int. con. jute
TRANSCRIPT
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Quality Improvement in Juteand Kenaf Fibre
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It is prudent that for jute industry to survive and possibly flourish
with a much brighter future it should take recourse to this non-
traditional group of products which will require generally the
improved quality fibres.
Commensurate with the expected rise in production of jute and
kenaf by 3-4 times in 2050 of the present value there is a clear
need for proportionately higher attention to non-traditional
diversified products.
The manufacture of diversified jute products requires the use of
best grades of raw jute in most cases, more capital investment,
higher textile levels of design and market skill, more capable and
focused mill management, a degree of entrepreneurship above and
beyond that usually found in the traditional industry, and on the
top of that, considerable R&D expenditure.
The real future, however, lies in the area of technical textiles.
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Mass potential
Finest yarn,
fashion
products
Fine yarn,
home textileclothing
Coarse yarn,
carpet ropes
Filters, high-
tech
composites
Plant pot Geo-
textile, pulp and
paper
A d d e d v a l u e
Textile products
Added value versus mass potential of bast f ibre products
Texti le products usuall y show higher mass potential and higher added value in
comparison to techni cal appli cations
Packaging mat.Car interiors
Composites
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The real apprehension in India, Bangladesh and elsewhere is that
instead of meeting the need for improved quality fibres needed for
diversified applications there is possibly a decline in the trend
reported.
If true, the nature and reasons behind it
We need to examine this very
critically for the very survival of
commodity and its stakeholders:
Measures to alleviate the constraints and future suggestions for improvement
Strength and weakness for development of improved quality fibres
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Grade Grade-wise break up percentage of
jute fibre
80-85 85 -90 92-97 2005
1 & 2 1.27 1.32 1.86 2.00
3 7.79 8.30 9.86 9.00
4 24.29 25.73 28.20 25.00
5 32.92 41.53 40.20 33.00
6 23.69 17.35 14.82 16.00
7 & 8 8.04 5.77 5.06 15.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Grade-wise break up percentage of jute fibre in India
Grade-wise break-up percentage of fibre
in India
0
510
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1980-85 1985 -90 1992-97 2005
Plan periods
G r a
d e p e r c e n t a g e
1 & 2 3 4 5 6 7 & 8
No clear cut trend in the change in quality throughout last 25 years wasobserved. However, that there was no consistent improvement in percent quality fibre production is as such highly discouraging in viewof growing demand for quality fibre production. Such quantitativeobservations from Bangladesh and other countries are also warranted
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Technological upgradations are required formeeting the prescribed limits with consistency in
quality also.
Technical processing Genetic manipulation
Cultural along with retting practices
T h r o u g
h
Through Through
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Areas identified in the field of improved quality raw fibreproduction
Development of
geneti c stock
Cultivated
Wild species
Direct
exploration of
germplasms from
centres of origin
Principalapproaches for
crop
improvement
Somatic hybridization including
protoplast manipulation
Biotechnological
approaches
Tissue culture
Inter-specific
hybridization
Genetic
transformation
DNA fingerprinting
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Need to
develop
International
collaboration
Adequate funding jute genome
Development of improved
crop var ieties
Blending of
cutting-edgetechnologies
Traditional approach
for crop improvement programme.+
Development of
transgenics
&
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Timely
availabilityof good
quality seeds
at affordable
price
Diplomatic and
administrative
protocol among
the countries
for timely
distribution
Certification protocol of kenaf seeds
Identificationof good quality
seed producing
areas
&
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Improved retting practice - Breakthrough
CRIJAF has developed a new machine ‘bast fibre extractor’ run eitherby 1 H.P. electric motor or 1.5 H.P. Kerosene engine, portable and may
easily be taken to the field for operationParticulars Conventional method
kg/man-hour
Improved method
*kg/machine-hour
Jute 5 25
Mesta 1.5 15
The retting process Whole plant Vs.
machine retted f ibre
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Conventional vis-a-vis improved method of jute fibre extraction
Particulars Conventional retting Improved retting
Source of power Manual Partly mechanical
Process involved
after harvest
Canes- Defoliation, bundling,
Transport Steeping - in water,
Stripping - fibre
Machine extraction,
steeping of ribbons in water
Retting duration 2 to 3 weeks 5 to 7 days
Water requirement Large volume 20 % of conventional
Drudgery Drudgery in steeping and stripping No DrudgeryThin plants Lost during processing Salvages fibre (15 %. More)
Extraction capacity 4 to 5 kg dry fibre / man-hour 25 kg dry fibre / machine-
hour
Crop harvest Availability of water regulated the
time
After 100 days.any time
Time requirement 4 weeks 1 week
Quality Roots, knots and specks are present Strong,free from defects
Grade More variation Less variation
Wood stick Entire Small pieces
Extraction Uncontrolled condition Controlled condition
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Need to combat
weather
uncertainties
Irregularity in rains
Global warming
Need for
water
storage
Removal of
drainage
congestion at
critical
period
Weather forecasting models
Contingency plan
Identification
of appropriate
variety
resistant to
water stress
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Need to stress on
good quality
fibre productionin
Raw fibre production
module with stress on
adverse soil moistureconditions
Diversified product
identification and protocol for
manufacture
Quality seed
production and
availability
Kenaf
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The improved yarns are needed to meet productspecific quality norms for the manufacture of
High quality blended apparel grade textiles,Technical, industrial and home textiles including non-woven, Automotives,
Soil savers,Bio-composites,Pulp and paper,Fine chemicals, cosmetics and healthcare products, andBio-fuels.
The manufacture of diversified jute productsrequires the use of best grades of raw jute in most
cases.
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Future technological development
Fine jute yarns with average number of fibres per cross
section in the range of 50-100 and fineness 6 lb/ spy and
below with tolerable loss of strength and abrasion
resistance along with improvement of the physico-chemical
properties, such as whiteness, light fastness, flexural
rigidity, water retention value, moisture regain,
extensibility and proportionate increase in alpha-cellulosecontent along with proportionate decrease in hemi-
cellulose and lignin contents in jute and kenaf preferably
using recommended chemical processes
Convertible to light, dense and strong new generation hessianfabrics for market acceptability
Quality yarns which should be cost- and quality-competitive
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Proposedgrades Existinggrades End products (tentative suggestions)
TD1/W1 1+2 Fine yarn, specialties, carpet backing cloth, items
where fibre quality is important.
TD2/W2 3 Fine yarn, carpet backing cloth, fine Hessian, blended
products, items where fibre quality is important.TD3/W3 4 Hessian warp, fine Hessian, blended products, items
where fibre quality is important.
TD4/W4 5 Hessian weft, sacking warp, light sacking wept,
blended products.
TD5/W5 6 Ordinary sacking wept, cotton sacking, items where
fineness has no impact.
TD6/W6 7+8 Poor sacking, non-woven, paper and pulp, Geo-textiles,
composites, etc.
A tentative list of end products grade-wise (in India)
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Need for internationalizing grading criteria
Technical yarns Mechanical
bonded
non-wovens
Various fields of
appli cation as
reinforcing fibre
Fr iction li nings Paper production
Fibre length
mean fibre
length
50-100 mm
CV H< 70%
Fineness
mean fineness
5-20 dtex or
20-86 μm
Fibre length
mean fibre length
20-70 mm
CV H
50 %
Fineness
mean fineness
5 dtex or
20 μm
Fibre-Fibre- adhesion
high
Fibre tenacity
tensile strength
700 -1100 N/mm²
or 47-73 cN/tex
elongation 2 %
E-modulus
40-70 kN/mm²
Fibre length
mean fibre length
3-25 mm/ 25 mm
short fibre length
10 %Fineness
mean fineness
3-17 dtex or 10-74
μm
Fibre-Fibre-adhesion
zero
Trash
almost free of dustand wood
Fibre length
mean fibre length
0,1-10 mm
CV H
50%Fineness
mean fineness
10-20 μm
Density
1,4-1,5 g/cm³
Surface area
1500-10000 cm²/g
Moisture 8-10%
Flash point
300-600° C
Fibre length
mean fibre length
4 mm
Long fibre length
8 mmshort fibre length
1 mm
Impurities
trash contents
10%
fibre fragments
10%
Each country has now its’ own grading criteria, so there is a need to internationalize them for
transparency and promotion. Suggested fi bre properties for techni cal applications taking cue from
cotton and wool, as below
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“Better price for better grades” is the key for price protection to the farmers.
Government should devise poli cies and norms
Government should ensure collection mechanism through a transparent arrangement with the farmers and other stakeholders
Role of agro-retail majors are also very important in thi s respect
Adequate arrangement for storage and distribution
Government should ensure warehouses for appropriate storage for reasonable time and support mechanisms for distr ibution
Training of farmers and other stakeholders for fibre grading
mechanism and ensure appropriate pricing
Government and the agro-retail majors have major roles in thi s respect
I n the raw jute fibre trade, agro-retail majors can be a powerful adjunct to
the activities of the government procurement agencies and as well be a strong
link between raw jute farmers and jute industry, and final ly between farmers
and R & D organizations
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Countries other than India, Bangladesh and China
adequate campaign in the society
on the ecological benefit of theuse of jute and kenaf
arrangements for training and
incentives for production of value-added goods
Do not appear to have adequate and well
planned diversif ication programme
They should put thrust on diversif ication apart f rom the production programme of
raw fibre itself
Role of unorganized sector in large number for diversified product development
Their role, strength and weaknessshould be documented
To be given support to increase their capability through funding, training
and infrastructural development
They are in very large in number in each country cater ing to the demand of diversif ied goods very signi f icantl y without any record or documentation
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The focus is to concentrate increasingly more in a phased
manner for production of the value-added diversified products
for inroads into the market.
Defining ‘benchmarks’ foreach component
of the qualityprofile
Goals for the Industry
Meeting consumers’perceptionand value
Manufacturing jute
products tosubstitute
existing fibre
products
Defining objectively the‘quality profile’
as productspecificities
Need formodernization
with strictquality control
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Lack of coordination between rawfibre production and technology
development R&D agencies.
As a result, raw fibre agency remains
unaware of technological needs of theindustry and vice versa, and thus the
specific targets of one another.
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Need for a Road Map for the future
Each country should have a clear road map for diversified goods production phase wise for the next
20-25 years
Grade wise fibre production schedules should beaccordingly worked out backwards and the same
implemented to meet the goals through appropriate
synergy between government (policy makers),industry, R&D units, and the farmers
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In the interest of these countries, the commodity and itsstakeholders an understanding at the international level among these countries should arrived at to apportion the product targetareas, as per their capabilities and interest, strength and weakness,and allow free exchange of germplasm along with arrangementsfor frequent interaction to share the views on technologicalupgradations.
A “Jute Cartel” be formed for mutual benefit to each –
legal, political and
administrative implications of
which may be discussed in
details
Countries growing jute and kenaf are limited in number althoughfarmers and related stakeholders are disproportionately large in
number with restricted size and holding and thus the capacity ofeach unit. At the same time the industry is confronted with steepchallenge increasingly more with time from synthetics.
Need for a “JUTE CARTEL”
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