CS61C - Lecture 13

CS39NThe Beauty and Joy of Computing

Lecture #7Applications That Changed The World

2009-10-05Intel to replace copper wiresWeve all heard of Fiber Optic cables, using photons instead of electrons to transport data. Thats great for long distances, but copper wiring is still used for short distances. Intel hopes to change that with its prototype Light Peak cables, which will be lighter & cheaper with higher bandwidth.UC BerkeleyComputer ScienceLecturer SOEDan Garcia

technologyreview.com/computing/23523/

UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009What counts?For each applicationHistorical contextWhat world was like beforeOn what shoulders does it stand?Key playersSometimes origins fuzzyHow it changed worldSummaryLecture Overview

Garcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009Applications that Changed the WorldLots of applications changed the worldElectricity, Radio, TV, Cars, Planes, AC, ...Well focus on those utilizing ComputingImportant to consider historical appsToo easy to focus on recent N years!

www.greatachievements.org

Garcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009Early InventionsBell Labs CNC 39Konrad Zuses Z3 41Harvards Mark-1 44Eckert & Mauchlys ENIAC 46Early TheoreticiansShannons theoriesTurings computability, AIHistory : entire museumLots of incremental progressEarly ones size of houseEverything today owes its success to thisThe Computer (1940s)www.computerhistory.org/timeline

Mark-1CNCZ3ENIACGarcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009Semiconductor device to amplify or switch signalsKey component in ALL modern electronicsWho?John Bardeen, William Shockley, Walter Brattain Before that?Vacuum TubesAfter that?Integrated circuit, microprocessor

The Transistor (born 1947-12-23)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_transistor "The Transistor was probably THE mostimportant invention of the 20th Century- Ira Flatow, Transistorized! (PBS Special)www.pbs.org/transistorwww.youtube.com/watch?v=-td7YT-Pumswww.youtube.com/watch?v=ZaBLiciesOU

Garcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009FoundersJCR Licklider, as head of ARPA, writes on intergalactic network1963 : ASCII becomes first universal computer standard1969 : Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) deploys 4 nodes @ UCLA, SRI, Utah, & UCSB1973 Robert Kahn & Vint Cerf invent TCP, now part of the Internet Protocol SuiteInternet growth ratesExponential since start!

The Internet (1962)www.computerhistory.org/internet_history

www.greatachievements.org/?id=3736en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite

LickVint CerfRevolutions like this don't come along very oftenGarcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009Fundamentally changed the way people interact!1965: MITs CTSSCompatible Time-Sharing SysExchange of digital infoModel: Store and ForwardPush technologyProsSolves logistics (where) & synchronization (when)ConsEmail FatigueInformation OverloadLoss of ContextHowAlice composes email to bob@b.orgDomain Name System looks up where b.org isDNS server with the mail exchange server for b.orgMail is sent to mx.b.orgBob reads email from there

Email (1965)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmailGarcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009First PCs sold as kits to hobbyists Altair 8800 (1975)Early mass-prod PCsApple I, II (Jobs & Woz)Commodore PETIBM ran away w/marketMicroprocessor keyLaptops portabilityCreated industry, wealthSilicon Valley!Bill Gates worth $50 Billion

The Personal Computer (1970s)www.greatachievements.org/?id=3989 www.blinkenlights.com/pc.shtml

Apple IIAltair 8800IBM PCCommodore PETen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerGarcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009WIMP: Window, Icon, Menu/Mouse, PointerDominant style of Human-Somputer Interaction (HCI)Contrast with a command-line interface it replacedBoth developed at Xerox PARC 1973, popularized by Apples Mac computers 1984WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You GetDisplay shows printed resultBefore this, commands Even today, both WYSIWYG and non- availableWIMP, WYSIWYG Interface (1973)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{Wysiwyg, WIMP_(computing)}

The program on the left uses a WYSIWYG editor to produce a document. The program on the right contains LaTeX code, which when compiled will produce a document that will look very similar to the document on the left.Garcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009Gary Starkweather @ Xerox invented itModified an existing XeroxLaser beam projects image onto electrically charged rotating drumPicture is commands!John Warnock, founder of Adobe, invented PostscriptTuring-complete language!The processor on the printer rasterized the imageCommands Image bits on/offProfessional-quality output in hands of peopleThe Laser Printer (69), Postscript (82)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_printer

How it worksGary StarkweatherJohn Warnock

%!PS/Courier findfont20 scalefontsetfont72 500 moveto(Hello world!) showshowpageGarcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009Grid of rows and columns, with each cell a formula or dataSimulates a paper worksheetCommonly used for financial information (& grades!)HistoryRichard Mattessich 1961 paperBudgeting Models & System SimulationVisiCalc (by Dan Bricklin) helped drive the sales of Apple II ~1980Lotus 1-2-3 with DOS in 1981Excel the current market leaderNow online (Google Docs)The Spreadsheet (1961, 1980)

VisiCalc, the first PC spreadsheet (1970s)

Microsoft Excel (2008)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpreadsheetGarcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009History1936 : closed-circuit TV1968 : Englebarts Mother of All Demos1980s : Digital Telephony (via ISDN)1990s : Internet Protocol (IP) based videoconferencingImpactFor some businesses, essential (e.g., Dreamworks)Big with grandparents, sign language communicationTelemedicineEducation impact hugeAudio/Videoconferencing (1980s)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing

T3 ultra-high resolution telepresenceFirst demo of videoconferencing in 1968

Garcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009System of interlinked hypertext documents on the InternetHistory1945: Vannevar Bush describes hypertext system called memex in article1989: Tim Berners-Lee proposes, gets system up 90~2000 Dot-com entrepreneurs rushed in, 2001 bubble burstWayback MachineSnapshots of web over timeToday : Access anywhere!The World Wide Web (1989)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web

Tim Berners-LeeWorlds First web server in 1990

www.archive.org

Garcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009BrowserMarc L. Andreesen and Eric J. Bina @ NCSA create Mosaic, 1st popular WWW browserFirst Internet Killer AppLater: Netscape Navigator Now IE (68%), Firefox (22%)SearchBefore engines, there was a complete list of all servers!1993 Martijn Koster Aliweb is 1st web search engine1997 Stanford Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop Googles search, based on PageRank (each: $12 Billion)

WWW Search & Browser (1993)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_web_browser

Garcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009web development & design that facilitates interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design and collaboration on WWWUsers change content via architecture of partipationExamplesWeb communities, apps, social networks, video & photo sharing, wikis, blogs, tweets, Take back the web!Web 2.0 : The Social Network (2004)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0

You Times 2006 Person of the YearGarcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009Designing, implementing, generating and delivering maps on the WWWAdvantagesMobile computing + GPS means youre never lost again!Real-time traffic!!Collaborative maps have lots of potential (E.g., WikiMapia)Street view can allow you to see what it looks like on the groundCan have hyperlinking, yet another way to connect to webCan layer content, many uses!

Web Mapping (1993)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{Web_mapping, Gps}Different views of this classroomGarcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009Free, web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation and form applicationSingle source of truth!Fundamentally changing the way people collaboratively author documentsNo more attachments and versions!!Much better than Wikis, which are not WYSIWYG, so folks grabs local temp copyGoogle Docs, SW as a Service (2006)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs

Garcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009

History of Cell Phones1908: Nathan Stubblefield patents wireless telephone1945: 0G introduced1983: Motorola DynaTAC 1st FCC-approved phonePDA: handheld computer1983: First PDA (Casio)Phones became smartTexting (short messages)Most popular mobile serviceHas affected language...gr8!The Mobile Phone, PDA & Textingen.wikipedia.org/wiki/{Personal_digital_assistant, Mobile_phone, Texting}

Garcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009How many of the 21st cent engineering achievements are happening today?Whats the next big thing?Natural language processing?3D displays?Robotics? Self-driving cars?Optical or quantum computing?Personal air vehicle?Space travel?Computer displays in glasses?Flexible displays?Brain machine interfaces?Energy!

SummaryGarcia, Fall 2009UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)UC Berkeley CS39N The Beauty and Joy of Computing : Applications that Changed the World (#)Garcia, Fall 2009