iodine-cow milk
DESCRIPTION
Cow Milk Iodine Content- Nutraceutical ValueTRANSCRIPT
IntroductionIn India 100 million animals – IDD risk
No state in India is free from IDD (254/312)
Sub Himalayan region
Goat More susceptible
Bluish black, Solid & Sublime
Halogen – Heat & Alkaline
Bedi (2000)
Pachauri (1999)
Moorthy (2003)
• Green fodders
• Concentrates
• Straws 150-500 µg/kg DM
• Meat meals 100-200 µg/kg DM
• Milk and milk products 200-400 µg/kg DM
• Fishmeal 800-8000 µg/kg DM
Grass 60-120 µg/kg DMfodders 100-330 µg/kg DM
Grains 40-90 µg/kg DMOilseed cakes 100-200 µg/kg DM
Bedi (1993)
Iodine contents
SpeciesIodine requirements in
total diet (ppm)
Beef cattle 0.5
Dairy Cattle 0.25 to 0.5
Sheep & Goat 0.1 to 0.8
Poultry 0.3 to 0.4
Swine 0.14
Requirement of Iodine in different species
NRC (2001)
Iodine Metabolism
Absorption Feeds, water – organic iodide
80 % - Rumen
Chemical form
Lungs, Skin
Distribution 10 – 80 % Thyroid
Placenta and mammary gland
Stansbury, (1996)
Blood Plasma
Thyroid gland
Extra thyroidal
Iodine pool
Uterus and fetus
Neonatal Calf, placenta &
fluids
Mammary Gland Milk loss
Kidney
Liver
Urine Loss
Saliva and Rumen
Oral Intake
Abomasum
Lower GI tract Faeces Loss
Iodine recycling
Miller et al., 1975
Storage 80 % - Thyroid 20% - Uterus, Cartilage, Hair, Ovary, Mammary, Lungs, Kidney, Lymph Nodes, Spleen & liver
Excretion Urine – 49 % - Free iodine Faces – 22 % - Organic iodine Milk - varies with species (Cow 8 -10 %; Goat 22 %; Sheep 39 %)
Downer et al., (1981)
Miller et al., (1975)
Iodine
Thyroid
Iodine *
T3, T4
T3
PBI
NaK dep.ATPase
Peroxidase
Tyrosine
5’-Deiodinase T4
Cell
T3, T4 Synthesis
Iodine Incorporation
Activation
Thermo regulation
IM
Reproduction Hair, Feather follicle
Growth and cell activity
BMR
Cellular Oxidation
Carotene to
Vitamin A
Brain Development
Brody, (1999)
• Iodine Deficiency Disorder(IDD)
• Sub Himalayan region & TeraiMoorthy et al., (2003)
Pachauri (1981)
Iodine deficiency
Gross Conditional
GoitrogensOther dietary
factors
Rapeseed meal Mustard cake
Leucaena leaf meal
Brassica species
Iodine deficiency
Air0.7 µg/ml
Land
Sea 50 µg/L
Rain 4.8 -8.5 µg/L
Iodine Cycle
Bedi (1999)
• Enlarged thyroid gland
• Growth depression and stunted reproduction
• Abortion in Goats – 47%
• Reduced quantity and quality of wool
Manifestation / Clinical signs / Hypothyroidism
Raina and pachuri (1984)
(Jain, 1995)
Mannar et al., (1997)
• Retardation of foetal brain development
• Decreased male reproductive performance
• Irregular Oestrus
• Chronic deficiency – Milk yield & feed intake
Potter et al., (1981)
Hatzel et al., (1986)
Bedi et al., (1999)
Rajendran et al., (2002)
Plasma ThyroxinCow 4.2-8.6 µg/dl
Sheep 2.1-5.2 µg/dlGoat2.1- 2.5 µg/dl
Milk<1-2.5 µg/dl
Thyroid0.2 -0.5 g% DM
UrineHuman 50 µg/g
of creatine
SerumPBI
3-4 µg/dl l
Iodine
Iodine Status Assessment in Animals
Graded levels of Iodine intake and performance
No significant difference in feed intake, milk production, milk fat, body weight at 6.8 & 68 mg/day
in cow
Milk I content increasedHemken et al., (1973)
Effect of iodine supplementation on performance of goats
Attribute control 40 µg/d KI 80 µg/d KI
Daily nutrient intake
DM (g) 483.1 494.7 496.2
Kg/BW 2.61 3.06 2.87
g/kg W0.75 54.1 61.0 58.1
DCP (g/kg W0.75) 4.27 4.55 4.27
ME (kcal/kg W0.75) 112.26 123.87 115.80
Nutrient digestibility (%)
DM 63.05 61.05 60.47
OM 65.08 63.38 62.57
CP 63.20 59.15 58.98
EE 57.75 57.46 58.12
Live weight changes (kg)
Net gain -0.07 1.53 2.70
ADG (g) -0.53 +12.77 +22.50
Bedi (2000)
Effect of iodine supplementation on blood parameters of goats
Attribute 0 µg/day 40 µg/day 80 µg/day
Glucose (mg/dl)
45.8 58.4 59.2
Alkaline phosphatase
(U/ litre)50.53 63.53 75.83
Bedi (2000)
• Iodine Deficiency Disorder(IDD)
• Sub Himalayan region & TeraiMoorthy et al., (2003)
Pachauri (1981)
Iodine deficiency
Gross Conditional
GoitrogensOther dietary
factors
Rapeseed meal Mustard cake
Leucaena leaf meal
Brassica species
Iodine deficiency
Iodine and Rapeseed feeding
• Traditional protein source
• Iodine 10mg /d - Rapeseed Glucosinolate effect (50mMol/day)
Ballow et al., (1995)Stedman et al .,(1983)
Zech et al ., (1995)
Rapeseed feeding
Altered Thyroid structure
Pregnant animalHypoplasia in calves
Iodine & Mustard cake
• Mustard Cake - 6.16% glucosinolates
• T3 & T4
• Milk - iodide Thiocyanate
• 1ppm Iodine rat
( Pailahan and Singhal 2003)
(Pailahan and Singhal 1998)
Intake and digestibility of nutrients by goats fed leucaena leaf meal as influenced by iodine supplementation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
DMI*g/kg
w0.75
DCP*g/kg
w0.75
ME*kcal/w0.75
DM OM CP* EE* TCHO
Intake and digestibility of nutrients
%
control
LLM + 0.04mg/head/dayKI
Pattanaik (2000)
Blances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus by goats fed leucaena leaf meal as influenced by iodine supplementation
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
% N intake % N absorbed % Carentension
% P retention
Balances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus
%
control
LLM + 0.04mg/head/day KI
Pattanaik (2000)
Iodine
Thyroid
Iodine *
T3, T4
3,4 DHP
Thiocyanate, Isothiocyanate, Nitriles,
Tyrosine
Shastry, (1989)paik et al., (1980)
Stedman et al., (1983)
High F, Ca, As, Low Mn
Underwood (1981)
Oxozolidine 2– thiones
Stedman et al., (1983)
glucosinolase, thioglucosidase
Iodine and Reproduction• I – deficiency libido semen quality
• T4 testosterone
• I supplementation Enhances sperm motility
• % live spermatozoa in goat with LLMdiet
• Initial fructose concentration
• Iodine improves male reproduction
(Underwood.,1981)
(Aruldhas et al ., 1982)
(Senani and Singhal 1992)
Effect of iodine supplementation on semen of bucks fed leucaena leaf-mal
Iodine supplementation
Days post-feeding
0 30 60 90
Libido
0 ++++ +++ ++ -
100 µg ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
Volume (ml)
0 0.60 0.33 0.30 0.33
100 µg 0.73 0.37 0.30 0.26
Sperm concentration (109 ml)
0 2.95 2.65 3.64 1.71
100 µg 2.20 2.49 3.84 4.48
Plasma testosterone (ng /ml)
0 2.15 ND ND 0.19
100 µg 2.14 ND ND 1.42Rajendran et al., (2002)
Milk Iodine
• Milk 50 –130 µ/litre
• More intake -more milk Iodine
• Chemical form
• Stage of lactation
• Dietary goitrogen
• Teat drips, Iodine udder wash
Downer et al., (1979)
Travinicek et al., (2001)
Supplemental iodine and Milk iodine
Supplemental Iodine mg/d
Milk iodine µg/litre
0 8
1.6 28
12.7 78
20 267
68 694
Pandav & Rao (1997)
Iodine and mineral interaction
• Flurosis - hypothyroidism in cattle
• Goiter in S.Africa –due to more F
• Thyroid structural change – desensitization TSHR
• Anemia (Fe) T3 & T4
Sahoo et.al ., (2003)
(Jooste et al., 1999)
Hess (2002)
T3
5’-Deiodinase
T4
Cell Se
Se pellet
GSH-Px Se
Wichtel (1996)
Berdenair et al ., (1998)
Hetzel et al ., (1997)
(Wichtel 1996)
Goitre
I Se
Iodine supplementation
• Pure iodide – effective
• Iodized salt – @ 0.0076%
• K iodide, Na iodide EDDI
(Venkatesh mannar 1997)
• Iodised salt through UMMB –Effective
• Intraruminal lasted 6 years
• 4.9% loss in MM (BIS)
( Singh and Madhu Mohini 1998)
Judson (1996)
(Singh et al ., 1998)
Iodine toxicity
• Possibilities
• MTL – 50 ppm (cattle, sheep & Goat)
(NRC2001)
(White et al ., 1998)
• Cough• Hyperemia• Naso – occular
discharge• Dermatitis
• Alopecia• Tachycardia • Nervousness• Weight loss• Exoptholmus
Clinical Signs
Conclusion
• India
• 80µg/head/day
• Feed supplement – Milk iodine
• Goitrogenic feeds– G + Iodine
• Male reproduction
• Selenium