inorganic & organic compds

8/9/2019 Inorganic & Organic Compds

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ChemicalChemicalCompoundsCompoundsChemicalChemical

CompoundsCompounds


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Inorganic CompoundsCompounds made

from elements otherthan carbon


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WaterAcids and Bases

Salts

Carbon dioxide


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Water Most important and

most abundant inorganiccompound


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Acids A substance that gives

off hydrogen ions ( H+

)when dissolved in water

The more hydrogen ions ,the more acidic asubstance is


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AcidsThe lower is itsnumber in the pHscale

Tastes sour


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Examples of Acids Urine

Saliva Hydrochloric acid in

stomach


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Bases

Substance that releaseshydroxyl ions ( OH- )

when dissolved in water The fewer hydrogen ions,

the more basic asubstance is


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Bases

The higher is its pHvalue

Tastes bitter


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Examples of Bases Sodium hydroxide

(laundry soapingredient)

Lye


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Salts Formed from the

chemical combination ofacids and bases

neutralization


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Carbon Dioxide Biolgically important

since it it the sourceof carbon in

photosynthesis


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Although it containsCARBON, it is anexception in theorganic compound

group


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REMEMBER:

A living organism is

composed largely ofcompounds of

CARBON andW

ATE

R


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Most animals are

60% waterMost plants are 90%

water


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Carbon CompoundsWhy do we have to

study them?


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Carbon atoms have 4valence electrons

ME

ANI

NG:Each electron canjoin with an electron from

another atom


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Carbon can bond

with H, O, P, Sand N


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Carbon can also bond withother Carbon atoms

MEANING:

Carbon can form chainsthat are almost unlimited

in length


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Carbon to carbon bonds

can be single, double ortriple covalent bonds

A chain of carbon atomscan also form rings (see

Fig. 2-11 of textbook)


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Therefore, Carbon isa versatile element.

No other element

comes close !!!


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The Chemical Building

Blocks of Life:Organic Molecules


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Polymers

Many large molecules

are called macromoleculesor polymers.


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A polymer is a molecule

built of a long chain ofsimilar molecules calledmonomers.


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Monomers in a polymermay be identical ( likelinks in a chain )

... Or different ( likebeads in a colored

necklace )


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Biological moleculesare formed by linking

subunits.


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HO H HO H

` Release H2O

HO H


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HO H HO H

` Release H2O

HO H

Polymerization: DehydrationSynthesis or Condensation

Reaction


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The polymers are joinedtogether by the removalof a hydrogen ( H ) from

one unit and a hydroxylgroup ( OH ) fromanother unit, formingwater.


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Add H2O

HO H

HO H HO H


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Add H2O

HO H

HO H HO H

Hydrolysis Reaction


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The polymers are brokenby adding water.

The opposite ofdehydration synthesis or

condensation reaction.


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4 Organic CompoundsCarbohydrates

LipidsNucleic Acids

Proteins


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Monomers or Building

Blocks Carbohydrates ----

monosaccharideor glucose

Proteins ------- amino acid


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Monomers or Building

Blocks

Lipids --- fatty acid and

glycerol Nucleic Acids--nucleotide


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CARBOHYDRATES


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Carbohydrates (sugars)are group of molecules

that contain theelements carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen.


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Simplecarbohydratesare

calledmonosaccharides. Twomonosaccharide

moleculeslinkedtogetherarecalleddisaccharides.

Longsugarpolymersarecalledpolysaccharides.


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A Carbohydrate Molecule


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PROTEINS


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Proteins are a group of

macromolecules thatmake up the bodies of

organisms. Proteins are the end

products of geneexpression.


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They are made up ofbuilding blocks called

amino acids (figure 5),there are 20 knownamino acids that exist

in nature.


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Amino acids are linkedtogether by peptidebonds. Proteins have four

different structures: Theprimary, secondary,

tertiary and quaternarystructure (Figure 6).


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General Structure of an Amino Acid


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4 Protein Structures


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LIPIDS Lipids are a group of

biological molecules thatare not soluble in waterbut are soluble in oils.Fats are one kind of

lipid.


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Oils,suchasoliveoil,corn

oil,andcoconutoilarealsolipids,asarewaxes.

Therearetwokindsoffattyacids:thesaturatedfatty acids andtheunsaturated fatty acids(figure 7).


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Lipid Structure


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Saturated single bond

of carbon

Unsaturated carbon tocarbon double bond


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NUCLEIC ACID All organisms store their

genetic informationspecifying the structuresof their proteins in

nucleic acids.


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Nucleicacids (figure8) arelongpolymers

ofrepeatingsubunitscallednucleotides

(figure 9).


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Each nucleotide consistsof three smaller buildingblocks.

There are 2 kinds ofnucleic acids DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) andRNA (ribonucleic acid).


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A Nucleotide Structure


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A Nucleic Acid Structure(DNA)

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