ismerkedes a szanszkrittal 1

Ruzsa Ferenc

-- ---kkkaaarrraaa aaammm

!

szanszkrittal

Tartalom

Tartalom ...................................................................................................................... 1

1. ..................................................................................................... 5

A szanszkrit nyelv ................................................................................................................ 5

Hangtan .................................................................................................................................................... 6

1. .................................................................................................................... 6

.......................................................................................................................... 7

.................................................................................................................................... 7

................................................................................................................................... 7

................................................................................................................. 8

A szanszkrit vers ................................................................................................................ 10

................................................................................................................... 11

1. Alapragok ........................................................................................................................................... 12

2. Az -a ....................................................................................................................................... 12

......................................................................................................................... 13

i-pada .......................................................................................... 13

2. Az -a ....................................................................................................................................... 13

-mukham .................................................................................................................. 14

............................................................................................................................. 15

............................................................................................................................................... 15

.......................................................................................................... 17

2. .......................................................................................................... 18

................................................................................................................... 18

.................................................................................................... 18

- ...................................................................................... 18

......................................................................................................................... 19

............................................................................................................. 19

................................................................................................................................ 19

.......................................................................................................................... 20

.............................................................................................................. 20

................................................................................................................................ 20

................................................................................................. 20

2

................................................................................................................................. 20

......................................................................................................... 20

..................................................................................................... 21

- ............................................................................................. 23

3. Lehull a lepel ....................................................................................................... 28

................................................................................................................... 28

- - - ........................................................................................... 28

2. Az - ......................................................................................................................... 29

......................................................................................................................... 29

.................................................................................................................................... 29

.................................................................................................................................... 29

3. A ..................................................................................................................................... 30

-patanam ................................................................................................................. 31

..................................................................................................... 31

4. .................................................................... 32 1. Az .................................................................................................................................. 32

.......................................................................................................................................... 32

3. A .............................................................................. 32

............................................................................................................................ 32

- .......................................................................................................... 34

G ha-karma [feladat] ......................................................................................................... 35

Lubdha- -kath ..................................................................................................... 36

- .................................................................................................................... 38

5. ............................................................................................... 40

................................................................................................................... 40

Az -in ......................................................................................................................... 40

......................................................................................................................... 40

.............................................................................................................................................. 40

................................................................................................................................... 41

Szandhi ............................................................................................................................. 41

...................................................................................................................... 41

.............................................................................................................................. 42

............................................................................................................................................ 42

..................................................................................................... 42

......................................................................................................... 44

Dhvani- ............................................................................................... 47

- .......................................................................................................... 47

- .............................................................................................................. 48

6. ....................................................................................................... 49

................................................................................................... 49

3

....................................................................................................................................... 49

G ha-karma ....................................................................................................................... 50

............................................................................................. 51

7. ......................................................................................................... 56

................................................................................................................... 56

Az -at ................................................................................................................................ 56

......................................................................................................................... 56

.................................................................................................................................... 56

................................................................................. 57

..................................................................................................... 59

Dhvani- uma ............................................................................................... 67

- ................................................................................................................ 68

8. .............................................................................................. 70

................................................................................................................... 70

1. -an ................................................................................................................................ 70

......................................................................................................................... 70

1. -pada ........................................................................................................................ 70

..................................................................................................................................... 71

3. Az -pada ........................................................................... 71

.................................................................................................................... 72

..................................................................................................... 74

.............................................................................................................. 75

......................................................................................................... 80

9. ........................................................................................... 81

............................................................................................................................. 81

- .............................................................................................................. 81

............................................................................................................................................ 81

................................................................................................................. 82

.................................................................................................................. 82

................................................................................................................... 82

................................................................................................................... 82

1. -i -u ........................................................................................................................... 82

...................................................................................................... 85

10. A felkapaszkodott eb ....................................................................................... 92

Sandhi ................................................................................................ 92

r ............................................................................................................................................. 92

................................................................................................................ 92

..................................................................................................................... 92

4. T n l ................................................................................................................... 92

- ....................................................... 93

4

1. A ragok ............................................................................................................................................... 93

....................................................................................................................................... 93

..................................................................................................... 94

......................................................................................................................... 94

.............................................................................................................. 94

........................................................................................................ 94

........................................................................................................................................ 94

11. A mese az eposzban ........................................................................................ 104

-Bh ........................................................................................ 106

.............................................................................................. 109

.............................................................................................. 122 Az 1. fejezet feladatainak mego .................................................................................................. 122

.................................................................................................... 123

.................................................................................................... 123

A 4. fejezet feladata ............................................................................................................................. 123

................................................................................................... 123

A 6. fejezet feladatai ............................................................................................................................ 124

..................................................................................................... 124

......................................................................................... 124

1.

A szanszkrit nyelv

-

o

-indiai nyelvek (tamil

A szanszk

A szanszkritot

nul

1. Hat hnap alatt 6

Hangtan

1.

th helyett th

e, o, ai

au i

u).

, , i u

.

, [ri] (vagy [ru] ), [lri] a

ta). Az a -hoz, az

- - [ai]

[au] , - -

i

u

[ai, e

i,

u, o

u,

Szandhi-hangok: .

s r

[h].

Az

ta

[szanszkrta], hiszen az s [sz] [n] hangzik el

orr

torok k kh g g

h

c ch j j

h

retroflex h

h

fog t th d d

h n

ajak p ph b b

h m

y, r, l, v; s-hangok: h.

A hehezetes hangok (kh, g

h [h]

magyar [cs, dzs]-nek felel meg;

- j

t

(foghang) t

1. Hat hnap alatt 7

Az orrha n -

[ny] - [ncs, ndzs]

kapcsolatot pedig [dny]- [gj] -nek hangzik.

y, r, l, v rendre az / ,

A y [j] - v [w] -nek, mint az angolban. Azaz nem

ajak- -

azonos: [s]; az s [sz]- h

h + orrhang

).

A h y r

retroflex, a l s foghang, a v ajakhang.

-a ka, kha stb.

*bharants b

haran

kakubh kakup

dik

-duh -dhuk

m r )

k c, g j, gh h)

r n; s hati)

Gyenge a/- i/a a/m a/n

Alap ( ) a ar/ra al am an

V ddhi)

i

u

1. Hat hnap alatt 8

Pl. a

/

( , tisztel)

az gaja + indra

ukas (istenek laka);

utsukya utsukya -

y/v *tayiti ta iti

- t (u iti

2

(Az a

majd a kiesett hangot: api api

A -

-a t ta. Ha a

} t } t.

H a,

- , ti, tu. - i, u.

tasa, tsa, sta dava, dva.

t, k, tta, kta, ( + ).

A ra ra csak egy ferde vonalka sara, de sra. R r l rasa, de rsa; , de . A

a i u

i

u

ta ti tu t t k

ka kha ga gha

1. Hat hnap alatt 9

ca cha ja jha

ta tha da dha na

pa pha ba bha ma

ya ra la va sa ha

tta kta rta tra ktva nna pta hma dya dma ddha

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 .

-t:

. Az a avagraha: .

-re vagy -

-h

-

1. Hat hnap alatt 10

A szanszkrit vers

vagy

negyedik sor rendszerint .

-

1., 3. sor: r m r m f m r r

2., 4. sor: l, r m f m r f m


-

-

fejezi ki (h - -ak- g h-

h- h-

- keze-

t), pl. a -,

- - -

- - vagy

- - -a -

);

-

muta

-

rag

eset

-

-

Mind -

-eset mindig azonos.


1. Alapragok

h/n s h/n s h/n s

Alany - u n-i

am

bh

bh

bh

Eredet

Birtokos

Hely i su

- [ = A l a n y e s e t ]

-

-bh- -su

2. Az -a

- -

-

1 2 t

A u

T u n

Esz bh

i

R d bh

bh

Er bh

bh

B sya y

H y

M u

Semlegesnem:

1 2 t

balam

balam

bal bal bh

bali

bal bal bh

bal bh

bal bal bh

m bal bh

balasya balay bal

balay bal

bala

- s szandhit.


-

-a,

-a, -ya, -aya) -a

1. A i-pada

A i-pada -

Ke

1. mi

2. si th

tha

3. ti anti

2. Az -a

-a az m- v- a-

vad (vada-ti, udita) ppp):

esz ksz tsz

1. vad mi vad vad

2. vadasi vadath

vadatha

3. vadati vadanti

1. -mukham 14

Kath -mukham

-

Amara- - - -bal -h

-hvayati ca:

Bh

-uk

h-

A- -m ta-h h

m a-au

u

u svalpa-

h -

1

Kath

-h h

avati?

- -i h

i-gacch h

arma-artha- -

hanti.

-h

- an- - -

pa- - -

N - - -gacchati vadati ca:

pa- -i h

a- -

i-g

h- pa-

-i h

anti adhi-gacc

hanti ca; art

ha- -

havanti ca.

-T

1

1. -mukham 15

Nyelvtani r

*

vlan

(indeclinabile)

sim (encliticum)

(pronominalis

declinatio)

h (masculinum)

n (femininum)

s semlegesnem (neutrum)

1 (singularis)

2 (dualis)

t (pluralis)

A alanyeset (Nominativus)

T (Accusativus)

Esz (Instrumentalis)

R (Dativus)

Er (Ablativus)

B birtokos eset (Genitivus)

H (Locativus)

P parasmai-pada

tmane-pada

U

(ubhaya-pada)

esz (singularis)

ksz (dualis)

tsz (pluralis)

1.

2.

3.

(perfectum)

ppp

(participium perfectum passivi)

mni

(participium imperfectum)

hi (absolutivum vagy

gerundium)

fni (infinitivus )

szenv (passivum)

(Causativum)

Desid -ra

- (Desiderativum)

Intens

igealak (Intensivum)

Denom -ya

(Denominativum)

(in fine compositi)

msh.

pl.

- -

szanszkrit nyelv

-

(n) -

-

sor

parasmai-pada -

kath

mese

mukh

as (as-ti//s-anti) van

(s)

(vlan)

(vlan) ott

n - -

sa- (vlan) -

1. -mukham 16

gam (gaccha-ti, gata) megy

a-, an- (vlan) nem-, -talan

halhatatlan; - isten

ta sa], n )

fia vkinek

- - - tud, ismer

tudatlan

para

vasu (n -u vagy - )

ca (sim) ha ostoba

d -ti, d

-

(hvaya-

bh

bh ) [semleges

(vlan) amikor

- (vlan) -talan; ki, el

api (vlan) vajon? (sim)

-

na (vlan) nem

su- (vlan) ha

- - uk

h

vah (vaha- ha) visz, hord

(vlan)

jan -

m (mriya- m ta) meghal fia vkinek

vara -

-m (vlan) jobb

alpa kicsi

pici

- (vlan) rossz ha kellemetlen;

-

(vlan)

-

-

- (vlan; tkp. )

dah (daha-ti, dagdha; ham (vlan) hogyan?

pra-

budh ha-ti budhya- ha)

h

bh

(bhava-ti, bh van, lesz

- ) egy

vad (vada-ti, udita)

dva (dvi- -)

-

(/-

nyelvtan

adhi-

adhi- gam

(vlan)

dh

arth

h ha- hita) olvas, tanul

anya

(vlan) akkor

tu (sim) de

(vlan) itt

pap

ya aki, ami, amelyik

cira

upa- oda

- mutat

upa-

- gam

(AT h h hat

k -ti/kuru- - -anti, k ta)

saha (vlan; +Esz) (-

sva - )

g

(/-

ka kim) ki? mi? melyik?

kva (vlan) hol?

-mukham 17

2

2.

2 a nyelvtant?

-

2.

1.

zandhira kell

saras, s

sara sar si

sara sar si

sar bh

sar bh

sar bh

sar bh

sar bh

sar bh

sarasi sara su

sara sar si

s -bh-

-su s szandhit.

A s tATM- -n-je pedig az

-

- 1A

-

Ug

-a 1RErH tB, valamint a s1AT htA

2. A vn tigris 19

M

hanem a s1AT alakot

ya,

u y

yam u

h

i

yai

h

h

yasm h

h

yasya y

yasmin

S e m l e g e s n e m

yad

yad

anya,

Ka kim.

Ta s ; )

Sarva ubhaya

-m (sarv

-m. Ilyenek:

sva, para, apara, antara, adhara,

avara, uttara,

,

- : ardha, alpa,

prathama,

ta; ita; -d, -j

na. Pl.: , ; gam, gata; budh, budd

ha; dah, dagd

h h

, mint a magyarban

hitam,

-

= - T

-ta vagy -na -

-ya -tya gatya; buddh

pra budhya; dagd

h h-

pari majjya , ut .

2. A vn tigris 20

,

h

h hati sma.

h

h

ta a ka ya anya sarva

-th

tath

katham yat

h anyat

h sarvat

h

hogyan ahogy

-tra tatra atra kutra, (kva) yatra anyatra sarvatra

Hely ott itt hol ahol

-

akkor most mikor amikor egyszer mindig

-

Eredet/ onnan innen honnan ahonnan

ok/ (teljesen)

-vat kiyat

addig meddig

A - ;

-a - bh

vagy

sva, - , -bh

ik,

2. A vn tigris 21

3. Felveszi-e az arany karperecet?

dha

vy ghr tigris

h (/- nap

ati-

sar as (s)

part sma (vlan)

arany - karperec

ut- fel (h - ) elragad, visz, elvesz

(vlan) most ta (mint ) ez

sam- - b

h

-cit (vlan) vala- pra

*a ez

h

ok prati

- -

+ prati- vat (vlan)

lubh (lubhya-ti, lubdha)

(sim) - ruc (n) -kar a ruci-kara

ember (iccha- akar (vlan)

tu (vlan) b

hay

kar tavya

- ka - - vi bizalom

(vlan) hej (vlan)

uva

- )

u- -, de 1T , BEr tT

vadh

sarva - ) mind, az

d

hika

aham iti (vlan) - upa

b

h(n)

yadi (vlan) ha (/- oldal; - - -

gh

vac ka (vlan) mikor? vi- ki, el, ; (vlan) -talan

(s - ) + vi- elfelejt gal ita nak

h(/- fog

- gacc

ha ( - gam gyere

pra (n) ka t

ji (jaya-ti, jita) satya - b

h(bh -ti, bh

+ prati- -

+ pra- ua. (vlan)

ni- le

2. A vn tigris 22

majj (majja-ti, magna) ahaha (vlan)

- (vlan) nagy pat (pata-ti, patita)

a (vlan) tvam hyam, tvat, tava, tvayi) te

- - -

adhi (vlan) hej

bhadra

t (tara- -tara

- - - megszerez, eljut + pra- ua. + sam- + sam-pra- pat

h

- 23

VRDDHA-9

ismerkedes a szanszkrittal 1

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