República Bolivariana de Venezuela

Ministerio para el Poder Popular para la Educación

Unidad Educativa “Nuestra Señora de Lourdes”

Área de formación: Inglés y otras lenguas extranjeras

INGLÉS 5TO. AÑO

(I LAPSO)

Profesor: Lcdo. Luis Henríquez

Puerto La Cruz, Septiembre de 2019

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1. If somebody finishes his / her career, what do you say to him / her?

Unidad I: Using appropriate expressions about personal interrelationship to situations of daily life.

Objective 1.1 Expressions of good wishes and thanks.

Dialogue 1. Listen and repeat.

It´s Saturday, the day of the grand opening of Sara´s Boutique. It is called “High Fashion Boutique”. There are some people there, her husband, her children and some friends of them.

Grace: Hi, Sara. Sara: Hello, Grace. It´s a pleasure to see all of you here.

Grace: We all wish you good luck in your new boutique. Sara: It´s very Kind of you. Have a good time.

Grace: Thanks a lot.

I. Questions about the dialogue 1.

1. Who is going to open the “High Fashion Boutique”? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Are there any people there? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Who are they? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Who is greeting Sara? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What do all guests wish her? _______________________________________________________________________________________

Dialogue 2

Kathy: I was invited to Sara´s party. Jenny: Have a good time!

Katy: Thanks. Will you be there? Jenny: No, I won´t. I have to study. I have an English exam tomorrow.

Katy: Oh, that´s a pity. Well, good luck in your exam. Jenny: Thank you, very much.

II. Questions about the dialogue 2.

1. Who are talking? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Who was invited to Sara´s party? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Is Jenny going there? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Why not? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. When does Jenny have the English exam? _______________________________________________________________________________________

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Expressions of good wishes and thanks.

job! All the best in your career! Good luck with your business! marriage!

Thank you (very much).

Have a good time! Have fun! Thank you. It´s very kind of you. Good luck! That´s very kind of you. All the best! You´re very kind.

I hope you have a pleasant journey! nice holiday! Thank you very much indeed. trip!

I hope everything goes well! goes well in your wedding! Thanks. It´s very kind of you. You´re very kind.

luck! I wish you all the best! Thanks (lot). success!

Have a happy birthday! anniversary!

Merry Christmas to you! Thank you. And to you too. Happy new year! Thanks. And the same to you. Thanks a lot. And the same to you.

(Please) send my best wishes to Brenda. love Sara. Bill.

- Expressions to cheer:

Here´s to you! To your health! Cheers!

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III. Written exercise. 1. Answer these questions: - If somebody finishes his / her career, what do you say to him / her? a) ________________________________________________________________________ b) ________________________________________________________________________ c) ________________________________________________________________________

- If somebody is going to a party, what do you say to him / her? a) ________________________________________________________________________ b) ________________________________________________________________________ c) ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Someone you know is beginning a business. You say to him / her:

a) Kinds regards to you! _____ b) Good luck! _____ c) Have fun! _____

3. Read the following expressions and select the correct option. 3.1. I´m going to Margarita. a) Thanks a lot. ______ b) Have a nice trip. ______

3.2. Good luck in to your new job. a) Thanks you´re very Kind. ______ b) Have fun! ______

3.3. Well, I have to go. Bye a) Thanks you. ______ b) See you later. ______

3.4. Merry Christmas (to you). a) Thank you. And the same to you. ______ b) Have a nice trip. ______ 3.5. I hope you have a successful professional life. a) Merry Christmas. ______ . b) Thanks you very much. ______

4. Work in pairs. Read the following expressions and match them.

Student A: Student B:

1. Merry Christmas. a. Fine, thank you.

2. Nice to meet you. b. Thank you very much.

3. How are you? c. Nice to meet you too.

4. Have a nice pleasant trip. d. See you later.

5. Bye. e. Merry Christmas to you, too.

4. Work in pairs. Practice the miniconversations and act them.

a) Student A: I´m going to Miami for the weekend. c) Student A: I got a new job.

Student B: Have a good time! Student B: Really? I wish you all the best!

Student A: Thanks. Student A: Thank you.

b) Student A: I´m going to a party this evening. d) Student A: I´m going to get married next month.

Student B: Have fun! Student B: Congratulations!

Student A: Thanks a lot. Student A: Oh, thank you very much.

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Objective 1.2 Expressions about personal relations.

o Expressions to greet and say goodbye. o Expressions to introduce yourself and to introduce people. o Expressions to express thanks. o Etc.

Dialogue 1

Helen: Hi, I´m Helen. What´s your name? Eduardo: Hello, My name is Eduardo. (It´s) nice to meet you, Helen.

Helen: Nice to meet you too, Eduardo.

After talking for a while.

Eduardo Good-bye, Helen. Helen: Good-bye, Eduardo. (I´ll) see you later.

Eduardo: See you Helen.

o Dialogue 2

Alfred: Hello, My name´s. What´s your name? Brenda: Hello, I´m Brenda. (It´s) nice to meet you, Alfred.

John: Nice to meet you too, Brenda. Brenda, this is John an old friend of mine.

Brenda: (I´m) glad to meet you too, John. John: (I´m) pleased to meet you too, Brenda.

After talking for a while.

Brenda: Well boys, I have to go. See you later. Alfred: See you, Brenda.

John: See you.

o Dialogue 3

Teacher: Good morning, pupils. Pupils: Good morning, teacher.

Teacher: How are you (today)? Pupils:: Fine, Thank you. And you?

Teacher: (I´m) fine, Thanks.

o Dialogue 4

Mr. Sanchez: Good evening, Miss Robinson. How are you (tonight)? Miss Robinson: Good evening, Mr. Sanchez. Fine, thanks. And you?

Mr. Sanchez: How are you? Miss Robinson: Fine, Thank you. And you?

Mr. Sanchez: (I´m) fine, Thanks. I´m glad to see you.

After talking for a while.

Mr. Sanchez: Good night, Miss Robinson. See you tomorrow. Miss Robinson: Good night, Mr. Sanchez. See you.

- GOOD EVENING is a greeting,

and GOOD NIGHT is a farewell.

- In other words, you would

never say GOODNIGHT to say

hello to someone, and you

would never say GOOD

EVENING to say bye to

someone.

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Formal greetings

Ms. Smith: Good morning, Mr. Parker. Miss Pérez: Good Afternoon, Mr. García. Mrs. Parker: Good morning, Ms. Smith. Mr. García: Good Afternoon, Mr. Romero.

Sara: Hello, Eduardo. Miss Acosta: Good Afternoon, Mr. Subero. Eduardo: Hello, Sara. Mr. Subero: Good Afternoon, Mr. Acosta.

A: How are you? B: (I´m) fine, Thank you. And you? Fine, Thank you. Fine, Thanks. Very well, thank you.

A: Fine, Thanks.

A: How are you? B: (I´m) fine, Thank you. And you?

Fine, Thank you. Fine, Thanks. Very well, thank you.

Formal greetings

Teacher: Good morning, pupils. July: Good afternoon, pupils. Brenda: Good morning, teacher. Tom: Good afternoon, teacher.

Sara: Good noon, pupils. Nick: Good evening, Mr. Parker. Eduardo: Good noon, pupils.. Mr. Parker: Good evening, Nick.

Informal greetings

Anthony: Hi, Brenda. July: Hello, Tom. Brenda: Hi, Anthony. Tom: Hi, July.

Sara: Hello, Eduardo. Nick: Hi, Alice. Eduardo: Hello, Sara. Alice: Hello, Sara.

To say good-bye

Tony: Goodbye, Rose. Ann: Bye, Alan. Rose: Goodbye, Tony.

(I´ll) see you tomorrow morning. Alan: Bye-bye, Ann.

Karla: Bye, Eduardo. Bill: Good night. Fred: Bye-bye, Sara.

(I´ll) see you later. Sue: Good night.

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Grammar content. Pronouns and possessives

Personal pronouns are used to substitute nouns in order to avoid repetition.

Sandra got an “A” on the test. She is a very good student.

she refers to the subject (Sandra). Object pronouns represents the person, animal, thing or place that receives the action of a verb. They are placed after verbs or prepositions.

Where´s John? Tell him (that) I´m here.

him refers to the object (John).

Possessive adjectives show that something belongs to somebody. They are followed by nouns.

This my sweater.

express ownership

Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to somebody. They are not followed by nouns. They substitute a phrase With the corresponding possessive adjective + a noun (my sweater).

This is mine.

refers to something already mentioned (my sweater)

Pronouns and possessives are classified according to the features like number, person and gender.

Pronouns Possessives Reflexives

Number Person Gender Personal Object Possessives Possessives Reflexive pronouns pronouns adjectives pronouns pronouns

1st male / female I me my mine myself

2nd male / female you you yours yours yourself Singular male he him his his himself

3rd female she her hers hers herself neuter it it its its itself

1st male / female we us our ours ourselves Plural 2nd male / female you you yours yours yourselves

3rd male / female / neuter they them their theirs themselves

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Objective 2.1 Asking and giving information about actions or events in the present, past and future

progressive / continuous tenses.

Dialogue 1

John: Hi, Brenda. Brenda: Hello, John.

John: Brenda, who has visited you lately? Brenda: Robert, one of my best friends. He was sick the last week.

John: I´m sorry. Where is he living? Brenda: (Well, he is living) downtown.

John: How is feeling right now? Brenda: He´s feeling much better.

You know he began to study in another school.

I. Questions about the dialogue 1

1. Who are talking? 4. Who is living downtown? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 2. Who´s visited Brenda? 5. How is Robert feeling now? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 3. Are they good friends? 6. Where is he studding now? __________________________________________ __________________________________________

Dialogue 2

Alfredo: When are the children going to study? Sara: (They are going to study) this evening.

Alfredo: What will they be doing? Sara: They´ll be swimming.

I. Questions about the dialogue 2

1. Who are talking? 3. What are they going to do? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 2. Will the children be playing this evening? 4. When will they be swimming? __________________________________________ __________________________________________

Dialogue 3

Tim: What are you doing? Fred: I´m reading a book about astronomy. I like the stars. Tim: Are you planning a trip to the moon?

Fred: You are kidding me, aren´t you? I´m not planning any trip. I´m just studying.

I. Questions about the dialogue 3

1. Who are talking? 3. What is he studying? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 2. Is Fred studying chemistry? 4. Is he planning to make a trip to the moon? __________________________________________ __________________________________________

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III. Answer the questions. Follow the example.

b

Grammar content. Continuous / progressive tenses

Form the continuous tenses following this structure.

- Subject + verb to be + action verb with -ing + complement

in the present, past or future -

- Present continuous tense refers to past actions that took place progressively. - I am reading a book. - Are they watching TV?

- Past continuous tense describes an action that is happening at the moment of speaking.

- I was reading a book. - Were they watching TV?

Use future continuous to talk about things that will happen because they are part of the normal routine. It refers to actions or events that have been planned. - She will be doing aerobics at the gym. - He will be visiting you tonight.

Interrogative pronouns

An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which is used to make asking questions easy. There are just five interrogative pronouns. Each one is used to ask a very specific question or indirect question. The five interrogative pronouns are what, which, who, whom, and whose. Some, such as “who” and “whom,” refer only to people. Others can be used to refer to objects or people.

What – Used to ask questions about people or objects? Examples:

- What do you want for dinner? - What time are we supposed to be there?

- What is your friend’s name? - Who is going to take out the trash?

Which – Used to ask questions about people or objects. Examples:

- Which color do you prefer? - She asked which train to take. - Which seat would you like? - Which of these ladies is your mother?

Who – Used to ask questions about people. Examples:

- Who was driving the car? - I’m wondering who will be at the party.

- She asked which train to take. Which seat would you like? Whom – This interrogative pronoun is rarely seen these days, but when it shows up, it is used to ask

questions about people. Examples:

-Whom did you speak to? - Whom do you prefer to vote for?

- You should ask whom to call. - Whom do you live with?

Whose – Used to ask questions about people or objects, always related to possession. Examples: - Whose sweater is this? - Whose parents are those?

- I wonder whose dog knocked our garbage can over. - Whose phone is that?

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Oral exercise.

Someone cashing the check. Somebody Punishing that boy. Everyone is bothering them. Everybody are setting the table. Nobody entering the house silently. No one / None falling asleep during the lecture. None (of them) wasting the time. where to buy a bathing-suit. She was

wondering when to destroy those unless things.

how to look after them. All (the children) taking a bath. Some (of them) swimming in the sea. Many (of us) refusing to stay here. Many (of them) are playing in the park. Few (of our relatives were trying to save him. Both (workers) assisting me in the work. Several (of the grownups) living in the suburbs. None (of the clerks) attending the customers. Most (of them) having lots of difficulties.

This fellow will be playing for another half an hour. guy breakfast time.

They will be arriving at lunch time. dinner time. I´ll be attending Merida University for another three years. She was kissing her boyfriend when I arrived home. I´m sure Tim and Bob will fighting when I come back. Yes, she will. No, she won´t. Will she traveling for another month? I don´t know. No, she will be back next week. No, I think She´ll be travelling just until the next week.

Of course, they will. They love painting. / drawing. Will they be painting / drawing when you return? No, I think they won´t. They like to paint / draw just for a short time.

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III. Work with one of your classmates. Follow the example.

Example: Student A: he / be / work / for a week Will he be working for a week?_____________

Student B: No / he / be / study / for two years No, he won´t. He´ll be studying for two years._

3.1. Student A: she / be / study / for a year

Student B: No / she / be / study / for two years

Student A: ____________________________________________________________________________

Student A: ____________________________________________________________________________

3.2. Student A: they / be / play / for an hour

Student B: No / he / be / play / for two hours

Student A: ____________________________________________________________________________

Student A: ____________________________________________________________________________

3.3. Student A: Helen / be / travel / for ten days

Student B: No / she / be / travel / for twenty five days

Student A: ____________________________________________________________________________

Student A: ____________________________________________________________________________

3.4. Student A: he / be / live there / for three months

Student B: No / he / be / live there / for three years

Student A: ____________________________________________________________________________

Student A: ____________________________________________________________________________

IV. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb to be (am –are – is – was – were – will be).

4.1. Henry ________ the best student last year.

4.2. John and Ana __________ swimming in the river just now.

4.3. The students _____________ in the competition next Monday.

4.4. She _________ feeling worse than yesterday.

4.5. _________ the doctors trying to save the man? 4.6. Last night he _________ falling asleep while we _________ watching TV.

V. Order the questions.

5.0. are / what / doing / ? / you _____________What are you doing?_______________________________

5.1. on / the / sleeping / the / was / cat / sofa / ? _______________________________________________

5.2. tomorrow / doing / he / ? / will / what / be _________________________________________________

5.3. feeling / is / ? / how / he / now / just ______________________________________________________

5.4. are / just / working / you / where / now / ? ________________________________________________

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Objective 2.2 Asking and giving information about actions or events in the simple present, simple past

and simple future tenses.

Dialogue 1

Brenda: Katy, who´s that nice lady over there? Kathy: She´s my grandma. She came from Cumana last night.

Brenda: How long is she going to stay in this city? Kathy: Several days.

Brenda: How often does she visit you? Kathy: She visits us twice or three times a year.

Brenda: You´re lucky to have your grandmother. Love her too much. Kathy: Yes, Brenda. I agree with you.

I. Questions about the dialogue 1

1. Who are talking? 4. How long is she going to stay with Kathy? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 2. Who´s visited Kathy? 5. How often does Kathy´s grandmother visit her? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 3. Where does Kathy´s grandmother live? 6. What does Brenda say to Kathy about her? __________________________________________ __________________________________________

Dialogue 2

Tony: Hi, Paul. Paul: Hello, Tony.

Tony: Paul, how far is the bus terminal from here? Paul: It´s two kilometers from here.

You can´t go on foot.

II. Questions about the dialogue 2

1. Who are talking? 3. How far is the bus station from there? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 2. Where is going Tony? 4. Can Tony go on foot? __________________________________________ __________________________________________

Dialogue 3

Carlos: José, how long have you studied English? Jose: I´m studying English since two years ago.

Carlos: Are you planning a trip to the USA? Jose: You´re kidding me, aren´t you? I don´t have the money to do that.

Carlos: I´m sorry. That´s a pity.

I. Questions about the dialogue 3

1. Is Carlos studying English? 3. How long has José studied English? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 2. Is Jose studying English? 4. Is José planning to make a trip to the USA? __________________________________________ __________________________________________

Bus terminal = Bus station

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Adverbs of Frequency

- Adverbs of frequency are adverbs of time that change or qualify the meaning of a sentence by telling us how often or how frequently something happens.

- Adverbs of frequency always describe how often something occurs, either in definite or indefinite terms.

- An adverb that describes definite frequency is one such as weekly, daily, or yearly.

- An adverb describing indefinite frequency doesn’t specify an exact time frame; examples are sometimes, often, and rarely.

100% always - I always study after class. 90% usually / generally - I usually walk to work. 80% normally - I normally get good marks / grades. 70% often / frequently - I often / frequently read in bed at night. 50% sometimes - I sometimes sing in the shower. 30% occasionally - I occasionally go to bed late. 10% seldom - I seldom after class. 5% rarely / hardly ever - I rarely / hardly ever get angry. 0% never - Vegetarians never eat meat.

Subject + Adverb + Main verb Subject + Be + Adverb - Daniel always passes his exams. - He is always happy.

Adverbs of Frequency List

This list of adverbs of frequency contains many of the most common; keep in mind though that there are many other words which can serve in this capacity.

always (100%) ever monthly occasionally (30%) seldom (30%)

annually frequently never (0%) often (70%) sometimes (50%)

constantly generally (90%) nightly quarterly usually (90%)

daily hourly normally (80%) rarely (5%) weekly

eventually infrequently occasionally (30%) regularly yearly

Questions Answers

shopping center? Once a week. How often do you go to the grocery store? Twice a week. barber shop? Every other day. beauty parlor? Weekly. How often do you visit him / her? Daily. Monthly. Twice a day. From time to time. Many times during the week. I sometimes visit him in the weekends. I always phone her.

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III. Oral exercise.

Questions Answers

six kilometers from here. How far is bus terminal from here? five miles from here.

It´s half an hour bay taxi from here.. just two blocks from here.

How long is the road? It´s seventy miles long. in lenghth.

How wide is the avenue? It´s seventy miles wide. in width.

How high is the building? It´s 300 meters high. in height.

How deep is the drawer? It´s 300 meters deep. in depth.

How thick is this book? It´s two inches thick. about 80 kilometers per hour.

How fast does she drive? She drives usually 80 to 90 kilometers an hour. over 120 kilometers.

How tall is Pedro? He´s five feet tall.

How long have you studied medicine? I´ve been studying it for seven years.

How much does the baby weigh? The baby weighs 10 kilos.

What´s his weight? His / Her weight is about 22 pounds.

not very heavy. How heavy is the suitcase? It´s rather light. weight is 20 pounds.

It weighs 20 pounds.

How much gasoline do you want to buy? I want to buy ten gallons.

three ounces. How much does this box weigh? It weighs two pounds. 200 grams.

How much milk do you buy every week? I buy two litters. forty gallons.

How many students are there in this classroom? There are twenty-five students in it.

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Grammar

How + adjective / adverb

Use how + adjective / adverb to ask about measures, quantities, distance, weight and speed.

How + adjective / adverb Use how + an adjective / adverb to ask about measures, quantities, distance, weight and speed.

You can also use the structure: What´s + the possessive adjective + noun …?

o What´s the weight of the book? ____It weighs 225 grams._____________________ o What´s the lenghth of the bedroom? It´s five meters long._____________________ o What is your weigh? _____________It’s sixty kilos.___________________________ o What is your height? _____________It´s 1,65 meters._________________________

Length measures Weight measures Liquid measures

an inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters measures an ounce (oz ) = 28 grams a quart (qt ) = a liter a foot (ft) = 0.34 meters a pound (lb) = 454 grams a pin (pt ) = half a liter a yard (yd) = 0.91 meters a kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams a gallon (gal ) = 3.7 liters

IV. Written exercises:

A. Unscramble the questions.

a) father / tall / your / is / how / ? ____How tall is your father?_______________________

b) piece /of / how / this / cheese / is / thick / ? _______________________________________________

c) avenue / that / long / is / how / ? _______________________________________________

d) wide / living room / how / the / is / ? _______________________________________________

B. Complete the questions with the words in the box.

0. How ____heavy___ is this box? 1. How ______________ milk do you buy every day? 2. How much does the baby _______________? 3. How ____________ does this plane fly? 4. How ____________ is Carlos? 5. What´s __________ weight? 6. ______________ Jenny´s weight?

tall weigh

fast his

heavy what´s much

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III. Answer the questions. Use the information in the parenthesis.

Question Example: How long is this avenue? (50 miles) It´s 50 miles long. / in length___________

Questions 1. How What´s the height of this building? (300 meters) ____________________________________ 2. How wide is the table? (1,5 yards) ____________________________________ 3. What´s the length of this bed? (2.5 meters) ____________________________________ 4. How deep is this bag? (6 inches) ____________________________________ 5. What´s your weight? (100 pounds). ___________________________________

IV. Answer the questions.

4.1. How often does your mother go shopping?

________________________________________________________________________________________

4.2. Do you go to the beauty parlor very often?

________________________________________________________________________________________

4.3. How do you come to school?

________________________________________________________________________________________

4.4. Can you go there on foot?

________________________________________________________________________________________

4.5. How far is your home from school?

________________________________________________________________________________________

4.6. How far is the Bolivar Square from school?

________________________________________________________________________________________

4.7. Do you phone your friends daily?

________________________________________________________________________________________

4.8. How often do you phone them?

________________________________________________________________________________________

4.9. Do you visit your relatives weekly?

________________________________________________________________________________________

4.10. Why don´t you visit them more frequently?

________________________________________________________________________________________

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Objective 3.1 Understand scientific, humanistic or technical texts. 3.2 Interpret the reading content.

The printing press and the bible

I. Prereading activities 1. Answer these questions orally. (English or Spanish) 1.1. What is the title of the passage? 1.2. How many paragraphs does it have? 1.3. What do you know about Gutenberg? 1.4. Do you know where he was born? II. Reading activities 2.1. Read the following paragraph silently. 2.2. Don´t stop when you find unknown words. 2.3. Do it in an adequate reading rate. Imagine a world without telephones, televisions or computers. Well. You´d still have books, right? Now imagine a world without books! In the middle ages, very few people had books, which were rare and expensive because each and every book had to be copied by hand, page by page, line by line, by people called scribes. But around 1440 something happened that change all this. Johannes Gutenberg invented the first printing press. Books could be made faster, cheaper, and in greater numbers. In less than ten million books were printed and sold.

The first book Gutenberg printed was the Bible – two hundred copies. How do you think having the Bible and other books in their homes made a difference in the way people lived? One major change was that people wanted books printed in their own languages – English, German, French, Italian – rather than the Latin heard at church and school. Another difference was that it took away some of the authority of the church. Before Gutenberg´s press most people could read the Bible because it was in Latin. Once they could read the bible themselves in their own language, many people began to have their own ideas on how the Bible should be understood.

One of those people Martin Luther (for whom the great American leader Martin Luther King Jr. was named). The preaching and writings of Martin Luther set a sweeping change in religious ideas and institutions.

From: “The Core Knowledge Series” by E. D. Hirsch.

III. Post reading activities 1. Work in small groups and identify the words you do know. (English or Spanish) 1.1. Guest the unknown words by context. 1.2. Try to understand the meaning of an unknown word through its morphology. (prefix - suffix) 1.3. Identify the clue words. 1.4. Identify the cognates. 1.5. If it is necessary use the dictionary.

2. Answer these questions. 1. Do you imagine a world without books? ______________________________________________ 2. Why not? ______________________________________________________________________ 3. Could more people read the Bible before Gutenberg’s press? ____________________________ 4. Why it was not possible? __________________________________________________________

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Objective 3.1 Understand scientific, humanistic or technical texts. 3.2 Interpret the reading content.

The states of matter

I. Prereading activities 1. Answer these questions orally. (English or Spanish) 1.1. What is the title of the passage? 1.2. How many paragraphs does it have? 1.3. What do you know about the states of matter? 1.4. What do you think about it? II. Reading activities 2.1. Read the following paragraph silently. 2.2. Don´t stop when you find unknown words. 2.3. Do it in an adequate reading rate. On the earth, matter occurs in one of three physical states. These states of matter are called solid, liquid and gas. Each atom or molecule of a solid has a fixed position in relation to surrounding atoms. However, the atom itself vibrates around its fixed position. Solids resist change in shape and change in volume. Ice is one example of a solid. Wood and rocks are other solids. In a liquid, atoms or molecules are free to move, but they remain close to each other. Liquids, like solids, resist change in volume. Unlike solids, liquids adopt the shape of its containers. Some familiar liquids are water, gasoline, and oil. In a gas, the atoms tend to cling together in molecules. Even so, these molecules move independently of one another. Gases fill all available space in a container, regardless of its size or shape. Gas molecules cannot be held in any fixed position because they move so rapidly. Thus gases offer no resistance to change in shape and very resistance to change in volume. Examples of gasses are oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Differences between the solid, liquid, and gaseous states depend on (1) between atoms or molecules, and (2) the rate of movement of atoms or molecules. Both of these factors depend on temperature and pressure.

From: “Focus on Earth Science” by Bishop. Lewis. Sutherland.

III. Post reading activities 1. Work in small groups and identify the words you do know. (English or Spanish) 1.1. Guest the unknown words by context. 1.2. Try to understand the meaning of an unknown word through its morphology, find out if the word has any prefix or suffix added to the stem known for you. Example: Prefix Stem Suffix In- dependent -ly 1.3. Identify the cognates, those words of Latin origin which are written in nearly similar way and have the same meaning of the equivalent words in Spanish. Examples: gasoline and liquid. 1.4. Identify the clue words (context words that are repeated). Examples: atom and molecule. 1.5. Finally, If you can´t guess the meaning of any word, look it up in a good English-Spanish dictionary (your teacher will help you to use it).

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Objective 3.1 Understand scientific, humanistic or technical texts. 3.2 Interpret the reading content.

The states of matter

I. Prereading activities 1. Answer these questions orally. (English or Spanish) 1.1. What is the title of the passage? 1.2. How many paragraphs does it have? 1.3. What do you know about the states of matter? 1.4. What do you think about it? II. Reading activities 2.1. Read the following paragraph silently. 2.2. Don´t stop when you find unknown words. 2.3. Do it in an adequate reading rate. On the earth, matter occurs in one of three physical states. These states of matter are called solid, liquid and gas. Each atom or molecule of a solid has a fixed position in relation to surrounding atoms. However, the atom itself vibrates around its fixed position. Solids resist change in shape and change in volume. Ice is one example of a solid. Wood and rocks are other solids. In a liquid, atoms or molecules are free to move, but they remain close to each other. Liquids, like solids, resist change in volume. Unlike solids, liquids adopt the shape of its containers. Some familiar liquids are water, gasoline, and oil. In a gas, the atoms tend to cling together in molecules. Even so, these molecules move independently of one another. Gases fill all available space in a container, regardless of its size or shape. Gas molecules cannot be held in any fixed position because they move so rapidly. Thus gases offer no resistance to change in shape and very resistance to change in volume. Examples of gasses are oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Differences between the solid, liquid, and gaseosus states depend on (1) between atoms or molecules, and (2) the rate of movement of atoms or molecules. Both of these factors depend on temperature and pressure.

From: “Focus on Earth Science” by Bishop. Lewis. Sutherland.

III. Post reading activities 1. Work in small groups and identify the words you do know. (English or Spanish) 1.1. Guest the unknown words by context. 1.2. Try to understand the meaning of an unknown word through its morphology, find out if the word has any prefix or suffix added to the stem known for you. Example: Prefix Stem Suffix In- dependent -ly

2. Answer these questions about the reading.

2.1. What are the names of the different states of matter?

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2.2. What kind of change do solids resist?

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2.3. Give some examples of solids.

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2.4. How do atoms move in a liquid?

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2.5. Give some examples of liquids.

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2.6. How do atoms move in a gas?

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2.7. Give some examples of gases.

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2.8. Did you know what the states of matter are?

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