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IRSENS 2NanoTera.ch Project review 2015

A multi-component sensor for air pollutants and greenhouse gasesM.J. Sess, L. Emmenegger, J. FaistR. Brnnimann, H. Looser, T. Sdmeyer

ETH ZurichIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Motivations

Sensing of small molecules (CO, CO2, NxOy, ...)

Environment

Air quality control

Process control

Medical diagnosisTraffic securityGasesSelective SensitivePortableLow powerLeak detection

Our approach:Multiwavelength laser-based Mid-IR optical sensorIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Approach: Mid-infrared detection

IrSens 2

Light sourceInteractionDetectionSignal processing

Electronics

Laserdetector

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#

Online NO2 measurements at Jungfraujoch

NO2 (ppb)B. Tuzson, et al, Atmos. Meas. Tech., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 927936, 2013.IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#The IrSens 2 instrument

QCLMulti-pass cellOpticsDetectorComputerDriver/DAQPump, valvesIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#5Project key approachTake advantage of the cost structure of an optical sensorMore wavelengths: bring additional functionalities at a low additional cost

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#

Goal: Portable multi-gas detector

Status:

7 out of 11 gases demonstrated

Continuous progress on remaining gases

IrSens 2 approach:

Laser spectroscopy High sensitivity

Portable

Low cost and power consumption

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#NO2 measurements on Zrich TramSUCCESS STORYCollaboration with OpenSense IILaser spectrometer developed by IRSENS II deployed on Zrich Tram using Infrastructure from ETHZ-TIK / Opensense II

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#8Tramway movie

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Tramway movie

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Why are intersubband QCL good for broadbandAtomic-like joined density of stateTransparent on both sides of the transitionPossibility to combine active regions at different colorsFlexibility in design broadband active region Bound-to-continuum have very broad gain inherently

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Spectrally agile QCLs

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Spectrally agile QCLs

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#

Dual-wavelength technology ported to CO, CO2, N2OJ. Jagerska et al. APL 105, 161109 (2014).J. Jagerska et al., Optics Express 23, 1512 (2014).(Invited) M.J. Sess et al. MDPI Photonics, accepted.

SUCCESS STORY

2014: Dual-color QCL emitting at 5.25 and 6.25 m wavelength for simultaneous NO and NO2 detection

2015: Dual-color QCL emitting at 4.4 and 4.6 m wavelength for simultaneous CO, 12/13CO2 and N2O detection.

Gas1 s Noise60 s NoiseCO0.22 ppb0.055 ppbN2O0.26 ppb0.042 ppbCO20.16 ppm0.075 ppm13CO2/12CO20.6 0.2

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Spectrally agile QCLs

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Sampled gratings and VernierCreate a comb of reflectivity peaks

L. Coldren and S. Corzine, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23, 903 (1987) IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Tuning the laser via a Vernier effect:Tune the grating with temperature

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Tuning the laser via a Vernier effect:Tune the grating with temperature

DT = 20KIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Separate tuning and gain

A. Bismuto, et al., Opt Express 23, 29715 (2015).

Single laser contact Control of the total phase Mode-hop free tuning in each channelMirror heater contactsTunes the mirrorOnly one mirror is pumped at timeIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Heaters tuning allow channel selection

Y. Bidaux, et al. , Appl Phys Lett 107, 221108 (2015).70cm-1 tuning in the 1070cm-1 band100cm-1 tuning in the 2260cm-1 band

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#

Vernier-QCLs with integrated tuners

Triple color laser design at 7-9 m with dummy diode as heating elementReduces electrical problemsFabrication optimization ongoingValidation in progress

l1, l2, l3l1, l2, l3 + Dl

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#New tuning & modulation mechanism in QCLs

Tuning & modulation characterization of QCLs with integrated heater (IH)Collaboration with industrial partner Alpes Lasers

Frequency modulation response investigated for QCL-current and IH-currentTuning coefficients determined for external temperature (-2.9 GHz/K), for QCL current (-37 GHz/W) and IH dissipated power (-26 GHz/W).FM bandwidth one order of magnitude lower for IH than for QCL currentReduced amplitude modulation associated to IH modulation is beneficial for spectroscopy

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#

New laser driving electronics

Both current supplies can be optimized individually for each laser => First acquisitions deliver state-of-the-art performance!(Invited) M.J. Sess et al. MDPI Photonics, accepted.Dual QCL driver with independent control realized.

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#23Improved data acquisition and analysisCustom solution for combined iCW pumping of multi-wavelength devices and simultaneous data acquisition

Functionalities:Dual-laser drivingFast data collection via FPGAData processing via on-board OSRead-out via custom user interface

Benchmarked on:1% CH4 in synthetic air85 mbar total pressure140 mm single pass cell

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Benchmarking of CO, CO2, N2OSpecies1s Noise~200s NoiseDaily variationJungfraujochDaily variationDbendorf1s Absorption noise*1s State-of-art[1,2]CO0.22 ppb0.02 ppb25 ppb650 ppb 810-6510-6N2O0.3 ppb0.03 ppb1 ppb3 ppb110-5310-6CO20.25 ppm0.035 ppm5 ppm50 ppm410-5410-513CO2/12CO21 0.08 0.2 2 0.4 0.13 [1] B. McManus et al. Recent progress in laser-based trace gas instruments: performance and noise analysis Appl. Phys. B 2015, 119, 203-218.[2] B. McManus et al. Design and performance of a dual-laser instrument for multiple isotopologues of carbon dioxide and water Opt. Express 2015, 23, 5.*corrected for 15 % duty cycle

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#25GasTypical conc. range [ppb]Frequency[cm-1]Sensitivity 2) [ppb]NH3 (ammonia)2-201046.40.3O3 (ozone)5-2001046.47.7CH4 (methane)17001275.55.8SO2 (sulphur dioxide)0.1-1013523NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)1-10016000.6NO (nitrogen monoxide)1-10019001.5CO (carbon monoxide)1-1021790.22CO2 (carbon dioxide)380 ppm2281.50.25 ppmH2O (water vapour)0.2-4 %21790.01 %N2O (nitrous oxide)33121790.3Overall progress2 of 3 lasers demonstrated, 7 of 11 gases measured 1) 12 m optical path, 100 hPa pressure, 2E-5 noise equivalent absorption (1s) 2) based on 1s noise level of current setup

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens multi-pass cellsA start-up from ETH, IR sweep took a license for IrSens cell technology.

Venture Kick 2016 winnersIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#27Summary

Running instrumentsGood performances

OUTLOOK: Combining all parts to a single functioning instrumentIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#

(Most of) the TeamIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#NO2 spectroscopyContinuous tuning over 20cm-1Accuracy in frequency and amplitude rivals the one of DFBs

Broadband spectroscopy

Y. Bidaux, et al. , Appl Phys Lett 107, 221108 (2015).IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Mode map, with both tunings

Current in the front mirrorCurrent in the back mirrorY. Bidaux, et al. , Appl Phys Lett 107, 221108 (2015).

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#RelevanceNOx measurements are key in the Diesel emission control

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Dynamic diesel engine measurements of NO and NO2

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#die Konzentrationen sind die effektiven - vor der Verdnnung.Die Verdnnung war 1:15

33Multisection QCLs Injection in the contact controls the temperatureLarge tuning (up to 120cm-1)

Problem: convolutes gain and tuningSIngle mode condition difficult to reachHard if not impossible to tune continuously across a line

T. Mansuripur et al., Opt. Express 20 (2012)S. Slivken et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 (2012)

S. Slivken et al., Appl Phys Lett 107, 251101 (2015).J. Wolf et al., (2012)IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Light-current of each channel (2220cm-1) deviceOptical power

Y. Bidaux, et al. , Appl Phys Lett 107, 221108 (2015).IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Approach: Mid-infrared detection

IrSens 2

Light sourceInteractionDetectionSignal processing

Electronics

CO2IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#

Goal: Portable multi-gas detectorState of the art:Combination of several detection systemsBulkyExpensiveHigh power consumptionIrSens II approach:Leverage on IrSensAdd wavelengths (Lasers) for more gasesUse the same setup, get 10 for 1

IrSens approach:Laser spectroscopy in single instrumentHigh sensitivity from efficient multipass cellPortableLower cost and power consumptionleft: rack with gas analyzers,picture taken at NABEL station Zrich

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Multi-section lasersPROGRESS IAnti-reflective coatings help to reduce detrimental effects in multi-section lasers during intermittent continuous-wave operation.

Prevention of parasitic modesPrevention of internal etaloning

l1

l2

As mountedAR coat(Invited) M.J. Sess et al. MDPI Photonics, submitted.IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens multi-pass cells are sellingSUCCESS STORYIR Sweep has licensed the a patent originating from Nano-tera project IrSens. Sales are taking off!

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#39Data acquisition board

PROGRESS IIINext generation of data acquisition electronics

2 channels, 16 bit, 310 MS/sNew 620 MHz frequency generation circuitFPGA logicCommunication circuit implemented

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Confocal mirror arrangement:

Parabolic mirror surface:

89 reflections, off-axis configuration, 1224 cm path length:Concentric mirror arrangement:

Spherical mirror surface:

29 reflections, 232 cm path length:Interaction - Cylindrical Cell Evolution

d = 2R

d = R1st Generation

2nd Generation

y = a x2

PROGRESS III

~15ppb NO2

Gain in signal-to-noise due to smarter patterning and increased path lengthIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Optimized light sources IPROGRESS IOptimized laser fabrication process to increase performance and developed new laser concepts at the desired wavelengths.

Original approach: MultiDFBs=> validated, problems identifiedNew designs for multi-color devicesSubstrate emitting laser arrays with collecting waveguide = validatedP. Jouy et al., APL 106, 071104 (2015).

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#WillkommenWelcomeBienvenueIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#CO, N2O, CO2: BenchmarkingSpecies1 s Noise~200 s NoiseDaily variationJungfraujochDaily variationDbendorfCO0.22 ppb0.02 ppb25 ppb650 ppbN2O0.3 ppb0.03 ppb1 ppb3 ppbCO20.25 ppm0.035 ppm5 ppm50 ppm13CO2/12CO21 0.08 0.2 2 IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#CO, N2O, CO2: Benchmarking 1 s Absorption noiseSpeciesIrSens II*State-of-art[1,2]CO 810-6510-6N2O110-5310-6CO2410-5410-5[1] B. McManus et al. Recent progress in laser-based trace gas instruments: performance and noise analysis Appl. Phys. B 2015, 119, 203-218.[2] B. McManus et al. Design and performance of a dual-laser instrument for multiple isotopologues of carbon dioxide and water Opt. Express 2015, 23, 5.*corrected for 100 % duty cycle IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Species1s Noise~200s NoiseDaily variationJungfraujochDaily variationDbendorf1s Absorption noise*1s State-of-art[1,2]CO0.22 ppb0.02 ppb25 ppb650 ppb 810-6510-6N2O0.3 ppb0.03 ppb1 ppb3 ppb110-5310-6CO20.25 ppm0.035 ppm5 ppm50 ppm410-5410-513CO2/12CO21 0.08 0.2 2 0.4 0.13 [1] B. McManus et al. Recent progress in laser-based trace gas instruments: performance and noise analysis Appl. Phys. B 2015, 119, 203-218.[2] B. McManus et al. Design and performance of a dual-laser instrument for multiple isotopologues of carbon dioxide and water Opt. Express 2015, 23, 5.*corrected for 15 % duty cycle CO, N2O, CO2: BenchmarkingIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Arguments in our favourOne laserOptics not purgedRoom temperature operation

IrSens 2 Jrme Faist#Basis for daily variationsCO: Dbendorf, JFJ Nabel

CO2: Data from Bla, QCLAS data

N2O: Information from Joachim MohnIrSens 2 Jrme Faist#