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Interwar Years

Post World War IChapter 13

Unrest in Asia and Africa

Chapter 13Section 1

China

May Fourth Movement

Angry students demanding change in Beijingj g China joined WWI in 1917 hoping

grateful Allied Powers would return German controlled Chinese Territory

Versailles gave territory to Japan who had captured it during the war

China - Division

Guomindang (Nationalists)

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) Communist Party of Chinay

Mao Zedong

Partnership to defeat warloards and foreign Imperialism – 1927 Jiang turns and attacks Communists = Chinese Civil War

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China - Long March

Communists losing Civil War

700,000 Guomindang trapped the Communists

In October 1934, 100,000 Communists broke Guomindang line and fled to Northern China

Led by Mao Zedong8,000 Communist marchers survived

India

Wartime sacrifices did not win them any new freedoms from Britain Imperialism

Rowlatt Acts of 1919

Allowed Britain to deal harshly with Indian opposition

April 1919 Amritsar Massacre Soldiers fire on unarmed crowd – 400

deaths Resolve to fight for self rule

India - Mohandas Gandhi

Ahimsa – nonviolence toward living things

Hindu valueHindu value

Civil Disobedience – refusal to obey unjust laws

India - Mohandas Gandhi

Protests

Homespun Movement 1920 Boycott British products and make own cloth

Salt March 1930 Broke British monopoly on salt by encouraging

Indians to make their own

Limited Self Rule

1935 British Parliament began condemning the violence and passing laws of change – struggle does not end here and continues through World War II

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Middle East - Turkey

Ottoman Empire

Treaty of Sevres (post WWI pact) calls for Turkish homelands to be divided by the Allied Powers – given to Greeceg

Turks fought this planKemel Mustafa (WWI hero)

Defeat Greek forces sent to claim Turkish territory Established Republic of Turkey 1923

Middle East - Turkey

Kemel Mustafa came to be known as Kemel Ataturk

“Father of the Turks” Modernize nation Modernize nation Industrial advances Educational advances

Secular government (nonreligious) Ending Muslim religious influence on

government (end Sharia Law)

Middle East - Persia

Reza Khan

Overthrows the Shah of Persia and takes the title himself

Goal was to create a modern and fully independent nation

Changed name from Persia to Iran

Middle East

French and British Mandates

Gain control of Middle East through the post war treaties

Arab Nationalism

Create independent Arab state stretching from Syria to YYemen

Husayn bin Ali led rebellion against Ottomans supported by British in 1916

Zionism (Jewish Nationalism)

Jewish national movement sought to rebuild Jewish state in ancient Jewish homeland – 1917 Balflour Declaration brought British support while respecting the rights of existing non-Jewish communities

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Middle East

France Mandate

Syria and Lebanon

Britain Mandate

Iraq and Palestine

Tens of thousands of Jews and Arabs immigrate to area which leads to conflict in the mid 1930s Eastern Palestine given to one of Husayn’s sons

Transjordan – becomes Jordan

Iraq is given to another of Husayn’s sons

Africa

WWI created great economic hardship

European trade dried up

European colonial spending decreased

Treaty of Versailles

Left Africans out of negotiations

German colonies were given as mandates to Europeans rather than grated independence

Africa - Egypt

North African Arabs to action in British controlled Egypt

Protests sweep through country as hundreds of thousands had served for Allied Powers in o s s se ve o e owe s WWI British recognize inability to maintain control

Egypt declared independent nation in 1922

The rest of Africa did not follow – European control throughout 1920s and 1930s

Africa - Egypt

North African Arabs to action in British controlled Egypt

Protests sweep through country as hundreds of thousands had served for Allied Powers in o s s se ve o e owe s WWI British recognize inability to maintain control

Egypt declared independent nation in 1922

The rest of Africa did not follow – European control throughout 1920s and 1930s

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The Great Depression

Chapter 13Section 2

United States Economy

Economic Growth

End of WWI the U.S. was the world’s leading economic power Farms and factories supplied the world Farms and factories supplied the world Auto manufacturing and consumer

goods (radios, vacuums, washing machines)

Stock market values rose 400% Rush to buy stocks for prosperity drove

prices higher

United States Economy

Economic Crash

By the end of 1920s, economy was crashing

Uneven distribution of wealth Uneven distribution of wealth Richest 1% earned 19% of national

income Credit was overused/overextended Purchaser borrows money from lender

and agrees to pay back over time Slowed consumer spending

The Great Depression

Stock Market Crash - October 1929

Fears that stock prices will drop Nervous Investors sell off stock

Black Tuesdayy

October 29, 1929 16 million shares of stock sold off Stock flooded the market and prices collapsed Investors who bought on credit forced to sell for a loss

to repay loans Banks closed (deep financial trouble) Collapse of industry

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The Great Depression

Depression Spreads

Industry Slows Unemployment (1 out of 4 workers)

H b H i i l Herbert Hoover minimal response Federal government should have limited

role in business Franklin Delano Roosevelt Elected Federal governments role greatly

increased

Roosevelt

The New Deal

New program aimed at fighting the Great Depression G t di ld k Government spending could spark

economic recovery (John Maynard Keynes) Public works programs (jobs) Welfare/relief programs (money) Stock market and Banking regulations

designed to reform and protect

British economist

Governments could limit/prevent economic collapse

John Maynard Keynes

economic collapse

SPEND MONEY (even if budget is then out of balance)

Increase output – hire workers –provide income – spend earnings

Pre Crash

European countries struggling in aftermath of WWI

Worldwide Depression

Allied Powers deeply in debt to U.S. High interest rates lead to decreased

spending and high unemployment

German reparations result in severe inflation and collapse of Mark/economy

Japan’s depression in 1927 closes banks

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Pre Crash

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act 1930Herbert Hoover (too little too late)

Worldwide Depression

Herbert Hoover (too little too late) Heavy tax on imported goods Encourage made in U.S.A.

BACKFIRED – countries increased their tariff on American goods

World trade collapse

Instability

Britain and France: new governments in attempt to find a leader to help

G i

Political Impact

Germany: extremist groups National Socialist Party (Nazi)

Scapegoat: Jews

Rebuild a strong empire

Italy: Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini

Japanese Imperialism

Chapter 13Section 3

Economic Challenges

Industrialization under Meiji Restoration began to create problems Peasants did not share in prosperity

After WWI industries slowed

Post War Japan

After WWI industries slowed

Unemployment

Limited Industrial Capacity Raw materials lacking to support industry Import materials Sell manufactured good overseas to support – yet tariffs

made difficult Japan needs to expand to gain resources

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Social Changes

Rapid industrialization from agrarian society

Post War Japan

Democracy flourishes Western fashion and beliefs

Conservatives (including military leaders) in Japan resent the shift

Economic crisis and Great Depression cause people to look to military leadership

Militarism

United Japan under emperor with glory Began to seek more power

Post War Japan

Began to seek more power

Unhappy with post WWI treaties limiting Japanese navy

Unhappy with U.S. barring Japanese immigration in 1924

Gained power in late 1920s and became more aggressive toward other nations

Japanese Aggression

Weapon: Japanese Soldiers

Fighting spirit (bravery can make up

Post War Japan

Fighting spirit (bravery can make up for lack of modern weapons

No “surrender”, “retreat”, “defense”

Indoctrination of youth (military in schools)

Military dominated government

Replace government with military dictatorship

Post War Japan

p Soldiers, military leaders and

nationalists carried out assassinations of government officials Civilian government gave in

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Manchurian Incident 1931

Desire for northeast China rich in natural resources - coal & iron Free Japan from reliance on west trade

Post War Japan

Free Japan from reliance on west trade Japan explodes bomb in Manchuria damaging

Japanese railway line Blame China – reason to attack

People support military action Manchuria is now Japanese new state of

Manchukuo

Japanese isolation Withdrawal from League of Nations League condemned Manchurian Incident

I d ( l li it d)

Post War Japan

Increased navy (no longer limited) Anti-Comintern Pact - 1936 Japan and Germany work together to prevent

the spread of Communism Agreed to come to aide if Soviets attacks Italy joins the pact in 1937

Chinese conflict

Tension since the Manchurian Incident Japanese aggression increases

Second Sino-Japanese War

Post War Japan

Second Sino-Japanese War Nanjing Massacre Japanese troops murder soldiers and

civilians 100,000 Chinese men, women and

children killed Becomes long and costly struggle

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Need resources for the Sino-Japanese War

Turn to Southeast Asia

Post War Japan

Group of Eastern nations whose combined resources would allow for independence from western control

“Asia for Asians”

Reality was attempt to build Japanese Empire

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Dictators in Europe

Chapter 13Section 4

The Lost Generation

The name given to young people who came of age during WWI

I f d j h d d b It referred not just to the dead, but also to the living who survived the war but were still lost

The Lost Generation

The living suffered from a loss of faith in many traditional things:

G dGod

Country

Mankind

The Lost Generation

In Italy, Germany, and Russia, several factors contributed to the rise of charismatic dictators:rise of charismatic dictators:

Loss of faith

Economic destruction

Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles

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The Lost Generation

Suffering, angry people were vulnerable to the promises and rants of those who wanted powerof those who wanted power

Having lost faith in traditional institutions, they were hungry for something new to believe in

One-party system

All other parties outlawed

No competiti e elections

Totalitarianism

No competitive elections

Hardship demands unity

One-party System

GermanyNazi Party Italy

Fascism

Soviet UnionCommunist

Party

Totalitarianism

All-powerful dictator

Head of the party has total power

Worshipped in “cult of personality”

Defying him comes at a high price

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All-powerful Dictators

Adolf Hitler BenitoMussolini

Josef Stalin

No individual rights

A luxury we can’t afford

C di i

Totalitarianism

Causes disunity; stops progress

Focus is on obedience & sacrifice for the good of the whole

Propaganda

Government controls all media

“Bi Li ” h i

Totalitarianism

“Big Lie” technique

Akin to brainwashing

Violence

Opposition is swiftly silenced

Totalitarianism

People are scared into submission

Controls word of mouth

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Promise of Ideal Society

Utopia in exchange for sacrifice

“C d S i k A h”

Totalitarianism

“Carrot and Stick Approach”

Offers hope to suffering, vulnerable people

Ideal Society

Master RaceWorld

Domination

Rebuild theRomanEmpire

Create ClasslessSociety

Scapegoating

Provide angry people with a common enemy

Totalitarianism

enemy

Quickest way to build unity

Allows the many to put blame on the few

Scapegoating

Inferior Races

(non-German)

Communists Propertied Class

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National Fascist Party – 1919

Good of nation above all else March on Rome – 1922

Mussolini’s Italy

Show of force = “Il Duce” = the leader Control all aspects of life (totalitarianism)

Ethiopia Invasion – 1935

Easy target – quickly crushed League of Nations condemned attack but

took no action

Stalin rises (Lenin dies in 1924)

Marxism predicted that state would wither away

To strengthen communism, strengthens state

Stalin’s Soviet Union

State becomes totalitarian Five-Year Plans

Modernization of economy Factory and mine production goals set by state Central Planning (government not market

influence on production)

Collectivization

Combining of small farms

Larger mechanized farms would produce more output

Stalin’s Soviet Union

p

Take back land from peasants

Lenin had given the land to them – they resisted giving back

Stalin responds with violence

Gulag – system of labor camps in Siberia

Refused aide during Ukrainian famine

Great Purge/Great Terror

get rid of people/things considered undesirable (real and imagined)

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Totalitarian Rule

Indoctrination of youth

Religion discouraged (churches closed)

Cult of Personality – deified living ruler

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Weimar Republic

Formed post WWI – blamed for Versailles humiliation

Falling mark/growing depression

Hitler’s Germany

g g g p

Right Wing Extremism – chaos post WWI

Nationalist Socialist Party (Nazi Party)

Adolf Hitler emerges

Austrian birth, WWI soldier, effective speaker/leader

Beer Hall Putsch

Hitler attempts to seize control (coup d’etat) and fails Convicted of treason and jailed

Hitler’s Germany

j Mein Kampf – “My Struggle” Nationalism & Aryan racial superiority

Nazi Party gains strength (Hitler as leader)

Most popular party in Germany circa 1930

In 1933 - Hitler is named Chancellor –highest government official

Hitler controls Germany

Crushed opposition and took dictatorial control through legal means Enabling Act – when passed gave him legal

Hitler’s Germany

g p g gauthority to make laws without the Reichstag (legislative body)

Anti-Semitism

Scapegoating of Jews (hostility/prejudice toward Jewish people)

Religious and ancestral

Nuremberg Laws – 1935

Defined a person as Jewish based on ancestry of grandparents not religion

Hitler’s Germany

ancestry of grandparents not religion

Separate legal status for German Jews Elimination of citizenship

Elimination of property rights

Elimination of workers rights

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Kristallnacht – 1938 November 9-10

Night of the Broken Glass

Anti Je ish riots

Hitler’s Germany

Anti-Jewish riots 91 Jews killed

Destruction of businesses and synagogues

Jews rounded up, arrested and imprisoned