakeTos arCevani da mocemul momentSigamoiyenos saxelobiTi, micemiTi an moTxrobiTi. am problemasenis Semswavleli advilad wyvets: misTvis ufro nacnobiasaxelobiTi brunvis forma, romelic ufro metad xvdeba yursenis Seswavlis sawyis etapze, da irCevs saxelobiTs. magaliTad,winadadeba Ahmet bunu yaptı - qarTulad unda iTargmnos ase:ahmedma es gaakeTa,magram, sanam Turqi kargad ver gaacnobierebsqarTulis moTxrobiT brunvas, ityvis: ahmedi es gaakeTa.vfiqrobT, gacnobierebis process ucxoelisTvis arTulebsisic, rom saxelebis Seswavla uswrebs zmnis Seswavlas, maSinroca qarTulSi subieqtis (qvemdebaris) brunva zmniT arisSepirobebuli.

116 rusudan saRinaZe, harum Cimqe, TurqulenovanTaTvis qarTuli saxelis paradigmis..

moTxrobiTi brunva ZiriTadad gardamaval zmnebTanixmareba (isic namyo ZiriTadis wyebaSi) (arn. Ciqobava 1998:27). rogorc cnobilia, gardamavali zmnis gamosacnobadarsebobs ramdenime xerxi: 1. Seewyoba pirdapiri obieqti; 2.subieqti brunvacvalebadia; 3. wyvetilSi subieqti moTxrobiTbrunvaSi dgas; 4. wyvetilSi (mr. r.) S3 piris niSani -essufiqsia; 5. III seriaSi zmna inversiulia.amaTgan CvenTvis sayuradReboa me-3 da me-4 punqtebi,

romlebSic subieqti moTxrobiT brunvaSi dgas. magaliTad:gaakeTa man is -gaakeTes maT is; daketa man is - daketes maT is;ipova man is - ipoves maT is... rogorc vxedavT, warsuli droismqone dasaxelebul zmnebSi yvela subieqti moTxrobiTbrunvaSi dgas da es aris erT-erTi xerxi moTxrobiTi brunvisgamoyenebisa. amasTan erTad zmnis ZiriTadi droebis(axlandeli, momavali, warsuli) gacnobisas aucilebeliaufro metad gamaxvildes yuradReba moTxrobiTbrunviankonstruqciaze da warsuli drois formas Tavze daeweros mannacvalsaxeli. pirvel etapze aq SeiZleba CaerTos dazepirebismeTodic da Camoiweros ergatiuli konstruqciis mqonexSirad gamosayenebel zmnaTa nusxa (swavlobs is - iswavla man,wers is - dawera man, kiTxulobs is - waikiTxa man, cxovrobs is -icxovra man, mecadineobs is - imecadina man, yidulobs is - iyidaman, Wams is - Wama man, svams is - dalia man, alagebs is - daalagaman, amzadebs is - moamzada man...).qarTuli enis Semswavleli Turqi xSirad uSvebs Secdomas

icis (uwyis) zmnasTanac. miuxedavad imisa, rom es formaawmyoSia, saxels mainc moTxrobiTi brunvis niSani erTvis.aRniSnuli formis gamoyenebisas unda Tqvan, magaliTad, iamicis, magram amboben: ia icis... aq gacilebiT martivad arissaqme: ucxoels unda avuxsnaT, rom es aris erTaderTi (an ori)zmna, romelTanac axlandel droSi unda gamoiyenosmoTxrobiTi. maSasadame, aq aris erTi gza, icis (uwyis) manzepirad unda daimaxsovros.momdevno etapze, roca enis Semswavleli qarTuli zmnis

ukeT gaazrebas SeZlebs, mas SeiZleba miewodos masala d.meliqiSvilis I diaTezidan, romelSic mocemulia ergatiulikonstruqciis zmnaTa struqtura. I diaTezaSi gaerTianebuliaori semantikuri qvejgufi:1. avtoaqtiuri (TviTmoqmedi) _ struqtura:R -0; i-/u-R [e/i]-0;prev.-R-a-/i-/u-R-th.-0;nakluli konstruqciisaa - ar Seicavspirdapir obieqts) [is - man; is - mas; man - mas];


2. aqtiuri subieqtis Semcveli zmnebi, romelTagrSbrunvacvalebadia _ struqtura:a-/i-/u-R-0; a-/i-/u-R- [e/i]-0;a-/i-/u-R-th.-suf.-0;konstruqciaarasrulia[is mas - man is; ismasmas;manmasis]:saxelobiTi: wuxs is; wers is mas - I seriamoTxrobiTi: iwuxa man; dawera man is - II seria.labiluri konstruqciis avtoaqtiuri zmnebis Sinagani

pirdapiri obieqti xan amotivtivdeba, xan ikargeba. magaliTad:TamaSobs is -TamaSobs is mas, laparakobs is - laparakobs is mas,swavlobs is - swavlobs is mas... I diaTezis orive qvejgufiaqtiursubieqtiania, moTxrobiT brunvaSia (d. meliqiSvili,2011). wodebiTiarn. Ciqobavas mier SemoTavazebul brunvaTa rigSi

wodebiTi ar igulisxmeba, magram wodebiTi tradiciuladviTarebiTis Semdeg mainc rCeba brunvaTa rigSi. igi SedarebiTaxali warmoSobisaa. wodebiT brunvasTan dakavSirebiTqarTul lingvistikaSi mravali urTierTsapirispiromosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. zogierTi mkvlevari mas miiCnevsdamoukidebel brunvad, zogi ki - ara. am problemas Cven aq arSevexebiT. CvenTvis amjerad ufro mniSvnelovania isproblemebi, rac wodebiTis formasTan dakavSirebiT uCndebaqarTuli enis Semswavlel Turqulenovan moqalaqes.qarTulSi wodebiTi brunvis formiT gadmoicema ZiriTadad

mimarTva (megobaro! eqimo!..). igi qmnis Sesityvebasac: CemoTavo; Zvirfaso bavSvebo!..Turqul enas ar gaaCnia wodebiTi brunva, Tumca mimarTvis

gamosaxatavad iyenebs sxvadasxva saSualebas, TaviseburmimarTvis formebs, Tavazian gamoTqmebs. magaliTad: Hhocam -Cemo maswavlebelo, kardeşim -Cemo Zma, abla- ufrosi da, abi -ufrosi Zma, hala- mamida, teyze-deida, amca- biZa, brader- Zma(inglisuridan Semosuli sityvaa), beyefendi - batono,hanımefendi- qalbatono... bakar mısın- SemomxedeT, Tu SeiZleba,bir saniye - erTi wami, bir dakika - erTi wuTi.… aqedan zogi (birsaniye- erTi wami, bir dakika - erTi wuTi...) saerToa qarTulisada TurqulisTvis, zogi ki - gansxvavebuli (abla- ufrosi da, abi- ufrosi Zma...). aRniSnul formaTa gamoyenebisasgasaTvaliswinebelia: umcros-ufrosobis (pativiscemis),sqesis, Tanamdebobis, axloblobis sakiTxebi...


qarTulSi maswavlebels mimarTaven wodebiT brunvaSiCasmuli sityviT - „maswavlebel-o“, TurqulSi ki imavesituaciaSi sityva „maswavlebelo“ kuTvnilebiTinacvalsaxelis gareSe ar gamoiyeneba -Öğretmenim (Cemimaswavlebeli). am sityvaSi -im aris kuTvnilebis niSani.dasaxelebul magaliTSi aqcenti imaze aris gadatanili, rom,is maswavlebeli, visac mimarTavT, ar aris zogadi da Senimaswavlebelia. aseTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mimarTvis formebi:Arkadaşım- Cemi megobari, kardeşim - Cemi Zma, oğlum- CemivaJiSvili, kızım - Cemi qaliSvili... Turqul sinamdvileSi amformebis kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis gareSe gamoyenebaxandaxan uxerxulobasac iwvevs. magaliTad, maswavlebels rommimarTonase:Öğretmen (maswavlebeli), is ityvis an ifiqrebs:Cemze xom ar aris gabrazebuli? ra amayi bavSvia! rogorc Cans,axloblad ar mTvlis da a.S. Turquli eniT dainteresebuliqarTvelebi sanam enas kargad ar Seiswavlian, manamde sulkuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis gareSe iyeneben aseT formebs. dakidev: sainteresoa sityva „maswavlebelis“ Semoklebulivarianti „mas“. aseTi formebi Turqul enaSi ar gvxvdeba.aseve sainteresoa abla, abi formebis gamoyeneba TurqulSi,

rac qarTulisTvis ucxoa. ojaxSi, axloblebSi ar SeiZlebaufrossmimarToT pirdapir misi saxeliT, aucilebelia winiyos sqesis mixedviT abla, abi. magaliTad, Mustafa abi- ufrosiZma mustafa, Fatma abla - ufrosi da fatma... aseve ufrospirovnebas, romelsac icnobT, pativiscemis gamo undamimarToTabla, abi formebiT.TurqulSi naTesaobis aRmniSvneli sityvebis gamoyenebisas,

vgulisxmobT mamidas, deidasa da biZas, jer unda iTqvas saxeli,Semdeg -rac aris. magaliTad, Ahmet amca - axmed biZa, Ayşe teyze -aiSe deida, Hatice hala - haTije mamida... qarTulSi ki xSirSemTxvevaSi an saxels ityvian, anda mimarTvis formebsmoiSvelieben. magaliTad, “mamida”“ an “nino”...TurqulSi sainteresoa mimarTvis formebi, romelTac

moferebiTi elferi aqvT:Bbalım - Cemi Tafli, şşekerim - CemiSaqari, güzelim- Cemi lamazi, akıllım - Cemi Wkviani, bir tanem- CemierTaderTi, gülüm- Cemi vardi, çiçeğim- Cemi yvavili, yakışıklım -Cemi simpaTiuri, sultanım - Cemi sulTani, hayatım - Cemisicocxle... marTalia, am formaTa garkvuli nawiliqarTulSic aris, magram, Cveni azriT, TurqulSi maincufrogansxvavebulad ixmareba. magaliTad, qmari Tavis cols


etyvis: „Sultanım bir saniye gelir misin?“ romelic iTargmneba:Cemo sulTano, erTi wuTiT SegiZlia moxvide? aq sityva„sulTani“ gulisxmobs ,,gulis mpyrobels”...qarTulSi wodebiTi brunva sami fakultaturi variantiTaa

warmodgenili: 1) nulovani alomorfi, 2)-o, 3) -v.Tanamedrove sasaubro qarTulSi amaTgan ZiriTadadgamoiyeneba nulovani alomorfi da -o. problema umetesadiqmneba -o niSnis gamoyenebisas. qarTulis SemswavleliTurqisTvis Zneli aRsaqmelia wodebiTi brunva, sanam didxansar daakvirdeba da ar gamoiyenebs ama Tu im winadadebaSi.magaliTad, roca wodebiT brunvaSi CavsvamT sityva batons,miviRebT formas batono. ucxoels sasaubro enaSi es sityvaxSirad esmis batonosformiT da hgonia, rom aRniSnuli sityvasaxelobiT brunvaSi aris da, roca viRac ufrosis Sesaxebsaubrobs, ase ambobs xolme: batono giorgi guSin wavida.wesiT unda Tqvas: batoni giorgi guSin wavida (h. Cimqe 2013:70-71).aseve zogierTi -o xmovanze daboloebuli saxelis (nino,

daTo, aleko...) gamo hgoniaT, rom yvela sakuTar saxels bolosunda daematos wodebiTi brunvis niSani -o.magaliTisTvisaviRoT -i-ze daboloebuli sakuTari saxelebi: giorgi, ani,akaki... brunvis niSnebis Seswavlis Semdeg umetesi nawiliambobs „giorgo, ano, akako“, rac qarTulisTvis yovladmiuRebelia. sakuTar saxelebTan TiTqmis ar arsebobsproblema, radgan wodebiTSi niSani ar gamoiyeneba: giorgi, ani,akaki, levan, mindia, nino... Tumca moferebiT-kninobiTsaxelebTan bolos aris -o: zuriko, maiko, Tiniko... amgvarsaxelTa gavlenac aferxebs zogjer TurqulenovanTaTviswodebiTis sufiqsis aRqmas.Cveni azriT, qarTuli enis Seswavlis dros aRniSnuli

problemis Tavidan asacileblad ucxoels kargad undagavaazrebinoT, rom wodebiTi brunvis niSnebi saxels daerTvisfuZisa da daboloebis mixedviT, kerZod: boloTanxmovnianebi gaformebulia-o brunvis niSniT:megobar-o, eqim-o, Svil-o... boloxmovnianebi (or- da metmarcvlianebi) -v niSniT andaboloebis gareSea: deda-v//deda, samSoblo-v//samSobl-o... erTmarcvlian boloxmovnianebTan aris -o niSani: Zma-o,dRe-o... zog SemTxvevaSi, ganasakuTrebiT ki poeziaSi,dasaSvebia -v daboloeba („mzev Sina da mzev gareTa...“ Sdr.,„mzeo, amodi, amodi“);


daboloebis gareSea -u boloxmovniani ormarcvlianisaxelebi: babu, tabu...(http://lia24jumushadze.wordpress.com).amrigad, Cven SevexeT ramdenime problemas, romelTac

vawydebiT TurqulenovanTaTvis qarTuli saxelis paradigmisswavlebisas, SemogTavazeT maTi daZlevis gzebis mxolodmcdeloba da sakuTari mosazrebebi.

damowmebuli literatura:d. meliqiSvili 2011 - d. meliqiSvili, meTodologiuriproblemebi qarTul gramatikul literaturaSi da maTigadawyvetis gzebi; ike, XXXVIII, Tb., 2011;h. Cimqe 2013- h. Cimqe, brunvaTa raodenoba qarTulsa daTurqulSi (gansxvavebuli da saerTo brunvebi da maTifunqciebi); saerTaSoriso konferenciა: „Tanamedroveinterdisciplinarizmi da humanitaruli azrovneba“, quTaisi,2013;arn. Ciqobava 1998 - arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadidaxasiaTeba: Tb., 1998;Z. Korkmaz 2009 – Z. Korkmaz,Türkiye Türkçesi Grameri –ŞekilBilgisi, Türk Dili Kurumu Yayınları,Ankara, 2009;

http://lia24jumushadze.wordpress.com


Rusudan Saghinadze /Akaki Tsereteli State University/Harun Çimke /Asist. Prof., Recep Tayyip Erdogan University/

Problem of Turkish Speakers Studying the Name Paradigmin Georgian Language

SummaryThis article deals with the problems of expressing the forms of names

in the speech of Georgian-speaking Turkish and vice versa, Turkish-speaking Georgian.

The number of cases differ in Georgian and Turkish languages. Thereare seven grammatical cases in modern Georgian language (Nominative,Ergative (Narrative), Dative, Genitive, Instrumental, Adverbial andVocative) and eight in Turkish ( Nominative, Genitive, Dative,Accusative, Ablative, Locative, Vasita Hali – directly translated as aninstrument (this case corresponds with Georgian Instrumental case),Esitlik hali (Lat. Ekvativ) equalizer – Adverbial.

Common cases for both languages are the following: Nominative,Dative, Genitive, Instrumental and Adverbial. We can distinguishdifferent types of cases in both languages:

a) Grammatical cases that Georgian language has and Turkish doesn’t.Such as, Ergative (Narrative) and Vocative;

b) Cases that Turkish language has and Georgian doesn’t. Such as:Accusative, Ablative, Locative.

Ergative (Narrative) and Vocative cases are discussed in this work.These are the cases that Georgian language has and Turkish doesn’t. Theattempts are made to overcome the problems associated with the ways oftheir study.


manana tabiZe /Tbilisi, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmidaandria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universiteti/

iranSi gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebis lingvisturimarkerebi

dRes, saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mcxovreb qar-TvelTamarkirebisaTvis ramdenime leqsema gamoi-yeneba:“”emigraciaSiwasuli”, ”ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi”, iranSi, TurqeTSi,”dasaxlebuli” qarTvelebi, ferei-daneli qarTveli,TurqeTeli qarTveli, kaxeTidan gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebi,”Cveneburebi” da sxv.TiTqmis yvela es leqsikuri maxasiaTebeli Tanamedrove

msoflios politikuri Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiTaaSerCeuli, raTa maqsimalurad Sesustdes lingvisturmarkerSi sxvagan cxovrebis mizezTa amsaxveli cnebebisgamoyeneba da im fuZeebis aqtivizacia, romelic Soreuliwarsulidan xSir SemTxvevaSi omebisa da masobrividapirispirebis mrisxane aCrdilebs gamoixmobda. aseTia: ayra,garekva, wasxma, darbeva, mooxreba, dawiokeba, devna,ltolvileba da sxv. am leqsikam, samwuxarod, Cvens droSicpova gamoyeneba, radgan afxazeTsa da samaCabloSiganviTarebul movlenebs kvlav dasWirda lingvisturimarkerebis morgeba-misadageba (T. Turkia, 2008.

http://195.178.225.22/CSmsl/msl/Turk.pdf).unda iTqvas, rom Cveni istoriuli warsuli (iseve, rogorc

nebismieri qveynisaTvis misi sakuTari istoria) dRes aRiqmebasemiotikuri simZafriT, radgan saerTo warsuli is RerZia,romlis garSemoc is adamianebi (sazogadoeba, xalxi, eri)konsolidirdeba, romelsac saerTo sixarulisa Tu wuxilismogoneba, erTi da imave istoriuli faqtisadmi ara mxoloderTnairi damokidebuleba, aramed Tundac erTi da imaveistoriuli momentis codnac ki erTmaneTis mimarT siaxlovisgrZnobas aRuZravs. amgvari saerTo warsuli saukuneTa Semdegara mxolod barikadebis erT mxares, aramed sapirispiro mxaresmdgomTa gamaerTianebel mogonebadac SeiZleba mogvevlinos.sociolingvistikaSi xSirad mimarTaven pirovnebisa Tu

sazogadoebis identobis kvlevis iseT meTodebs, romliTacdakvirvebis obieqtis identobis dasadgenad sxvadasxvaistoriuli faqtisa Tu tradiciuli Rirebulebebisadmidamokidebulebis gansazRvra xdeba da sazogadoebriv erTobadswored isini miiCnevian, vinc erTiania am TvalsazrisiT (Bo

manana tabiZe, iranSi gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebis lingvisturi markerebi 123

Petersson, 2000: 17-18); Tumca RirebulebaTa sistema uaRresadfarTo da rTulia, da yvela aspeqtis gamokvleva dReisaTviscnobili meTodebiTa da meTodologiebiT Zalian xangrZlivsada mZime Sromas moiTxovs. qarTvelTa erovnuli identobiskvlevis gzaze erTaerTi mniSvnelovani istoriuli momentime17 saukunis qarTl-kaxeTis beds ukavSirdeba. mxedvelobaSigvaqvs kaxeTis didi tragedia, romelic kaxeTis miwa-wylidanqarTvelTa ayrasa da ucxoeTSi gadasaxlebas Seexeba.nebismieri met-naklebad ganaTlebuli qarTvelisaTvis: iranSiqarTvelTa gadasaxlebis konteqstis lingvisturi markerebisaerToa: ”fereidani _ saqarTvelos tkivilia”,“”Soriagurjistanamde”, sul axsovdaT: ”nu gaTaTrdebi”, ”Ralati romar yofiliyo” da a.S.miuxedavad imisa, rom fereidanis qarTveloba sparseTSi

sastiki omebis Sedegad moxvda, qarTuli istoriuliwyaroebica da mwignobruli azric am epoqis movlenaTaSefasebisas ufro mets ambobs am sabediswero movlenebSiTavad qarTvelTa mier daSvebul Secdomebsa da Ralatze,vidre sparselTa pasuxismgeblobaze. sxvaTa Soris esdamokidebuleba, rogorc Cans, Zalian Rrmad aris qarTvelTacnobierebaSi gamjdari; cxadia, yvelas esmis, rom „Ralatisada veragobisagan“ arcerTi eri araa Tavisufali, da kacTabunebis es maxinji mxareebi yvelgan iCens Tavs. ase rom ar iyosarc sakoncentracio banakebi iarsebebda, arc xirosima, arc11 seqtemberi da arc Tanamedrove „civi da cxeli omebi.magram qarTvelTa TviTanalizSi ikiTxeba gansakuTrebulipasuxismgebloba sakuTari Tvistomis saqcielze, damidrekileba yoveli konkretuli mankierebis ganzogadebisaken;Zalian xSiria CvenSi gamoTqma ”qarTvelebi gautanlebi varT”,”qarTvelebi moRalateebi varT”,“”zarmacebi varT”,’ ”ar viciTerTmaneTis fasi”“ da sxv.es mtanjveli TviTkritika da mudmivi gansacdeli, rogorc

Cans, sxvaTa saqcielis mkacrad Sefasebas uSlis xels, daamitomacaa, rom qarTveloba xSirad Semwyna-rebluri (dazogjer gadaWarbebuli SemwynareblobiTac ki) TvaliTuyurebs iseTi specifikuri moRvaweebis ”sasxviso” (sxvebisTvisgankuTvnil) warmatebebs, rogo-rebic arian, magaliTad,giorgi saakaZe da ioseb juRaSvili, romelTa pirovnuliwarmatebebi saqarTvelosTvis zianis motanas gulisxmobda. 1

1 maSin mouravi dids xans axlda Saabazs guerdsa da mravaliemsaxurebina mouravsa. da daando guli da wyalobac mravali eqna,

124 manana tabiZe, iranSi gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebis lingvisturi markerebi

qarTuli periodika mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebidanmoyolebuli drodadro exeboda sparseTSi mosaxleqarTvelebis Temas, Tumca ki aSkarad igrZnoboda informaciissimwire. da mainc, alag-alag mainc qveyndeboda fereidnulkiloze gawyobili xalxuri leqsebi, xalxSi Semonaxulilegendebi da mogonebebi. komunisturi reJimis pirobebSifereidnelTa naxva rigiTi qarTvelisaTvis miuwvdomeliocneba iyo, SeiZleba amitomac emateboda mcire informaciebsdidi warmosaxva da idealizacia Cveni Tanamemamuleebisa;xalxi erTmaneTs uyveboda fereidnel qarTvelTa warmatebulsaqmianobaze iranSi, qarTuli enis didebul codnaze,qarTuli daba-soflebis saxelwodebaTa „sicocxleze“fereidanSi, fereidneli dedebis namRer iavnanaze, fereidnelqarTvelTa mravalSvilianobaze (es miTi sul mudam erisricxovnobaze mowuxari qarTvelebis SeTxzulia), Wadisgamocxobisas zed jvris gamosaxulebaze da a.S.. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom rogorc fereidanSi inaxavda xalxi Tavisiidentobis ganmsazRvrel legendebsa da miTebs, ise qmnidasaqarTvelo axali tipis miTologias fereidanSi mcxovrebiqarTvelebis Sesaxeb.unda iTqvas, rom am miTebisa dalegendebis sruliad saqarTveloSi ”gadamtani” sworedperiodika gaxldaT.Tavis droze qarTuli presa didi aRtacebiT gamoexmaura

zaqaria WiWinaZis (1853_1931) naSroms - „Savi dro(qarTvelTa gadasaxleba fereidanSi), romelsac avtori aseiwyebda: „qarTvelebma meCvidmete sauku-nes“”Savi dro"uwodes.“ anu erT-erTi lingvisturi markeri swored“”Savidroa”,miuxedavad Cvens istoriaSi mravalad arsebuli“”Savi”droebisa, es Sesityveba qar-Tuli identobis leqsikurnusxaSi swored fereidanTanaa mibmuli.ramdenime lingvokulturologiur markers davasa-xelebT:

• unda iTqvas, rom XVII saukune aris Savi dro qarTvelTa,Savzed ufro metic.sisxlis wvimebis dro, rogorc

icoda, rom mouravman Cems iqiT ara icis rao. da ubrZana mouravs:,,mnebavs warsvla Seni saqarTveloSi da Tana wargatan yarCixa-xansspiTa mravliTa da Zesa bagratisasa, patara sჳmon-xans, warved damived pirvelad da moaoჴre sruliad kaxeTi da iavar-yavT da mosarpiriTa maxჳlisaTa qarTli, ahyare da Camomisxi aqa”. aRuTqua niWididi da saboZvari mravali. (beri egnataSvili)


Tqmula "nugzar erisTvis drosao, sisxlis wvimebisdrosao"... (z. WiWinaZe);

• ”kaxeTi ki daamxo, welSi gawyvita, gadaasaxla”.“(z.WiWinaZe).

• amis meTaurobas swevda barbarosulad gazrdili Sah-abasi. bebia amisi SalikaSvilis qali gaxldaT.bebiamdaswyevla es barbarosi, roca saqarTvelos asaklebadwamovida (z. WiWinaZe).

• ”ase ambobda qarTveli, sparseTSi gadaxvewili, rac undamtanjon, mawamon, mainc davrCebi qarTveli”.

• mxolod ramdenime amonarids davasaxelebT qarTliscxovrebidan, rac lingvistur markerTa xasiaTissaCveneblad, vfiqrobT, sakmarisia:

• ”da ubrZana mouravs: ...warved da mived pirvelad damoaoჴre sruliad kaxeTi da iavar-yavT da mosar piriTamaxჳlisaTa qarTli, ahyare da Camomisxi aqa”.

• ”maSin mouravi dahpirda qarTlis daWerasa da kaxeTisasa,da TჳTanc undoda Saabazs, da darTo neba Saabazwamosvlisa”. (beri egnataSvili)

• pirvel Turme erCiva mouravs Saabaz yaenisaTჳs esreT,viTarmed: qarTlSi“ zamTar midio, xizani mTaSi ver Sevaoda, rasc ginda iqo, da Tumca mTaSi Sevideno Tovli dasicive amoswyuetso. da esmina Saabazs sityua mouravisa damovida Tuesa ianvarsa xuTsa, qristes aqaT C~qkd, da aRiRocixe TorRisa Saabaz da gamoiRo yovelive saganZurikaxeTisa.

• maSin ezraxa Saabaz lekTa da gaugzavna kaci da SeuTualaesreT, viTarmed: mnebavs warmotyuenva da iavar-yofasruliad sanaxebisa amis, kaxeTs me avyri da, rac mandxizani kaci da qali Semovides, daatyue[ve]To.dawarvida da Cavlo kaxeTi da amoswyჳta.da wavida damoaoჴra, da sxuani ahyarna da Tana waasxna. da romelnimelekTa amoswyჳtes da daatyueves da romelnime morCesTuSeTs, fSavs da ჴevsureTs, da sxuani aaoჴres daamoswyჳtes, da rac-odenni Seipyres, colSvilianadahyares da waasxes romelime feriasa, romelnime axlananTana awca winamZRol-meTofed da arian dReindeladdRedmde meTofed, wina uZRuebian yaensa. maSin Semusra dadaamtvria, raodenni dauSTa pirvel, xatni da juarni dawarmoiRo nacarcvi da natyuenavi misi.


• waikiTxa da esreT ewera yarCixaxanTana yaenisagan,viTarmed: ”raJams mosraT kaxni, ahyareT qarTli dawamoasxiT, xolo mouravs uRalate, mosWer Tavi dagamomigzavne”.samecniero literatura cxadyofs, rom pirovnebis,

sazogadoebis, eris TviTobis Seswavlisas ganixileba ramdenimeparametri:1. mimarTeba danarCen samyarosTan (wvlili sxva qveynebiskeTildReobaSi, samxedro warmatebebi, kulturuli Rvawlida sxv);2. ideali, romelSic Tavsdeba pirovnebis (eris) biogra-fia;aq Sedis gmiruli istoria, Zvel wyaroebsa da dokumentebSiaRwerili da dadasturebuli yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT;3. rogor warudgens adamiani (eri) sakuTar Tavs sxvebs;4. rogor warudgens adamiani sakuTar Tavs Tavisians(Signidan).eris TviTobis ganmsazRvrel niSanTa Soris garkveuli

mimdevrobaa daculi; imis mixedviT, Tu visTvisaa gankuT-vniliinformacia, informanti sxvadasxva niSans wamowevs win dagarkveuli ierarqiiTac ganalagebs maT. magaliTad:evropelisaTvis misi evropeloba mniSvnelovania sxvasamyarosagan Tavis gasamijnad, magram SigniT, evropelTa Soris,sxva maxasiaTeblebi moqmedebs (aRmosavleTi da dasavleTievropa, evropis esa Tu is saxelmwifo, kulturuli monapovarida sxv.) /Uses of the Other. 1999: 37/;ramdenadac Tanamedrove msoflios politikuri da

ekonomikuri miznebi sazRvarTa waSlasa da sayovelTaoasimilacias gulisxmobs, TandaTanobiT aqtualuri xdebawarsulSi Camoyalibebul warmodgenaTa daSla da imisdasabuTeba, rom zogjer es warmodgenebi oden miTebsa dalegendebzea dafuZnebuli da ara obieqtur garemo-ebebze.ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos sazRvarTa politikurad rele-

vantur markerad? es SeiZleba iyos ena, istoria, religia, daa.S.,ra xdis enas erovnuli TviTobis mniSvnelovan mtarebelad?istoriuli ganviTarebis gzaze yvela qveyanas gamo-ucdia

momxdurTa agresia. swored es momxduri xasiaTdeboda iseTisityviT, rogoricaa’”ucxo” ”mteri”, ”urwmuno”, ”urjulo”,”sastiki”, “”yru” (mag., murvan yru). es ki TavisTavadgulisxmobs, rom rac amgvar ”ucxos” axasiaTebda, cudia, xolois, rac Tavad saxelis damrqmevs axasiaTebs, amis sawinaaRmdegoa(kargia): Tavisiani, sakuTari, Sinauri, moyvare, morwmune,merjule da sxv.


imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba mteri, icvlebanaklovanebaTa da RirsebaTa raodenobac da Tanamim-devrobac.a) leqsemebi: ”sxva”, “”ucxo” qarTulSi im sazRvris miRma

rCeba, romlis aqeT Tavs iyris yvela“”nacnobi”. ”sxvis”kategoriaSi ganTavsdeba:“”TaTari”, “”urjulo”,”Crdiloeli”, ”gadamTieli” da sxv.qarTvelisTvis qarTvelic SeiZleba iyos ”ucxo”, Tuki

erovnuli TviTobisTvis damaxasiaTebel parametrebs arakmayofilebs. aseTs“ _ ”ujiSo,”“”gadagvarebuli”, ”ucxoniadagze gadarguli da aRzrdili” hqvia. qarTvelisaTvis -naklad miiCneva:b) pirumtkicobag) siZunwed) arakacobae) simxdalev) ampartavnoba - Rirsebad miiCneva:a) guluxvobab) kacoba2

g) gulmarTlobad) gulwrfelobae) saimedooba; gamtanoba.qarTulSi saTanado leqsika-frazeologiis siuxve da

konotaciuri mravalferovneba am msjelobis samarTli-anobasadasturebs.”sxva” (”ucxo”) qarTvelisaTvis is adamiania, romlisTvisac

ara marto misaRebi ar aris, aramed mainca da mainc arcgasagebia qarTvelTa yofa-cxovreba, wesi da adaTi (amgvariadamianisTvis enas aqvs kidec Tavisi saxeli: ”gadamTieli”;iseTi ucxoelebi ki, romelnic qarTvelTa mimarTkeTilganwyobil xalxad miiCnevian, saTanado msazRvreliTarian aRniSnulni: ”Cveni ebraelebi”, ”Cveni azerbaijanelebi”(Sdr.“”qarTveli ebraelebi”, magram“”saqarTvelos somxoba”).sabasTan CvenTvis saintereso sityvebi asea ganmar-tebuli :Cueneburi _ Cuenis Temisaucxo, saucxoo, sxvisi, gadamTieli, cxra mTas iqiTa,

gadakarguli, gadaxvewili, SoreTi.ucxo _ sxva(s) qvey(a)nisaucxoTesli sxva gvaris(a) uSjuloucxotomi sxva gvarisa

2 es leqsema SeiZleba iTqvas sruliad specifikuri, oden qarTulsinamdvileSi moqmedi SinaarsiT gamoirCeva da specialuri kvlevissaganic SeiZleba gaxdes.


”sxvaSi” moiazrebian sxvadasxva erisa da eTnosiswarmomadgenlebi, romelTac erTi saerTo aqvT _qarTvelebisa da qristianobis mtroba.Cveulebriv,“”sxva”, ”ucxo” ufro advili dasaxasiaTebeli

Cans, vidre axlobeli, ramdenadac zogadi TaviseburebebisSemCneva da Sefaseba ar aris Zneli, xolo detalebis SefasebasfarTo da safuZvliani codna esaWiroeba.survili imisa, rom individma (an erma), SeZlebis-dagvarad,

SemosazRvros is sivrce (da sazogadoeba), romelSic igiTavdajerebulia, Sinaa, saimedodaa daculi, enobrivadac arisaRniSnuli saTanado leqsikiT; am rigisaa: ”sakuTari”,”axlobeli”, ”moyvasi” da a. S.upirveles yovlisa, ”sakuTarze” miTiTebas kuTvni-lebiTi

nacvalsaxeli kisrulobs.sainteresoa nacvalsaxeli“”Tavisi”, romelic garda imisa,

rom sakuTars, kuTvnils aRniSnavs, adamianTa (an koleqtivTa)Soris siaxlovis garkveul xarisxzec miuTiTebs:”ukueTu vinme TჳisTa, da ufroჲsRa saxleulTa ara

iRuwodes.””TჳisTa da naTesavTa uvarisyofiTa assa wilsa miRebad ...

aRuTqumida. pirvel yovlisa TჳisTa da megobarTaganuSorian.”aq sainteresoa iseTi Sewyvileba, rogoricaa: ”sakuTarTa

TჳsTa”, ”Tჳisi misi”, ”yovlisa TჳisTa [da megobarTa]”,”naTesavnida Tჳisni”.amgvarive datvirTviT muSaobs qarTulSi ”Cemi” da ”Cemiani”:

Cven, Cemebi, Cveneburi, Cveniani, CvenSi da sxv.enobrivi TviTobas uaRresad Rrma safuZveli aqvs adamianis

cnobierebaSi. Tanamedrove sociolingvistebis is nawilic ki,romelic Cveulebriv ersa da erovnul faseulobebsadamianebisaTvis wignebidan xelovnurad Canergilromantizebul miTebad acxadebs, iZulebulia aRiaros, romsazogadoebis konsolidacia mxolod ”Signidan” TviTaRqmiserTianobis SemTxvevaSia SesaZ-lebeli (SesaZloa, sworedamitom xarjaven globalistebi amden energias sxvadasxvaxalxis erovnuli TviTobis dasarRvevad).1. ”adamianis damokidebuleba misi garemomcveli samyarosmimarT paradigmatuli bunebisaa. cxadia, SeuZlebeliaerTbaSad mTeli kosmosi erTnair xarisxSi iqnas danaxuli daaRqmuli. amitomacaa saWiro aTvlis wertili, romlidanacsiSore-siaxlovis mixedviT SeiZleba mzera gavadevnoT mTelmanZils piris adgilsamyoflidan uSores wertilamde. aris


Tu ara es momenti gaTvaliswinebuli enobriv masalaSi?aTvlis wertili xom aris dedaena, romelic Seicavs cnobierTu qvecnobier codnas adgilis, rogorc adamianis samyoflis(TavSesafari, samkvidrebeli, sadgomi...) Sesaxeb. amTvalsazrisiT leqsikis kvleva aucileblad Seicavs organzomilebas - sinqroniulsa da diaqroniuls”“ (T. Turqia,2009: 94-102).sxvaTa Soris ,,Tavisianisa” da ,,ucxos” kvalifikacia

gaaadvilebs am ”TavisianSi” mosaazrebeli xalxis gamocnobas.sociolingvistebi ”Tavisianis” amocnobis sxvadasxva enobrivmaCvenebelze miuTiTeben, maTgan yvelaze TvalsaCinoa:• aqcenti;• saxasiaTo metyveleba (mag., dialeqtizmebi);• saerTo sityva-simboloebi (mag., istoriuli gmirebi,

samxedro warmatebebi, kulturul-socialuri formulebi...);• frazeologizmebi;• saerTo sametyvelo etiketi;• saerTo SefasebiTi kriteriumebi;• saerTo mter-moyvare da maTi erTnairi enobrivi

Sefaseba;• saerTo iumori.yvela am parametris damTxveva mxolod erTsa da imave erSia

SesaZlebeli. am erTobis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri markerebidanki CvenSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia ”sruliad saqarTvelo”,”yovelni qarTvelni”, ”Cveneburebi”,“”Cveni ena”,“”Cvenimwerloba”:Cveulebriv, individis, eTnosis, eris mier danarCenebTan

erTianobis moazreba enis meSveobiT xdeba.”udavoa, rom enas aqvs uaRresad didi simboluri Zala

eTnosisaTvis.simboloebi dganan referentTa Soris da yvelaena realobisadmi molaparakis damokidebulebas gamoxatavs,misi meSveobiT gamoiTqmeba faseulobani, romelnic eniscodnis xarisxis Sesabamisad eTnosis faseulobaTagamomxatvel erTobaSi amkvidrebinebs adgils molaparakes.ratom aris ena eTnosis Taviseburebebis yvelaze marjve (dafaseuli) gamomxatveli yvela sxva simbolosTan SedarebiT?arafers ar SeuZlia iyos eTnosis simbolo (sakvebis tips,Cacmulobas, sacxovrebel sivrces, artifaqtebs, SromiTTaviseburebebs), magram enas SeuZlia; igi amTlianebs mTeleTnoss, krebs mas, mouwodebs erTobisaken” (Uses of the Other).Tumca isic unda vTqvaT, rom enobrivi TviToba arsebobs

erSi mas Semdegac, roca Tavad ena ikargeba. sxvis enaze


molaparake adamiani, romelsac Tavisi warmomavloba axsovs,Tavisdauneburad mSobliuri enis msoflxats asaxavs ucxosityvebiT. rogorc lingvokulturologebs miaCniaT adamianimSobliuri enis logikasa da eqspresias imeorebs ucxo enazesaubrisas; am mimarTulebiT kvlevis warmoeba ZalianmniSvnelovania.ai, ramdeni samuSaoa saqarTvelosa da fereidanis

qarTvelTa identifikaciis mimarTulebiT. Cven unda vipovoTerTianoba ara mxolod warsulSi, aramed axali tipismsoflioSic.

damowmebuli literatura:T. Turqia, mosaxleobis migraciis leqsikuri ranJirebisaTvis- soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, qarTuli enisa dakulturis instituti, afxazuri enisa da kulturisinstituti, pirveli erovnuli samecniero sesia“lingvisturi qarTvelologiisa da afxazologiisproblemebi”, Tbilisi, 2009;m. tabiZe, “ucxos” aRmniSvneli leqsika qarTulSi,kavkasiologiuri Ziebani, I. Tbilisis universitetisgamomcemloba (qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze), Tbilisi,2009, statia, gv. .167-180 ;sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, Tbilisi,gamomcemloba “merani,”1991; II, 1993;qarTlis cxovreba, I, s.yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, saxelgami,Tbilisi., 1955;qarTlis cxovreba, II, s.yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, saxelgami,Tbilisi., 1959;qarTuli agiografiuli Zeglebis simfonia-leqsikoni, I a-l,gamomcemloba artanuji, Tb., 2005. 392;Petersson Bo,National Self-images and Regional Identitites in Russia,2000, Hampshire GU 11 3 HR England;Turkia, T. Lexic expressing migration in the country and someproblems of language identity in modern Georgia (Conference onCaucasus Studies: Migration – Society – Language. Department ofInternational Migration and Ethnic Relations (IMER). MalmoeUniversity, Sweden) 28-30 November, 2008;http://195.178.225.22/CSmsl/msl/Turk.pdf;Uses of the Other.“The East” in European Identity Formation, IverB.Neumann, Borderlines, volum 9, University of MinnesotaPress.Minneapolis, 1999.


Manana Tabidze /Tbilisi.Saint Andrew the First-CalledGeorgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia/

Linguistic Markers of Georgians Exiled in IranSummary

Nowadays, there exist a few lexemes used as markers of Georgiansliving outside the borders of Georgia, such as: ‘emigration’, ‘livingabroad’, Georgians ‘settled’ in Iran, Turkey, Georgian community ofFereydan, Turkish Georgians, Georgians exiled from Kakheti,‘Chveneburebi’ denoting‘Georgians in Turkey’, etc.

It should be noted that our historical past (like for any country its ownhistory) is now perceived with semiotic urgency as long as the past is theaxis around which these people (society, nation) are consolidated. Peoplefeel closeness while recalling common happiness and sorrow, similarattitude towards one and the same historical fact, even their knowledge ofthis or that historical moment. Thus, centurieslater, common past mayturn out to be a unifying memory not only from one side of thebarricades, but also from the side of those standing on the opposite sides.

Within the context of researching national identity of Georgians, thefate of Kartl-Kakheti in the 17th centurycan be considered as one of themost significant historical moments. We mean the great tragedy ofKakheti when Georgians were exiled abroad. Linguistic markers referringGeorgians exiled in Iran are common for any more or less educatedGeorgian: ‘Fereydan is a pain of Georgia’, ‘It’s far from Gurjistan(Georgia)’, ‘Do not become a Tatar’, ‘Had it not been treason’, etc.

Despite the fact that Georgians of Fereydan happened to be exiled inPersia as a result of brutal wars, while assessing the events of this epoch,Georgian historical and literary sources are recallingmore about mistakesand treason committed by Georgians than talking about the responsibilityof Persians. This attitude seems to be deeply embedded in the Georgianconsciousness; it is obvious that no nation is free from ‘treason anddeceit’ and these vicious sides of men’s nature are everywhere. However,Georgians turn out to feel particular responsibility for the behavior oftheir fellow citizens and they tend to generalize every singlefallaciousness. Expressions like ‘We, Georgians, are unreliable’, ‘We aretraitors’, ‘We are lazy’, ‘We do not appreciate each other’, etc. are verycommon.

Under the Communist Regime, it was an unattainable dream to seeFereydan Georgians. That might have been thereason why imaginationand idealization were added to the little information people had abouttheir compatriots. People retold each other about successful deeds of


Fereydan Georgians, their high level of knowledge of the Georgianlanguage, existence of Georgian villages with Georgian names, lullabysung by Fereydan mothers, families having many children (this myth isinvented by people concerned by the number of Georgian population),baking maize-bread with an image of cross on it, etc. It can be concludedthat like Fereydan Georgians kept legends and myths defining theiridentity, Georgians also created a new kind of mythology about theircompatriots living in Fereydan.


tariel futkaraZe /Tbilisi, saqarTvelos sapatri-arqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobisqarTuli universiteti/mixeil labaZe /Tbilisi, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuliuniversiteti/Tamar lomaZe /Tbilisi, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuliuniversiteti/lia oTinaSvili /soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti/

qarTuli enis swavleba"qarTuli teqstebis erovnuli korpusis" bazaze:

problemebi da perspeqtivebi

Tanamedrove komunikaciebi, orenovani Targmanebi dakvlevebi ukve arsebiTadaa damokidebuli teqstebismomcvelobiT korpusze; momavali komunikaciebi, zogadad,erebisa Tu saxelmwifoebis kultura ki srulad iqnebadamokidebuli masze. "teqstebis korpusi" erisa Tusaxelmwifos identobis safuZveli xdeba. warmodgenilstatiaSi wina planze wamovwevT teqstebis korpusis rolsenis swavlebis procesSi.swavlebis procesSi korpusis gamoyenebiT gasuli saukunis

90-iani wlebidan dainteresdnen. am periodSi, pirveladkorpusis safuZvelze, Seiqmna kolinsis inglisuri enisSemswavlelTa leqsikoni1. amas mohyva bevri sxva publikacia dasamecniero naSromi korpusis saSualebiT enis swavlebisgaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT.korpusis roli enis swavlebaSi sakmaod efeqturia.

dReisaTvis igi ukve yvelaze farTod gavrcelebul meTodadaamiCneuli. korpusi saintereso SesaZleblobebs iZleva axalitipis, ufro efeqturi saxelmZRvanelos formirebisa. es kiavtors saSualebas aZlevs, pedagogis daxmarebiT, martivixerxiT gaamaxvilebinos moswavles yuradReba yvela saWiro damniSvnelovan detalze, rac sawindaria enis profesiuldoneze dauflebisa.

1 T. Bongaerts, P. de Haan, S. Lobbe, & H. Wekker (Eds.), Computerapplications in language learning, pp. 9-27

134 tariel futkaraZe, mixeil labaZe, Tamar lomaZe, lia oTinaSvili

korpusi xels uwyobs leqsikuri da gramatikulikompleqsurobis donis gazrdas. korpusze dakvirvebamaswavlebels aCvenebs naklebad an ufro xSirad gamoyenebadileqsikis an gramatikuli konstruqciebis sixSires, rismixedviTac xdeba leqsikuri da gramatikuli savarjiSoebisSedgena.amavdriulad, korpusis saSualebiT awarmoeben enebis

SepirispirebiT analizs, romelic iTvaliswinebs mSobliurida Sesaswavli enis korpusebis Sedarebas. am tipis analizissafuZvelze xdeba or enas Soris rogorc msgavsebebis, isegansxvavebebis dadgena morfologiis, leqsikis, sintaqsis,diskursisa da frazeologiis doneze. mSobliuri da samizneenebis SedarebiTi kvlevis meTods akritkeben imTvalsazrisiT, rom ori enis Sedarebisas naklebia calkeulienis maxasiaTeblebis dadgenis da Seswavlis perspeqtiva.swavlebis mizniT ori tipis korpusis gamoyeneba SeiZleba.

esenia: mSobliur enaze molaparakeTa korpusi (mag. erovnulikorpusi) da enis SemswavlelTa korpusi.2

enis Semswavlelis korpusi SeiZleba davyoT or kategoriadimis mixedviT Tu rogor xdeba misi Segroveba da Semdegpedagogiur praqtikaSi gamoyeneba. dRemde am tipis korpusigamoiyeneboda mxolod e.w. gadavadebuli (delayed) pedagogiurisaqmianobisTvis, rac mdgomareobda imaSi, rom enisSemswavlelebi korpuss damoukideblad ki ar iyenebdnen,aramed pirvel etapze xdeboda misi lingvisturi damuSavebaspecialistTa mier.bolo dros gaCnda axali tipis _ enis SemswavlelTa

teqstebis bazaze Seqmnili korpusi. is pedagogebma TavadacSeiZleba Seqmnan. amgvari, didi zomis korpusebi ufromasStaburia da Sesabamisad, farTo analizis saSualebasiZleva. maswavleblebis mier korpusis Segenis erT-erTidadebiTi mxare isicaa, rom TavianTi studentebis korpuszedakvirveba zrdis maT motivacias rac SeiZleba intensiuradgamoiyenon enis swavlebis korpusze dafuZvnebuli meTidi.meores mxriv, es xels uwyobs studentebis CarTulobas dakorpusis mixedviT aRmoCenil sakuTar Secdomebze Tuproblemebze dakvirveba aumjobesebs maT mier enis aTvisebisdones.

2McEnery, T. & Wilson, A. Corpus linguistics. Edinburgh University Press, 2001,2nd ed. p. 190-192.

tariel futkaraZe, mixeil labaZe, Tamar lomaZe, lia oTinaSvili 135

mSobliur enaze molaparakeTa korpusis analizi enisdetaluri Seswalis saSualebas iZleva, ris Sedegadac iqmnebaenis SemswavlelTa leqsikonebi da saswavlo masalebi. enisSemswavlelTa korpusis Seqmna maswavleblebs Tavad SeuZliaT.magaliTad, Tu isini studentebs davalebad miscemen daweroneseebi erT konkretul Temaze eleqtronul formatSi.Segrovebuli masalis safuZvelze maswavlebeli SeZlebsSecdomebis idenTificirebas, maT dajgufebas, analizsa dasabolood, saswavlo masalebis Sesatyvisad dagegmvas.pedagogikis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian mniSvnelovania pirveli

(mSobliuri) da meore (Sesaswavli) enis korpusebis Sedareba.maswavlebels saSualeba eZleva moaxdinosleqsikuri,gramatikuli da diskurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxvaniSnebis identificireba.rac Seexeba leqsikonebs, dReisaTvis arc erTi maTgani,

gansakuTrebiT britanuli, ar arsebobs, romelic bazadkorpuss ar iyenebdes. ZiriTadi inglisurenovani leqsikonebi,romlebic gaTvlilia enis SemswavlelTaTvis, an TundacmaTTvis, romelTa mSobliuri enac inglisuria, dafuZnebuliakorpusul bazebze. garda amisa, Tu kargad davakvirdebiTleqsikonis stilsa da struqturas, SegviZlia amovicnoT, Tura tipis korpusi iqna gamoyenebuli da ramdenad saWiroa igileqsikonis SedgenisaTvis.3

ingliseli mecnieris barlous 4 mixedviT swavlebisprocesSi korpusi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sam dargSi:silabusis Sedgenisas, masalis damuSavebisaTvis da saklasomuSaobis procesSi.silabusis Sedgenisas maswavlebels aqcenti aqvs gadatanili

klasisa da moswavleebis saWiroebaze. Sesabamisi korpusissworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ki mas saSualeba eZlevagansazRvros konkretuli klasisaTvis konkretul sakiTxTandakavSirebuli enobrivi masala.masalis damuSaveba xSirad eyrdnoba maswavleblis

intuiciur grZnobas, Tu risi swavla sWirdebaT da surTmoswavleebs. korpusis daxmarebiT SeirCeva savarjiSoebi,romlebic efuZvneba realur magaliTebs. amiT ki moswavleebssaSualeba eZlevaT enis siRrmiseuli Seswavlisa.

3 Aston Guy, Corpora and Language Teaching, 2000, p. 7-17.4 Barlow, Michael, Corpora, concordancing, and language teaching, 2002Proceedings of the 2002 KAMALL International Conference. Daejon, Korea


enobivi analizis dros xSirad gamoiyeneba winaswarSegnebulad SerCeul korpusi da konkordansis meTodi.saklaso muSaobis procesSi maswavlebels SeuZlia masalisaxsnisas mimarTos zemoxsenebul ukve aprobilebul meTods, anklasis sruli CarTulobis mizniT, neba darTos moswavleebs,Tavad gamoiyenon es meTodi, rac xels Seuwyobs maT gaakeTonsakuTari daskvnebi ama Tu im sakiTxis Seswavlisas.rogorc Cans sakmaod didi mniSvneloba eniWeba korpuss

saklaso samuSaoebSi. igi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas,rogorc masalaTa sacavi, saidanac advili SesaZlebeli iqnebasaWiro masalis amoReba savarjiSoebis Sesadgenad.mogexsenebaT, saTanado magaliTebis mosaxmobad ori gza iyo

aprobirebuli: an mxatvruli literaturidan iwerdnenmagaliTebs, rasac bevri dro mihqonda, an Tavad igonebdnen.axla es sakiTxi gaadvilebulia - CawerT sityvas da magaliTebikonteqstebiTurT ramdenime wamSia mzad rogorc mxatvruliliteraturidan, aseve sametyvelo enidan, ramdenadacTanamedrove reprezentaciuli korpusebi gakrveuli balansisdacviT Seicavs yvela tipis teqsts.magaliTisaTvis moviyvanoT erTi aqtivoba:vTqvaT, maswavlebeli xsnis gakveTils, romlis Temaa dieta.

Zalian rTulia am Temaze ipovo iseTi avTenturi teqsti,romelSic sityva „dieta“ bevr sxvadasxva konteqstSi iqnebamoxsenebuli. amisTvis maswavlebels mouwevs didi raodenobiTteqstebis wakiTxva, damuSaveba da Sesabamisi masalis mopoveba,rac Zalian bevr dros waiRebs da masala, savaraudod, mainc veriqneba amomwuravi. am saqmes korpusi gaaiolebs. konkretulisityvisa Tu frazis gacilebiT didi raodenobis moZiebissaSualebas swored korpusi iZleva, masSi bevrad met magaliTsvipoviT, vidre nebismier saswavlo mizniT momzadebulteqstSi. aqve moswavleebs saSualeba eZlevaT adviladgaarTvan Tavi maswavleblis mier micemul davalebebs,rogoricaa:1. ipoveT fraza Tu gamoTqma, romelic Seicavs samizne sityvas;2. gaarkvieT, am sityvis mniSvneloba igive rCeba Tu icvlebasxvadasxva konteqstSi;3. daajgufeT mocemuli sityvis mniSvnelobebi sxvadasxvalogikuri principiT da a.S.miRebuli praqtikaa, aseve korpusSi Setanili teqstebidan

(maT Soris studentebis naSromebidan) orTografiuli,fonetikuri, morfologiuri da sintaqsuri Secdomebisamowera da am Secdomebis mixedviT enis SemswavlelTaTvistestebisa da savarjiSoebis Sedgena.


korpusi, aseve, saWiro masalas iZleva enis codnis donisSesamowmebeli testebis (e. w. Language knowledge Level Tests)Sesadgenad. unda aRiniSnos, am tipis testis zogierTiSemdgeneli Tvlis, rom korpusi aseTi samuSaosTvisSeuferebelia imdenad, ramdenadac igi warmoadgens erT did,arastruqturul bazas. aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia avxsnaT,rom maTi problema momdinareobs Tavad korpusisgamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebidan da ara misiSedgenilo-bidan. aucilebelia, bazidan sworad iqnasSerCeuli masala, romelic saWiroa zemoaRniSnuli testisSesadgenad. magaliTisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas isfaqti, rom absoluturad sxva tipis masalaa saWiro, roca,vTqvaT, germanulenovani swavlobs inglisur enas da sul sxva,roca frangulenovani cdilobs inglisuri enis swavlas. sxvaSemTxvevaSi enis Semswavlelni waawydebian sakmaod did damraval problemas.ismis kiTxva: SeuZlia Tu ara korpuss lingvistikis yvela

problemis gadaWra? pasuxi calsaxaa, ra Tqma unda, ara.korpusi aris aSkara damxmare saSualeba lingvistikasa dayvela im sferoSi, rac dakavSirebulia enis SeswavlasTan. undaaRiniSnos, rom korpuss aqvs garkveuli tipis SezRudvebi,amitom igi gamarTlebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamoiyenebakombinaciaSi yvela im meTodTan, romelic gansazRvruliaswavleba-SeswavlisaTvis.nebismieri saxis daskvna, romelic Cven SegviZlia gavakeToT

ama Tu im enis Sesaxeb korpusis meSveobiT, iqneba zogadixasiaTis, vidre dadasturebuli faqti. aRniSnulsdavakvirdeT britanuli nacionaluri korpusis (BNC)magaliTze, romlis bazas warmoadgens asi milioni sityva. anuzemoxsenebuli hipoTezaSi jdeba mocemuli asi milioni sityva.gamomdinare iqidan, rom es ukanaskneli mTeli korpusis bazaa,hipoTeza avtomaturad vrceldeba mTel enaze.unda aRiniSnos isic, rom rig SemTxvevebSi korpusisTvis

gankuTvnili baza ar warmoadgens mTel enas, maSin aRmoCndeba,rom aRniSnuli hipoTeza ar Seicavs simarTles. aseTSemTxvevaSi gvmarTebs sakmaod didi sifrTxilis gamoCena,radgan aq ukve saqme aRar gveqneba mxolod korpusislingvistikisaTvis damaxasiTebel faqtTan, aramed saWirogaxdeba CarTul iqnas mTeli rigi samecniero meTodebi.farTo konteqstis diskursi mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs

Seexos enis gacilebiT mravalferovan aspeqtebs.morfologiidan aqcenti gadadis leqsikaze, frazeologiaze,


Janrobriv mravalferovnebaze da sxva, aqamde yuradRebis miRmadarCenil aspeqtebze. yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom enisSemswavlelTa korpusis SemqmnelebisTvis raodenobagadamwyveti ar aris. korpusis lingvistebisgan gansxvavebiT,romelTaTvis mTavari mizani rac SeiZleba didi raodenobisteqstebis Segrovebaa, enis SemswavlelTa korpusisSemqmnelebisTvisprioritetulia im masalis povna, romelicSeiZleba efeqtiani gamodges enisSeswavlis procesSi. sworedamitom, am tipis korpusis Sedgena efuZneba sakmaod mkacrkriteriumebs.xSir SemTxvevaSi korpusi iZleva mtkicebulebas, magram ara

axsna-ganmartebas, radgan es ukanaskneli scildeba misfarglebs. amitom, gansakuTrebiT teqstze muSaobis dros,gvixdeba mivmarToT sxva saxis meTods, raTa CavwvdeT mis arss.magaliTisaTvis aviRoT sityva „recxva. sruliad gansxvavebulkonteqstSi xdeba misi gamoyeneba mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTisqesis mier. es aixsneba ara korpusis farglebSi, aramedsazogadoebis mier, romelic zogaddeba korpusSi. aq saqmegavqvs e.w. „kulturul sxvaobasTan, anu ubralod Camoyalibdarecxvad wodebuli produqti, romelsac qali ufro xSiradiyenebs, vidre mamakaci. faqtobrivad, es aris kulturulisfero, romelic ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc qalis rolisazogadoebaSi. an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, produqti,gamiznuli mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis, romelsac qali ufroaqtiurad gamoiyenebs Tavis yoveldRiurobaSi, vidre mamakaci.amdenad, zogierTi ganmarteba, romelsac Cven veZebT, xSirad

rCeba korpusis miRma. zogjer SesaZlebelia sasurveliganmarteba miviRoT mxolod miniSnebis saxiT, rac konkretuliSemTxvevisaTvis sakmaod uCveulo da gamousadegaric kiaRmoCndes. aseT SemTxvevaSi gamosavali erTia, SerCeuli undaiqnas mrfologiurad anotirebuli korpusi. informaciadarTuli korpusi Tavisuflad dagvexmareba ama Tu im sityvisaxsnaSi. anu Tu korpusi kargadaa anotirebuli dagramatikuli mniSvnelobebic miwerilia, maSin viRebTsasurvel ganmartebas.isic unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi korpusi sruliad

uaryofs vizuals, romelic asocirdeba teqstTan. magaliTad,gazeTi aris kombinacia teqstisa da gamosaxulebisa.eWvgareSea, rom es ori ram jaWvuradaa erTmaneTzedamokidebuli da maTi gancalkeveba daasustebs rogorcfaqtis aRqmas, aseve STabeWdilebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, maT, vincdainteresebulia teqstis am tipis SeswavliT, SeuZliaT


gamoiyenon e.w. multimodaluri korpusi, romelic gverdsuvlis vizualurs da fokusirdeba mxolod enobriv masalaze.swavleba-daswavlis procesisaTvis aranakleb saWiroebas

warmoadgens zepirsityvieri korpusuli baza. am SemTxvevaSickvlav uxv masals gavZlevs britanuli nacionaluri korpusi.ufro Rrma kvlevisaTvis ki SesaniSnavi iqnebaorTografiulad transkribirebuli korpusi(Orthographically transcribed corpus). dReisaTvis am tipiskorpusis magaliTs warmoadgens sasaubro/dialeqturiitaliuris teqstur-akustikuri monacemebis baza „

vivaldi“, romelic Seiqmna 1998 wels, xolo misisacdeli versia internetSi 2011 wlidanaa ganTavsebuli. masSiwarmodgenilia yvela italiuri dialeqtisa da aseve, italiaSigavrcelebuli umciresobis enebis (albanuri, xorvatuli,germanuli...) masala, erTdroulad teqsturi da akustikurisaxiT, romelsac aqvs Semdegi integrirebuli maxasiaTeblebi:geografiuli, sociolingvisturi, statisti-kuri dateqnikuri.„vivaldis“ srulyofa amJamadac grZeldeba, magram unda

aRiniSnos, rom am saxiTac igi mravalmxriv gamosadegiaitaliuri enis Seswavlisas. upirveles yovlisa, misimeSveobiT, enis Semswavlels SeuZlia, uSualod gaecnos daSeiTvisos italiuri sasaubro enisa da dialeqtebisaqcentuacia da intonacia, saxeluri da zmnurisityvaTwarmoebis tipebi da sintaqsuri Taviseburebani.enis Semswavlelis korpusis kvleva pedagogiuri

praqtikisTvis ZiriTadad sami mimarTulebiTaa gamosadegi,esenia: enobrivi sizuste, kompleqsuroba da gamarTulimetyveleba. enis sworad gamoyenebis gaumjobesebas xels uwyobsenis Semswavlelebis korpusSi idenTificirebuli Secdomebisanalizi da am mimarTulebiT savarjiSoebis damateba.Secdomebis anotaciisTvis mkvlevarebma Seqmnes specialurisistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs Secdomebis ufro martivadidentificirebas.amrigad, aRniSnuli cxadyofs, rom korpussa da enis

swavlebas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs, magram mTavariasworad iyos arCeuli swavlebis procesSi misi gamoyenebisstili da meTodi. vfiqrobT, korpusul wyaros aqvs sakmaoddidi potenciali, gaaumjobesos pedagogiuri praqtikaimdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs misi gamoyenebis sxvadasxva gzada xerxi, rogorc arapirdapiri - saswavlo-sarekomendacio


masala pedagogiuri muSaobisaTvis, aseve pirdapiri - enisswavlebisaTvis saWiro saSualebebi.

damowmebuli literatura:1. Aston Guy, Corpora and Language Teaching, 2000;2. Botley, Simon/Glass, Julia/McEnery, Tony/Wilson, Andrew,Proceedings of Teaching and Language Corpora 1996. Lancaster:University Centre for Computer Corpus Research on Language;3. Sinclair John, How to Use Corpora in Language Teaching.Amsterdam, 20044. McEnery, Tony/Xiao, Richard/Tono, Corpus-based LanguageStudies. An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 20065. Johns, T. (1988). Whence and whither classroomconcordancing? In T. Bongaerts, P. de Haan, S.Lobbe, & H.Wekker (Eds.), Computer applications in language learning.oris.)6. Costas Gabrielatos, TESL EJ Teaching English as a Second or ForeignLanguage VOl. 8. No. 4. A-1, March 2005.7. Barlow, Michael, Corpora, concordancing, and language teaching,2002, Proceedings of the 2002 KAMALL International Conference.Daejon, Korea


Tariel Putkaradze /Tbilisi.Saint Andrew the First-Called GeorgianUniversity of the Patriarchate of Georgia/Mikheil Labadze /Tbilisi.Saint Andrew the First-Called GeorgianUniversity of the Patriarchate of Georgia/Tamar Lomadze /Tbilisi.Saint Andrew the First-Called GeorgianUniversity of the Patriarchate of Georgia/Lia Otanashvili /Sokhumi State University/

Teaching Georgian Based on Georgian National Corpus:Problems and Prospects

S U M M A R Y

The aim of the work is to define the linguistic corpus role inlanguage teaching. The examples show that there is a closeconnection between the corpora and language teaching. It is clear,that corpus source has the great potential to improve thepedagogical practices during the teaching and learning process.

It should be noted that language handbooks made according tothe linguistic corpora are more effective. Linguists think that soonelectronic corpora will be the only source in the process of creatinglearning materials.


elene Jerardeni /parizi, aRmosavlur enaTa dacivilizaciaTa nacionaluri instituti/

qarTuli zmnuri morfosintaqsis swavlebissakiTxebi: ori sirTule da ramdenime SeTavazeba

karga xania, rac qarTuli ena araqarTulenovan pirebsxiblavs. misi Taviseburebebi da evropuli enebisgangansxvavebuloba iyo is, ramac Tavdapirvelad gansakuTrebiTenaTmecnierebi daainteresa. dRes qarTuli iseT adamianebsacizidavs, romlebsac piradi urTierTobebi aqvTsaqarTvelosTan da amis gamo sWirdebaT enis Seswavla. zemoTganxiluli orive saxis moswavleebi Zalian gansxvavdebianerTmaneTisgan ara marto miznebiT, aramed profiluriTaviseburebebiTa da ucxo enis SeswavlisadmimeTodologiuri kompedenciiT. am gafarToebul kontigentsudavod esaWiroeba qarTuli enis swavlebis axali, marjvedSerCeuli meTodika, uromlisodac yovel dainteresebul pirsuzarmazari sirTuleebis winaSe ayenebs.qarTuli enis Seswavlis procesSi xSirad ismis ori

mosazreba. jer erTi, bevri Tvlis, rom qarTulis maRal donezecodna SeuZlebelia an kidev amboben, rom odesme qarTulisgagebas SeZleben, magram verasdros iswavlian mas. meore mxriv,enis Seswavlis bevri msurveli amtkicebs, rom qarTulisswavlas ver axerxerben imitom, rom pedagogebs ver agebinebenTavianT problemebs da pedagogebi ver amarTleben moswavleTamolodins.sainteresoa, ratomaa qarTuli ena ase rTuli Sesaswavli

da rogor SeiZleba swavlebis procesSi warmoqmniliproblemebis gadawyveta. am sakiTxis farglebSidavinteresdiT ramdenime moswavlis gamocdilebaTaSedarebiT. winamdebare statiis mizania aramkvidrimolaparakis mokrZalebuli wvlilis Setana qarTuli enisswavlebis meTodebis gaumjobesebaSi. qarTuli ena nulidanviswavleT1 da amis Semdeg, qarTuli enis gakveTilebisCatarebac daviwyeT frangulenovan moswavleebTan. imedia, Cven

1 aRmosavlur enaTa da civilizaciaTa nacionaluri instituti (inalko) davamTavreT

parizSi da did madlobas vuxdiT qalbaton dominik gotie-eligulaSvils, qalbaton nana

metrevels da qalbaton Tamar maxarobliZes, romlebmac qarTuli enis Seswavlis

SesaZlebloba momces. did madlobas vuxdiT Tamar lomaZesac, romelmac didi daxmareba

gagviwia am statiis redaqtirebis saqmeSi.

elene Jerardeni, qarTuli zmnis morfosintaqsis swavlebis sakiTxebi 143

mier am sakiTxis ucxo TvaliT gaanalizeba sainteresoperspeqtivebs gaxsnis. am naSromSi Cven ganvixilavT orsirTules, romlebic moswavlesa da maswavlebels xvdebaswavlisa da swavlebis procesSi. problemebis warmodgenisSemdeg ramdenime rCevasac SevTavazebT mkiTxvels maTgadasawyvetad.cnobili faqtia, rom qarTul enaSi urTules nawils zmnis

morfo-sintaqsi warmoadgens. am statiaSi yuradRebasgavamaxvilebT or konkretul sirTuleze, esenia zmnismravalpirianobis meqanikuri floba da zmnis aqtantebis(subieqtis da obieqtebis) swori brunvis arCeva.1. zmnis mravalpirianobaTavdapirvelad warmovadgenT problemebs da Semdeg ki

vimsjelebT maTi gadaWris gzebze.1.1. problema:terminiT ”mravalpirianoba” (an polipersonalizmi)

aRiniSneba is Tavisebureba, romliTac zmna eTanxmeba ramdenimeaqtants, e.i. igi iuRvlis ara marto subieqtis, aramedpirdapiri da iribi obieqtebis mixedviTac. moviyvanoT erTimagaliTi:(1) is Sen g-xedav-s

o-b-zmna-submsoflio enaTa did nawils polipersonalizmi ar

axasiaTebs:(2) [rusuli]

он тебя вид-ит Øzmna-sub ob

(3) [inglisuri]he see-s you Ø

zmna-sub obamgvarad, es movlena xSirad qarTuli zmnis Taviseburebad

iTvleba miuxedavad imisa, rom is ara marto qarTulsaxasiaTebs. aqedan gamomdinare, is, vinc am sistemas ar arisSeCveuli, uzarmazari sirTuleebis winaSe dgeba.sinamdvileSi es sistema adviladaa gasagebi, radganac Tavisi

logika aqvs. problemebi ufro praqtikaSi Cndeba, imitom rom,jer erTi, es aris gonebisTvis Zalian gansxvavebuli savarjiSo.meore mxriv, am ZiriTad wesebs emateba pirTa kombinaciis

Taviseburebebic. esenia, magaliTad:(4) roca pirveli subieqturi piris niSani da meore

obieqturi piris niSani erTmaneTs xvdeba, pirveli niSanivardeba:

144 elene Jerardeni, qarTuli zmnis morfosintaqsis swavlebis sakiTxebi

v- + g- = g-, mag. me Sen g-naxav (*v-g-naxav)(5) Tu mravlobiTis ori sufiqsi -T mosalodnelia zmnis

formis bolos, mxolod erTi gamoixateba:-T + -T = -T, mag. Cven Tqven gi-cnob-T (*gi-cnob-T-T)am tipis wesebi araqarTulenovanisTvis ukve aRar aris

intuiciuri.polipersonaluri uRlebis asaxsenlad, pedagogebi xSirad

gamoiyeneben iseT cxrilebs, rac, Cveni azriT, Zaliansaintereso da sasargeblo modelia:

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მრ.cxrili 1: pirTa kombinaciebi Tanamedrove qarTulSiaseTi cxrilebi moswavleebs mTeli sistemis erTi

xedviT gagebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. Sasurvelia, maTgaizepiron es cxrili.1.2. SeTavazebuli meTodirogor gavaioloT pirTa kombinaciebis floba? Cveni

azriT, am problemis gasaRebi praqtikaSi Zevs, erTisityviT savarjiSoebSi. enis Semswavlelebs sWirdebaTmeqanikuri savarjiSoebi, martivi formiT, martiviwinadadebebiT. aseTi savarjiSoebis or magaliTsgTavazobT qvemoT.1.2.1. Sesavsebi cxrilebiam principiT gakeTebuli savarjiSoebis baza

zemoaRniSnuli uRlebis cxrilebs warmoadgens.savarjiSoSi kerZo zmnis erTi formaa mocemuli da


mTeli cxrili mowafis mier aris Sesavsebi. moviyvanoTori magaliTi:savarjiSo 1: SeavseT Semdegi cxrili mocemuli zmnis

sworad SeuRlebuli formebiT:

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მრ.cxrili 2: savarjiSos magaliTi

savarjiSo 2: SeavseT Semdegi cxrili mocemuli zmnissworad SeuRlebuli formebiT:

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cxrili 3: savarjiSos magaliTimarTalia, rom aseTi savarjiSoebi SeiZleba mosawyeni

Candes, magram maTi warmatebuli Sedegebi sworedgameorebaSi mdgomareobs. rodesac mowafe zmnis formebsTviTon awarmoebs da imeorebs, gacilebiT adviladgaizepirebs kidec. misi goneba nel-nela eCveva am axalenobriv sistemas, mravalpiriani uRleba TandaTanavtomaturi xdeba da, rogorc davakvirdiT, ramdenimekviraSi nebismier zmnis swor formas awarmoebs.rogorc ki morfologia gasagebi xdeba, SeiZleba am

formebis namdvil konteqstebSi gamoyeneba.1.2.2. martivad sawarmoebi zmnuri formebiCveni SemoTavazebuli savarjiSoebis meore tipi mcire

zomis martivi winadadebebisgan Sedgeba, romlebSic zmnisforma aris sawarmoebi. aq yuradRebas erT mniSvnelovanprincipze gavamaxvilebT: moyvanili winadadebebi undaiyos mokle da martivi leqsikiT Sedgenili.samwuxarod, maswavleblebs xSirad aviwydebaT, ramdenad

rTulia qarTuli leqsikis Seswavla. qarTuli sul sxvaenaTa ojaxs ekuTvnis, aqedan gamomdinare fuZeebi daafiqsebi Zalian gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac moswavlisgonebaSi ukve arsebobs. xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebi, rocamoswavleebi ver axerxeben pasuxebis gacemas imis gamo,rom winadadebebis Sinaarssac ki ver xvdebian. iseniibnevian, Tavdajerebas kargaven da araferi gamosdiT.amitom, radganac eseTi savarjiSoebi Seexeba enisgramatikul sistemas, moswavlis mTeli yuradReba sworedgramatikas unda daeTmos. leqsikas ki nel-nelaaiTviseben, am winadadebebis gameorebiT. garda amisa,sasurvelia iseTi formebis arCeva, romlebic xSiradgamoiyeneba sasaubro enaSi. es xels Seuwyobs moswavlismier am formebis yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi ufroswrafad gaaqtiurebas. magaliTad: momeci, miTxari,dagirekav... marTlac forma dagirekav-s bevrjer viyenebTdRis ganmavlobaSi, xolo iseTi forma, rogoricaadamirekav an mwerT gacilebiT naklebad gvxvdeba. amitomkargi iqneba, rom yuradReba mieqces Tavidan yvelazexSirad gamoyenebul formebs da mere _ sxvebs.aRniSnuli SeniSvnebi Sejamebulia Semdeg magaliTebSi:savarjiSo 3: SeavseT Semdegi winadadebebi mocemuli

zmnebis swori formebiT:1. deda purs .......... (daWra)2. bavSvebi Cven ............. (xedva)


3. metroTi mogzauroba Sen.............. (daRla)4. lia Canglebs ..................... magidaze (dadeba)5. niko megobars .................. werils (dawera)(qcevasTan kombinaciiT):6. xval me Sen ........ (darekva)7. me da giorgi ......................... Tqven dabadebis dRes

(milocva)rogorc aRvniSneT, mravalpirianoba erT-erTi didi

sirTulea qarTulSi. qvemoT ganvixilavT kidev erTsirTules - e.w. aqtantebis markirebas.2. aqtantebis markirebarogorc aRvniSneT, termini aqtanti aerTianebs samive

elements, romelsac kavSiri aqvs zmnasTan. qarTulSiesenia subieqti, pirdapiri da iribi obieqti.2.1. problemis warmodgenaqarTulSi aqtantebi SesaZloa miTiTebuli iyos

saxelobiTSi, moTxrobiTSi an micemiTSi an kidevwarmodgenili iyos -Tvis/-Tan TandebulebiT. brunvisarCevani uSualod drosa da zmnis tipzea damokidebuli,rac qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSic Cans:(6) a. bavSv-i Sokolad-s Wam-s.

sub.-sax p.ob.-mic [awmyo dro]b. bavSv-ma Sokolad-i Se-Wam-a.sub.-moTx p.ob.-sax [namyo dro]g. bavSv-i megobar-s Se-xvd-a.sub.-sax i.ob.-mic [namyo dro]d. bavSv-ma megobar-s vaSl-i mi-s-c-a.

sub.-moTx i.ob.-sax p.ob.-sax [namyo dro]e. bavSv-s megobris-Tvis vaSl-i mi-u-c-i-a.

sub.-mic i.ob.-Tvis p.ob.-sax [TurmeobiTi]

sxva enebs, romlebsac umravlesoba flobs, esTavisebureba naklebad axasiaTebs:(7) [rusuli]a. Ребёнок вид-ит сестр-у.

bavSvi (sax. br.) xedavs da - (brald. br.)« bavSvi (Tavis) das xedavs. »b. Ребёнок увидел сестр-у.

bavSvi (sax. br.) naxa da - (brald. br.)« bavSvma (Tavisi) da naxa. »g. Ребёнок любит сестр-у.


bavSvi (sax. br.) uyvars da - (brald. br.)« bavSvs (Tavisi) da uyvars. »d. Ребёнок встретил сестр-у.

bavSvi (sax. br.) Sexvda da - (brald. br.)« bavSvi (Tavis) das Sexvda. »

es movlena marTlac cota enebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebelida swored es aris qarTuli enis Seswavlis erT-erTimTavari sirTule.

2.2. analizebi da SeTavazebebiaRniSnuli sakiTxi xSirad ukavSirdeba seriebsa da

mwkrivebs. uRlebis es tipic Zalian Taviseburi dasruliad axalia nebismieri moswavlisTvis. marTalia,sakmaod Zneli gasagebia magram, Cveni azriT, mTavariproblema zmnebis dajgufebebSi da, ufro sworad,zmnebis dajgufebis cud warmodgenaSi mdgomareobs.qarTuli enis Semswavlelni xSirad aRniSnaven, rom

saxelmZRvaneloebSi zmnaTa gansxvavebuli jgufebi naTladar aris warmodgenili da amis gamo subieqtis daobieqtebis brunvis sworad arCeva xSirad uWirT. aqgvxvdeba ori problema: Teoriuli problema dapraqtikuli problema.2.2.1. Teoriuli problemaTeoriis TvalsazrisiT, Cven vfiqrobT, rom sazRvari

zmnaTa jgufebs Soris - kerZod, e.w. moqmedebiTsa damedio-aqtiur zmnebs Soris - ukeT unda iyos axsnili.moviyvanoT erTi konkretuli magaliTi. awmyo droSi

vspob da vmuSaob formebi morfologiurad Zalian hgavserTmaeTs da xSirad erTad aris kidec ganxiluli.magram am SemTxvevaSi, mowafem rogor unda gaigos, romnamyo droSi, mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi Cndeba? amasadasturebs magaliTi (8). pirvel nawilSi ((8)a.)xazgasmulia msgavsi morfemebi, meoreSi ki _ ((8)b.)gaCenili gansxvavebebi.(8) a. [awmyo dro] v-sp-ob v-muSa-ob

b. [namyo dro] mo-v-sp-e v-i-muSav-e + a-v-muSav-d-iaseTi SemTxveva cxadyofs, Tu raoden saWiroa am

rTuli sistemis swori Teoriuli axsna. am mkacri danaTeli warmodgenis gareSe, moswavle daibneva. an gagebadaezareba an, Tu Zalian moindomebs, ramdenime formas kidaimaxsovrebs, magram axal konteqstebSi damoukidebladaxali formebis Seqmna Zalian gauWirdeba. am procesis


gasaioleblad, maswavleblebs vurCevT cxrilebisgamoyenebas. kargi iqneboda, yvela zmnuri jgufisTvis,aqtantebis brunvis wesebis naTlad Camoyalibeba.magaliTad, gardamavali moqmedebiTi zmnebis (wera)paradigmis swavlebisas, SeiZleba msgavsi cxrilisgamoyeneba:(9) [awmyo] sub (sax) i.ob (mic) p.ob (mic)[namyo] sub (moTxr) i.ob (mic) p.ob (sax)[TurmeobiTi] sub (mic) i.ob (Tandeb.) p.ob(sax) >>

am modeliT iuRleba (da)wera, (da)xatva, (ga)recxva,(Se)Wama...saerTod cxrilebi imiTaa kargi, rom erTi SexedviT

saxezea mTeli sistema. amitomac, Cveni gamocdilebidangamomdinare, aseTi sqemebi Zalian saWiroa.garda amisa, kargi iqneboda Tavidan acileba iseTi

terminebisa, rogoricaa ”moqmedebiTi” da ”vnebiTi”. amterminebs sul sxva mniSneloba aqvs sxva enebSi da esbevr gaurkvevlobasa da dabneulobas iwvevs. amgvarad,terminebidan gamomdinare, mowafeebi ver igeben, ratomunda CaiTvalos vnebiTad iseTi zmnebi, rogoricaavTbebi, vikbinebi, vxvdebi.Tu Teoria am kuTxiT daixveweba, enis swavla da

swavleba aSkarad gaioldeba.2.2.2. praqtikuli problemada bolos, rac Seexeba praqtikas, gavimeorebT, rom

savarjiSoebi aqac saWiroa, erTi da imave principebiT,rogorc am statiis pirvel nawilSi aRvniSneT, e.i.mokle winadadebebiTa da martivi sityvebiT. jer SeiZlebagakeTdes aseTi savarjiSoebi:savarjiSo 4: SeavseT Semdegi winadadebebi swori

brunvis niSniT:1. bavSv….. Sokolad….. Wams.2. bavSv….. Sokolad….. SeWama.3. qal….. megobar….. Sexvda.4. maswavlebel...... biW....... wign...... miucia.5. dedaSen...... mezobel....... ra...... uTxra?mere, yvela am savarjiSoebis saxe SeiZleba

gavaerTianoT iseT tipis savarjiSoebad, rogoricaa,magaliTad:savarjiSo 5: gadawereT Semdegi winadadebebi namyo

droSi (Sesab. TurmeobiTSi):1. bavSvi Sokolads Wams.


2. qali megobars xvdeba.3. maswavlebeli biWs wigns aZlevs.4. dedaSeni mezobels ras sTxovs?5. Cems megobrebs ver vxedav.SesaZlebelia saTargmni davalebebis SeTavazebac.

ZiriTadi principi aris, kidev erTxel, moklewinadadebebi da xSirad gamoyenebuli leksika, raTamTeli yuradReba gramatikas daeTmos.amrigad, statiaSi ganvixileT ori sirTule, romelic

qarTuli enis swavlisa da swavlebis procesebSi gvxvdeba.rogorc mosalodneli iyo, problemebi swored zmnursistemas Seexeboda; kerZod, mravalpirianobasa da zmnisaqtantebis markirebas. aRniSnuli sirTuleebimoswavleebs problemebs uqmnis swored imis gamo, rom,jer erTi, gramatikis gansakuTrebulad rTuli sakiTxebiada merec imitom, rom isini qarTuli enisTaviseburebebia. es problemebi aRvwereT, rogorcmoswavlis, ise maswavleblis TvalsazrisiT. kerZod,SevecadeT gveCvenebina Teoriuli gaugebrobebi,Sesabamisad, gramatikis wesebis asaxsenlad ramdenimeazris gaziareba mogvixda. moxsenebis da statiismniSvnelovani nawili praqtikasac davuTmeT. qarTuli enaiseTi rTulia, rom bevr praqtikas moiTxovs. amitomac,savarjiSoebis ramdenime modeli warmovadgineT.naTelia, rom qarTuli ena gansakuTrebiT rTuli

saswavlia, rogorc meore ena, Tumca meore mxriv,aSkaraa, rom misi swavlebis gaioleba SesaZlebelia.visurvebdiT, rom Cven mier warmodgenili masalisanalizi da SemoTavazebebi daexmaros yvelas, vinc amsakiTxebze muSaobs.


d. gotie-eligulaSvili da n. metreveli, 2007-2012 -d. gotie-eligulaSvili da n. metreveli, qarTuligramatikis leqciebis masala (pirveli kursidan mexuTekursamde), inalko, parizi, 2007-2012 ;T. maxarobliZe 2003 - T. maxarobliZe, Basic Georgian,LINCOM Practical Language Courses 01 (meore gamomcemloba),2003;n. SavTvalaZe 2006-2009 - n. SavTvalaZe, biliki (I-II),qarTuli enis saxelmZRvanelo, lega, Tb., 2006-2009;


a. SaniZe 1973 - a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikissafuZvlebi, Tb., 1973;k. Cxenkeli 1958 - k. Cxenkeli, Einführung in die georgischeSprache, Amirani Verlag, ciurixi, 1958.

Hélène Gérardin /Paris, National Institute of OrientalLanguages and Civilizations/

Problems of Teaching Georgian Verbal Morphosyntax: TwoDifficulties and Some Suggestions

SummaryThe main problem of acquisition of Georgian as a second language is

that the structure of this language is very different from that of thelanguages spoken by the majority of learners. As a consequence, it is verydifficult for students to recognize common features and be able to drawupon these similarities. The aim of this paper is to share the doubleexperience of learning and teaching Georgian in order to extract somegeneral principles. We focus our attention on two elements whichconstitute the origin of common mistakes made by the students: thepolypersonnal conjugation and the marking of core arguments (subject,direct and indirect objects). In both cases, we describe the situation andexplain why it is difficult for non-Georgians to understand and assimilatethese features. In addition, we propose a few suggestions in order tosimplify the acquisition of these rules. Besides useful tips, we also offersample exercises. The presented analyses and materials intend tocontribute to the development of methods of teaching Georgian as secondlanguage.

152

recenzia:

prof. nomadi barTaia

tariel futkaraZis“”qarTvelologiis Sesavali”

Cvens xelT aris sakmaod didi moculobis, Rrmamecnieruldoneze dawerili wigni `qarTvelologiis Sesavali”, romlisavtori gaxlavT filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori tariel futkaraZe. sanam es naSromi gamoCndeboda,daido 17 tomi saerTaSoriso samecniero krebulisa _`qarTveluri memkvidreoba”.ra saerTo aqvs am or movlenas erTmaneTTan (movlena

SemTxveviT ar wamomcdenia)?maT erTmaneTTan is saerTo aqvT, rom `qarTveluri

memkvidreobis” 17 tomis gamomcemeli da redaqtori gaxlavTswored tariel futkaraZe, xolo `qarTvelologiisSesavali”, SeiZleba iTqvas, efuZneba yvela im mecnierulsiaxles, romlebic bolo ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSiaisaxa `qarTveluri memkvidreobis” 17 tomSi.tariel futkaraZe 1993 wels Caudga saTaveSi akaki

wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTveluridialeqtologiis instituts da Tavis garSemo Semoikribamecnieruli saqmis erTguli adamianebi, romlebic dRes,Sinaurul wreSi, `tarielis futkrebad” arian cnobilni.diax, Seiqmna qarTveluri dialeqtologiis instituti da

daiwyo metad nayofieri kvleviTi samuSaoebi, romlebicwarmatebiT grZeldeba dRemde; aqve SevniSnav, rom tarielfutkaraZe, rogorc farTo diapazonis mqone mecnieri, arSemoifargla oden dialeqtologiuri TematikiT da mismainteresebma TandaTan qarTvelologiis sferos TiTqmis mTelispeqtri moicva.tariel futkaraZem, institutis daarsebis dRidanve,

safuZveli Cauyara yovelwliur saerTaSoriso samecnierokonferenciebsa da maT bazaze - samecniero Sromebis krebul`qarTvelur memkvidreobas”, rac gasuli saukunis mZime 90-ianwlebSi didi garjis fasad ujdeboda.

153

mqonda bedniereba, monawileoba mimeRo qarTvelologTa ammaRali saerTaSoriso forumebis - quTaisuri saubrebis -muSaobaSi, romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi imarTeboda akakiwereTlis saxelmwifo universitetSi da vyofiliyavi mowme,Tu rogor yalibdeboda axali mecnieruli azriqarTvelologiaSi; es azri ibeWdeboda "qarTvelurmemkvidreobaSi". swored "qarTvelur memkvidreobaSi"aprobirebuli samecniero gamokvlevebis bazaze Seiqmnaprofesor tariel futkaraZis monografia: "qarTvelebi",romelsac daefuZna studentTaTvis gamiznulisaxelmZRvanelo: `qarTvelologiis Sesavali”.aRniSnuli naSromi srulad aireklavs qarTvelologiis

bolodroindel mecnierul miRwevebs, rac uaRresadaqtualurs xdis mas. wigni uprecedentoa imiT, rom mravalimimarTulebiT moicavs qarTvelologiis problemebis analizs.problemebi ki iwyeba qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebisganxilvidan da modis dRemde. esenia: qarTvelTa eTnogenezisi,qarTvelTa saxelmwifoebrioba, saerTo qarTveluri ena,qristianobamdeli araqarTuli religiebi da kultura,xelovneba, qarTuli anbanis Seqmna, qarTuli kulturisuZvelesi centrebi, qarTuli xelnawerebi, qarTulimwerlobis ZiriTad tendenciebi, sazRvargareTisqarTvelologiuri centrebi, enobrivi situacia dRevandelsaqarTveloSi da uamravi sxva, romelTa ubralo CamoTvlac kiSors wagviyvanda.mkvlevari mecnieruli argumentebiT damajereblad

aviTarebs Tavis azrs problemur sakiTxebze, romelTagangamovyofdi ors; esenia: `qarTizacia” da `sami qarTvelurienis” Teoria. maT safuZvelze, rogorc wignis avtori wers, jerkidev mefis ruseTSi SemuSavebuli antiqarTulidezinformaciuli manqana dResac muSaobs da saqarTvelos -daSlilad, qarTvelebs ki sxvadasxva eTnosebad warmoadgens.arsebobs samasormocmilioniani arabuli eTnosi, ocdaori

qveyniT da am qveynebSi Semavali mSobliur arabulze metyvelixalxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom sagrZnoblad aris daSorebulierTmaneTisgan am qveynebis xalxTa metyveleba - zogSemTxvevaSi, aramcTu gagebinebis momenti, naTesauri kavSiric

154

ki waSlilia, maT mainc arabuli enis dialeqtebi ewodeba,romelTac aerTianebs saliteraturo arabuli.martivad davsvam kiTxvas: Tu samasormocmilionian arab ers,

ase vTqvaT, yofnis erTi arabuli ena (erTaderTia malta,romelic 2003 wlidan evrokavSiris wevri gaxda da romlissaxelmwifo enaa malturi da inglisuri, religia kikaTolicizmi), CvenTvis, lamis sam milionamde dasuliqarTveli erisaTvis, ratom ar unda iyos sakmarisi erTi ena?pasuxi martivia: mizezi aris crumecnieruli qarTizaciis

Teoria, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli eTnosi ara - erT mTlianerTeulad, aramed danawevrebulad aris warmodgenili. amantiqarTuli Teoriis mizani `dayavi da ibatones” principidangamomdinareobs.tariel futkaraZe, rogorc mecnieri da, amave dros -

saxelmwifoebrivad moazrovne adamiani, argumentirebuladsaubrobs im safrTxeebze, romlebic SeiZleba mohyveszemoxsenebul Teoriebs.arada maSin, roca jerac dadgenili ar aris, Tu sad gadis

zRvari enasa da dialeqts Soris da Tavisuflad SegviZliamegrulsa Tu svanurs vuwodoT dialeqti, ganStoeba, kilo-kavi an am saxis sxva saxeli, ratom virCevT mxolod xifaTisSemcvel termins? imaSi, Tu ratom aris es `qarTizaciis”TeoriasTan erTad xifaTis Semcveli, mkiTxveli darwmundeba,roca gaecnoba `qarTvelologiis Sesavlis” Semdeg Tavs:`saerToqarTveluri ena da qarTvelTa samwignobro ena,rogorc qarTvelTa dedaena”.saqarTvelo odiTganve aziisa da evropis sazRvarze mdebare

qveyanaa. qarTuli kultura ar miekuTvneba mxolod erTs anmeores. igi ori samyaros, ori civilizaciis sinTezia.mkvlevars kargada aqvs es gaazrebuli da am WrilSi ganixilavsqarTul fenomens.tariel futkaraZis 500-gverdiani `qarTvelologiis

Sesavali”, miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi SeiZleba zogi ramvinmesTvis sakamaTo iyos, didi SenaZeniaqarTvelologiisaTvis.

26. 03. 2014.

155

werili:

saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomares baton daviTusufaSvils

batono daviT

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwo-debulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis organizebiT 2014wlis 19 noembers Catarda samecniero konferencia Temaze:"enasTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebi daenobrivi politika saqarTveloSi". konferencia miznadisaxavda enobrivi politikis mimarTulebiT saqarTvelosuniversitetebsa da kvleviT centrebSi dagrovil samecnierokvleva-gamocdilebaTa erTma-neTisTvis gaziarebas,problemur sakiTxebze msjelobas da sakanonmdeblo daaRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisaTvis rekomendaciebisSemuSavebas.konferenciaze personalurad mowveuli iyvnen wamyvani

saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebisa da samecnierocentrebis specialistebi, saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirisxelmZRvanelebi, parlamentisa da mTavrobis warmo-madgenlebi;konferenciis Sesaxeb informacia gamoqvey-nebuli iyouniversitetis vebgverdze da gavrcelda socialuri qselebissaSualebiTac, Sesabamisad, konfe-renciaSi bevrmadainteresebulma pirma miiRo monawi-leoba.konferenciis monawileTa msjelobisa da werilobiT

mowodebuli mosazrebebis SejerebiT Cveni erTiani pozi-ciasaqarTvelos enobrivi politikis strategiis Sesaxeb aseCamoyalibda:sakiTxis istoria da amJamad arsebuli problemebi:qarTuli ena odiTganve gadamwyvet rols asrulebda

erTiani qarTuli erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebisCamoyalibebis, aseve, eklesiis erTianobis SenarCunebisprocesSi. mravali safrTxis miuxedavad, qarTuli erT-erTiadedamiwis im uiSviaTes enaTa Soris, romelic sul mcire 23

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saukunea uwyvetad funqcionirebs, rogorc kulturis ena darogorc saxelmwifo ena.dRes, rodesac saqarTvelos enobrivi politika mravali

obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezis gamo jerac ganicdissabWouri ideologemebis gavlenas, erTi mxriv, daglobalizaciiT ganpirobebuli demografiuli viTarebisa daintensiuri enobrivi kontaqtebis zemoqmedebas, meore mxriv,qarTuli enis problemebi sam ZiriTad mimarTu-lebadSeiZleba daiyos:1. enis siwmindis dacva; qarTuli terminologiisa dasaliteraturo normebis SemuSaveba, swavleba;2. qarTulis - saxelmwifo enis - statusis SesabamismasStabebSi funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa dasaqarTveloSi umciresobaTa integraciis faqtorisamoqmedeba;3. qarTulis, rogorc kulturuli enisa da qarTvelTadedaenis funqciis SenarCuneba.Sesabamisad, sasicocxlod arsebiTia Tu rogor vimoq-

medebT, rogor gavanawilebT prioritetebs da, ra Tana-mimdevrobiT ganvaxorcielebT aucilebel RonisZiebebs;Tqvens yuradRebas mivaqcevT ramdenime problemas:I. ,,regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuliqartiis" Seusabamo interpretaciis safuZvelzepolitikosTa Tu mecnierTa erTi nawili iTxovs, saqarTvelom,,regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropul qartiis"ratificireba moaxdinos 12-mde e.w. "umciresobis enis"CamonaTvaliT: qarTvelTa TiTqmis mesameds qarTulis nacvladdedaenad ucxadeben kuTxur metyvelebas; Sesabamisad, TukiqarTuli ena dakargavs qarTvelTa mesamedis dedaenisfunqcias, paralelurad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze gviandasaxlebuli eTnikuri jgufebis enebs mieniWeba "regionulienis" statusi, ramdenime ganapira raionSi uTuod SeferxdebaqarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis, funqcionirebisSenar-Cuneba/aRdgena da swavleba (rasac qveynisaTvis saxifaTogarTulebebi SeiZleba mohyves); aqve aRvniSnavT, romsaqarTvelos konteqstSi e.w. "regionuli enebis" sakiTxibolo dros gaaqtiura veneciis komisiam, romelsac

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saeqspertod gadaegzavna saqarTvelos parlamentis kanon-proeqti "saxelmwofo enis (enebis) Sesaxeb".II. Tanamedrove msoflioSi kulturuli da erovnuliidentoba (meoba) arsebiTadaa damokidebuli globalursivrceSi mocemuli enis integraciis doneze, kerZod,Tanamedrove ena unda aRiWurvos metyvelebis teqstad mqcevi,teqstis gamxmovanebeli, mTargmneli kompiuteruliprogramebiT da unda Seiqmnas momcvelobiTi teqstiserovnuli korpusi; am mimarTulebiT samecniro muSaobakargad unda daigegmos saxelmwifos mier.III. bolo periodSi bevr umaRles saswavlebelSi savaldebulosagnad qceulma "akademiurma weram" Caanacvla "qarTulimetyvelebis kulturis" kursi; saSualo skolSi aRariswavleba qarTuli enis grama-tika da enobrivi sistemiscodnis sferoSi qarTveli bavSvis kompetencias gansazRvravsinglisuri (an sxva romelime ucxo) enis gramatika (da aramSobliuri enis gramatika).arsebiTia isic, rom saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva

qarTveluri zepiri metyvelebebis SenarCuneba-Seswavlas,zogadad, qarTvelologiis dargSi arsebul problemebs;faqtobrivad, yuradRebisa da mxardaWeris gareSeamitovebuli saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebuliqarTvelologiuri centrebi; ar aris sakmarisi isRonisZiebebic, rac tardeba umciresobebiT kompaqturaddasaxlebul raionebSi saxelmwifo enis intensiuri swavlebismimarTulebiT (ris gamoc dRemde gadauWrel problemad rCebaqarTul saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv sivrceSi ammosaxleobis integraciis sakiTxi); ar xdeba qarTuli enissavaldebulod danergva uaxles teqnologiebsa da globalurqselSi (kompiuterebSi zepiri brZanebebisa Tu damxmareinformaciis gaqarTuleba, sxva sakomunikacio sistemebissavaldebulod aRWurva qarTuli SriftiTa da teqstebiT,naklebad qveyndeba qarTvelologiis uaxlesi miRwevebieleqtronul Tu dabeWdil enciklopediebSi) da sxv.vfiqrobT, saqarTvelos enobrivi politikis gansazRvra

unda moxdes specialistebis, zogadad, inteleqtualebisfarTo speqtris monawileobiT da ara mxolod erTi romelime

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konkretuli jgufis mier; kerZod, aucilebelia, globaluri(da geopolitikuri) konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT momavalSidaigegmos iseTi enobrivi politika, romelic ganamtkicebsqarTuli enis saxelmwifoebriv statuss, xels SeuwyobsqarTulenovani kulturis ganviTarebas da Seuqcevads gaxdissxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis saqarTvelos moqalaqeTaintegracias erTian saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi.

mosalodneli safrTxis Tavidan acilebisaTvis,aucilebelia:1. xelisuflebam dargis specialistebis TvalsazrisTaSejerebiT gansazRvros saqarTvelos saxelmwifos enobrivipolitikis grZelvadiani strategia; amis safuZvelze undaSemuSavdes normatiuli dokumentebis paketi saxelmwifoenisa (enebis) da umciresobebis enebis Sesaxeb, romelicorientirebuli iqneba rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis(afxazeTSi qarTuli da afxazuri enebis) statusis dacvaze,ise qarTveluri ena-kiloebis, rogorc qarTvelTa erovnulienis Senakadebis, gadarCenisa da saqarTveloSi arsebulieTnikuri umciresobebis enobrivi uflebebis dacvisaucileblobaze.aqve aRvniSnavT:saqarTvelos did nawilze amJamad ar vrceldeba

saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia da saqarTvelos moqalaqeTamniSvnelovanma nawilma ar icis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena;am viTarebaSi - saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisaRdgenamde, saxifaTo tendenciebsa Tu risks gazrdissaxelmwifo enis (enebis) Sesaxeb iseTi kanonis miReba,romelic orientirebulia mxolod saxelmwifo enis statusisiuridiul dacvaze.2. xelisuflebam programuli wesiT daafinansos qarTulienis teqnologizeba da "qarTuli teqstebis erTianierovnuli korpusis” Seqmna, sadac Seva rogorc qarTvelTasaliteraturo enis, ise qarTvelur ena-kiloTa dialeqturimasalac; aseT SemTxvevaSi qarTuli ena ar dakargavskulturuli enis funqcias; aseve, aucilebelia, saqarTvelossajaro skolebisaTvis momzaddes saskolo saxelmZRvanelo

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,,qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaro", romelSic warmodgenili iqnebaqarTuli enisa da misi qvesistemebis adekvaturiinteraqtiuli rukebi, leqsika, dialeqturi teqstebi daobieqturi informacia qarTvelTa samwignobro (erovnuli)dedaenisa da kuTxuri metyvelebebis Sesaxeb;3. umaRlesi saswavleblebis yvela specialobaze aRdgessaxelmwifo enaze swavleba; ucxoenovan kerZo umaRlessaswavleblebSi unda gaixsnas imave dargis qarTuliseqtorebic (raTa dargobrivi enis ganviTareba da ekonomikurisferos specialistebis qarTulad ganswavlis istoriulixazi ar gawydes); qarTulma enam rom ar dakargosprestiJuli enis funqcia, aucilebelia, inglisurenovansaswavlo dawesebulebebSi dainergos qarTulenovani sagnebisswavlebac.

SeniSvna: me-19 saukunidan moyolebulisaqarTvelo ibrZoda qarTuli ganaTlebisrusulenovani swavlebiT Canacvlebis winaaRmdeg. nudagvaviwydeba, rom es iyo qveynis interesTa qomagiqarTveli inteligenciis aRzrdis surviliTSTagonebuli brZola da ara saZraxisi fobia rusulikulturis winaaRmdeg. dRes igive unda vTqvaT sxvaenebis mimarTac.

xelisuflebis mier qarTvelologiis dargebzestudentTa swavleba unda dafinansdes ara zogadadsamsafexurian saxelmwifo universitetebSi, aramed imumaRles saswavleblebSic, sadac aris swavlebis Sesabamisiinteleqtualuri da materialuri baza da romelsac airCevsabiturienti; aseve, umaRles saswavleblebSi "akademiuriweris" kursis gverdiT unda dabrundes saswavlo sagani"qarTuli metyvelebis kultura", uromlisodac Cven veruzrunvelvyofT saxelmwifo enis normebis danergvassazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. saskologanaTlebis sistemaSi unda dabrundes qarTuli enisgramatikis swavleba, ris gareSec (rogorc praqtikam aCvena)ver xerxdeba xarisxiani ganaTlebis miReba.paralelurad, aucilebelia, Sesaferisi dafinansebiT

daigegmos samecniero eqspediciebi da kvlevebi qarTveluri

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zepiri metyvelebebis SenarCunebis, zogadad, qarTvelologiisdargSi arsebuli problemebis gadasaWrelad dagansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces saqarTvelos farglebsgareT arsebul qarTvelologiur centrebs; unda Seiqmnasfondi qarTvelologiis uaxles miRwevaTa ucxo enebzeTargmnisa da gavrcelebisaTvis.

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krebuli gamosacemad momzaddasaqarTvelos sapatriarqos

wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobisqarTuli universitetisqarTvelologiis centrSi

The journal was compiled at the Kartvelology Center of SaintAndrew the First-Called Georgian University

iii - sangudl.sangu.edu.ge/pdf/qartvelologiis-aqtualuri-problemebiiii.pdfiii 2014....

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