instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of...

13
Instructions for use Title Non-Contact Shape Measurement and Machining of Curved Three-Dimensional Objects Author(s) Kishinami, Takeshi; Kawabata, Tooru; Koyama, Tadashi; Saito, Katsumasa Citation 北海道大學工學部研究報告, 120, 1-12 Issue Date 1984-03-30 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/41865 Type bulletin (article) File Information 120_1-12.pdf Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

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Page 1: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

Instructions for use

Title Non-Contact Shape Measurement and Machining of Curved Three-Dimensional Objects

Author(s) Kishinami, Takeshi; Kawabata, Tooru; Koyama, Tadashi; Saito, Katsumasa

Citation 北海道大學工學部研究報告, 120, 1-12

Issue Date 1984-03-30

Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/41865

Type bulletin (article)

File Information 120_1-12.pdf

Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

Page 2: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

北海道大掌工学部研究報告第120・署・ (日召抱59奪三)

Bulletin of the Faculty of Engineering,

  Hokkaldo Universlty, No. !20 (1984)

Non-Contact Shape Measurement and MachiRiRg of

         Curved Three-Dimensional Objects

Tal〈eshi 1〈is}一iiN,“,{i, Tooru KAwABA’rA, Tadashi KoyAtv,iA*

                        and

                  Katsumasa SAiTo

              (Receivecl November 30, 1983)

Abstract

    Utilizing a ranging system, consisting of a laser, TV-camera and N/C naachine

tool, three-dimensional images of curved three-dimensional objects were obtained.

The object was defined by many mesh point coordinate data w}一}ich were given by the

Iaser ranging system.

    After measuring curved three-dimensional objects, the mesh point coordinate data

were transfered into the lnteractive IV{achining System, which consists of computer

and direct numerically contrelled machine tool, in an attempt to manufacture some

curved three-dimensional objects.

    By using this system, we can easily and quick1y niachine curved three-dimensional

models from untouchable curved objects.

                               1. lntredllctieit

   IN,laclaining of curved three-dimensional objects is a highly advanced new field. There

are some technical barriers, such as, how to define the shape of a curved three-dimensional

object and lriow to mac}aine the same automatically. Generally, in order to define t}’ie shape

of ctirved three-dimensional objects, we generally use mesh point da{a and interpolation

’formulas.

    Mk ethods for accurality and readily obtaining mesh point data are now the most

important problems vvlaich must be solved by industry. A laser and TV camera non-

contact ranging system will be useful method for solving the above mentioned problem.

We have already developed the lnteractive Machining Systena for machining of curved

three-dimensional objects [1] . This system makes it easy for us to naachine some curved

three-dimensional objects, if the mesh point data are given.

   This paper describes an experimental apparatus of a ranging system which consists of

laser, TV camera and N/C machine tool, which is located on the spindle head of N/C

machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system

and lnteractive Machining System. Lastly, some examples of ineasuring results and

machined objects are described.

 Il)epartnient of Precision E..ng{neering, Factilty of 1.’,’.nginnering, 1…lol〈1{aido Unii,’ersity, Tixliishi一一8 1〈ita一一1.3

 1〈ita-ku, Sapporo 060 Jat pan.

*II’oyocla Ko・一ki, Robot Divifien, Asahi-Enachi, Shintonii-cho, 1-1 Kariya一一shi, Aichl-1{en, Japan,

Page 3: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

2 ’1’akeshi 1〈lsi-Ilx.’i/i g , ’1’ooru Ki“sJABArr,x , Tadashi Koyf・x:iix and Katsumasa SAI’ro 2

                         2. 1,aser Ranging System

   The ranging system may be briefly described as a laser which projects a beam of light

on the object to be scanned, and a TV camera which detects the spot of laser light as it

illtnininates the curved objects. A calibration procedure detennines the relative position of

the laser with respect to the TV camera, so that, depth information may be derived from

the video iinage. Fig. 1 shows a general view of t.he apparatus of ranging and machining

systems.

VIOEO {EIA)

lls vs

MICRO CO図P雌TER APPしε一言1

VIOEO!tiTER-

FACE

IXO

団TER卿

 FACE拳

soeiv

PLqGNET帽

SCALE

認賄 囎

擢ORX

N/C NILLING eutCleiE

興1飼Ico門PりTε艮

   1;OVA 4fX (SHC)

H/C

ceriT-

ROLLER

RS-232C DNC幽しINE

Fig.1 Scheme of experimental g.ystem

   Ranging information are so clearly relevant to the three-dimensional shape of objects

that many investigations of its use in scene analysis have by and large been ignored as to

the intensity of information. Thus Agin and Binford [2] , Nitzan, Brain and Duda [3」 ,

Shirai and Suwa [4] , and Sato and Fujita [5] have basically beeil concerned with various

ways亡。 describe objec亡s by fittillg sしIrfaces亡。 range data、 But these methods are based on

the fixed relative position of laser or light source, TV camera and objects.

   The basic principle of the proposed method is the triangulation method which is well

known. By controlling the relative position of laser and object with N/C machine tool, the

coordinates of spots on the object are detected from the video image ftc r}d coordinate system

of N/C machine tool.

2-! Experimental Apparatus of Ranging System

   The non-contact laser ranging system consists of laser, TV camera (SONY AVC一一 i500)

and micro-computc’sr (Apple ll). We use a helium-neon laser emitting about 5mXV of red

iight at wave length of 6328A・. Since, the laser tube is portable, so we can easily set it on

the spindle head of N/C machine tool. To simplify the calculation of a laser spot position

on an object, we use the fixed relative position between laser tube and TV camera on one

brac1くet(see Fi墓ユ),

   The x, y coordinates are taken into the micro-coi’nputer from the scale counters of N/

C machine tool. And the z coordinate of a spot on an object is taken in via the video image

of TV camera.

2-2 Measuring IVIethod

   The bracl〈et on which the laser tube and TV camera are fixed, is set on the spindle

head of N/C machine tool instead of the cutting tool. Measuring is’ done by moving tlae

Page 4: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

3 N’on-Contact Shape ,TY{Eeasuren]ent anc} ,Ttilachiniiig of Curved ’1“hree-ll)ii’nensional Obj’ects 3

1aser ranging system with N/C machine t()ol over the surface of the object that is to be

measurecl.

   Fig. 2 shows t}rie scheme of laser ranging system. X, Y and Z coerdinates are fixed as

shown in Fig..2. Ancl the partial coordinate systena on a target plane of TV camera is

called H-V coordinate on H-V plane.

                                  z

x

TARGET PLANE OF CAMERA         H

      Hs

v

v

di

s D

.tg一一gx LENS XX ’一一一

     s      ix

L

/、ぐ

x

LASER TUBE

   /      /へ ヘ     ノ   ラ

ヒ//^//’、 /  //  〆/ //

 ノ  // //

  //SCAVINING MOTI。N  ノ/

  \.

Zx. zgrbo

       x

           //ぐ一一

LAS[R

BEA隅

×/一

6BJEcf

/t

鷺’

fxNQZmax

Y

                      Fig.2 Scheme of laser ranging system

   The distance ’from the lens center to laser beam is de’fined by D as shown in Fig. 2.

The angle between laser beam axis and the lens center axis of TV canaera is defined by 0.

fis the distance froln the center of the lens to the target plane(正一1-V plane>. Hs, Vs are

the coordinates of the laser spot image on an 1’1-V plane.

   ”1’he laser beam is set vex”tical to Y一一Y plane, and the ”1“V camera is set at a position

D distance away from the laser beam at an ang. le 0 as the laser beam axis. The origtn on

I/1-V plane ef TV camera is t}’}一e point where tlae electron beam begins its scan; the

direction of scanning is plus coordinate direction.

   9uring the measuring operation, the position of the laser spot changes H coordinate

about on H-V plane, because the relative position o’f laser tube and TV camera is fixecl,

emd the laser spot on the object m.()ves on the plane x・xrhich involves the laser beam axis and

Iens center a>.cis. The clistance Zd between the laser spot position on the object and the

cross point of laser beam axis and lens cent.er axis, as shown in Fig. 3, is given by the

ecluation (D.

                              D                       Zd嵩                                                                      (1)                           tan(6}一{p)

where,

                       (p ==tan”i [!l’IL{21}lt!.Sl..1’IST}’IO ]

                       1’lo: 1’1 coordinate o’f the lens center axis on 1”1-V plane.

’1“hen, Z coordinate of the spot on the object is given by equation (2).

Page 5: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

4 Takeshi K{sH{Nt“ti , Tooru Kt“.xJ・ABA’rA , Tadashi KoyA:・tA and Katsumasa SAiTo 4

遭 ・

丁ARGET PLANEOF TV-CA}IERA

K1)>i>,

N

LErls

/’

x

v

x

D

×. e

   xx(1.

一「、,

N

Z

zo LN

LASgRTUB[

LASERBEAM

Zmax

SPOT

GB認Cτ

““ × ×’×’x

x

Fig. 3 Geometrical Rerationship among Laser, TV and Object

                        Z=Zo-Zd (2)where, Zo is the distance from Y-Y plane to the cross point of laser axis and lens center

axis.

2一一3 Hardware

    In order to ebtain the position of the laser spot image, as quickly as possible hardware

circuit which consists of three main circuits, that are, a syncronizing separator circuit to

separate the horizontal and vertical syncronizing signals of the video signal, counter circuit

for detecting the spot position, and trigger circuit for recognition of the spike pulse which

is given by the spot image on the target plane of TV camera.

   The video output signal was obtained by scanning the target plane of TV camera, and

sent to the special hardware circuit. Fig. 4 shows an example of the vdieo output signal.

The first wide downward pulse is the vertical syncronizing pulse. This vertical

syncronizing pulse is the beginning signal of a screen data. The next narrow down-ward

pulse is the horizontal syncronizing pulse wlaich is the beginning of one horizontal line in

a screen.

   The spike pulse between two horizontal syncronizing pulses corresponds to the

boundary of spot image on target plane. By watching and averaging a number of spike

pulses on some horizontal lines, we can estimate the position of laser spot image on the

target plane. ln Fig. 4, the position of the spot image on H-V coordinate corresponds to

the time Tvs and Ths on video signal. ln order to detect the time Tvs and Ths, the interval

time Tv and Th between vertical syncronizing pulses and horizontal syncronizing pulses

respectively are divided into 256 small interval times with an 8 bit counter, and the special

hardware circuit has a function to start and stop the Tv counter and Th counter by

detecting the syncronizing pu}se and spike pulse.

   In the Th counter, by watching the contents of Th counter when detecting the spike

Page 6: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

5 Non-Contact Shape ?,t・’leasurement and r,Y’lac}iining. of Curx,ed Three-Dimens. ional Objects. 5

TARSET戸酬E OF[N,E凧

VOLTASE5〔Tvs

THS

S円KE

VERT@SY「κ@ 簡LSE

HO臼rY卜犀C-PULSE

T}1

了〉

τ既

Fig.4 Video Signal

pulse, xve can easily know the horizontal position of spot on the screen. On the other hancl,

in the ’1’s,T cotmter, b>r counting how nmtai’iy horizontal syncronizing pulses have passed until

detecting the spil〈e pulse, we can easily know the vertical positioii of spot image on the

target plane o/f TV caniera.

   For detecting the spil〈e pulse, we prepared a trigger circuit which niakes a spike pulse

if the brightness of a spot image is ever the threshold level. And this spike pulse also plays

a role for data ready flag. When the data ready flag is recelved at the micro-computer,

the contents of Th and Ty counters are sent fed to the inicro-computer. Fig. 5 shows the

b}ock diagram of the special hardwd’ re circuit which was used in this system.

Vfidee signal

Vertica峯&HDrizo員騨

tsl,synchroniling・

内照1separatorcircuit

t

i

E

tt

t

L

t

t

t

I

lI

t

t

I

I覧

 Ertable

Oscilater

  (4MHz)

Vertical syfitchronizingsigeal sepa.

rator Circuit

Re$et Start

 TH-Counter   (8bits)

一一’ @一 s N

l

l

t

i VeレtIC凸1 synchro角~zing

1 signal

丁rigger circロit

   fer

Reeagnition of

spike pulse

D唱fl蓬p-flop  Clo¢k

   Q

01234567 Ror. DateCHs)

Reset Start

Tv-Counter   {8bits}

D-flip-flop Clock

   Q.

el 234 S 67 Vert. DataCVs)

t

t

1

1

1

1

1

1

1ノ

.Data $et ready

Fig.5 Block diagra}n o’f 1’larclware circuit

   The i’nicro-computer(Apple II) has 48 1〈bytes of mei’nory that are free for use, a printer,

mini-floppy (140 kbytes) disk and CRT. ’1“he interface that connects the ranging system

Page 7: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

6 Takeshi Kis}“N,xMi , ToorLt Kix“’fxB,・x’i’ix , Tadashi 1.〈oN’,x:i,N ancl Katsttmasa E.3t,,i’ro 6

and micro-computer contains a decocler circuit to decode the acldres. g. of the niicro-

computer. By・ using a data bus and an address btis and read/xvrite signal, the rangtng

systeni and niicro-coniputer sencl and receive data betw・een each other.

    The mici”o-computer is also connected to X, “¥’ coordinate scales o’f N/C machine tool.

If the inicro-coinputer desires tlae X, Y coordinates, it inust first send a hold signal to the

scale controller to lock the scale buffers, at the second, the micro-computer reads the

contents of scalle buffers to obtain the X, Y coordinates. After the coordinates are read,

the micro-computer then sends a release signal to the scale controller.

2-4 Software

    The software of a ranging system consists of three parts. The first part play・s the role

of obtaining the coordinate information from N/C machine to()1 and laser ranging. system.

The second part is the softxvare to calculate the Z coordinate from the input o’f laser

ranging system. The third part is the so’ftware that sends the necessary data to the

Interactive Machining Sy・stem for machining the object shape.

    We will ei plain each part in detail. The ’first part is written by MC-6502

ASSE)IVIBLER to maintain high speed processing, , because the ranging system sends one

screen information every 1/60 second. The micro-computer sends a start signal to the

ranging system, then the micro-computer waits for the data ready signal to come from the

ranging system. The micro-computer receives certain spot point information from t}Jke

ranging system for one screen. By averaging the point coordinates, the center coordinate

of laser spot is calculatecl in the micro-computer. At the same time, the micr()一computer

gets the X, Y coordinates from the N/C machine tool.

2-5 Data Structure

    The rectuired clata structure for the lnteractive iMachining System must be a mesh

array structure in topological space. The most simple way of gettlng inesh point data of

objects is by continuously moving a N/C naachine tool unde1一 the scanning mode “on the X

・一 x plane, to satisfly the restriction. ln order to do so, when the difference dX and dY

regarding the X-coordinate and Y-coordinate, exceed a certain fixed value, the holding

signal is transmitted to Xl, Y coordinate scale buffers, ancl the contents of X and Y scale

buffers are read by a micro-conaputer. At the same time, the Z coordinate is also read by

a mlcro-computer.

   Each coordinate data for one mesh point, consists of eight bytes in length, as show in

Fig. 6. The first byte is used to iildicate the end of data record.

Normally this byte is zero, bttt at the last data, it is set to FF in

hexadecimal. The second and third bytes indicate the row and

column ・number of mesh array, The fourth and ’fifth bytes are for

the X coordinate in binary. The sixth and seventh bytes indicate

the Y coordinate in binary. The last byte is the Z coordinate.

The Z coordinate is directly stored from the ranging system,

When the N/C machine tool g.tops moving for more than 2

seconds, the micro-coinputer automatically judges the end of

measuring operation and stores the data on the mini-floppy disk.

   The second part of software takes the data from the disk Fig.6 Data structure for

and transfers binary data to decimal data and the true Z ranging system

f!ag(000r Fl:つ

ドQW num丘.)er

CQIu駐m nurl毛ber

x-cOoごdlnaしe

@(bi照ry)

y-CQQrdinaしe

ibinary)

Z-coordinaしe

Page 8: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

7 1iNj’on-Contact Shape ),,leasurenient ancl 1 ・’lachining og Curvecl ”1’hree-1)iniensionat Objects 7

coordinate value is ’calculated by the caliburation niethod shown below. ”1’he second part

is written in BASIC language and has t’ ?e ability to display the data on CR’1’ in a three

dimensionally graphic mode, and to calculate the normal vector on each mesh point.

   Accorcling to Coons’ patch interpolation, we can completely define the curvecl patch

shape “,ith four corner points coordinates, 8 tangent vectors and 4 twist vectors by equation

(3).

                     Q (u, v) == [FO, Fl, Ge, Gl] ,.,.., [B] [FO, Fl, GO, Gl] Lu一. (3)

where,

[B] =:

QOO

QIO

Queo

QulO

Qe/

Qll

QuO!

Qu//

Qvoo

QvlO

Quveo

Quvlo

QvOl

Qvll

QuvOl

Quvl!

[Fe, Fl, Ge, Gl] = [t3, t2, t, 1]  2

-3

 0

 1

2  1  1

3 一2 一1

0  !  0

0  0  e

Qij

Quij

Qvij

Quvij

: point (i, j) coordinate vector

: u一一directioll tallgellt vectol’ ol/ poil/t (i, j)

; v-direction tangent vector on point (i, j)

: twist vector on point (i, j)

   If at i :O, !/3, 2/3,1, j ::: O, !/3, 2/3, 1, point coordii/tate vectiors are kno“tn, v¥e can easily

derive the eqtiation (4) from equatioil (3).

[B]= [F]買『E[D〕 [FTユー匿 (4)

1,Krhere,

[F] =z

FO (O)

FO (1/3)

FO (2/3)

FO (1)

Fl (O)

Fl (1/3)

Fl (2/3)

F! (1)

Go (e)

GO (1/3)

GO (2/3)

GO (1>

G/ (e)

Gl (1/3)

Gl (2/3)

Gl (1)

                   Q(O, e) Q(O, 1/3) Q(e, 2/3>

           [E}] == 1 Q (!/3, e) Q (1/3, 1/3) Q (1/3, 2/3)

                   Q (2/3, e) Q (2/3, 1/3) Q (2/3, 2/3)

                   Q(1, O) Q(1, 1/3) Q(!, 2/3)

And normal vector is defined by equation (J’).

                     N (i, j) == Qu (i, j) × Qv (i, j)

Q (O, 1)

Q(1/3, 1)

Q (2/3, 1)

Q(1, 1)

(5)

Page 9: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

8       「Fakes}}i正くls夏.1{NiXI II,「1、()oru 正《Aw、・、BATA,

   At the final stage, the third part of the

softxvare plays the role of sending this

calculatecl data to the lnteractiver,v’lachining System through the RS-232C

general purpose interface. To avoid

tric nsmitting error, we use a hand shal〈e

communication niethod. The mini-computer receives a]] data from micro-

computer, rearranges the data to required

data structure of the lnteractive Machining

System as shown in Fig.7. After doing

these operations, it is possible to draw the

shape on the graphic display and to

machine the object shape by additing the

cutting. conditions in the lnteractive

Machining Systeiin. Fig. 8 shows the block

diagram of non-contact measuring and

machining system for curved three-

dimensional objects.

SPOT IMAGE

MachineToe]

motion

Tadashl K(:)}’AIIA and Kaζsumasa SAH・0        8

                 [塑蛮璽翼

                 1    .     I                 l           I

                 l          i

                            E                            l                            「                            E

                  一一一一膳 一㎝}一丁一一酬需一一一「                            lA仁rinite   l                            Idata    l

                            』一 一『一「

                                    }

                                    }

                                    1

                                    I

                                    l

 i                      .    l i                            i

 l                         } 1                        ’   1 コ 1                         】 1                     .     l l                    .    1

}      ・ 1 {                    .      i

 I                          i i                           l

                                    l

                                    I

                                    }

                 I            l                 l                 l

                 l               l

                 I               l

                 l               l                 L牌_______________」

     Fig.7 Data structure for Interactive

          i>lachinil/g System

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臨 N

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B!nteractive@ 阿achining System@ Software

EDirect Numerical@ Control

BTRx

xRS232C

「}4AGNE

rCALE

Y

1湾terfacey

Zz

Fig. 8 Block Diagram of Non-Contact Measuring and Machining Syg. tem for curved object

                      3. lnteractive Machining System

   When the required curved three-dimensional object is given by the mesh point data

which consists of a large set of point vectors and surface normal vectors from the laser

ranging systei’n, a perfect expression of curved object and.offset curved surface which is

needed for generating the cutter path, are constructed in mini一一computer by using Coons’

patch interpolation.

   In case of machining of curved three-dimensional objects by using N/C mil}ing

machine and ball-end mill, the center of ball nose of ball-end mill must be on the r (radius

of cutter) 一〇ffset curved surface (so-called tool surface) against the required curved surface

Page 10: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

9

x

NTon-Contact Shape r.Y,ieasurenient and .ry,lachining of Curved ’1’hree-1])iineng. ional Objects

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xx

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 object mode1

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Representation of three-cllniensionak sur’face

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prepar轟tio纏

procttssor for

蹴曇5め point d盈t轟

9

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1?ig. 10 Basic strticture of lnteractixre

       Machining System.

 lis(BIT)

t’

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(t・IM)

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Page 11: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

10 Takeshi KisHiNAMi , Tooru KAwABATA , Tada$hi KOyAMA and Katsumasa SAiTo 10

as shown in Fig. 9. ln order to make it easy to input the cutting conditions to lnteractive

Machining System, we prepared four typical cutting mGdes for deciding the cutter paths

(mode-1, 2, 3 and 4). These cutting modes are generated in parametric space to move along

the constant parametor lines. And generated parametric cutting mode is converted to the

real cutter path in a physical space.

   In addition to these selections, we prepared some interactive input method concerning

pick-feed, cut.ting direction and start point for an lnteractive Machining System as shown

in Fig. 10. By combining the selection of radius of the ball end mill, cutting mode, cutting

direction, start point and pick-feed, we can carry out machining of curved three-

dimensional object from rough cutting to finished cutting for the given mesh point data at

the machining operation.

                          4. Results of Experiment

4-1 Calibration and Measuring Accuracy

   Accordjng to some non-linear factors of laser ranging system, it is difficultto get the

true Z distance by using only the calibration equation (1). Fig. 11 shows the relation

between the data given by TV camera and the actual Z coordinate. ln order to get an

estimation of Z distance of laser spot on the object, we use the curve of Fig. 11 as a

Fig. 13 Measuring results for half ball bocly.

z

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Page 12: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

1ユ Non-Contact Shape Measurement and Machining of Curved Three-Dimensional Objects 11

calibration curve. Some typical points of the calibration curve were stored in micro-

computer memory, and linear interpolation was applied between points to estimate the Z

coordinate.

   To inspect the influence of surface angle of object to be measured, other experiments

were done with rotary index and flat plate. The small flat plate was set on the center axis

of rotary index, laser beam was emitted just across the rotational axis of rotary index, and

the laser spot on flat plate was monitored by TV camera. Fig. 12 shows the influence of

surface angle on the measuring accuracy. One is the experimental result frQm the direction

which is perpendicular to the plane involving the laser beam and center axis of TV camera,

and another is in parallel with it. From these results, an accuracy of spot detection is about

O.5 mm and the influence of surface angle on measuring accuracy is about O.7 mm for the

angle range from 一60’] to 十60e and the ranging distance 100 mm. Thus the influence of

surface angle on the measuring accuracy is not so clear.

    And also in order to inspect the meas.uring accuracy of the laser ranging system, we

do the measuring experiment for a half-ball body. Fig. 13 show$. the results of measuring

a half-ball, which is represented by micro-computer (Apple II) screen plotting. And Fig. 14

also shows the measuring results of laser ranging system on sectional plane of half-ball

body. The solid line is the actual data and small circles are the data taken by the ranging

system. The error is less than O.7 mm for 100 mm ranging distance.

Fig. 15 Example of curved obj.ect. Fig. 16 Mea$uring result of pulsator.

Fig. 18 Machining example.

Fig. 17 Generated cutter path in lnteractive

     Machining System

Page 13: Instructions for use · machine tool instead of the cutting tool, which conibines the system of laser ranging system and lnteractive Machining System. ... 1aser ranging system

12 Takeshi Kig. HiNApt{i , Tooru Ktx“rABA’rA , Tadashi KoyA.ty,{A and Katsumasa SAi’ro 12

4-2

pulsator of washing machine, car body and etc.)

mspectlon

sometimes copied to metal material tising tracer controlled machine tools.

   If we can make a plot-typed model by tising non-contact measuring technique aild N/

C machine tool, the primary model can be made from more softer inaterial (for example,

wax and etc.), and it is possible to save the required time of developement. ln order to do

so, we developed a laser ranging system with combined lnteractive Machining System.

And we applied it to measuring and machining of a pulsator of a washing machine as a

curved three-dimensional object (see Fig. 15).

    Fig. 16 shows the measuring results of the part of pulsator whiclt is given by the

deve}oped laser ranging system. This data is sent to the lnteractive Machining System to

machine the shape of the pulsator. Fig.17 shows the generated cutter path in the

Interactive Machining System and Fig. 18 shows the machining example of the pulsator.

Measuring and Machining Results of a Curved Object

On the deve}opment of some new functional parts (for instance, shape of turbine blade,

                                    , some plot-typed models were required for

  ion of shapes. ln this case, the primary model was made by hand work and

                                5. Conclusion

   In this paper, we have proposed an effective non-contact meaE uring system which is

combined with the lnteractive IVIachining System for measuring and machfning o’f curved

three-dirnensional objects. The features of this system are as follows:

1)

2)

3)

It is possible to rneasure some curved three-dimensional object very quickly with an

error of less than O.5 mm for a ranging distance 100 mm.

The rneasuring accuracy can be improved by increasing the capacity of counter and

centrelliRg the stability of saw tooth wave of TV camera with special hardware, and

by decreasing the size of laser spot.

By combining the laser ranging system and the lnteractive Machining System, xve can

easily machine some curved three-dimensional objects.

Refference

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

T. Kishinami at all, Annals of the CIRP, 32/1 (39. 83>, pp, 345-349. ,

GJ, Agin at all, IEEE Trans. of Comp. 25/5(19. 76), pp. ti13{一449.

D. Nitzan cat all, Proc, of IEEE 65/2 (1977), pp. 206-220.

Y.Shiral, Pattern RecognJti(>n,4/2(ユ972), pp.243-250.

Y:Sato at all, J. of IECE, J 62/1 〈/97{ ), pp. 1-8