COU

RSE OVERVIEW

CONCEPT & ORIGIN

DEFINITION

ORIGIN & DEVELOPMENT

SCHOOLS & APPROACHES

SHAFI’I &HIS RISALAH

AL-HUKM AL-SHARI’I

AL-HAKIM

AL-HUKM

MAHKUM FIHI

MAHKUM ‘ALAYHI

SOURCES OF SHARIAH

PRIMARY[TEXTUAL]

SECONDARY[NON-TEXTUAL]

IJTIHAD

HISTORICAL SKETCH

REFORM

Mohd afandi awang hamat

4321

1

CON

TENT

A. CATEGORIES OF HUKM AL-TAKLIFI

B. OBLIGATION

C. RECOMMENDATION

D. DISAPROVAL

E. PROHIBITION

3

6

14

16

19

F. PERMISSIBILITY 19

A. CATEGORIES OF HUKM AL-TAKLIFI

خطاب الله المتعلق بأفعال المكلفين باإلقتضاء أو التخيير أو الوضع

A communication from Allah, related to the acts of the subjects through a demand or option or through a declarationA DECLARATIONA DEMAND OR OPTION

HUKM

SHARI’I

الحكم الوضعيAL-HUKM AL-WAD’I

[The declaratory hukm]

الحكم التكليفيAL-HUKM AL-TAKLIFI

[The obligation-creating hukm]

HUKM

TAKLIFI DDEFINED

HUKM TAKLIFI

إيجاب

ندب

تحريمكراهة

إباحة

DEFINITION OF HUKM TAKLIFI

The demand of the Lawgiver requiring the subject to perform or omit an act or to have a choice between commission or omission

OBLIGATION - IJAB

OBLIGATIO

NMEANING

A demand by the Lawgiver for the commission of an act in certain and binding terms where for doing so there is reward, while omitting it without legal excuse entails a penalty

BINDING NATURE

The binding and certain nature of the demand may be inferred from the syntax or form of expression used in the text of communication:

Example:

1. The imperative style [click]

2. The existence of major punishment for omission [click]

LEGAL EFFECTS

The legal effects of something obligatory complies that its performance is greatly rewarded, its willful denial amounts to disbelief and its neglect is a sinful act

OBLIGATIO

N - EXAM

PLES IMPERATIVE/AUTHORITATIVE STYLES

يل .1 مس إلى غسق الل أقم الصالة لدلوك الش Perform regular prayers - at the sun's decline till the darkness of the night [al-Isra’: 78]

وليضربن بخمرهن على جيوبهن .2 That they should draw their veils over their bosoms [a l-Nur:31]

EXISTENCE OF PUNISHMENT

ذين آمنوا كتب عليكم القصاص في القتلى الحر بالحر والعبد بالعبد واألنثى ها ال يا أيباع بالمعروف وأداء إليه بإحسان ذلك باألنثى فمن عفي له من أخيه شيء فات

كم ورحمة فمن اعتدى بعد ذلك فله عذاب أليم ب تخفيف من رO ye who believe! the law of equality is prescribed to you in cases of murder: the free for the free, the slave for the slave, the woman for the woman. But if any remission is made by the brother of the slain, then grant any reasonable demand, and compensate him with handsome gratitude, this is a concession and a Mercy from your Lord. After this whoever exceeds the limits shall be in grave penalty. [al-Baqarah: 178]

OBLIGATIO

N - HAN

AFITESIJAB

FARD

The obligation established through a probable evidence (zanniyyah al-thubut wa al-dilalah).

Denying such obligation does not amount to disbelief.

Example [click]

An obligation established through the absolute and definitive evidence (qat’iyyah al-thubut wa al-dilalah)

Denying such demand amounts to disbelief

Example [click]

CLICK

FARD - EXAMPLES

DEFINITIVE EVIDENCES

يل .1 مس إلى غسق الل أقم الصالة لدلوك الش Perform regular prayers - at the sun's decline till the darkness of the night [al-Isra’: 78]

وليضربن بخمرهن على جيوبهن .2 That they should draw their veils over their bosoms [al-Nur:31]

PROBABLE EVIDENCE

Prophet p.b.u.h. said:

ال صالة لمن لم يقرأ بفاتحة الكتاب

Reported by Bukhari, Muslim and Ahmad from ‘Ubadah ibn al-Samit

INDENTIFICATIONOF

OBJECT

Muqayyad

Performance withinTime

AvailabilityOf

The Time

Muhaddad Ghayr Muhaddad Ayni Kifa’i Mu’ayyan Mukhayyar

Timely Ada’

After the TimeQada’

Muwassa’

Mudayyaq

Dhu Shabhayn

Mutlaq

Early Ta’jil

SUBJECTEXTENTTIME

THE CATEGORIES OF AL-WAJIB

الواجب THE OBLIGATORY

AL-WAJIB- ACCO

RDING TO

THE TIME AVAILABLE FO

R PERFORM

ANCE

Has time limitation

Wajib muqayyad is an obligation

demanded by the Lawgiver with a

determined time period having a

beginning and an end.

Example:

1. Five daily prayers

2. Fasting Ramadan and Hajj

Absolute and unrestricted

Example:

Kaffarah and nadhr where a

person who breaks his oath is due

to pay kaffarah at any time he

wishes to do so

WAJIB MUTLAQ WAJIB MUQAYYAD

AL-WAJIB AL-M

UQ

AYYAD

Time availability can be:

a. Muwassa’ (wide)

Zuhr time

b. Mudayyaq (narrow)

Fasting

c. Dhu Shibhayn (dual duration)

Hajj where the act can be performed

once in a year in known months

(mudayyaq), Muslim who has the

ability must perform once in his life

(wajib al-mutlak or wajib al-muwassa’)

Performance within time can be:

a. Early - ta’jil

Early payment of zakat al-Fitr

b. Timely - ada’

Timely performance of solat in it

fixed time

c. After the time - qada.’

Performing Fajr after the sun rise.

The performance within time The availability of the time

AL-WAJIB - ACCO

RDING TO

THE EXTENT O

F THE REQU

IRED ACT

Indeterminate Obligation

An act whose amount has not been fixed by Allah

Become liability only by judicial imposition or through willingness and acceptance

Obligation upon husband to spend on his wife and children. Also Spending in the way of Allah, feeding the needy (masakin) and supporting the next kin (aqarib).

Determinate Obligation

An act whose amount has been determined by Allah

Become a liability as soon as its cause is found.

E.g. The amount of zakat and five daily prayers

WAJIB MUHADDAD WAJIB GHAYR MUHADDAD

AL-WAJIB - ACCORDING TO THE SUBJECT W

HO ARE REQUIRED TO PERFORM

Communal Obligation

An act whose performance is required from the whole community and not from each individual like jihad, answering salam.

The rule for the wajib kifa’i is that if it is performed by some individuals in the community, the rest are no longer liable for it.

The communal obligation however may turn into individual obligation in some circumstances.

The Individual Obligation

A demand by the Lawgiver from each individual of legal capacity (mukallaf) to perfom the act like prayers, fasting and zakat.

The rule for this type of obligation is that it is to be performed by each person from whom it is demanded.

The individual is not absolved of the liability even if some other persons have performed the act.

WAJIB ‘AYNI WAJIB KIFA’I

AL-WAJIB - ACCO

RDING TO

THE IDENTIFICATIO

N O

F THE OBJECT O

F THE REQU

IRED ACT

Optional Obligation

An act required by the Lawgiver not as a specific act, but out of several determined actsE.g. The kaffarah for breaking the oath, feeding ten needy persons, or clothing them or the freeing of a slave, or fasting for 3 days. If a person is not able to perform the first, may choose second, third or forth. Once it is performed, the subject is released from liability.من{{ اكين مس{{ عشرة{{ إطعام{{ فكفارته{{كس{وتهم أو أهليكم{ تطعمون{ م{ا أوس{طثالثة{ فص{يام يجد م{ ل فم{ن رقبة{ تحرير أوحلفتم{{ إذا أيمانكم{{ كفارة{{ ذلك{{ ام{{ أي

[89المائدة] :

Specified Obligation

An act required by the Lawgiver specifically and there is no choice as regard to the performance.

E.g.: Five daily prayers.

The subject is not free from the liability w/out specific performance

WAJIB MU’AYYAN WAJIB MUKHAYYAR