iv. javaxisvilis saxelobis tbilisis saxemlwifo universitetis socialur da
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iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxemlwifo universitetis
socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti
S o r e n a k o r t a v a
sazogadoebis Zalauflebrivi Teoriebi
sociologiis doqtoris akademiuri
xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
naSromi Sesrulebulia iv.javaxiSvilis sax.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: sociologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati
asocirebuli profesori _ amiran berZeniSvili
Tbilisi 2010
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sakiTxis dasma ........................................................................................................................................................................... gv. 3
I nawili: sazogadoeba, sazogadoebrivi ierarqiebi da Zalauflebrivi
mimarTebebi _ XX s. franguli socialuri azri .............................................................. gv. 8
1.1. sazogadoeba, rogorc simravleTa simravle (f. brodeli) ..............................gv. 8
1.2. disciplinaruli sazogadoeba (miSel fuko) ............................................................. gv. 27
1.3. hiper-realuri Zalaufleba da zogadad `socialuris~
funqcionalurobis dakargvis riski ............................................................................................ gv. 47
1.4. sazogadoeba, rogorc mravalganzomilebiani socialuri veli da
simboluri nominacia .................................................................................................................................... gv. 69
I nawilis Sejameba ..................................................................................................................................... gv. 83
II nawili: Tanamedrove sazogadoebis asaxva sistemur-funqcionalur
TeoriebSi da Ria sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi ............................... gv. 85
2.1. sazogadoeba, rogorc komunikaciaTa erToblioba (n. lumani) ..................gv. 85
2.2. sazogadoeba, rogorc moqmedebis sistemis qvesistema .....................................gv. 104
2.3. Ria sazogadoeba da mis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi (j. sorosi) ............gv. 115
II nawilis Sejameba ....................................................................................................................................... gv. 141
daskvna ........................................................................................................................................................................ gv. 143
sqolio.. .........................................................................................................................................................................gv.146
gamoyenebuli literaturis sia ...................................................................................................... gv. 148
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sakiTxis dasma
sazogadoeba sociologiis cneba-qvakuTxedia. imTaviTve, rac
sociologia Camoyalibda damoukidebel disciplinad da gaTavisuflda
filosofiis zegavlenisagan, sazogadoebis cnebis gansazRvra da misi,
rogorc zesocialuri realobis analizi, iqca yvela sociologisaTvis
pirvel etapad misi mecnieruli Ziebisa. dRes ukve aRar kmayofildebian
sazogadoebis cnebis interpretaciisas adamianis martivi formulis
aRmoCeniT, ukve aRar SevxvdebiT iseT gaigivebebs, rogoric pirvel
sociologebs sCveodaT: `sazogadoeba esaa adamianTa erToblioba~,
`sazogadoeba esaa socialur jgufTa da masSi integrirebul individTa
Semomgarsveli realoba~ da a.S.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi gamoiyofa ramdenime mimdinareoba,
romelnic TavianTi specifikisa da kvlevis saganTan mimarTebaSi
ganixilaven sazogadoebas. magaliTad, e.w. kritikuli sociologia
(socialur cvlilebaTa Teoriebi, kritikuli konfliqtologia, memarcxene
radikaluri sociologia), fenomenologiuri sociologia, sociologia
kritikuli realizmisa, struqturul-funqcionaluri da struqturul-
sistemuri sociologia, mimarTebaTa sociologiuri koncefciebi,
socialuri koncefciebi industrialuri da postindustrialuri
sazogadoebisa, meTodologiuri sociologiuri koncefciebi, feminizmisa da
genderuli kvlevebis sociologia... aseve SeiZleba sociologiur TeoriaTa
klasifikacia nacionalur sociologiur skolaTa CarCoebSi: franguli
sociologia, germanuli sociologia, amerikuli sociologia, britanuli
sociologia.
Cveni naSromis mizania, ganixilos ara zogadad sazogadoebis Teoriebi,
aramed Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Teoria, masSi Zalauflebis danawilebisa
da individis Tavisuflebis xarisxi. garkveva imisa, Tu ramdenad daculia
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi individis e.w. ZiriTadi uflebebi, ramdenad
eZleva saSualeba individs, moaxdinos sakuTari unarebis Sesabamisad
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sakuTari pirovnebis realizeba, ramdenadaa sazogadoebis wevrebi
integrirebuli sazogadoebaSi, rameTu swored sazogadoebis wevrTa
integrirebis xarisxi gansazRvravs mocemuli sazogadoebis sijansaRes an
piriqiT, anomiurobas; azrovnebis romeli tipi dominirebs Cvens
Semomgarsvel realobaSi? xom araa konformizmis done imdenad maRali, rom
man individualizmis aRmofxvris safrTxis winaSe dagvayenos? rogoria
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi sistemaTSorisi mimarTebebi? romeli
sazogadoebrivi qvesistema dominirebs dRevandelobaSi da iZleva tons, anu
gansazRvravs `TamaSis wesebs~ (Tuki gavrcelebul gamoTqmas gamoviyenebT) _
politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli?
Cveni naSromi dayofilia or nawilad. pirvel nawilSi movaTavse
franguli socialuri azris warmomadgenlebi: fernan brodeli, miSel fuko
da Jan bodriari, aseve pier burdie. es gaerTianeba araa mxolod
nacionaluri skolisadmi mikuTvnebis niSniT nakarnaxevi. oTxive avtori
cdilobs Tavis ZiebaSi miakvlios da moxazos sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
socialuri ierarqiebi da maTi `gazomviT~ aCvenos, Tu ramdenad
egalitarulia Cveni Tanamedrove sazogadoeba. fuko da brodeli ikvleven
Sua saukuneebs, magram mxolod komparativistuli miznebiT. maT aqvT
Taviseburi, me vityodi, Zenonis stili, anu vice versa-s principiT
xelmZRvaneloben. isini ikvleven daxurul disciplinarul sazogadoebebs,
raTa maT fonze kargad gamoCndes rogoria, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogori
unda iyos maT sapirispirod Tanamedrove humanuri Ria sazogadoeba.
Jan bodriari da pier burdie yuradRebas amaxvileben Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi pirovnebis statusis gamoxatvis arsebul saSualebebze, rac
ZiriTadad simboluria, Tuki es xorcieldeba pirovnebaTa mxridan da ara
oficialuri nominaciis wyalobiT, romelsac axorcielebs sazogadoebrivi
instituciebi kargad aprobirebuli meTodebiT.
naSromis meore nawilSi Tavmoyrilia sistemuri funqcionalizmis ori
umniSvnelovanesi figura: niklas lumani da talkot parsonsi. niklas
lumanis sazogadoebrivi Teoria wina planze ayenebs sazogadoebaSi
arsebul Zalauflebriv urTierTobebs. Tumca lumanisaTvis Zalaufleba, es
araa iZulebis an Tundac marTvis saSualeba, igi komunikaciis saSualebaa,
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romelic imarTeba simbolurad generalizirebuli kodiT da miznad isaxavs
pirovnebaTa seleqciurobis gansazRvris safuZvelze maTi qcevebis
sazogadoebis harmoniulobis uzrunvelsayofad garkveul CarCoebSi
moqcevas, rac aramc da aramc ar niSnavs pirovnebaTa interesebis
ugulvebelyofas. parsonsi politikur sistemas miznis miRwevis funqcias
miawers, mis struqturul komponentebad koleqtivebs miiCnevs da misi
ganviTarebis procesis aspeqtebSi gamoyofs diferencias. meore nawili
naSromisa sruldeba jorj sorosis saintereso TeoriiT, romelic,
marTalia, mecnierulobaze pretenziis mqone araa, magram uaRresad
mniSvnelovania naSromSi ganxilul TemaTa azrobrivad SesakavSireblad da
dasasruleblad im logikuri jaWvisa, romlis aq ganviTarebasac vcdilob.
naSromis mizania Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis winaSe mdgari
orgvari riskis ganxilva. pirveli, esaa riski Zalauflebebis gadaWarbebisa,
rasac mivyavarT `daxurul sazogadoebamde~ (Tuki gamoviyenebT cnobil
termins karl poperisa, romlis erTguli mimdevaricaa Tavad sorosi).
meore riski ki mdgomareobs Zalauflebis funqcionalurobis dakargvaSi,
saxelmwifos xelidan usxlteba marTvis sadaveebi, bazari gankargavs
yovelives, ayalibebs axal RirebulebiT orientaciebs da vinaidan igi
(bazari) imTaviTve orientirebulia dagrovebaze da mogebaze, xSirad
demokratiis principebsac ki Ralatobs da aman, daxurul Tu ara yovel
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia migviyvanos qaosur, Tu sorosis sityvebiT
vityviT `dinamiuri uwonasworobis sazogadoebamde~, rac aseve
arasasurvelia.
Mmokled, mTels naSroms wiTel zolad gasdevs araanomiuri, jansaRi
sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis saWiro pirobebis mecnieruli analizi,
romelic mogvecema qvemoT naxsenebi avtorebis SromebSi: fernan brodeli,
miSel fuko, Jan bodriari, pier berdie, niklas lumani, talkot parsonsi,
jorj sorosi. SemdgomSi maTi Teoriebi SesaZloa safuZvlad daedos
empiriul kvlevasac, magaliTad, brodelisa da bodriariseuli nivTTa
sistemis meSveobiT mocemul sazogadoebaSi socialur ierarqiaTa mijnebis
Ziebis da gazomvis meTodi. sacxovris-interierTa Seswavlis safuZvelze
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pirovnebaTa habitusis gansazRvra, saofise interierTa SeswavliT
instituciebSi gavrcelebuli kliSeebis da Tundac qcevis wesebis amocnoba.
mocemul naSromSi sazogadoebis Semadgeneli elementebi erTian
planSia ganxiluli, radganac, rogorc ambobda Jan fransua meloni (1734 w.)
_ `sazogadoebis nawilTa Soris arsebobs imdenad mWidro kavSiri, rom
SeuZlebelia erT-erT maTgans dartyma mieyenos ise, rom man rikoSetiT ar
SesZras danarCenni~.... sazogadoebis calkeul elementTa ganxilvisas
viTvaliswineb ra fernan brodeliseul rekomendacias, vcdilob,
SevinarCuno cnobierebaSi `globaluri xedva~, anu yvelaferi warmovidgino
erTian aspeqtSi. swored brodeliseuli meTodis erTgulebam gansazRvra
naSromis pirveli Tavis fernan brodeliseuli sazogadoebrivi Teoriisadmi
daTmoba. amasTan brodelis sazogadoebrivi Teoria aris, rogorc Sesavali,
SemdgomSi zogadidan konkretulze gadasvlisaTvis. davubrundeT kvlav
zemoTqmuls: rodesac kulturis sistema ver axerxebs `nimuSis
kvlavwarmoebas~, xolo societaluri sazogadoeba integracias, politikuri
sistemis sazRvrebi maxinjad farTovdeba da es iwvevs misi sami socialuri
qvesistemis funqciebiT gadatvirTvis samwuxaro aucileblobas. rodesac
ekonomika adaftaciur funqcias SeuTavsebs `nimuSis kvlavwarmoebis~
funqcias, aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebis demoralizacia, eTikur
normaTa devalvacia, saxelmwifos Sesusteba, rac arcTu saxarbieloa im
fonze, roca ase boginebs terorizmi. dasavlur sazogadoebas da dasavlur
Rirebulebebs muqarad evlineba islamuri fundamentalizmi da sxva msgavsi
safrTxeebi... societaluri sazogadoeba rodesac ver uzrunvelyofs
individTa CarTvas, integracias da sazogadoebis wevrTa soliduri
raodenoba societalurad gaucxoebulia da apaTiuri, politikur sistemas
uWirs koleqtivebSi loialurobis uzrunvelyofa, riTac ferxdeba misi
ZiriTadi funqcia miznis miRwevisa. mokled, rodesac vlaparakobT
Tanamedrove tipis Ria `dasavlur~ sazogadoebaze, rogorc etalonze,
kargad unda gvesmodes, rom misi arsebobisa da funqcionirebisaTvis
saWiroa oTxive sazogadoebrivi qvesistemis stabiluroba (socialuri
sazogadoeba, fiduciaruli sazogadoeba, politikis da ekonomikis
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qvesistemebi) da maTi normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis
uzrunvelyofa.
zemoT CamoTvlili problemebi erTiandeba erT logikur jaWvSi, rasac
SeiZleba daerqvas aseTi saxeli _ Ria sazogadoeba da individis
Tavisufleba, rogorc moTxovna Tanamedroveobisa da amavdroulad misi
etaloni. yvela avtori, romelTac ganvixilav am naSromSi, TavianTi
Teoriuli Tu empiriuli kvlevebiT, igive mizans isaxavda _ epovaT
egalitaruli, Ria sazogadoebis funqcionirebis gasaRebi, Tundac misi
sapirispiro, disciplinaruli sazogadoebebis SeswavliT.
sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis prioriteti isaa, rom
sazogadoebaTa arsebuli tipebis swori Semecneba da analizi Semdgom
SeiZleba iqces socialuri inJineriisaTvis sasargeblo iaraRad
sazogadoebis dadebiTad gardaqmnisa da `rekonstruirebis~ saqmeSi, rac
ukamaTod misasalmebelia.
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nawili pirveli
sazogadoeba, sazogadoebrivi ierarqiebi da Zalauflebrivi mimarTebebi
/ me-20 saukunis franguli socialuri azri/
1.1. sazogadoeba, rogorc simravleTa simravle ( fernan brodeli)
Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi udidesi istorikosi, originaluri
moazrovne fernan brodeli daibada safrangeTis aRmosavleTiT 1902 w.
patara sofelSi. swavlobda parizSi, daamTavra volteris liceumi, Semdeg
sorboni. 1923 wels miiRo istoriul mecnierebaTa agreJes wodeba, Semdgom
aswavlida alJirSi, parizSi, san-pauloSi. 1937 w. daniSnul iqna umaRlesi
gamokvlevebis praqtikul skolaSi. f. brodeli meore msoflio omis
dawyebisTanave aRmoCnda frontze. franguli armiis kraxisas igi tyved
Cavarda da 1940-1945 ww. imyofeboda samxedro tyveTa banakebSi,
Tavdapirvelad maincSi, xolo Semdeg _ liubekSi. imyofeboda ra banakSi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar hqonda xelT Sesaferisi masala, is flobda ra
fenomenalur mexsierebas, muSaobda bevrs, erTimeoris miyolebiT avsebda
saskolo rveulebs da agzavnida maT lusien fevrTan. swored amgvarad
moamzada kvleva `xmelTaSua zRva da xmelTaSuazRvispireTi filip II-is
epoqaSi~. man am Temaze disertacia daicva 1947 w. (nayofi ocwliani Sromisa),
Tavad es wigni gamoica 1949 w. 1946 wels f. brodeli xdeba erT-erTi
direqtorTagani mark blokis da lusien fevris mier Seqmnili Jurnalisa
`analebi~ da am istoriografiuli mimdinareobis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
lideri. brodeli 1949 wlidan gvevlineba `Tanamedrove civilizaciebis~
kaTedris gamged kolej de-fransSi. 1956 w. mas irCeven umaRlesi kvlevebis
praqtikuli skolis VI seqtoris prezidentad, sadac igi did Zalisxmevas
moaxmars disciplinaTSorisi kavSirebis problemis gadaWras, sxva
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socialur mecnierebaTa istoriis dialogis sakiTxs da a.S. 1962 wels f.
brodeli xdeba adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa saxlis mTavari
administratori. igi iyo araerTi samecniero kvlevis organizatori; misma
mravalmxrivma moRvaweobam saerTaSoriso aRiareba moipova. mas mieniWa
sapatio doqtoris wodeba briuselis, oqsfordis, kembrijis, madridis,
Jenevis, londonis, Cikagos, florenciis, san-paulos, paduisa da edinburgis
universitetebisagan.
fernan brodelis yvelaze fundamenturi naSromia `materialuri
civilizacia, ekonomika da kapitalizmi, XV-XVIII s.s.~, esaa trilogia,
umsxvilesi wvlili, Setanili sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi. `materialuri
civilizaciis~ kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens XV-dan XVIII-mde mTelis
msoflio istoria, aq saxezea mcdeloba erTian planSi iyos ganxiluli
sazogadoebis yvela seqtori.
am naSromSi fernan brodeli warmogvidgeba ara mxolod, rogorc
istorikosi, aramed aseve rogorc sociologi. misi gacxovelebuli
interesis sagania sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa urTierTganmsWvalvis da
urTierTgadakveTis sakiTxi. brodels miaCnia, rom istoria, am sityvis
namdvili gagebiT, unda iTavsebdes sociologiis funqciebsac, anu igi
sazogadoebas unda akvirdebodes ara marto droSi fiqsirebul faqtTa
qronologiuri aRricxviT, aramed sazogadoebaTa SemecnebiT da masSi
mimdinare movlenaTa kanonzomierebis aRmoCeniTa da axsniT.
mocemul naSromSi f. brodeli ganixilavs sazogadoebis cnebas, misi
rogorc `simravleTa simravlis~ raobas. ikvlevs sazogadoebis Semadgenel
ierarqiebs, sazodaoebaSi ierarqiaTa Soris Zalauflebis danawilebis
meqanizmsa da xasiaTs, socialur mobilobas, saxelmwifos, rogorc
politikuri sistemis umniSvnelovanes figuras. igi cdilobs amaTuim
sazogadoebaSi nivTTa sistemis kvleviT, ufro zustad, arqiteqturis,
interierebis, Cacmis stilis (modis) da a.S. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
socialuri uTanasworobis ilustrirebas. SesaZloa Jan bodriariseuli
manera, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis nivTTa sistemaSi aRmoCenisa, swored
brodelisgan iyos aRebuli, vinaidan brodeli misi (bodriaris)
Tanamemamule da ufrosi Taobis saocrad moduri moazrovne iyo.
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radganac brodeli sazogadoebas dayofs ierarqiebad da ganixilavs mas
mTlianobaSi, rogorc `simravleTa simravles~, rogorc sociologi, igi
albaT ufro struqturalistia.
brodeli miiCnevs, rom sazogadoeba Cveni Semomgarsvelia, igi axdens
Cveni cxovrebis orientirebas Tavisi yovelganmyofi realobiT, romelsac
Cven SevigrZnobT ara naklebad, vidre haers, romliTac vsunTqavT.
axalgazrda marqsi werda: `swored sazogadoeba azrovnebs CemSi~. brodeli
svams SekiTxvas, istorikosi brmad xom ar miendoba xilvadobas (видимости),
rodesac Tavis winaSe retrospeqtiulad ganixilavs mxolod individebs,
romelTa pasuxismgeblobis awonva mas ZaluZs Tavisi SexedulebiT.
brodelis mosazrebiT, mkvlevaris amocanaa, ara `adamianis~ martivi
formulis aRmoCena, riTac araerTxel borotad usargebliaT, aramed
sxvadasxva sididis socialuri jgufebis amocnoba, romelnic uklebliv
yvelani urTierTkavSirSi imyofebian.
lusien fevri swuxda, rom filosofosebma gamoigones ra termini
`sociologia~, waritaces is erTaderTi saxelwodeba, romelic rogorc mas
es esaxeboda _ WeSmaritad miesadageboda istorias. eWvgareSea, aRiarebs
brodeli, rom sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa mTeli erTobliobisTvis emil
diurkheimis (1896w) Sromebis gamoCeniT sociologiam moaxdina
kopernikiseuli anda galileoseburi masStabis revolucia, Secvala
midgoma paradigmebisadmi, da es Sedegebi dResac SegrZnebadia. maSin anri
berri miesalmeboda mis gamoCenas da aRiqvamda amas `zogadi ideebisadmi~
dabrunebad pozitivizmis mravali mZime wlis Semdgom; `man (sociologiam)
kvlav Seiyvana filosofia istoriaSi~. Tumca brodeli Tvlis, rom
sociologiaSi Warbobs ra zedmetad miswrafeba zogadi ideebisadmi, igi
ganicdis naklebobas istoriis SegrZnebisa, rac sociologias minusad unda
CaeTvalos. istoria es is realobaa, romlidanac sazogadoebas rigianad
ver SevimecnebT. brodeli ambobs, maSin roca arsebobs istoriuli
ekonomika, ratom ara gvaqvs istoriuli sociologia? Tavisive dasmul
SekiTxvas Tavadve pasuxobs, aSkaraao aseTi ar-yofnis mizezebi: `pirvel
yovlisa, ekonomikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic raRacgvarad aris
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mecniereba, sociologia kargad ver axerxebs Tavisi sagnis gansazRvrisas _
`ra aris sazogadoeba~ 1( Бродель Ф.1986: 460)
brodelis azriT, JorJ gureviCis gardacvalebasTan erTad (1965w) am
SekiTxvas ukve aRarc ki svamen, Tumca misi interpretaciebic imTaviTve
cudad esadageboda imas, rac, vTqvaT, istorikoss sruliad
daakmayofilebda. gureviCis `globaluri sazogadoeba~ warmogvidgeba
rogorc raRac saerTo garsi socialurisa, iseTive Txeli, rogorc minis
xufi, gamWvirvale da sifrifana. istorikosisaTvis, ambobs brodeli,
romelic mWidrodaa mijaWvuli konkretuls, globaluri sazogadoeba
SeiZleba iyos mxolod jami cocxali realobebisa, romlebic erTmaneTTan
arian an ar arian dakavSirebulni, ara erTi saTavsi, aramed ramdenime
saTavsi da ramdenime saxeoba `moTavsebadTa~.
swored am wesis midevnebiT gadawyvets brodeli, rom sazogadoebaze
umjobesia laparaki, rogorc `simravleTa simravleze~ /ensemble des ensembles/,
rogorc srul jamze yvela faqtisa, rasac ki istorikosebi Seexebian
TavianTi kvlevebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. es niSnavs, maTematikosebisagan
visesxoT iseTi moxerxebuli cneba simravlisa, romelsac Tavad isini
eridebian. termini `simravleTa simravle~ warmoadgens sasargeblo
Sexsenebas imisa, rom nebismieri socialuri realoba, dakvirvebadi
TavisTavad, imyofeba ufro maRali simravlis CarCoebSi. aris ra nakrebi
cvalebad sidideTa, is gulisxmobs cvladTa sxva nakrebsac, romelic ufro
masStaburni arian. brodeli ixsenebs luos mdivnis Jan-fransua melonis
naTqvams (1734w), _ `sazogadoebis nawilTa Soris arsebobs imdenad mWidro
kavSiri, rom SeuZlebelia erT-erT maTgans dartyma mieyenos ise, rom man
rikoSetiT ar SesZras danarCenni~...
cxadia, praqtikulad aseTi globaluroba unda danawevrdes
simravleebze, ris Sedegadac sazogadoeba damkvirveblisaTvis gaxdeba
ufro moxelTebadi. sxvagvarad rogorRa moverioT am uzarmazar masas? i.
Sumpeteri werda _ `mkvlevari Tavisi maklasificirebeli sazomiT
ekonomikur faqtebs xelovnuri gziT amorTavs sazogadoebis erTiani didi
niaRvridan~. romelime sxva mkvlevari, aseve Tavisi arCevanis Sesatyvisad
amorTavs politikur realobas, anda kulturas. j.m. trevelians, SeniSnavs
12
brodeli, Tavis udaod brwyinvale naSromSi `inglisis socialuri
istoria~, am saxelwodebis qveS nagulisxmevi hqonda `istoria xalxisa
gankerZoebiT politikisagan~, TiTqosda SesaZlebeli iyo imgvari dayofa,
romelic gamoyofda saxelmwifos, pirvel rigSi socialur realobas
Tavisi arsiT, misi Tanamdevi danarCeni realobebisagan. Tumca ar moiZieba
istorikosi, ekonomisti Tu sociologi, romlebsac ar ucdiaT amgvari
tipis dayofa, Tumca imTaviTve yvela es mcdeloba iyo xelovnuri. aviRoT
marqsiseuli bazisi _ zednaSeni Tundac... Cven, aRniSnavs brodeli,
vsaubrobT axsnis, sazogadoebis ama Tu im realiaTa wvdomis saSualebebze,
da aq, mTavaria, gvaZleven Tu ara isini problemis gagebis SesaZleblobas.
da gana ase ar iqceoda nebismieri sazogadoebrivi mecniereba,
moxazavda ra da gamoacalkavebda amiT Tavisi kvlevis sferos? igi
imTaviTve realobas dayofda nawilebad, xelmZRvanelobda ra am dros
sistematizaciis suliT da amasTan aucileblobiTac. romeli Cvengani araa
raimeze dabadebidanve specilizirebuli sakuTari unarebis anda
midrekilebebis zegavleniT? principSi, orive ganmazogadoebeli
mecnierebani _ istoria da sociologia _ daiyofian dargobriv
disciplinebad: Sromis sociologia, ekonomikis sociologia, politikis
sociologia, Semecnebis sociologia da a.S. politikis istoria, ekonomikis
istoria, socialuri istoria, xelovnebis istoria, ideaTa, mecnierebis
istoria, teqnikisa da a.S.
amrigad, im didi simravlis SigniT, romelsac ayalibebs sazogadoeba,
Cvens mier nawarmoebi dayofis safuZvelze yvelasTvis kargad cnobil
qvesimravleTa gamoyofa brodels ratomRac warmoudgeba banalurad. es
qvesimravleebia ekonomika, socialuri ierarqia, gnebavT socialuri
CarCoebi, politika, kultura. TiToeuli am qvesimravleTagani Tavis mxriv
daiyofa Semadgenel cvalebad nawilebad imave wesiT.
mocemuli sqemis gaTvaliswinebiT globaluri istoria (ufro zustad
Tu vityviT, `maglobalizirebeli~, anu survilis mqone gaxdes sayovelTao,
mudam mosurne amisa, magram ara SesaZleblobis mqone!) unda Seiswavlides,
sul mcire, oTx sistemas mainc, rogorc apriori, aseve maT Soris arsebul
damokidebulebebs, urTierTmimarTebebs, maT Soris arsebul
13
urTierTgacvlis process Tavisi mravalricxvovani korelaciebiT da
cvalebadi sidideebiT, rac axasiaTebs TiToeul jgufs, cvlads... brodels
kargad esmis, rom miuRweveli idealia yvelafris erTian planSi da erTian
moZraobaSi warmodgena. is rekomendaciis saxiT gvTavazobs meTods,
davyofT ra realobas mecnieruli kvlevis praqtikuli miznebiT,
cnobierebaSi mainc SevinarCunoT globaluri xedva _ es uciloblad Tavs
gamoaaSkaravebs interpretirebisas. aseTi meTodi aris saSualeba
erTianobis kvlavwarmoebisa da igi mudam xels Segviwyobs ar virwmunoT
sazogadoebis moCvenebiTi simartive, ar visargebloT gasavliani
formulirebiT: fenobrivi sazogadoeba, klasobrivi sazogadoeba, anda
momxmarebluri sazogadoeba, _ Cven SevZlebT Tavi avaridoT im zogad
Sefasebebs, romelsac es formulirebani gvaxveven Tavs da Sesabamisad aRar
virwmunoT moxerxebuli, magram arazusti homologiebi: vaWari udris
burJuazs, anda vaWrebi udrian kapitalistebs, ankidev, aristokratebi
udrian miwis mesakuTreebs. Cven ukve aRar vilaparakebT Tavadaznaurobaze
anda burJuaziaze ise, TiTqosda es sityvebi Seucdomlad gansazRvravdnen
kargad moxazul simravleebs, ise, TiTqosda iolad gansxvavebadi sazRvrebi
dayofdnen amaTuim kategoriebs, anda klasebs, maSin rodesac sinamdvileSi
es sazRvrebi, iseve rogorc wyali, aris `dinebadi~ (e.i. moZravi da
cvalebadi).
brodeli xazgasmiT ambobs, _ ufro metic, mniSvnelovania ara aprioris
warmosaxva, TiTqosda romeliRac seqtors ZaluZs erTxel da samudamod
upiratesobis mopoveba romeliRac sxvaze an yvela danarCenze erTad.
mTavaria, rom ar virwmunoT ukamaTo da mudmivi upiratesoba politikuri
istoriisa, saxelmwifos wmindaTawminda prioritetis. ganviTarebuli
movlenebis ZaliT saxelmwifos, aRniSnavs brodeli, SeeZlo ganesazRvra
yvelaferi anda ar gamoewvia, saerTod, aranairi Sedegebi. brodeli swuxs,
rom pol adani Tavis xelnawerSi `safrangeTis istoria~ amtkicebs,
TiTqosda mis wignSi xmelTaSuazRvispireTze aSkaraa filip II-is
politikuri rolis damTrgunavi upiratesoba. brodeli Tvlis, rom,
amrigad, pol adani sakuTar xedvas axvevs Tavs mkiTxvels. sinamdvileSi ki
14
sxvadasxva seqtorebi, jgufebi, sistemebi ar wyvetdnen urTierTSoris
TamaSs globaluri sazogadoebis SigniT moZravad darCenil ierarqiebSi.
evropa brodels warmoudgeba Tavisebur msoflio centrad da miaCnia,
rom aq yvela socialuri mobiloba Cans ukeT da gamokveTilad, vidre
romelime sxva regionSi. XI saukunidan dawyebuli da gansakuTrebiT XV
saukuneSi aq ekonomikuri seqtori dawinaurda, ramac gansazRvra misi
sazogadoebrivi piramidis mwvervalze yofna. ekonomikuri seqtori XV
saukunis evropaSi aiZulebda sxva danarCenT, gansazRvruliyvnen masTan
mimarTebaSi, an wesebs is Tavadve karnaxobda da swored es daedo
safuZvlad evropis kontinentis aseT adreul gaTanamedrovebas. magram
araswori iqneboda ekonomikuri startis aRniSnul aswleulamde misi
rolis ugulvebelyofa. brodeli ixsenebs 1622 w. erTi frangi
pamfletistis naTqvams: `nebismieri qalaqi, respublika Tu samefo arsebobs
upiratesad xorbliT, RviniT, xorciTa da tyiT~. Aseve, arasworia gverdis
avla sxva sazogadoebrivi seqtorebis mniSvnelovnebisadmi. nebismier
sazogadoebaSi, brodelis TqmiT, aris Zalebi, romelnic amuxruWeben
progress, drodadro iwveven regressac ki da maTi gaTvaliswinebac
mocemuli sazogadoebis Seswavlisas, arsebiTia. nebismieri sazogadoeba,
ambobs igi, ganimsWvaleboda ukuzemoqmedebis mqone nakadebiT, eseni iyvnen
jiuti winaRobebi, warsulis dromoWmuli gadmonaSTebi, isini xergavdnen
gzebs, isini warmoadgendnen TvisiT `xangrZliv~ struqturebs... es
istoriuli struqturebi iyvnen garkveulwilad gazomvadni, sazomad ki
gvevlineboda maTi arsebobis xangrZlivoba.
fransua furke, Tavis mcire polemikur da konstruqciul wignSi am
Sejaxebebs sxvagvari eniT daiyvans konfliqtamde `survilsa~ da
`SesaZleblobas~ Soris.
erTis mxriv, aris individi, romelic xelmZRvanelobs ara Tavisi
moTxovnilebebiT, aramed survilebiT. igi emgvaneba eleqtroobiT damuxtul
moZrav masas; meores mxriv, ganTavsebulia Zalauflebis represiuli
aparati, ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, Tu rogoria es Zalaufleba _ igi mxars
uWers wesrigs, wonasworobas da sazogadoebis `efeqturobas~.
15
Sua saukuneebidan XVIII saukunemde, aRniSnavs brodeli, swored am
mravalricxovan konfliqtSi myof ZalTa nakadSi ibadeba `axali ekonomika~,
romelic gaxda katalizatori kapitalizmisaTvis, romelic rogorc
procesi, TavisTavad iyo neli. brodels miaCnia, rom kvlevisaTvis
saintereso swored is SewinaaRmdegebebi da winaRobania, romelsac igi
awydeboda Tavis gzaze....
brodeli Tavis sazogadoebriv TeoriaSi Semoitans socialuri
ierarqiebis cnebas da ambobs: mxolobiT Tu mravlobiT ricxvSi
sityvaTSenaerTi `socialuri ierarqia~ aRniSnavs banalur, magram
imavdroulad umniSvnelovanes Semcvlelobas sityvisa `sazogadoeba~,
romelic aq, Cveni Txrobis moxerxebulobisaTvis, aris umaRles rangSi
ayvanili. brodeli amjobinebs saubars ierarqiebze da ara socialur
stratebze, kategoriebze, anda Tundac klasebze. Tumca gansazRvruli
zomis nebismieri sazogadoeba iqoniebs Tavis stratebs, Tavis kategoriebs,
Tundac Tavis kastebs da Tavis klasebs, _ am ukanasknelT
obieqtivizirebuli saxiT, anda `obieqtivizirebulobis~ gareSe, anu
cnobierebis mier SegrZnebadad. brodeli eTanxmeba JorJ gureviCs, roca es
ukanaskneli acxadebs, rom aucilebelia klasobrivi brZolis jerovani
gaazreba. industriamdel sazogadoebaSi, gureviCis azriT, sazogadoebis
gamsWvalav e.w. `winaaRmdegobaTa~ nakadebs ar uwevdnen angariSs da amiT
ziani miadga istoriul Semecnebas.
alen turenic yuradRebis miRma ar tovebda `klasobriv konfliqtebs~
da ambobda, rom `nebismieri sazogadoeba, romelSic warmoebs moxmarebidan
produqtis amoReba da dagroveba, Tavis TavSi faravs klasobriv
konfliqtebs, anu yvela sazogadoeba, gamonaklisis gareSe~.
magram davubrundeT cnebas, romelsac brodeli aniWebs upiratesobas, _
cnebas `ierarqia~. arc erTi sazogadoeba adamianTa dasaxlebis maRali
simWidroviT ar ganviTarebula horizontalurad, rogorc sazogadoeba
TanasworTa. yvela isini aSkarad ierarqizirebulni iyvnen. portugalieli
pirvelaRmomCenebis gakvirvebas ar qonda sazRvari, roca 1446w. atlantis
okeanis sanapiroze, saharis velze qabu-dureskatis koncxTan da mimdebare
adgilebSi, rodesac isini kontaqtSi Sevidnen mcirericxovan berberebis
16
tomebTan (Savi monebis da oqros qviSis yidvisas) da aRmoaCines, rom am
ukanasknelT ar yavdaT mefe. TumcaRa, ambobs brodeli, Tuki axlodan
davakvirdebodiT, isini awarmoebdnen klanebs, klanebs ki yavdaT TavianTi
meTaurebi. taivanis pirvelyofili xalxebi (formozebi) 1630w. holandielebs
aocebdnen aranakleb. maT ar yavdaT arc mefe, arc xelmwife. magram isini
mudmivad omobdnen, anu erTi sofeli _ meoresTan. da gana sofeli es
dajgufeba, korporacia araa? Tundac sazogadoeba utopistebisa, romelic
konstruirebulia warmosaxvaSi realuris sapirispirod, Cveulebriv
ierarqizirebulad rCeba. olimpos mTaze berZen RmerTTa sazogadoebac
gaxldaT ierarqiuli. aqedan askvnis brodeli, rom ar arsebobs
sazogadoeba karkasis, struqturis gareSe.
Cveni dRevandeli sazogadoeba, rogoric ar unda iyos misi politikuri
sistema, brodelis TqmiT, ara metad egalitarulia, vidre sazogadoebani
gardasul droTa. ubralod mkveTrad gamoxatulma privilegiam dakarga
raRac wili Tavisi miamituri simartivisa. warsulSi ki, fenobriv
sazogadoebaSi, sakuTari rangis garegnulad gamomxatveli niSnebis
erTguleba iyo Rirsebis sakiTxi, Taviseburi `keTilSobileba~. sasacilod
Canda da gakicxvis sagnad iqceoda mxolod is, vinc sajarod gamohfenda
Tavisi socialuri rangisaTvis Seusabamo atributebs.
brodeli RimiliT ixsenebs XVIII saukunis erT-erT proJekts, romelic
daiwera deklasirebisa da xarjTa umizno flangvis sawinaaRmdegod: `dae
safrangeTis mefem ubrZanos princebs, hercogebs, titulovan pirebs da maT
meuRleebs _ ataron cisferi arSia, iseTive rogorsac atareben maltiis da
wminda lazares ordenis wevrebi. danarCen didgvarovnebs _ wiTeli arSia.
Ddae, yvela oficeri, serJanti da jariskaci mudam atarebdes uniformas.
Ddae, livrea iyos savaldebulo momsaxureTaTvis, maT Soris
kamerdinerebisa da saxliskacebisaTvis. maT unda aekrZaloT Sliapis kideze
broSebis, oqrosa an vercxlis samSvenisebis mimagreba. es iqneba idealuri
gadawyvetileba, romelic gaakontrolebs xarjebs fufunebis sagnebze da
mdabio xalxTaTvis gaxdis SeuZlebels ama qveynis ZlierTa Soris garevas~
2 (Бродель Ф.1998: 465).
17
realurad ki, rac xels uSlida amgvar `aRrevas~, iyo ara msgavsi
gulubryvilo proJeqti, aramed erTis mxriv _ simdidre, fufuneba,
Zalaufleba, avtoriteti, meores mxriv, siRatake, morCileba. brodels
magaliTad moyavs 1776w. erTi italiuri teqsti, romelSic weria:
`kacobriobis erTi nawili eqvemdebareba iseT uxeS mopyrobas, rom lamisaa
suli amoxdes, da es imitom raTa meore nawili gamoZRes imgvarad, rom
gaskdomis piras iyos~.
brodeli xazs usvams, rom ierarqiuli wyoba arasodes araa martivi.
nebismieri sazogadoeba esaa mravalferovneba, mravalsaxeoba. igi daiyofa
Tavisi Tavis sapirispirod, rac aris Tavad misi arsi.
brodels magaliTad moaqvs e.w. `feodaluri~ sazogadoeba,
romlisTvisac imTaviTve maxasiaTebeli pluralizmis aRiareba marqsist da
`momarqsisto~ istorikosebsa da ekonomistebsac ki mouwiaT. brodeli
acxadebs, rom mark blokisa da lusien fevris darad, termin
`feodalizmis~ mimarT is ganicdis garkveul alergias. es ariso
neologizmi (feodum-feod) warmoSobili vulgaruli laTinuridan. igi
pretendirebs Tavis CarCoebSi moicvas mTeli evropuli sazogadoeba XI-XV
saukuneebis masStabiT. es iseTive araswori saxeldebaa, rogoric XVI-dan
XX saukuneebamde mTeli epoqebis moniSvna terminiT `kapitalizmi~. magram
brodeli amjobinebs SeeSvas am kamaTs da gadadis dasabuTebaze. is Tanaxmaa
pirobiTad gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc gasavliani formula e.w. feodalizmi
evropis socialuri istoriis (Tundac) am didi etapis aRsaniSnavad. es
mosaxerxebeli iarliyia, acxadebs igi, magram Cven aseTive warmatebiT
SegveZlo gvelaparaka `evropa A~-ze, aRvniSnavdiT ra, Semdgom etaps
`evropa B~-Ti... da nebismier SemTxvevaSi A da B etapebs Soris unda
aRgveniSna is movlena, rasac orma cnobilma istorikosma uwoda `namdvili
aRorZineba~ (X-XIII sauk. Soris).
brodelis azriT, feodaluri sazogadoebis saukeTeso aRwerad dRemde
rCeba JorJ gureviCis mcire monaxazi, romelic daiwera mark blokis
SesaniSnavi wignis yuradRebiT wakiTxvis Semdeg. aq gureviCi Taviseburad
aviTarebs blokis azrebs. es `feodaluri~ sazogadoeba, formirebuli
saukuneebis niaRvrebiT, ngreviT, SenebiT, iyo forma sul mcire 5
18
sazogadoebis, 5 sxvadasxva ierarqiis Tanaarsebobisa. yvelaze Zveli,
saZirkvelSi myofi da Semdgom nangrevebSi moyolili, gaxldaT
`senioraluri sazogadoeba~ (1). misi saTaveebi saukuneTa burusSi ikargeba.
man Tavis ujredebSi daajgufa seniorebi da maTTvis axlobeli glexebi.
naklebad Zveli, magram Tavisi fesvebiT aseve Sors mimavali, _ Tavad romis
imperiamde da sulieri wyaroebiT ufro Rrma, gaxldaT `Teokratiuli
sazogadoeba~ (2), romelic romis eklesiam aaSena didi ZalisxmeviTa da
SeupovrobiT, rameTu mas ara mxolod `dapyroba~ esaWiroeboda, aramed
sakuTar adeptTa SenarCuneba, anu maTi xelaxla usasrulod daufleba.
adreuli evropis namati produqtis umniSvnelovanesi wili midioda am
uzarmazari da grandiozuli dawesebulebis Senaxvaze: taZrebi, eklesiebi,
monastrebi, saeklesio rentebi... ra iyo es? kapitaldabandeba Tu flangva?
mesame sistema: teritorialuri saxelmwifos irgvliv organizirda ufro
axalgazrda sazogadoeba, romelic sxvaTa wiaRSi aRmocenda da maTSive
eZiebda sayrdens. ukanasknel karolingTa dros saxelmwifom ganicada
kraxi, magram rogorc es xSirad xdeba, aRniSnavs brodeli, rRveva ar iyo
totaluri.... meoTxe subieqti: feodaluri wyoba am sityvis zusti
mniSvnelobiT! myari zednaSeni, mswrafvi socialuri struqturis
mwvervalisaken safexurebiT; SenarCunebuli saxelmwifos Sesustebis
wyalobiT, zednaSeni, gamaerTianebeli seniorebisa grZel ierarqiul jaWvSi,
romelic eswrafeboda am ierarqiaze dayrdnobiT yovelives SenarCunebas,
yvelafris marTvas. Tumca eklesia ar iqneba sistemis ujredebiT mTlianad
dapyrobili, saxelmwifoc erT mSvenier dRes gawyvets am qsels. xolo rac
Seexeba glexs, is nawilobriv axerxebs zemoT mimdinare aJiotaJisagan
gankerZoebiT arsebobas da bolos, mexuTe da ukanaskneli sistema, romelic
brodelis SexedulebiT aris yvelaze umTavresi _ qalaqebi. isini
aRmocendnen, an yovel SemTxvevaSi xelaxla gamoCndnen X-XI sauk. isini
gvevlinebian, rogorc gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebuli
sazogadoebani, gansakuTrebuli civilizaciebi, gansakuTrebuli ekonomikebi.
qalaqni iyvnen pirmSoni Soreuli warsulisa, maTSi nawilobriv cocxldeba
romi, Tumca isini awmyos ekuTvnodnen, rac swored rom uzrunvelyofda maT
ayvavebas. qalaqi, es iyo pirveli realuri Sedegi Sromis racionaluri
19
danawilebisa sofelsa da qalaqs Soris; Sedegi vaWrobis aRorZinebisa,
keTilsasurveli koniunqtiuris, Sedegi monetis kvlav brunvaSi CarTvisa.
monetis meoxebiT TiTqos eleqtro-Zabva aRmocenda, romelic bizantiidan
da islamis qveynebidan ukidegano sivrcis gavliT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis
meSveobiT gavrcelda mTels dasavleTSi. SemdgomSi mTeli zRva gaxdeba
qristianuli da iwyeba axali aRmasvla, gardaqmna mTeli Zveli evropisa...
amrigad, ajamebs brodeli, ramdenime sazogadoeba erTdroulad
Tanaarsebobda da, avad Tu kargad, eyrdnoboda erTmaneTs. saqme gvqonda ara
erT, aramed ramodenime sistemasTan, ara erT, aramed ramdenime ierarqiasTan,
fenebTan, warmoebis saSualebebTan, mraval kulturasTan, Tavad
cnobierebac ki ar iyo erT egzemplarad, erTian qvabSi ixarSeboda da
urTierTqmedebda sxvadasxva erebi, enebi, cxovrebis sxvadasxva wesi...
brodeli gvTavazobs yvelafris mravlobiT ricxvSi gadayvanas!
JorJ gureviCi, brodelis TqmiT, mxolod erT sakiTxSi aviTarebda
mcdar azrs: misi SexedulebiT, es 5 sazogadoeba, moniSnuli terminiT
`feodaluri~ iyo antinomiuri, erTmaneTisadmi ucxo. rom TiTqos erTis
sazRvrebidan gasvla, sicarieleSi Sebijebas udrida.
realurad, miiCnevs brodeli, es sazogadoebani iyvnen Tanadroulni,
gadaizrdebodnen urTierTSi, gulisxmobdnen gansazRvruli kavSirebis
saxeze yofnas! qalaq-saxelmwifoebi TavianT mosaxleobas aiyvandnen im
senioraluri miwebidan da soflebidan, romlebic maT gars akravda,
miierTebdnen ara mxolod glexebs, aramed seniorebsac, ufro zustad,
seniorTa jgufebs, romelnic qalaqSi migrirebis Semdgom aq klanur
qselebs ayalibebdnen. eklesiis SuagulSi (centrSi) myofi papoba
urTierTobda sienis bankirebTan, avalebda ra mas gadasaxadebis akrefas,
romelic mas qristianuli mrevlisgan amohqonda. inglisis samefo
xelisufleba eduard I-is saxiT mimarTavda kreditorebs lukSi, xolo
Semdgom florenciaSi. seniorebma Zalian swrafad daiwyes xorblisa da
sxva saqonlis gayidva, Tumca saWiro iyo, rom es yvelaferi maTgan vaWrebs
SeeZinaT. rac Seexeba qalaqebs, isini axali drois prototipebi iyvnen da
gvevlinebian Tanamedrove saxelmwifos da nacionaluri ekonomikis Sobis
wanamZRvrad.
20
brodeli aRniSnavs yovelive zemo Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
nebismieri sazogadoeba, anda subsazogadoeba, socialuri jgufi, dawyebuli
ojaxidan, iqoniebda sakuTar ierarqias: eklesia iseve, rogorc
teritorialuri saxelmwifo, savaWro qalaqi Tavisi patriciebiT iseve,
rogorc feodaluri sazogadoeba, romelic saerTodac iyo mxolod
ierarqiuli struqtura, rogorc senioraluri reJimi _ erTis mxriv
senioriT da meores mxriv glexiT. brodeli svams SekiTxvas, gana Sinaganad
urTierTdakavSirebuli globaluri sazogadoeba ar warmoadgens ierarqias,
romelmac SeZlo Tavi moexvia mTeli erTobliobisaTvis?...
brodeli amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rom Tuki sazogadoebis erTobliobas
SevxedavT zemodan, Tavdapirvelad TvalSi gvecema ara subkategoriebi,
aramed imTaviTve arsebuli uTanasworoba, romelic dayofs masas zemodan
qvemoT Zalauflebis da simdidris moculobis Sesatyvisad. nebismieri
dakvirveba aaSkaravebs am Sinagan uTanasworobas, romelic iyo mudmivi
kanoni TiToeuli sazogadoebisa. rogorc aRiareben sociologebi, esaa
struqturuli kanoni, romelmac ar icis gamonaklisi.
brodeli ambobs, rasac Cven imTaviTve vxedavT piramidis mwvervalze,
esaa privilegirebulTa mcire jgufi. Cveulebriv am pawawina jgufisaken
miedineba yvelaferi: maT ekuTvniT Zalaufleba, namati produqtis
umniSvnelovanesi wili; maT xelSia ufleba marTvisa, xelmZRvanelobisa,
Taosnobisa, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa; isini uzrunvelyofen
kapitaldabandebis da Sesabamisad warmoebis process. simdidre da
momsaxurebis sxvadasxva servisi, fulis nakadi maTken miedineba. maT qveS
ganlagebulia ekonomikis agentTa mravalsarTuliani simravle, sxvadasxva
rangis moxeleebi, marTulTa masa. xolo yvelaze qvemoT ki _ uzarmazari
jgro socialur narCenTa umuSevari samyaro.
cxadia, socialuri poziciebis kartebi rigdeboda ara
erTxeldasamudamod, magram xelaxali Camorigeba iyo iSviaTi da mudam
mwiri. adamianebi drodadro gamZafrebiT Seutevdnen socialuri ierarqiis
zemoTa safexurebs, magram arsebiT cvlilebebs `ewireboda~ Cveulebriv
ramdenime Taoba. xSirad, axal poziciebze, isini verc axerxebdnen
mdgomareobis SenarCunebas. socialuri brZola, brodelis azriT (da es
21
albaT sruli WeSmaritebaa), arsebobda mudmivad da grZeldeba dRemde, iseve
rogorc arseboben cocxali sazogadoebani maTi privilegiebis SkaliT da
Zalauflebis saWeebiT.
brodels aocebs privilegirebulTa mcirericxvovneba, radganac araerTxel
saxeze iyo socialuri progresi. privilegirebulTa mcire jgufi xom namat
produqtze iyo damokidebuli, risi meSveobiTac maT gankargulebaSi
gaxldaT araprivilegirebulTa Sroma da Sesabamisad am namati produqtis
gazrdas TiTqos unda gamoewvia maTi ricxobrivi gafarToeba. magram es
TiTqmis arasodes momxdara, rac dResaa, is iyo warsulSic. saxalxo
frontis lozungis Tanaxmad 1936w. safrangeTi sul mTlianad `200 ojaxze~
iyo damokidebuli, romelnic gamokveTilad ar Candnen, magram iyvnen
yovlisSemZleni. es politikuri lozungi iolad iwvevda Rimils. magram
erTi saukuniT adre adolf tieri werda emociebSi Cavardnis gareSe: `...iseT
saxelmwifoSi, rogoric safrangeTia, cnobilia, rom 12 milion ojaxze....
arsebobs ori an sami aseuli ojaxi, romelic simdidris mflobelia~. da
kidev aswleuliT adre aseTive gulmodgine momxre arsebuli socialuri
wesrigisa (iseve, rogorc tieri) Jan-fransua meloni xsnida, rom `naciis
fufuneba SezRudulia aTasi adamianiT SedarebiT danarCen 20 milionTan,
romelnic aranakleb bednierni arian... roca keTili policia aiZulebs maT
mSvidad datkbnen TavianTi Sromis nayofiT~...
brodels ainteresebs, didad gansxvavdebian warsulisagan Cveni
amJamindeli demokratebi? yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeniSnavs igi, cnobilia wigni
C. r. milsisa `mmarTvel elitaze~ da `mdidarTa elitaze~, romelic xazs
usvams gasaocar siviwroves im jgufisa, romelzedac damokidebulia
nebismieri gadawyvetileba _ mniSvnelovania yvelasaTvis amJamindel
SeerTebul StatebSi, iq nacionaluri elita aseve Sedgeba ramodenime
gabatonebuli ojaxisagan, da es dinastiebi wlebTan erTad naklebad
icvlebian. klaudio tolemei, sieneli mwerali, gabriele Cezanosadmi
gzavnilSi 1531w. 21 ianvars werda: `nebismier respublikaSi, Tundac diadSi,
nebismier saxelmwifoSi, Tundac saxalxoSi, iSviaTad xdeba, rom mmarTvel
Tanamdebobaze iniSnebodes 50 moqalaqeze meti. arc aTenSi, arc romSi, arc
veneciasa da lukSi saxelmwifos mmarTvelni ar yofilan mravalricxovanni,
22
Tumca es miwebi imarTebodnen ise, rogorc respublikebi~, xom ar arsebobs
raRac veragi kanoni umciresobisa, rameTu araa gansxvaveba sazogadoebas,
epoqasa da msoflios regionebs Soris, kanoni, romelic WeSmaritad iwvevs
gaRizianebas, vinaidan, ambobs brodeli, Cven ver viazrebT logikurad mis
mizezebs, TumcaRa esaa realoba, romelic jiutad saxezea da usafuZvloa
kamaTi.
piramidis ZirSi ganTavsebul sazogadoebis masa arsebuli wesrigis
artaxebiT iyo `Sekavebuli~, da Tuki igi mkveTr moZraobebs iwyebda,
artaxebi viwrovdeboda, myardeboda, anda saxelmwifo gamoZebnida sxva
saSualebebs maTi aRkveTisa. saxelmwifo umalve mzad iyo gadaerCina
arsebuli socialuri wesrigis qvakuTxedi `uTanasworoba~. kulturac da
isinic, vinc mas warmoadgenda, umal saxeze iyo. isini qadagebdnen
morCilebas, Tvinierebas, keTilgonierebas da aucileblobas `keisrisaTvis
keisris misageblisa~. yvelasaTvis mosaxerxebeli iyo sazogadoebis masis
TavisTavadi mSvidi evolucionireba, im zomiT, rom xeli ar SeSloda
sayovelTao wonasworobas.
akrZaluli ar yofila erTi dabali safexuridan meore, odnav maRalze
gadanacvleba (igulisxmeba socialuri ierarqiis safexuri). glexi xSirad
xdeboda vaWari, vaWari _ mcire memamule... veneciaSi `ukanasknel adamianad
miiCnevdnen imas, visi saxelic ar figurirebda romelime saZmos siaSi
(Scuola), magram araferi ar uSlida adamians xels ukidures SemTxvevaSi
gawevrianebuliyo, Tundac xelosanTa centrSi (amqarSi) (Arte) da ase
gadaelaxa pirveli etapi.
socialuri etapis yvela es patara drama, brodelis TqmiT, aris
brZola imisaTvis, rom `viyo is, vinc me var~ (`el ser quien soy~), rogorc
ambobda personaJi erTi romanisa (1624w.) da es SeiZleba miviRoT niSnad
gansazRvruli klasobrivi cnobierebis arsebobisa. mis (klasobrivi
cnobierebis) saxeze yofnas adasturebs aseve ajanyebani arsebuli wesrigis
winaaRmdeg, maTi daTvla SeuZlebelia...
brodeli ambobs, ras vuwodebT Cven am ajanyebebs _ bunts, klasobriv
brZolas Tu incidents, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, zogierT maTgans
aRmoaCndeboda iseTi veluri Zala, rom maT mxolod erTi sityva
23
“revolucia” Tu moergeboda. mTeli evropis masStabiT 5 saukunis manZilze,
romelsac moicavs brodelis sqeltaniani trilogia `materialuri
civilizacia~, Tavi iCina e.w. SewinaaRmdegebis 10 aTasobiT faqtma,
romelTagan yvela jerac araa aRniSnuli da jerovnad Sefasebuli da
kvlavac arqivis Taroebze imtverebian...
brodelis sazogadoebriv TeoriaSi adgils povebs aseve saxelmwifos,
rogorc aseTis mimoxilva da misi ZiriTadi funqciebis analizi (yovel
SemTxvevaSi CamonaTvali mainc).
brodeli acxadebs, rom saxelmwifo esaa Serwyma yovelivesi _
umniSvnelovanesi figura. evropis farglebs miRma is aswleulebis manZilze
Tavs axvevda adamianebs Tavis autanel simZimes. evropaSi misi roli XV
saukunidan kvlav gaizarda. am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT saxelmwifos
damfuZnebeli iyo `sami jadoqari~, rogorc maT uwodebda frensis bekoni:
1. henrix XII lankastereli.
2. ludovik XI.
3. ferdinand kaTolike.
maTi Tanamedrove saxelmwifo Tanamedrove armiasTan, `aRorZinebasTan~,
kaTolicizmTan da mecnierul racionalizmTan SedarebiT iyo siaxle! es
grandiozuli moZraoba, miaCnia brodels, sinamdvileSi am jadoqrobamde
didi xniT adre daiwyo. istorikosebis erTsulovani azriT, gana pirveli
Tanamedrove saxelmwifo ar gaxldaT orive siciliis fridrix II-is samefo
(1194-1250) ?! ernest kurciusi erToboda kidevac, roca amtkicebda, rom am
saqmeSi didi wvlili hqonda karl dids.
saxelmwifo mudam erTi da imaved rCeboda, roca laparaki iyo mis
ZiriTad funqciebze. zogadad saxelmwifos brodeli ganmartavs, rogorc
funqciaTa jams, Zalauflebis gansxvavebul saxeobaTa nakrebs. brodeli
CamoTvlis saxelmwifos sam ZiriTad funqcias:
I. `pirveli amocana saxelmwifosi: aiZulos mas daemorCilon,
moaxdinos TavisTvis sasargeblod Zaladobis potencialis
monopolizacia mocemul sazogadoebaSi. gawmindos es
ukanaskneli masSi mosalodneli yvela agresiis afeTqebisagan da
24
Caanacvlos isini, rogorc maqs veberi ityoda `legitimuri
ZaladobiT~.
II. `amocana meore: akontrolos, axlodan anda Soridan, ekonomikuri
cxovreba, moaxdinos aSkarad anda farulad simdidris brunvis
organizeba; gansakuTrebiT ki daepatronos nacionaluri
Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wils, raTa uzrunvelyos Tavisi
sakuTari xarjebi, Tavisi fufuneba, Tavisi `administracia~ anda
omi. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos I piri gayinavs
Tavis sasargeblod sazogadoebrivi qonebis sakmaod did wils:
gaixseneT didi magolis saganZuri, uzarmazari sasaxle-sawyobi
Cineli imperatorisa pekinSi, anda 34 milioni dukati oqrosa da
vercxlis monetebSi, romelnic 1730w. noemberSi iqna aRmoCenili
axladgardacvlili stambulis sulTanis gansasvenebelSi.
III. `da bolo amocana: monawileoba miiRos sulier cxovrebaSi,
romlis gareSec ver SenarCundeba vercerTi sazogadoeba. Tuki
SesaZlebelia, amoxapos damatebiTi Zalebi Zlevamosili
religiuri Rirebulebebidan, gaakeTos maT Soris arCevani anda
dauTmos mas. aseve zedamxedveloba awarmoos mudmivad kulturis
cocxal moZraobaze, romelic nawilobriv jibrSi udgas
tradicias da ar unda misces kulturul siaxleebs ufleba
STanergon Relva sazogadoebaSi~. 3 (Бродель Ф.1988: 521).
saxelmwifosTvis, brodelis azriT, wesrigi niSnavs kompromiss ZalTa
Soris, romelnic arian `Tanaxma~, da ZalTa Soris, romelnic arian
`winaaRmdeg~. Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi saubaria yvelaze xSirad imaze, rom
mxari daeWiros socialur ierarqias, jgufebs, romelnic ganlagebulni
arian `saTaveSi~... winaaRmdegni yovelTvis Warbobdnen ricxobrivad.
brodeli ambobs, saxelmwifo akeTebs Tavis saqmes, roca igi ayenebs
dartymas, roca is emuqreba daqvemdebarebis mizniT. mas gaaCnia ufleba
individTa ganadgurebisa sayovelTao sikeTis saxeliT. is profesionali
jalaTia, amavdroulad udanaSaulo. roca is ayenebs xilul dartymebs, es
xdeba kanonis farglebSi. da brbo, dasZens brodeli, avadmyofuri
25
cnobismoyvareobiT mudam jgrod iyo saxrCobelebTan eSafotebis irgvliv
da arasodes ar yofila sikvdilmisjilis mxares.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fernan brodeli istorikosia, miseuli ganxilva
sazogadoebis da sazogadoebis Semadgeneli struqturuli elementebisa, es
aris udaod sociologia. fernan brodelis gavlena farTo iyo mis
Tanamedrove da Semdgomi Taobebis frangul sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSic.
yvelaze arsebiTi brodelTan aris is, rom igi sazogadoebis cnebis
interpretirebisas ar kmayofildeba adamianis martivi formulis aRmoCeniT,
an kidev sazogadoebriv mTels ar warmoadgens piramideli modeliT agebul
erTeulad, romelSic arsebobis wess mudam politikuri sistema karnaxobs.
brodels miaCnia, rom sazogadoeba mudmivad evolucionirebs, Tumca
socialuri mobiloba gazomvisaTvis Znelad mosaxelTebelia da xazs
usvams, rom am evolucionirebaSi Tanabar rols TamaSoben politikasTan
erTad ekonomika, kultura, religia... anu sazogadoebis TiToeuli
qvesimravle. aseve sainteresoa brodelis stili ierarqiaTa sazRvrebis
nivTTa sistemaSi aRmoCenisa. igi Tavisi sqeltaniani trilogiis
`materialuri civilizacia~ I tomSi `yoveldRiurobis struqturebi~
ganixilavs (kerZod ki me-4 TavSi) sacxovriss, tansacmels da modas da
miaCnia, rom yvelaze metad aq avlens Tavs `privilegia~, rogorc aseTi.
magaliTad aviRoT saxli: Tu adamiani didi kapitalis mflobelia, igi
saSen masalad iyenebs qvas, magaliTad marmarilos, ufro naklebad
privilegirebuli _ agurs, xolo glexebi ki, saerTodac, xis saxlebSi
cxovroben.
brodeli mimoixilavs Sua saukunis evropis interierebs. man arqivebSi
Seiswavla am epoqaSi notariusTan registrirebul saxlTa proeqtebi da
aRmoaCina, rom glexebi faqtiurad erT oTaxs iyenebdnen sacxovrisad da
saZinebladac, maTi saSinao sivrce ar iyo dayofili arc samzareulod da
sasadilod, miTumetes arc misaReb oTaxebad. ufro metic, maT Tavlac ki
saxlSive hqondaT. aveji glexur saxlebSi aseTive simwiriT gamoirCeoda.
ZiriTadad xis skivri, ganjina, Tixis da xis WurWlebi, samosi mxolod erTi
wyvili da a.S. SeZlebul glexTa saxlebi, yuradRebas amaxvilebs brodeli,
kramitiT iyo gadaxuruli; RatakTa ki _ xis totebiT, romelnic TixiT
26
iyvnen amolesilni. brodeli mimoixilavs qalaqSi mravalsarTulian
saxlebs da ambobs, rom sxvenSi ZiriTadad Raribi studentebi cxovrobdnen,
sardafebSi boganoebi. ai SedarebiT SeZlebuli moqalaqeebi ki Sua
sarTulebs ikavebdnen. nivTTa sistemiT da interierebiT sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli uTanasworobis gamovlenas brodelis Semdgom frangul
socialur mecnierebaSi wavawydebiT miSel fukosTan, xolo Jan bodriarma
ki am Temas saerTodac calke naSromi miuZRvna, saxelwodebiT `nivTTa
sistema~.
mimaCnia, rom brodeli udaod niWieri da originaluri mkvlevaria da
mniSvnelovania misi sociologiis rangSi ganxilva. zogadad misi
sazogadoebis Teoria albaT e.w. struqturalisturi sociologiis
CarCoebSi Tavsdeba.
27
1.2. disciplinaruli sazogadoeba ( miSel fuko)
fernan brodelTan naTlad gamoikveTa, rom nebismieri, Tundac
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba aris garkveulwilad represiuli wnexis qveS da
es araa anomalia, aramed ufro `samwuxaro~ aucilebloba, rac
uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis qaosuri mdgomareobidan distancirebas, Tumca,
sasurveli iqneboda socialur-ierarqiul kibeze vertikaluri
mimarTulebiT aRmasvla yofiliyo ufro intensiuri da ekonomikuri
winsvla garanti sazogadoebis e.w. saSualo fenis warmomadgenelTa ricxvis
zrdisa da Zalauflebis ufro samarTliani distribuciisa.
brodelis Tanamemamule miSel fuko aseve yuradRebas amaxvilebs
sazogadoebis SigniT moqmed represiul wnexze. igi am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT wers naSroms `zedamxedveloba da dasja~, romelSic askvnis,
rom sazogadoebani, romel epoqasac ar unda ekuTvnodnen isini, arian
disciplinirebulni. Ddisciplinirebulobis xarisxi roca zRvars aWarbebs,
vRebulobT anomiur, daxurul sazogadoebas, sadac individi sapatimroSi
gamomwyvdeul tusaRs emgvaneba, romelsac aRaraferi darCenia, Tuki isaia
berlinis sityvebiT vityviT _ garda “sakuTar citadelSi gaqcevisa”. es
kacobriobis winaSe mdgari mudmivi problemaa. Aam sakiTxis dasmiT da misi
ganxilviT miSel fukos disciplinaruli sazogadoebis koncefcia did
Rirebulebas SeiZens sociologiisaTvis, rogorc Teoriuli, aseve
praqtikuli kuTxiT (igulisxmeba fukos naSromis mniSvneloba
saxelmZRvanelod socialur inJineriaSi)
miSel fukos azriT Zalauflebis fenomenis Sesaswavlad arasakmarisia
misi politikuri sisitemis CarCoebSi ganxilva. Zalufleba sakuTari Tavis
investirebas axorcielebs adamianebSi, mTlianad sazogadoebaSi da maTi
meSveobiT obieqtivibirebuli gansxeuldeba da muSaobs realobaSi.
Zalauflebis samiznea ori obieqti: adamiani anatomiuri sxeuli da is
geografiuli sivrce, romelzec sazogadoeba, rogorc adamianuri saerTo
sacovrebeli ganTavsdeba. adamianis dasapyrobad is iyenebs ,,politikur
anatomias~, xolo geografiuli sivrcis sakuTari miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT
gadasamuSaveblad e.w mafunqcionalizirebel arqiteqturas.
28
miSel fuko Seiswavlida sazogadoebaTa gansxvavebul istoriul tipebs
da Semdgom komparativistuli analizis meSveobiT gviCvenebda Tu
sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebis fonze rogor icvleboda Zalauflebis
xasiaTi da funqcionirebis meqanizmi. fuko Seiswavlis Sua saukuneebis
monarqistul sazogadoebas. es erTgvari Sesavalia misi interesis
ZiriTadi sagnis `disciplinruli sazogdoebis~ gansaxilvelad, romelic
istoriulid post-monarqiuli sazogadoebaa.
unda aRiniSnos, rom fukos ,,disciplinirebuli sazogadoebis~ Teoria
erTgvarad Tavisi arsebobiT umadlis ingliseli iuristis ieremia bentamis
XVIII saukuneSi gamocemul naSroms ,,panoptikumi’’, romelsac Tavis epoqaSi
aranairi yuradReba ar miupyria. es naSromi miSel fukosaTvis STagonebis
wyarod iqca.
fuko cdilobs agvixsnas, ram STaagona bentams panoptikumis modeliT
mowyobili sazogadoebis SemoTavazeba, fuko mogviTxrobs, rom XVIII
saukunis meore naxevarSi adamianebs Tansdevda SiSi bneli sivrcisa, rasac
aRZravda burusis, gaurkvevlobis farda, romelic SeuZlebels xdida
saganTa, adamianTa, WeSmaritebis xilvadobas, aucilebeli iyo am janRis
gafantva, janRisa, romelic Cqmalavda sicxades. sazogadoebaSi wertili
unda dasmoda yovelgvari bneli kunWulis arsebobas, aucilebeli iyo
yvela im Cabnelebuli palatis Camongreva, ris miRmac ifareboda
politikuri maqinaciebi, mefeTa xuSturebi, religiuri cruwmenebi, tiranTa
Tu mRvdelTa SeTqmulebebi, uxamsobani, gnebavT epidemiebi. revoluciam
moitana undobloba da siZulvili sapatimroebis, saavadmyofoebis, morgebis,
e.w. gamosasworebeli dawesebulebebis da monastrebis mimarT. unda
aRiniSnos, rom es undobloba Tu siZulvili sulac ar iyo gadaWarbebuli,
radganac yovelive zemo CamoTvlili gaxldaT winare politikuri wyobis
sayrdeni da am memkvidreobis uwindeburi formebisagn ganTavisuflebis
gareSe ver damkvidrdeboda axali politikuri da zneobrivi wyoba. miSel
fuko yuradRebas amaxvilebs revoluciis epoqis gotikur saSinelebaTa
frangul romanebze, sadac iSleba mTeli galerea qimeruli xilvebisa
aCrdilebiT, saidumlo samalavebiT, bneli jurRmulebiT, sadac Tavs
afareben yaCaRebi da masze aranakleb saSiSi didgvarovnebi, eretikosi
29
berebi Tu moRalateebi. fukos magaliTad moyavs anna redklifis
nawarmoebebi_sadac uxvadaa mTebi, tyeebi, gamoqvabulebi, Camongreuli
cixesimagreebi, monastrebi da aq gamefebuli wyviadi da mdumareba
mkiTxvels unergavs saSinelebis grZnobas, es warmosaxuli sivrceebi
mtroben yovelgvar gamWvirvaleobas, SeuZlebels xdian saganTa xilvadobas
da swored amis aRkveTas cdilobs axali revoluciuri suli. am viTarebaSi
batondeba Sexeduleba, rom sazogadoebaSi samarTliani Zalauflebis
garanti SeiZleba iyos mxolod sayovelTao gamWvirvaleoba, koleqtiuri
mzeris mimarTva TiTeul sagansa Tu movlenaze, aseve koleqtiurad
adamianTa urTierT_kontroli, raTa samarTlianobis mzeras ar
gamohparvoda arcerTi SemTxveva Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis...
Zalauflebis mamoZravebel Zalad unda qceuliyo sazogadoebrivi azri,
romelic ukve aRar Seegueboda wyvdiadiT mosil arcerT alags.
yovelive zemoTqmulis gavleniT Camoayaliba ieremia bentmma formula_
,,Zalaufleba gamWvirvaleobis meSveobiT~, ,,damorCileba Suqze gamoyvanis
saSualebiT~ da am formulis praqtikaSi dasanergad SemogvTavaza
hanoptikumis modeli, romelTanac misadagebiT unda moewyoT Semdgom
sazogadoebrivi saerTosacxovrebeli.
miSel fuko Seadarebs rusosa da bentamis Sexedulebebs
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gamWvirvaleobis sakiTxebis irgvliv da askvnis,
rom isini garkveulwilad Seavseben erTmneTs. ubralod ruso erTgvarad
lirikosi iyo. is Tavisi aRtacebuli suliT muxtavda mraval
revolucioners da sjeroda, rom sruli sajarooba gaxldaT saukeTeso
iaraRi samefo Zalauflebis Tu amaTuim fenis ukanono privilegiaTa
aRsakveTad, kontroli TiToeulisa TiToeulze samarTlianobis garantia,
magram im pirobiT, rom ,,TiToeuli damkvirvebeli gaxdeboda amxanagi’’.
wignSi ,,emili anu aRzrdis Sesaxeb’’ emilis aRmzrdeli gaxlavT
zedamxedveli da swored amitomaa mniSvnelovni rusosaTvis am ukansknelis
amxanagad qceva. bentamis panoptikumSi ki wavawydebiT aseT gamoTqmas:
,,TiTeuli amxanagi xdeba damkvirvebeli (u.z. zedamxedveli)’’, bentami
Sepyrobilia gamWvirvaleobis ideiT, is misTvis disciplinis da mkacri
wesrigis iaraRia, bentami vardeba ukiduresobaSi, mis mier samarTlianobis
30
sadarajoze SemoTavazebul panoptikums sabolood ewireba yvelaze
Rirebuli adamianisaTvis _ misi individualuri Tavisufleba. rusom es
saSiSroeba ver dainaxa misi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, misi meocnebe da
poeturi sulis meoxeobiT, ai bentamma ki Secdoma gacilebiT uxeSad
dauSva. da amis mizezad fuko miiCnevs bentamis zedmetad gatacebas
sayovelTao sajaroobiT da gamWvirvaleobiT, individualizmis
ugulvebelyofiT. magram bentami xom Tavisi epoqis Svili iyo da daxuruli
sazogadoebis pirmSosaTvis iseve Zneli iyo individualizmis
prioritetebis danaxva, rogorc daltonizmiT daavadebulisaTvis
gansxvavebuli ferebis aRqma.
exla ki mivubrundeT panoptikums, bolosdabolos ras warmodgens igi?
rogoria arqiteqturuli saxe am kompoziciisa? raSi mdgomareobs misi
funqcia? me vecdebi detalurad gavimeoro fukos monaTxrobi: “panoptikumi
esaa wriuli formis Senoba. centrSi ganTavsebulia koSkura. koSkuraSi
Casmulia farTo fanjrebi, romlebic gadahyureben wris Sida mxares.
wriuli formis Senoba kamerebadaa dayofili, TiToeuli maTganis sigrZe
utoldeba Senobis moculobas kameraSi ori fanjaraa: erTi gadis SigniT,
koSkuris SesabamisiEfanjris mxares, meore ki gareT, da amrigad, mTeli
kamera xelisguliviT gamWvirvalea. sakmarisia centralur koSkuraSi erTi
zedamxedvelis ganTavseba, xolo TiToeul kameraSi erTi SeSlilis,
avadmyofis, msjavrdebulis, muSisa Tu moswavlis. ramdeni ujredi-
kamercaa,swored imdeni erTi msaxiobis patara Teatri mogvecema, amasTan
TiToeuli msaxiobi martosulia, absoliturd individualizirebuli da
mudmivad xilvadi. panoptikuri mowyoba aorganizebs sivrciT erTeulebs da
iZleva mudmivi dakvirvebis da amocnobis saSualebas. erTi sityviT, misi
principi gansxvavebulia bneli sapyrobilis principisagan, ufro zustad,
karkeris sami funqciidan _ daatyvevos, moaklos Suqi da dafaros _
SenarCunebulia mxolod pirveli, xolo danarCeni ori ukuigdeba, kaSkaSa
Suqi da zedamxedvelis mzera imorCilebs ukeT, vidre sibnele, romelic
saboloo jamSi icavs patimars, xilvadoba _ es xafangia!” 4 (Фуко М. 1999: 293)
TiToeuli individi imyofeba Tavis adgilze , saimedodaa Caketili kamerSi,
saidanac mas akvirdeba zedamxedveli, mezoblebTan kontaqtis damyarebaSi
31
kameris binadars xels uSlis Sida kedlebi. mas xedaven, magram is ver
xedavs. is warmodgens informciis obieqts, magram arasodes ar gvevlineba
komunikaciis subieqtad! misi kameris centraluri koSkuris pirdapir
ganlageba uzrunvelyofs mis srul xilvadobas; magram wris SigniT
gadatixvrebis wyalobiT calkeuli kamerebi imyofebian srul
dafarulobSi. da es dafaruloba gvevlineba wesrigis garantiad, Tuki
kameraSi iyofebian damnaSaveebi, araa SeTqmulebis saSiSroeba, koleqtiuri
gaqcevis mcvleloba, dagegmareba axali, momavali danaSaulisa, Tuki
avadmyofebi _ araa dasnebovnebis saSiSroeba, Tuki SeSlilni _ araa
urTierTze Zaladobis riski, Tuki moswavleebi _ gamoricxulia gadawera,
karnaxi, Woraoba, drois fuWi flangva, Tuki muSebi _ araa Cxubi, qurdoba,
kompaniebi da garToba, rac anelebs muSaobas, dawevs Sromis xarisxs an
rasac SeuZlia ubeduri SemTxvevebis gamowveva.
paniptikumis ZiriTadi amocana _ patimris mudmiv xilvadobaSi yola,
uzrunvelyofs Zalauflebis avtomatur funqcionirebas. arqiteqturuli
aparati panoptikumi manqanaa, romelic adamianisagan damoukideblad qmnis
Dda inarCunebs Zalauflebriv mimarTebebs.
fuko xazs gausvamda, rom adridanve Senebis xelovneba pasuxobda
upiratesad Zalauflebis moTxovnebs, emsaxureboda RvTaebriobas, Zalas.
istoriulad umniSvnelovanesi nagebobebi iyo sasaxle da eklesia,
romelTac emateboda cixesimagreebi, vinaidan isini metyvelebdnen ,,diadTa
ama qveynisa~ Zlevamosilebaze. arqiteqtura uZvelesi droidan Zalauflebis
moTxovnTa Sesabamisad viTardeboda, albaT arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom
uZlieresi msoflio saidumlo organizaciebi e.w. ,,Tavisufal qvismTlelTa~
TavianT saTaves solomon mefis taZris mSenoblobidan iReben. Tumca es
mainc sxva sakiTxia da fukoseul Zalauflebriv TeoriebTan araa kavSirSi.
fuko yuradRebs amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom XVIII saukunis bolos
arqiteqturas gauCnda axali amocanebi. mosaxleobis zrdam da
xalxTgansaxlebis problemam aucilebeli gaxada sivrcis e. w. sameurneo
_politikuri miznebiT mowyoba. sazogadoebrivi sivrcis funqcionalurad
mowyobaSi fuko did rols miakuTvnebs eqimebs da iumoriT imasac ki ambobs,
rom ar icis vis mianiWos sociologiisaTvis upiratesi mniSvneloba
32
monteskies, ogiust konts Tu medikosebs, romlebmac XVIII saukunis winaSe
mdgari xalxTgansaxlebis problemebi ise efeqturad gadaWres, rom
erTdroulad daakmayofiles sazogadoebrivi sivrcis mowyobisas
politikuri da sameurneo amocanebi. eqimebi sivrcis mowyobis sakiTxebSi
eqspertebi iyvnen. isini wina planze Semdeg ZiriTad problemebs
wamowevdnen: I - adgilmdebareobis problemas, romelic moicavda sakiTxebs
adgilobrivi klimatisa, niadgis bunebisa, haeris sinotivis Tu simSralisa.
II - problemas Tanacxovrebisa, aq moiazreboda sakiTxebi adamianTa Soris
simWidrovisa Tu siSorisa, wyliTmomaragebis problema, kanalizaciaTa
mowyoba, ganiaveba. aseve adamianTa gverdiT cxovelTa ganTavsebis sakiTxi,
Senobebis - maTi sadgomebisa Tu sasaklaoebisa. aseve adamianTa gamijnva
gardacvalebulTagan, anu sasaflaoTaTvis Sesabamisi adgilis gamoZebnis
saWiroebani da a. S. III - gadaadgilebis problemas, romlis qveSac
moiazreba adamianTa migraciebi da masTan dakavSirebuli daavadebaTa
gavrcelebis saSiSroeba.
Mmokled, medikosebi meomrebTan erTad gaxdnen pirveli
damnawileblebi sazogadoebri sivrcisa. Tumca meomrebi ZiriTadad cariel
tramalebs, mindvrebs da Acixesimagreebs ipyrobdnen, xolo yofiTi,
sacxovrisi sivrce da qalaqebi (maTi funqcionluri mowyobis
TvalsazrisiT) pirvelad medikosebma aiTvises.
fuko fiqrobda, rom Rirda sxavdsxva sivrceTa mTeli istoriis
dawera, vinaidan es iqneboda Zalauflebis sxvadasxva gamovlinebaTa
istoria imavdroulad. fukosaTvis sivrce ar daiyvaneba bunebaze,
mocemulobaze, pirvelad ganpirobebulebaze, fizikur geografiaze. sivrcis,
rogorc horizontis mniSvnelobis danaxva, romlis dapyrobiTac
Zalaufleba qmnis istorias, kargad SeZles analebis skolis adeptebma _
mark blokma da fernan brodelma. ,,sivrceTa TeoriebSi~ maT wvlils fuko
ZaxilisniSniT gausvams xazs.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sazogadoebrivi sivrcis dayofa
funqcionaluria da is imTaviTve Zalauflebis interesebs emsaxureba,
modiT aviRoT erTgvari simboluri magaliTi, noes kidobnis saxiT: noes
kidobani imgvarad daproeqtda, rom mas daetia Tavis TavSi mTeli samyaro.
33
noes kidobnis arqiteqtura imTaviTve misadagebuli iyo samyaros
Taviseburebebs wvrilmani detalebis gaTvaliswinebiT. fukos mier aRweril
situaciaSi saqmis viTareba sxvagvaradaa, am SemTxvevaSi Zalauflebas surs
samyaros arqiteqtori iyos Tavad. igi sazogdoebriv sivrces aproeqtebs
imgvarad, rom masSi ganTavsebulma sxeulebma miiRon misi interesebis
Sesabamisi yofiereba. es araa ioli saqme, ,,funqcionalurad~ mowyobili
sivrcis kvaldakval unda imuSaos ideologiam, rac saWiroa sivrceSi
ganTavsebul sxeulTa muStrirebisaTvis, magram disciplinarul
sazogadoebSi mimdinareobs ara anatomiuri sxeulis muStrireba, aramed
sulisa, raTa sulma awarmoos damjere, Tvinieri sistemisaTvis misaRebi
sxeuli.
noes kidobani simbolurad Ria sazogadoebis modelia, is
orientirebulia samyaros Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Mmisi Sesatyvisi
sacxovrisis kidobanis saxiT Senebaze, raTa warRvnis dasrulebamde _ anu
krizisuli situaciis dasasrulamde _ SeinarCunos samyaro Tavis
individualurobaSi. ,,Zalaufleba~ ki cdilobs Tavisi zegavlenis
berketebis gasafarToeblad da SesanarCuneblad Seqmnas sivrce, romelic
daproeqtdeba yalibis stilSi, misgan Seqmnili arqiteqturuli veli masSi
ganTavsebul arsebebs yoveldRiurad gardaqmnis Tavisi Sablonebis
Sesatyvisad.
noe didi arqiteqtoria Ria sazogadoebisa (cxadia es yvelaferi
iTqmis metaforulad, simboluri mniSvnelobiT), misi antipodia fukoseuli
abstragirebuli Semoqmedi disciplinaruli sazogadoebisa, romelsac igi
daarqmevs ,,madisciplinirebul Zalauflebas~. Zalaufleba FFfukosTan
TiTqos gansxeuldeba, rameTu mas miewereba niSnebi samyaroseuli sivrcis
daproeqtebis da sazogadoebrivi yofierebis warmoebisa. Tumca fuko imasac
gausvams xazs, rom yvela epoqaSi Zalaufleba sxvadasxvagvar ipostasSi
gvevlineba. disciplinebul sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebas miewereba
,,moqmedebis~ niSnebi, anu igi ufro subieqtia, vidre obieqti (rogorc es
unda iyos normalur viTarebaSi) an lumanis sityvebiT Tu vityviT
saSualeba, vTqvaT komunikaciis gansaxorcieleblad, radgan sityvam moitana
da lumani vaxseneT SevadaroT fukosa da lumaniseuli dmokidebuleba
34
sivrcis, rogorc horizontis mimarT, Tanac lumanis Zalauflebrivi Teoria
komunikaciuri Teoriebis konteqstSi xom Cveni disertaciis ZiriTadi
amosavali wertilia. lumanTan sivrce absoluturad moklebulia
funqcionalurobis niSnebs. funqcionaluroba misTvis mxolod
sazogadoebriv qvesistemebs gaaCnia, romlebic TavianTi Ria-daxurulobiT
axdenen komunikaciaTa translacias da, amrigad, STaberaven sicocxles
socialur samyaros.
lumans ar ainteresebs arc fizikuri sivrce da arc misi
arqiteqturuli mowyobis strategia. lumanisTvis fukosagan gansxvavebiT,
Zalufleba arasodes araa subieqti, abstragirebuli moqmedi, igi mxolod
obieqtia. cxadia, mniSvnelovani obieqti, romlis saSualebiTac iwarmoeba
komunikaciebi. komunakaciebi es is jaWvebia, romlebic uzrunvelyofen
sazogdoebrivi sistemis erTianobas da kompleqsurobas. Zalaufleba,
amrigad, lumanTan aris gamoyvanili erTgvari duRabis rolSi, romelic
uzrunvelyofs adamianuri samyaros mdgradobas, harmoniul funqcionirebas
da ara mis uzurpirebas.
albaT, aseTi mkveTri gansxvaveba Zalauflebis gagebaSi fukosa da
lumans Soris gamowveulia imiT, rom fukos kvlevis obieqtia
disciplinebuli sazogadoeba, romelic Tuki karl poperis terminologias
gamoviyenebT ukomentarod, ,,daxurulia~. xolo niklas lumanis interesis
sagani ki Tanmedrove tipis maRaldiferencirebadi ,,Ria sazogdoebaa~.
mivubrundeT isev fukoseul monaTxrobs disciplinaruli
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. arqiteqturis meSveobiT sivrcis funqcionalurad
mowyobis Semdgom etapad Zalaufleba ujredulad dayofil segmentebSi
ganaTavsebs individebs, sadac isini SezRuduli arian droiT
ganzomilebaSic. sivrcisa da drois dapyrobiT Zalaufleba axdens
individTa muStirebas, maT Tvinier, damjere sxeulebad gamoZerwvas.
rogorc adre vaxseneT, miSel fukos TvalsazrisiT XVIII saukuneSi
aRmoaCines, Tu ramdenad efeqturia sazogadoebrivi sivrcis panoptikumis
modeliT mowyoba. garda imisa, rom Zalaufleba ipyrobs fizikur sxeulebs,
is Tavis sacecebs maT cnobierebaSic CauSvebs da es meTodi ufro metis
momcemia, vidre uSualod iZuleba gamoxatuli fizikuri zemoqmedebis
35
saxiT. modiT, magaliTad aviRoT danaSaulisa da sasjelis urTierT-
mimarTeba. erTi SexedviT TiTqos es kriminalistikis sfero da mxolod
penitencialur sistemas exeba, magram fukos azriT danaSaulisa da
sasjelis mimarTebis fonze yvelaze ukeT vlindeba Tu ,,sulis dapyrobiT’’
rogor efeturad aRwevs Zalaufleba sxeulSi. daviwyoT Txroba
detalurad, raTa cxadad warmovaCinoT Cvens mier nagulisxmevi azri.
monarqiaSi sazogadoeba ar iyo sistemurad diferencirebuli da
danaSaulis garkveuli aqti sazogadoebSi gamoyofda sam Senawevrebas: 1 –
monarqi, rogorc kanonis gansxiereba, 2 – damnaSave, romelic danaSaulis
aqtiT upirispirdeba monarqs da Crdils ayenebs mis sidiades da 3 – xalxi,
rogorc pasiuri mayurebeli monarqsa da damnaSaves Soris gaTamaSebuli
scenisa. danaSaulis kvaldakval, romelmac daamcira suvereni, sasjeli
yvelas Tvalwin demonstraciulad AaRadgens mis Seuval Zlevamosilebas.
sajaro dasja aRsrulebs iuridiul-politikur funqcias, ganaCenis
aRsrulebisas sulac araa daculi zomierebis principi, piriqiT, umjobesia
saxeze iyos wonasworobis aryofna da gadaWarbebuloba (anu sasjeli araa
damnaSavisagan miyenebuli zianis pirdapirproporciuli). dasjis
liturgiaSi xazi gaesmeba Zalauflebis mier Tavisi Tavis damkvidrebis
maneras misTvis maxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi upiratesobebiT. da es
upiratesoba umadlis ara ubralod samarTals, aramed monarqis mistikur
Zalas, romelic gadmoinTxeva damnaSavis sxeulze da acamtverebs mas:
arRvevs ra kanons, kanonis damrRvebi xelyofs Tavad xelmwifis pirovnebas
da amitomac swored suverennma (anda ukidures SemTxvevaSi iman, visac
gadaeca suverenisagan Zalaufleba) unda daipyros msjavrdebulis sxeuli
da sajarod damRa daados mas, gatexos, daamciros, mokled sajarod
dasjis ceremonialis mizania masaTa SeZrwuneba, potenciur damnaSaveTa
dafrTxoba. miSel fuko Tavis naSromSi `zedamxedveloba da dasja – cixis
warmoSoba~ aRwers frangi jariskaci robert-fransua dmienis 1757 wlis 2
martis sajaro dasjis sastik SemTxvevas. mas gamoetana ganaCenad parizis
taZris centraluri karibWis win sajarod sasikvdilod dasja. Tumca
sikvdiliT dasja jer kidev araferi iyo. mis sxeuls saaTebis ganmavlobaSi
cxeli SanTebiTa da marwuxebiT gausaZlisad tanjavdnen, ris Sedegadac
36
Ronemixdili da faqtiurad nafleTebad qceuli sxeuli cxenebis meSveobiT
oTxad gaglijes (robert-fransua damianma ludovik XV-s daniT msubuqi
Wriloba miayena). sajarooba da amasTanave umowyaloba sasjelisa iyo
nawili daSinebis politikisa. dasjili damnaSavis sxeulis meSveobiT
yvelas unda SeegrZno xelmwifis zRvardaudebeli Zlevamosileba...
post_monarqiul wyobaSi sasjelisadmi damokidebuleba radikalurad
icvleba, Tu monarqiaSi sasjeli gadmoinTxeoda damnaSavis sxeulze mTeli
Tavisi sisastikiT, amjerad sasjelma unda daiqvemdebaros am ukanasknelis
suli, gnebavT mas davarqvaT cnobiereba, kanondarRvevis SemTxvevaSi. post_
minarqiul wyobaSi sazogadoebaSi ESenawevrebebi amgvarad diferencirdeba:
1. kanoni, romelic dgas sazogadoebis sadarajoze,
2. kriminali, romelic kanondarRvevis aqtiT daupirispirda sazogadoebas.
3. sazogadoeba, romelsac mieyena ziani.
post-monarqiul sazogadoebaSi mniSvneladia ara damnaSavis fizikuri
sxeulisaTvis zianis miyeneba, raTa man xorcieli tanjviT gamoisyidos
sazogadoebisaTvis misgan miyenebuli zarali, aramed danaSaulis simZimis
gacnobiereba. danaSaulis gacnobierebaa garantia imisa, rom kriminali
xelmeored ar Caidens msgavs qmedebas da swored misgan gacnobierebuli
monaniebiT aRsdgeba sazogadoebaSi darRveuli wonasworoba. XVIII
saukunidan miyolebuli am mizans emsaxureba sasjelaRsrulebis organoebSi
adgilobriv personalTan fsiqologebisa da sasuliero pirebis aqtiuri
TanamSromloba. damnaSaveTa sulierad gatexis samsaxurSi kanoni aqtiurad
rTavs eTikas, morals, zneobriobas, gnebavT religias... sasjeli pirvel
rigSi dartymas ayenebs suls da adamianTa cnobierebaSi fiqri sasjelisa
da fiqri danaSaulze avtomaturad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, rac aris
garkveuli garantia imisa, rom potenciuri danaSaulic aris TavisTavad
blokirebuli.
fuko xazs usvams, rom arasworia sulis iluzoruli aRqma. suls,
fukos Tanaxmad, sworedac rom gaaCnia realoba, is mudmivad iqneba irgvliv,
zedapirze, sxeulis SigniT Zalauflebis funqcionirebis wyalobiT,
romelic zemoqmedebas dasjilebze _ saerTodac yvelaze, visac
akontroleben, aRzrdian, vis muStrirebsac ewevian anda vis gamosworebasac
37
cdiloben, is zemoqmedebs suliT davadebulebebze, bavSvebze saswavlo
dawesebulebebsa Tu ojaxSi, msjavrdebulebze koloniebSi, maTze, vinc
mijaWulia sawarmoo manqanebze cexebSi da eqvemdebareba kontrols mTeli
Tavisi darCenili cxovrebis manZilze. suli, mis istoriul realobaSi,
gansxvavebiT qristianul TeologiaSi warmodgenili sulisagan, ar ibadeba
codvili da ar moiTxovs sasjels, Tumca ibadeba Tavad dasjiTi
procedurebisagan, zedamxedvelobisa da iZulebisagan. suli aris Sedegi da
instrumenti politikuri anatomiisa, suli esaa sxeulis sapatimro!~
rac Seexeba ,,politikuri anatomias~, fuko mas ganixilavs, rogorc
teqnikas batonobisa, marTvisa, romelsac gaaCnia sxvadasxva sferoSi
mkveTrad gansazRvruli taqtikebi _ iqneba es sivrcis dayofa, drois
kalkulacia, sasjelis klasifikacia Tu individTa muStrireba. qvemoT
Sevecdebi ganvixilo zogierTi maTgani SedarebiT detalurad.
daviwyoT meTodebiT, romelTa meSveobiTac politikuri anatomia
individebs ganaTavsebs winaswar danawevrebul sivrceSi:
a) disciplina moiTxovs gamijvnas, adgilis specifikacias, romelic
iqneba gansxvavebuli yvela danarCenebisagan da Caketili Tavis TavSi.
b) gamijvna sivrces daamuSavebs gacilebiT moqnili da natifi gziT,
upirvelesa yovlisa martivi elementaruli lokalizaciis meSveobiT, an
kidev cocxali cxrilebis daxazviT da ujrebis Sesabamisad danawilebiT.
`TiToeul individs miekuTneba Tavisi adgili, TiToeul adgils _
sakuTrivi individi. saWiroa jgufebad ganawilebis Tavidan arideba,
dauSvebelia warmoSoba koleqtiuri Sejgufebebisa, unda gaixliCos
saCoTiro, masobrivi anda mouxelTebeli simravleebi. disciplinaruli
sivrce iyofa imden ujrad ramden danawilebas daqvemdebarebuli sxeuli da
elementicaa. anulirebulebuli unda iqnes aramkafio danawilebis Sedegbi _
individTa ukontrolod gaqroba, maTi difuziuri cirkulcia, maTi
usargeblo da saSiSi Tavmoyra. saWiroa saxeze yofnis an aryofnis faqtTa
mudmivi aRricxva. aucilebelia codna imisa Tu sad da rodisaa SesaZlo
povna, daZebna amaTuim individisa. unda damyardes sasargeblo kavSirebi,
gaixliCos yvela danrCeni da a.S usasruld~ 5 (Фуко М. 1999: 208). mocemuli
meTodika mimarTulia Semecnebaze, dauflebasa da gamoyenebaze. disciplina
38
axdens analitikuri sivrcis organizebas (daqvemdebarebisa da pragmatuli
gamoyenebis mizniT). g) funqcionaluri ganlagebis wesi disciplinaruli
institutebis meSveobiT TandaTanobiT axdens sivrcis kodirebas, romelsac,
Cveulebriv, arqiteqtura tovebs Tavisufals, misi mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis
mizniT. Dd) disciplinaSi elementebi urTierTCanacvlebadia, ramdenadac
TiToeuli maTgani gansazRvrulia sxvaTa rigSi mis mier dakavebuli
adgiliT, aseve SualediT, romliTac is gancalkevdeba sxvaTagan.
Sesabamisad, erTeuls warmodgens ara teritoria (erTeuli batonobisa), ara
adgili (erTeuli ganlagebisa), aramed rangi:KKklasifikaciSi dakavebuli
adgili, xazisa da svetis gadakveTis wertili, intervali intervalTa
rigebSi, romelTa danaxvac SesaZlebelia erTi meoris miyolebiT.
Ddisciplina rangTa xelovnebaa, ganlagebaTa gadasxvaferebis teqnikaa. is
lokalizaciis meSveobiT axdens sxeulis individualizirebas, rac ar
niSnavs gasazRrul adgilze maT mimagrebas, aramed _ urTierTobaTa qselSi
danawevrebas da cirkulirebas.
axla ki visaubroT semiotikur teqnikaze, romliTac politikur
anatomiaSi SeiaraRdeba dasjis Zalaufleba, igi Sedgeba eqvsi ZiriTadi
punqtisagan:
1. minimaluri raodenobis wesi: `calkeuli danaSauli Caidineba,
radganac igi uzrunvelyofs gansazRrul mogebas, gamorCenas. Tuki
danaSaulis ideidan aviRebT wagebis ideas mogebis ideis nacvlad_is
Seswyvets sasurvelad yofnas. dasjis miznis misaRwevad sakmarisia, rom
misgan miyenebuli ziani aRematebodes gamorCenas (mogebas), romlis miRwevac
SeeZlo damnaSaves danaSaulis CadeniT. cxadi xdeba, rom odnav ufro
sarfiania sasjelisaTvis Tavis arideba, vidre riskze wasvla, rac
ukavSirdeba danaSaulis Cadena~ 6 (Фуко М.1999: 137)
2. sakmarisi idealurobis wesi: Tuki danaSaulis motivad gvevlineba
mosalodneli sargebeli, dasjis efeqturoba mdgomareobs mosalodnel
zianSi. amitomac ,,tkivili~, romelic Seadgens gulisguls dasjisa ara
imdenad tkivilis SegrZnebaa, ramdenadac tkivilis idea, diskomfortis
usiamovnebisa _ ,,tkivili tkivils ideisagan~. dasjam unda gamoiyenos ara
39
sxeuli, aramed wamosaxva, maqsimaluri mniSvneloba unda mieniWos tkivilis
warmodgenas da ara mis sxeulobriv realobas.
3. uku-efeqtTa wesi: sasjelma unda moaxdinos udidesi zemoqmedeba
imaTze, visac danaSauli jerac ar Caudenia. Tuki cxadi gaxda, rom
danaSauls damnaSave xelmeored ar Caidens, amiT rwmundeba sxvac, rom igi
ukve daisaja. imaTTvis, vinc xedavs dasjils da sasjelis simZafres,
warmoidgens TavisTvis, warmosaxvaSi gancdili tanjva_wameba
koncentrirdeba erTaderT azrSi, yvela momenti tyveobisa erTiandeba erT
fiqrSi. Dda es fiqri aris ufro sazareli, vidre fiqri sikvdilze. esaa
ekonomiurad idealuri sasjeli: is minimaluria imisTvis, vinc mas ganicdis
(tyved qceuli araa unaris mqone, Caidinos danaSauli xelmeored) da
maqsimluria imisTvis, vinc warmoisaxavs mas cnobierebSi. sasjeli
sasurvelia iyos naklebad mkacri damnaSavis sxeulis mimarT da mZlavri
STabeWdilebis mqone potenciur damnaSaveTa cnobierebaze.
4. absoluturi sandoobis wesi: `kanonebi, romlebic axdenen
danaSaulis klasificirebas da adgenen sasjels, unda iyon absoluturad
cxadni, imisaTvis raTa sazogadoebis TiToeulma wevrma SeZlos
danaSaulebrivi da keTilSobiluri qcevis erTmaneTisagan gamijnva. kanonebi
unda iqnan gamoqveynebulni da misawvdomni TiToeulisaTvis; saWiroa ara
zepiri tradiciebi da Cveulebebi, aramed werilobiTi kanondebloba. myaria
Zegli, romelic Seaxsenebs sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze, saWiroa
yvelasaTvis gasacnobad Riaa teqstebi” 7 (Фуко М. 1999: 139).
Tuki adamianebs moeCvenebaT, rom danaSauli SesaZloa iqnes mitevebuli
da xolo sasjeli araa danaSaulis ucilobeli Sedegi, SesaZlebeli iqneba
maTgan ukanonobaze imedebis damyreba... kanonebi unda iyon umowyaloni, da
adamianebi, visac mohyavT isini aRsrulebaSi - Seuvalni! mTvari isaa, rom
arcerTi Cadenili danaSauli ar unda daifaros imaTi mzerisagan, vinc
aRasrulebs marTlmsajulebas. araferi ise ar asustebs kanonebs, rogorc
imedi dausjelobaze.
policiam da iusticiam unda imoqmedon erTad, rogorc erTi procesis
orma urTierTdamatebiTma elementma: policia axdens TiToeul individze
sazogadoebis zemoqmedebis garantirebas, iusticia ki axdens individebis
40
uflebebis garantirebas sazogadoebis mimarT, amrigad, yoveli danaSauli
gamotanili iqneba dRis Suqze da damnaSave usaTuod daisjeba. magram
aucilebelia aseve, rom sasamrTlo procesi ar iyos faruli, raTa
mizezebi, ris gamoc sjian braldebulebs anda gaamarTleben, iyos cnobili
yvelasTvis da yvelam gaigos safuZveli dasjisa: ,,dae, mosamarTlem Tavisi
azri yvelas gasagonad gamoTqvas, dae, sasamarTloSi waikiTxos kanonis
teqsti, romlis safuZvelzec ganaCeni gamoitaneba... dae, sasamarTlo
procedurebi, sasamarTlo kancelariis janRSi dafaruli, gaxdnen Riani
yvela moqalaqisTvis, romelnic dainteresdebian gansjilis bediT...’’ 8 (fuko
miSel 1999: 141)
5. zogadi WeSmaritebis wesi: rogorRa moxerxdeba adamianTa
cnobierebaSi uwyvetad SekavSireba danaSaulze da sasjelze fiqrisa, Tuki
realoba sasjelisa mudam ar emTxveva danaSaulis realobas! dadgena am
kavSirisa mTeli sicxadiT, Sesabamisad sayovelTaod aRirebuli
meTodebisa iqceva pirveladi mniSvnelobis amocanad. danaSaulis
verifikacia unda eqvemdebarebodes kriteriumebs, romlebic arian saerToni
nebismieri WeSmaritebisaTvis.
maTematikuri WeSmaritebis darad, danaSaulis WeSmariteba unda iqnes
aRiarebuli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki is sruliad damtkicebulia!
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sanam Cadenili danaSauli, rogorc faqti
bolomde ar dasabuTebula, braldebuli unda miiCnion udanaSaulod da
mosamarTlem mtkicebulebaTa mosapoveblad unda gamoiyenos ara ritualuri
formebi, aramed Cveulebrivi instrumentebi, Cveulebrivi adamianuri goneba,
romelic axasiaTebT aseve filosofosebs da mecnierT. Teoriulad,
mosamarTles me ganvixilav, ambobda fuko, rogorc filosofoss, romelic
mzadaa aRmoaCinos saintereso WeSmariteba... misi sibrZne miscems mas
saSualebas moicvas mTeli garemoebani da urTierTmimarTebani, Seajeros
yvelaferi an daanawevros is, risi danawevrebaca da risi Sejerebac aris
saWiro, raTa mivides jansaR daskvnamde.
6. optimaluri specifikaciis wesi: `yvela kanondarRvevam unda miiRos
gansazRvreba; yvela maTgani unda iqnes klasificirebuli da saxeobebad
dajgufebuli. Sesabamisad aucilebelia kodeqsi, amasTan sakmaod zusti,
41
sadac mkafiod iqneba gansazRruli samarTaldarRvevis TiToeuli tipi.
kanonis mdumarebam ar unda danergos imedi dausjelobisa. saWiroa
amomwuravi cxadi kodeqsi, ganmsazRvreli danaSaulis da damdgeni
sasajelisa..~ 9 ( Фуко М. 199: 143)
fuko miiCnevda, rom disciplinarul sazogadoebaSi individTa
muStrirebis meTodebi saocrad mravalferovani iyo. magaliTad, ganaTlebis
sistemaSi gamocdebi TiTqos codnis Sefasebis kriteriumad msaxurobdnen,
magram iribi gziT isini aseve Zalauflebis xelSi indiviTda morCilebis
qveS yofnis saSualebad gvevlinebodnen. aseve iyo Sromac, mas xom
Cveulebrivad warmoebiTi funqcia gaaCnia, magram fuko gvirCevs
mxedvelobidan ar gamogvrCes Sromis simboluri da disciplinaruli
funqciebi. modiT, aviRoT magaliTi sabWoTa kavSiris realobidan, romelic
Tavisi mowyobis modeliT SesaniSnavad pasuxobda disciplinaruli
sazogadoebis yvela kriteriums. Cven kargad gvaxsovs sayovelTao
,,leninuri SabaTobebi’’ da kolmeurneobebSi sezonurad moswavleTa da
studentTa SromiT procesSi CarTvis tradicia. swored aq vlindeba
Zalauflebis samsaxurSi myofi Sromis simboluri da disciplinaruli
funqcia. aseve moviyvan erT magaliTs, romelic ukve sxeulTa muStrirebas
Seexeba fizikuri aRzrdis, fizkulturis meSveobiT. fizkultura TiTqos
nergavs jansaRi cxovrebis wess, magram jer kidev platonis idealur
saxelmwifoSi igi emsaxureboda individTa muStrirebas. me maxsendeba
sabWoTa skolebSi gavrcelebuli meTodi, romelic 80-iani wlebis Sua
periodamde SemorCa, yoveli saswavlo dRe iwyeboda skolis ukana ezoSi,
moedanze dilis gamamxnevebeli varjiSebiT, romerlSic iZulebiT mTeli
skola monawileobda. dilis cxris naxevarze sayviri moswavlebs
moednisken mouxmobda, sadac isini klasebis mixedviT vertiklur mwkrivebad
ganlagdebodnen, maT moZraobebs gansazRravda fizkulturis maswavlebeli
ruporis meSveobiT da dinamikebiani radiolas akomponirebiT. fizkulturis
maswavlebels mdumared, jariskacis pozaSi gverds umSvenebda skolis
organizatori, rogorc warmomadgeneli saskolo xelisuflebisa, es
sayovelTao savaldebulo varjiSebi iyo ara imdenad jansaRi cxovrebis
wesisadmi midevnebis mcdeloba, aramed saSualeba disciplinisaTvis
42
TiToeuli moswavlis sxeulSi SeRwevisa, maTi jariskacebis msgavsad
gawrTvnisa, uformo masidan, uvargisi xorcidan SesaZlo iyo saWiro
manqanis damzadeba. TandaTan swordeboda silueti, gaTvlili iZuleba
nel_nela SeaRwevda sxeulis TiToeul nawilSi, daipyrobda mas, xdida
damjeres, mudam mzas da es mdumared grZeldeboda Cveulebis avtomatizmSi.
Mokled, saWiro iyo moswavleebidan bavSvis gamoZeveba da misTvis
oqtombrelis, pioneris, komkavSirelis, momavali kompartiis jariskaciis
ieris miniWeba.
fuko xazs usvams, rom nebismieri disciplina orientirebulia
detalebze, rameTu disciplina _ es aris detalis politikuri anatomia.
fuko ixsenebs marSal de saksis sityvebs: ,,Tumc imaT, visac detalebSi
kirkiti uyvarT, SezRudul adamianebad miiCneven, me meCveneba, rom detali
mTavaria, is fundamets ayalibebs da SeuZlebelia Senobis aRmarTva anda
meTodis gamomuSaveba, Tuki ar icnob maT safuZvlebs. sakmarisi araa
giyvardes arqiteqtura, unda SegeZlos qvaTa garandva“. SeiZleba qvaTa
garandvis mTeli istoria daiweros_ istoria detalis utilitaruli
racionalizaciisa moralur planSi da politikur kontrolSi. es klasikur
eraze adre daiwyo, magram am ukanasknelma daaCqara igi, Secvala misi
masStabi, misca mas zusti instrumentebi da, albaT, raRacgvarad masze
zegavlena moaxdina bunebriv arsebaTa usasrulod mcire maxasiaTebelTa
aRweriTa da gamoTvliT.
disciplinirebuli adamianisaTvis, iseve rogorc WeSmariti
morwmunisaTvis, aranairi wvrilmani umniSvnelod ar aRiqmeba _ es
ganpirobebulia ara YTavad amgvari (disciplinirebuli) adamianis Sinagani
swrafviT, aramed Zalauflebis sacecebiT, romelmac ideologiis
meSveobiT SesZlo myarad mosWideboda mis cnobierebas. detalis
yuradRebiT Seswavla da imavdroulad wvrilmanis politikurad
gaTvaliswineba, msaxuroben adamianebze kontrolis saSualebad da
SesaZlebels xdian maT gamoyenebas. klasikuri saukunidan moyolebuli
dagrovda erTianoba teqnikaTa, mTeli korpusi meTodebisa da codnisa,
aRweraTa, receptTa da monacemTa. da am umniSvnelo detalebisagan iSva,
cxadze cxadia, adamiani Tanamedrove humanizmisa. fukosagan es sityvebi
43
garkveulwilad cinikurad da skeptikurad JRers, Tumca faqti faqtad rCeba
da mas versad gaveqceviT!
fuko yuradRebas uTmobs aseve drois moxelTebas disciplinis
interesebSi, es zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, magram axla ufro detalurad
ganvixiloT. rogorc ukve iTqva, disciplinaruli sazogadoeba ayalibebs
cocxal cxrilebs, Sualedebs, romlebic gamsWvalulni arian ,, ujreduli~
ZalauflebiT. sivrcis aTvisebas mosdevs kontroli moRvaweobaze. igi
xorcieldeba samuSao drois danawilebiT, droSi moqmedebis detalizaciiT,
sxeulisa da Jestis korelaciiT, sxeulsa da obieqts Soris kavSiris
damyarebiT, e.w. amomwuravi gamoyenebiT.
samuSao drois danawileba Zveli memkvidreobaa. misi mkacri modeli
nakarnaxevi iyo samonastro erTobebidan. man maleve hpova gavrceleba
kolejebSi, saavadmyofoebSi, saxelosnoebSi. arsebobs samuSao drois
danawilebis sami ZiriTadi meTodi: 1. iZuleba mkafiod gansazRruli
saqmianobisadmi. 2. ganmeorebadi ciklebis SemoReba. 3. ritmulobis
dadgena, misi mizania sasargeblo drois Seqmna, romelic iqneba gamoTvladi
da anazRaurebadi. dro mocemuli unda iqnes minarevebisa da wyvetebis
gareSe, anu laparkia maRalxarisxovan droze, rodesac sxeuli mowadinebiT
miecema Sromas. sizuste da mowadineba danawevrebasTan erTad aris
disciplinirebuli drois ZiriTadi sikeTe.
drois damuSavebas Tan sdevs droiTi imperativebisadmi sxeulis
daqvemdebareba. dro da masTan erTad Zalauflebis mier ganxorcielebuli
detaluri kontrolis yvela saxe aRwevs sxeulSi, aqedanaa korelacia
sxeulisa da Jestebisa, disciplinaruli kontroli amkvidrebs Jestisa da
sxeulis saerTo mdgomareobas Soris saukeTeso mimarTebas, rac xdeba
piroba moZraobis efeqturobisa da siswrafisa. sxeulsa da obieqts Soris
swori kavSiri iZleva drois amomwuravi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.
ikrZaleba drois tyuilubralod xarjva, droisa, romelsac gvaZlevs
RmerTi da gvinazRaureben adamianebi... mocemuli mizniT winaswar dgindeba
dRis reJimi. disciplina uzrunvelyofs pozitiur ekonomias, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, pozitiurs materialuri pragmatulobis TvalsazrisiT. raxan
vaxseneT ,,dRis reJimi~, isev sabWoTa realobidan davasaxeleb erT
44
magaliTs: sabWoTa skolaSi TiToeul moswavles moeTxoveboda ,,dRis
reJimis’’ ganrigiT daewera dRis ganmavlobaSi misi TiToeuli moqmedeba.
maswavleblebi mSoblebs sTxovdnen daxmarebas, raTa maT gaekontrolebinaT
TavianTi Svilebi _ iqoniebdnen Tu ara aseT ganrigs furcelze mkveTrad
Camoyalibebulad da amSvenebda Tu ara aseTi furceli _ ,,dRis reJimi’’
maTi Svilebis samecadino kuTxes samuSao magidasTan. saskolo wignebSi
maxsovs mocemulic ki iyo ilustraciebis darTviT nimuSi msagavsi ,,dRis
reJimisa~, igi ase iwyeboda:
8.00._adgoma
8.10._dilis gamamxnevebeli varjiSi.
8.30._wylis procedurebi.
8.40_gakveTilebis ganmeoreba.
da a.S. mTeli ganawesis sia sruldeboda amgvarad: 10.00._Zili... anu
moswavlis yoveli dRe, droSi gawerili, misTvis unda qceuliyo rutinad,
Tavad moswavle ki drois da moqmedebaTa rutinul mdinarebaSi manqana-
marionetad!
mivubrundeT isev fukoseuli Txrobis stils. danawevrebuli dro
ikribeba erTian mTelSi, raTa moxdes sargeblis warmoeba, risi meSveobiTac
flobis sagnad unda iqces wardginebadi xaniereba. Zalaufleba uSualodaa
dakavSirebuli drosTan. disciplinaruli meTodebi aRmoaCenen sworxazovan
dros, romlis momentebi ikribebian da warimarTebian mdgradi, sasrulo
wertilisaken. dro ,,evoluciaa~ da swored amitomaa misi marTva saWiro. es
cxadia, ar niSnavs, rom Zalauflebis mikro da makrofizika SesaZlebels
xdis istoriis SeTxzvas. Uubralod, SesaZlebeli xdeba droiT
ganzomilebaSi SeRweva, masSi kontrolis ,,wargzavna~ da praqtikisadmi
daqvemdebareba.
disciplinaruli Zalaufleba sazogadoebaSi anawevrebs da aTiTovebs
drosa da sivrces, raTa miaRwios sasurvel ZalTa ganlagebas. Ddetalurad
gamoTvlili ZalTa SeerTeba moiTxovs xelmZRvanelobis mkafio sistemebs.
individebis mTeli moRvaweoba unda warimarTebodes direqtivebiT, romelTa
efeqturobac gansazRvruli iqneba maTi sicxadiTa da ,,simokliT~. direqtiva
ar unda badebdes axsnis, formulirebis saWiroebas, man sakmarisia
45
gamoiwvios sapasuxo qceva. direqtivebi gadaicema e.w ,,signalizaciis~
meSveobiT. araa brZanebis gageba saWiro, sakmarisia signalis aRqma da
swori reagireba, winaswar dadgenili da naklebad xelovnuri kodis
midevnebiT unda moeqces sxeulebi signalTa mWidro samyroSi,
romelTaganac TiToeuls Seesabameba aucilebeli da erTaderTi reaqcia _
ai, disciplinaruli sazogadoebis amocana.
disciplinaruli sazogadoeba aris asocialuri mikroujreduli
samyaro: usasrulod danawevrebeli sivrce, usasrulod danawevrebuli dro
_ maTSi ganfenili individebiT. aq myofobs mikroujreduli Zalaufleba,
romelic Tavadve usasrulo danawevrebis wylobiaT aris ugzoukvlod
gauCinarebuli.
swored amitom, dasasrulisaTvis SeiZleba navaraudevi iyos misi
gaqroba, rac, albaT, mocemulia sazogadoebis mier sakuTari Tavis
amowurvis niSanSi da Tavisufleba warmarTuli individebisaTvis mwvane
Suqia sakuTari individualobis da yofierebis Tavadve sawarmoeblad.
sabolood dayofa disciplinarul sazogadoebaSi ukve aSkarad ar
eqvemdabareba gamoTvlas. ibadeba SekiTxva (Tumca es SekiTxva fukos ar
gasCenia, igi pirvelad Jan bodriars daebada): Zalaufleba, romlis
koordinatebis dadgena miaxloebiTac ki SeuZlebelia, Zalaufleba, romlis
gazomvis indikatori ar arsebobs _ imyofeba ki namdvilad realobaSi?
Tojina_marionets aqvs adamianis (msaxiobis) TiTebis sakmari Tasmebi
mis samarTavad. ,,sazogadoeba-marioneti~ imdenad detalizirebulia post-
monarqiul saxelmwifoSi, rom misi politikuri marTvisaTvis
daqvemedabarebis saSualebebs SeuZlebelia mxolod politikuri sistema
flobdes. mocemul sazogadoebaSi moqmedi Zalaufleba gascdeba
politikuri sistemis sazRvrebs da moicavs mTel danarCen socialur
sivrces. faqtobrivad es aris politikuri Zalauflebis daisi, sikvdili,
rac, rogorc bodriari ambobs Tavisi naSromSi _ ,,daviviwyoT fuko~, fukom
ver SeniSna.
rogorc platonma aRniSna, yoveli politikuri wyoba Tavis TavSi
atarebs sakuTari aRsasrulis mizezs. asevea disciplinaruli
Zalauflebebis SemTxvevaSic. monarqia daRupa Zalauflebis
46
erTpirovnulobam. aq ki Zalaufleba da sazogadoeba ukidegano
danawevrebis msxvrepli xdeba. Cvenma msjelobam gviCvena, rom sazogadoebis
wonasworoba aucileblobiT moiTxovs ara mxolod Zalauflebis
proporciul danawilebas, aramed sazogadoebrivi segmentebs Sorisac
funqciebis proporciulad da racionalurad dayofas. igi ar unda iyos
erTganzomilebiani. “socialuri veli~, Tu gamoviyenebT pier berdies
termins, gulisxmobs politikis, kulturis, ekonomikisa da religiis
damoukidebel sivrceTa saxiT arsebobas. politika da religia mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli sferoebia, magram am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia davesesxoT
saxarebiseul aforizms: iTqva, rom ,,axali Rvino axal WurWelSi anda
Caisxas~. postmonarqiaSi ganxorcielda Zalauflebis diferenciacia
sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebad. magram ver
Camoyalibda mravalganzomilebiani socialuri veli, ramac xeli Seuwyo
politikisaTvis mecnierebis, religiis, kulturisa da danarCeni
sazogadoebrivi seqtorebis daqvemdebarebas. Sedegad miviReT cixis
modeliT struqturirebuli sazogadoeba, romelSic Tavisufali
pirovnebisaTvis ar darCa adgili. swored “axalma Rvinom~
(diferencirebulma Zalauflebam) `Zvel WurWelSi~ (aradiferencirebuli
anu erTganzomilebian socialur velSi) ganapiroba disciplinaruli
sazogadoebis daisi, riTac dasrulda post-monarqiuli epoqa. swored
aqedan, am momentidan gadainacvla Zalauflebam realuridan hiperrealuris
sferoSi, Tumca es sakiTxi miSel fukos yuradRebis centrSi arasodes
moqceula. hiperrealuri Zalauflebis aRmoceneba realuri Zalauflebis
adgilze Jan bodriarma ,,aRmoaCina~ da am Temas miuZRvna Tavisi araerTi
gaxmaurebuli naSromi, magaliTad ,,daviviwyoT fuko~, ,,cduneba~ da sxvani...
47
1.3. hiper-realuri sazogadoeba da zogadad `socialuris”
funqcionalurobis dakargvis riski
miSel fukos naSromSi `zedamxedveloba da dasja~ gamokveTilia
nebismieri sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari riski, romelic gamomdinareobs
Zalauflebis gadaWarbebidan, Aanu igulisxmeba politikuri sistemis
CarCoebis gafarToeba mTlianad sazogadoebis CarCoebamde, rodesac
individi moklebulia Tavisufali arCevanisa da damoukideblad moqmedebis
SesaZleblobebs da rodesac sazogadoebis TiToeul segmentSi aRwevs
Zalauflebis represiuli reJimi. Jan bodriaris Teoriebi Zalauflebis
Sesaxeb aris logikuri gagrZeleba fukos mier dayenebuli problemisa.
oRond bodriari ixreba sxva rakursiT. igi acnobierebs, rom politikuri
sistemis sazRvrebs miRma ganfenili Zalaufleba aRwevs ra piks, kargavs
Tavis QqmediTianobas da kvdeba. Mmisi gauCinarebis Sedegad darCenil
lakunebs ki avsebs e.w. hiper-realuri Zalaufleba. Bbodriari Tavis
naSromebSi ayenebs wina planze zogadad socialuris gaqrobis
saSiSroebasTan dakavSirebul riskebs. Seiswavlis amaTuim mocemul
sazogadoebaTa specifikis ukeT warmosaCenad maTSi arsebul nivTTa
sistemas da fernan brodelis darad cdilobs nivTTa sistemaSi moiZios
sazogadoebaSi arsebul ierarqiaTa sazRvrebi.
Jan bodriaris stili odnav eseisturia da es mis sociologiur
Teoriebs Tavisebur xiblsac ki hmatebs...
bodriari franguli postmodernistuli sociologiis erT-erTi
TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia (1925_2006). is iyo pariz-nanteris
universitetis sociologiis profesori, aseve redaqtori Jurnalebisa
`utopie~ da `Traverses~. misi yvelaze gaxmaurebuli naSromebia `nivTTa
sistema~, `cduneba~, `daviviwyoT fuko~, `mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi~,
`SesaZloa 2000 weli ar dadges~, `borotebis gamWvirvaleoba~.
bodriarisaTvis maxasiaTebelia Txrobis originaluri stili, misi
naSromebis gacnobisas mkiTxveli aRmoaCens, rom igi aramxolod
originalurad moazrovne sociologi, aramed SesaniSnavi literatoricaa.
Jan bodriaris msoflmxedvelobaze didi gavlena moaxdina miSel fukos
48
Teoriebma, gansazRvra Taviseburad misi interesis sfero sociologiur
kvlevaSi, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, bodriari mudmivad akritikebda fukos,
kerZod ki mis Zalauflebriv Teorias. amaze qvemoT dawvrilebiT
vilaparakebT.
miSel fukosaTvis maxasiaTebeli iyo mZafri interesi materialuri
samyaros mimarT, romelic Cven Semogvgarsavs arqiteqturis saxiT. fuko
Tvlida, rom arqiteqtura iaraRia Zalauflebis xelSi da igi
funqcionalurad moawyobs sazogadoebriv vels, adamianur saerTo
sacxovrebels, raTa masSi individTa garkveuli wesiT ganTavsebiT
SemdgomSi gansazRvrul iqnes maTive yofierebanic.
Jan bodriaric miSel fukos darad gacxovelebul interess iCens Cveni
Semomgarsveli materialuri samyaros mimarT, magram igi ufrore
orientirebulia sacxovrisi sivrcis nivTebiT aTvisebis sakiTxze. nivTebi
ara ubralod sayofacxovrebo moTxovnilebebs akmayofileben, aramed maT
SeuZliaT utyvad metyveleba adamianTa cxovrebis stilze, maT fenobriv
mikuTvnebulobaze, Tundac inteleqtze, miTumetes ekonomikuri kapitalis
odenobaze da sazogadoebis sfecifikaze.
oTaxis dekoraciebi, fanjrebi, ganaTeba, saRebavic ki kedlebze, sarke,
sasadilo magida, saaTi, manqana _ yvela es metyvelebs maTi mflobelis
yofierebaze; aseve warmoebaSi Tanamedrove epoqaSi gavrcelebuli seriul
nivTTa warmoeba, ekonomikaSi gavrcelebuli Sesyidvis axali wesi
kreditebis formiT, reklama, romelsac iyenebs marketingi saqonelze
moxmarebis gasazrdelad _ es yvelaferi TavianT TavSi faraven ufro mets,
vidre martivad warmoeba, ekonomika, marketinguli ideologia. maTSi amaTuim
formiT amaTuim mocemuli sazogadoebis habitusi vlindeba, maTSi SeiZleba
daiZebnos empiriuli indikatori adamianTa sxvadasxva socialur fenaTa
Soris sazRvrebis dasadgenad.
saerTod frangi Teoretikosebi (sazogadoebis kvleviT dakavebulni)
cxadia, avlenen mzard interess materialuri samyaros mimarT, rac
mocemulia arqiteqturisa da sayofacxovrebo nivTTa Tu xelovnebis
SedevrTa saxiT. aviRoT analTa skolis saxelovani warmomadgeneli fernar
brodeli, romelsac Tavis droze miSel fukoc did pativs miagebda.
49
sayovelTaod cnobilia misi sqeltaniani trilogia `materialuri
civilizacia~, sadac igi sazogadoebis ierarqizirebulobis xarisxis
gasazomad Seiswavlis bodriaris darad nivTTa sistemas evropuli
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva epoqaSi. es trilogia minda aRvniSno, rom
postsabWour sivrceSic gamoica rusuli TargmaniT 1986-1992 wlebSi...
amosavali punqti Jan bodriaris koncefciebSi mainc misi Zalauflebis
Teoriaa, sadac igi amkvidrebs termins _ hiper-realuri Zalauflebisas,
romelic warmoadgens simulakrs ukve ararsebuli realuri Zalauflebisa.
bodrierisaTvis aqtualuria Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis,
zogadad sazrisis, socialuris kvdomis problema. igi SeSfoTebulia e.w.
masaTa aRzevebiT, romelic civilizacias dasasruls uqadis da romelmac
SesaZloa daasaflavos sociologia, rameTu mas Seswevs Zala moakvdinos
sociologiis kvlevis obieqti da sagani, sazogadoeba da socialuri sfero.
am problemas bodriari uZRvnis naSroms `mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi~,
romelic aseve gamoica da gavrcelda post-sabWour sivrceSi.
axla ki yvela aq CamoTvlili sakiTxi ganvixiloT Tanmimdevrulad da
SeZlebisdagvarad ufro dawvrilebiT, anu droa CaverToT Jan
bodriariseul diskursSi:
1977 wels bodriari wers esses saxelwodebiT `daviviwyoT fuko~,
romelic warmoadgens gamoxmaurebas miSel fukos cnobil naSromze
`zedamxedveloba da sasjeli~. bodriari cdilobs gadaafasos kategoriebi
_ Zalaufleba, seqsualoba, warmoeba.
bodrieri Txrobas iwyebs apolonieris citirebiT: `roca me vsaubrob
droze, is ukve aRar arsebobs~ 10 (Бодрийар Ж.�2000: 39) da Tamamad acxadebs _
fukos mTeli enawylianoba ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic
mikroujredulia, usasrulod mciredaa dasaxsruli da danawevrebuli
SesaZlebelia mxolod imitom, rom es Zalaufleba mkvdaria, gardasaxulia
Tavis simulakSi da myofobs mxolod hiperrealuris sivrceSi. fukosTvis
miuRebelia fiqri politikis dasasrulze, is mxolod politikuris
metamorfozebs dauSvebs, magaliTad despoturi sazogadoebis gardasaxvas
disciplinarulSi, xolo Semdgom mikroujredulSi im procesebis
50
Tanmimdevrulad, romlebic mimdinareoben fizikur da biologiur
mecnierebebSi.
bodriari xazs usvams, rom yvelaferi socialurSi, rac ki wrfivia,
ganwirulia sikvdilisaTvis. fukoseuli Zalaufleba araa wrfivi, is
spiraluria, Tumca misi xveulebi imdenad usasruloa, rom yovel
SemTxvevaSi simulakrad gardasaxvas Tavs ver aRwevs.
termini `simulakri~ warmosdgeba laTinuri sityvidan simulacrum da
iTargmneba rogorc msgavseba, moCvenebiToba. esaa erT-erTi ZiriTadi cneba
franguli postmodernistuli filosofiisa. igi aRmocenda gansxvavebisa da
msgavsebis, originalisa da kopiis (aslis) ganxilvisas. simulakri esaa
cnobierebis fantomi, moCvenebiToba, is, rac kvlav awarmoebs obieqtis
saxebas, misi substancionaluri maxasiaTeblebis miRma~ 11 ( Бодрийар Ж. 2000: 41)
fukoseul mikroujredul Zalauflebas bodriaris azriT aRar Seswevs
unari realobis da sakuTari Tavis kvlavwarmoebisa. magram ratomRac fuko
ar aRiarebs Zalauflebis kriziss Tu peripetias, misTvis dasaSvebia
mxolod modulacia, kapilaruloba, Zalauflebis `mikrofizikuri~
segmenturoba. fukosTan Zalaufleba Sordeba ra despotur
centralizirebulobas, gardaisaxeba `ZalTa mravalgvar mimarTebebSi~ da
saboloo jamSi gamoixateba winaaRmdegobaTa saxiT. Zalauflebisa da
SewinaaRmdegebis atomebi imdenad mcired arian gaxleCilni, rom am
mikroskopuli masStabis wyalobiT erTmaneTSi aiRrevian. erTaderTi xsna
Zalauflebis funqcionarulobis SesanarCuneblad, bodriaris azriT, aris
misgan Tavis Tavze `gamowvevis~ miReba, romelsac nebismier socialur
fenomens, romelic ki mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisaTvis realobis
warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, warugzavnis `cduneba~.
`cduneba~ bodriarisaTvis esaa Seqcevadi procesi, romelic Tavis
diskursSi CarTviT amaTuim socialur fenomens, vTqvaT Zalauflebas, xdis
ciklurs. esaa brunva wriulad, oRond sicarielis RerZis irgvliv!
cdunebis cikli Zalauflebis Semdeg fazebs gaivlis: Zalauflebis
aRzeveba, Zalauflebis vardna da misi simulakris meSveobiT kvlavwarmoeba.
Bbodriari iyenebs citatas: `roca ieso mkvdreTiT aRsdga, is iyo zombi~ 12
51
(Бодриийар Ж. 2000: 76). simulakris meSveobiT kvlavnawarmoebi Zalaufleba
swored rom raRac am zombis msgavsia (bodriariseuli TvalTaxedviT).
bodriari yuradRebas amaxvilebs Zalauflebis fukoseul
gansazRvrebaze. Ffuko ambobs: Zalaufleba isaa, rac funqcionirebs, igi
araa dadgenileba, arc struqtura, arc Zlevamosileba. igia saxeli,
romelic amaTuim mocemul sazogadoebaSi gamoiyeneba rTuli strategiuli
situaciis mimarT. is araa centraluri, erTxazovani, upiratesi, igia
gamanawilebeli, veqtoruli, moqmedebs relesa da transmisiis MmeSveobiT.
Zalaufleba SeuzRudavi, ZalTa imanenturi velia da CvenTvis jerac
ucnobia, ras SeeCexeba igi, anda ras efuZneba, ramdenadac Zalaufleba
eqspansiuria, wminda damagnitebadia. Tumca es `magnituri~ Zalaufleba rom
yofiliyo usasrulo infiltracia socialuri velisa – ambobs fuko
(perifrazirebas ki axdens bodriari, amitomac ar vsvam brWyalebs da ar
vuTiTeb gverds sqolios dasarTavad...) _ igi aranair SewinaaRmdegebas ar
waawydeboda. Zalaufleb calmxriv daqvemdebarebaze rom aigebodes, igi
didi xnis winaT iqneboda damxobili, CamoiSleboda antagonistur ZalTa
zewolis Sedegad. cxadia aseTi faqtebi arc axsovs istorias, Tu ara
zogierTi gamonaklisebi TiTze CamosaTvlel `Semdgar~ revoluciaTa saxiT.
bodriari upirispirdeba fukoseul (misi azriT) am funqcionalur
Sexedulebas Zalauflebis Taobaze, romelic gadmoicema relesa da
transmisiis terminebSi da gvTavazobs, Zalaufleba warmovidginoT rogorc
gacvlas daqvemdebarebadi cvladi, cxadia ara ekonomikuri gagebiT.
bodriarisaTvis Zalaufleba xorcieldeba rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT,
cdunebis Seqcevad ciklSi. Tuki Zalaufleba cdunebis ciklSi ar
gaicvleba igi Sewyvets socialur fenimenad yofnas. magram bodriari ar
akonkretebs, rogor xorcieldeba gamowveva-cdunebis ciklis wrebrunvaSi
CarTviT `Zalauflebis gacvla~. igi ar ganmartavs ras moiazrebs terminSi
`Zalauflebis gacvla~.
xolo rac Seexeba `cdunebas”, ai, rogor axasiaTebs mas bodriari:
cduneba Zalauflebaze Zlieria, igi Seqcevadi da sikvdils
daqvemdebarebadi procesia. cduneba ar miekuTvneba arc realobas, arc
ZalTa wesrigs, igi araa arc mimarTeba. igi Semofarglavs ara mxolod
52
Zalauflebas, aramed warmoebis mTel realur processac. saerTod,
bodriarisaTvis realoba araa saintereso da Tvlis, rom is arc arasodes
ainteresebda vinmes! `realoba upiratesad imedgacruebis adgilia, adgili
sikvdilis sapirispiro simulakris dagrovebisa. realobasa da WeSmaritebas
drodadro mimzidvelad warmoaCens maT ukan damaluli warmosaxvadi
katastrofa... dRes ufrore, vidre odesme realoba esaa mxolod maragi
mkvdari materiisa, mkvdari sxeulebisa, mkvdari enisa da sadReisod mxolod
realobis maradis Sefaseba iZleva jer kidev realobis SegrZnebas~ 13
(Бодрийар Ж. 2000: 73)
bodriari Tvlis, rom usargebloa Zalauflebisadmi gamodevneba, anda
masze usasrulod saubari, vinaidan igi iqca miCvenebiTis sakraluri
horizontis nawilad. Zalaufleba `aq~ mxolod imisTvisaa, rom dafaros
sakuTari ararseboba. politikis apogeis kvaldakval iwyeba Zalauflebis
daisi, ciklis Semdgomi faza _ Zalauflebis sakuTar simulakrad
gardasaxva.
Zalauflebas SeiZleba daveufloT ara metadre, vidre saidumloebas.
xolo Zalauflebis saidumlo mdgomareobs saidumloebis saidumloebaSi,
anu mis ararsebobaSi! realobis `vardnis~ fazaSi operaciulia mxolod
saidumlos da Zalauflebis mizanscena. es ki imaze mianiSnebs, rom
Zalauflebis substancia saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, Tavisi uwyveti
eqspansiis Semdgom, moulodnelad feTqdeba Signidan; sfero Zalauflebisa
ikumSeba da pirveladi sididis varskvlavidan gardaisaxeba wiTel jujad,
Semdgom ki Sav xvrelad, romelic STanTqavs realuris mTel substancias,
mTels garemomcvel energiebs, umalve gardaisaxeba wminda niSnad,
socialuris niSnad, romlis simZimec Cven gvrTgunavs.
sinamdvileSi bodriarisTvis ar arsebobs arc instancia, arc
struqtura, arc substancia da arc ZalTa ramenairi mimarTebani.
Zalaufleba, esaa gamowveva. bodriari mogviTxrobs: primitul
sazogadoebaTa Zalauflebis idolidan, romelic metyvelebda, radgan
araferi hqonda saTqmeli, aqtualur Zalauflebamde, romelic `arsebobs~,
raTa miCqmalos Zalauflebis ararseboba, ganvlil iqna ormagi gamowvevis
sruli cikli. Zalaufleba gamowvevas mTels sazogadoebas warugzavnis,
53
imaT visac gaaCnia es Zalaufleba. bodriarisTvis aseTia Zalauflebis da
misi katastrofis faruli istoria.
ZalTa mimarTebis terminebSi Zalaufleba mudam gamoiyureboda ufro
momgebinad, Tundac yoveli morigi revoluciisas is gadasuliyo xelidan
xelSi. amitomac cdilobda Zalauflebis yoveli tipi ZalTa mimarTebis
saxiT Tavis warmoCenas: mCagvreli _ Cagruli, eqspluatatori _
eqspluatirebuli da a.S.
Zalaufleba Tavs icavda yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT: Tavisi
demokratizirebulobiT, liberalizaciiT, vulgarizaciiTa da, bolo dros
ukve, decentralizaciiTa da deteritorizaciiT, magram amaod... dRes
mivediT iqamde, rom ukve aRaravis surs Zalaufleba, misi Tavis Tavze aReba.
es xdeba ara istoriuli uunarobis anda xasiaTis sisustis zegavleniT,
ubralod, Zalauflebis saidumlo gacxadda, Sedegi ki aseTia: aravinaa
mowadinebuli aiRos Tavis Tavze wargzavnili gamowveva. ratomRac
adamianebi, ambobs bodriari, ar afaseben gamowvevis fantastikur
simZlavres, vinaidan igi uimedod eCvenebaT. arada `imedi~ xom sakmaod
saeWvo Rirebulebaa (iseve rogorc Tavad istoria). igia Rirebuleba,
romelic degradirdeba droSi, romelic ixliCeba mizansa da saSualebebs
Soris da yvela istoriuli fsoni Canacvlebadia, isini SeiZleba iqcnen
garigebis sagnad, isini dialeqtikurni arian. `gamowveva~ esaa raRac
dialogis sapirispiro, igi qmnis ara dialeqtikur, aramed ucilobel
sivrces, igi araa mizani, arc saSualeba. is upirispirebs Tavis sakuTar
sivrces politikuris sivrces. man ar icis saSualo da arc xangrZlivi
vada, misi erTaderTi vadaa elviseburoba pasuxisa da sikvdilisa.
yvelaferi, rac sworxazovania, maT Soris istoriac, iqoniebs dasasruls,
ramdenadac igi usasrulod Seqcevadia. swored es Seqcevadoba aniWebs mas
warmoudgenel siZlieres.
bodriarma kargad icis, rom `Zalaufleba Tavad Tavis Tavs arasodes
ar warmoidgenda “Zalauflebad” da diad politikosTa saidumlo
mdgomareobda martivi WeSmaritebis flobaSi, romelic maT auwyebda rom
aranairi Zalaufleba, rogorc Zala, ar arsebobda. maT icodnen, rom
Zalaufleba esaa simulaciis perspeqtiuli sivrce. politikosTa msgavsad
54
bankirebmac uwyian, rom fuli araferia, igi ar arsebobs. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas Teologebze, maT RmerTis sikvdili ar gamoparviaT~ 14 (Бодрийар Ж. 2000:
85) da es aniWebT _ ambobs bodriari _ swored maT saocar upiratesobas
morwmuneTa mTels masebze. rodesac Zalaufleba cdilobs ipovos
WeSmariteba, substancia, reprezentacia (xalxTa nebaSi da a. S. ) _ igi
kargavs Tavis Zlevemosilebas da maSin `sxvani~ `garedan~ mas warugzavnian
sapasuxod gamowvevas, Tanac ukve ara sicocxleze, aramed sikvdilze. da igi
(Zalaufleba) mokvdeba TavisTavze Seyvarebulobisagan, crurwmenisagan,
romelic iSva mis substanciad yalbi warmosaxvidan. bodriari ambobs _
odesRac beladebs klavdnen, Tuki aRmoCndeboda, rom maT es saidumlo
daiviwyes.
`daviviwyoT fuko~ Cemis azriT es is saxelmZRvaneloa, romelic
uciloblad unda waikoTxos sociologma, fukos `zedamxedvelobisa da
dasjis” gacnobis Semdgom, fukos ukeT gasagebad. `daviviwyoT fukoze”
aranakleb sainteresoa sazogadoebrivi Teoriebis Seswalisas bodriaris
morigi naSromi `nivTTa sistema~.
Jan bodriaris naSromi `nivTTa sistema~ aRmovaCenT Tanxvedras misive
Tanamemamulis fernan brodelis stilTan. bodriari `nivTTa sistemaSi”
aqcents akeTebs saganTa materialuri samyaros struqturaze, rac esaxeba
sazogadoebis ierarqizirebulobis ufro aSkarad gamovlenis saSualebad.
igi miiCnevs, rom individTa miTxovnilebani yalibdebian `sazogadoebis~ an,
ufro zustad, politikuri diskursis meSveobiT. demokratiuli
sazogadoebis ierarqizirebuloba naklebad TvalSisacemi gaxda teqnikuri
progresis zegavleniT. tradiciul sazogadoebaSi privilegiebze
metyvelebda sakuTreba, anu ama Tu im nivTTa floba sakuTrebis saxiT.
nivTebis ricxvi, romelTa flobac gulisxmobda mflobelis
`upiratesobebs~ iyo mcire, maTi unikalurobidan gamomdinare. magaliTad,
karl peter faberJes oqros unikaluri kvercxebi, an misi xelnakeTi
saaTebi... Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi warmoebam SeZlo unikalur nivTTa
simciris netiralizacia originalTa modelebis seriebis SeqmniT, risi
wyalobiTac sazogadoebis naklebad privilegirebul fenebSi ideur fonze
dakmayofilda ukmarisobis grZnoba, rasac badebda originalTa
55
miuwvdomloba (rac Tavis mxriv SesaZloa gadazrdiliyo protestSi
privilegiaTa arqonis gamo). cxadia originali misgan kopirebuli aslebis,
seriuli `klonebis~ simravliT ar hkargavs Tavis Rirebulebas. seriuli
modelebi xom gacilebiT uxarisxoni da dabali gemovnebiT Sesrulebulebi
arian (ai magaliTad, TbilisSi `vagzlis moednis bazrobaze~ WurWlis da
suvenirTa seqciaSi mravlad waawydebiT faberJes kvercxebis ugmvano
aslebs...), magram es araa mTavari, isini Cinebulad asruleben TavianT
funqcias, romelic mdgomareobs sazogadoebaSi konsesusis
uzrunvelyofaSi.
yoveli fena, ambobs bodriari, gansxvavdeba mis flobaSi myofi
siZveleebiT. adamianuri sazogadoebisaTvis saerTod niSandoblivia swrafva
siZveleebisadmi, rac ganpirobebulia adamianis aracnobieri surviliT _
gadalaxos drois zRvari, anu daamarcxos sikvdili. drois qartexilze
gamarjvebul nivTSi adamiani axdens sakuTari `mes~ personalizacias...
privilegirebulTa fena flobs siZveleTa gansakuTrebulad ZviradRirebul
modelebs, antikvarebs, rac naklebadaa xelmisawvdomi e.w. saSualo klasis
warmomadgenelTaTvis, xolo es ukanasknelni win uswreben uqonelTa fenebs,
rogorc Rirebul nivTTa flobaSi aseve am nivTebisadmi moTxovnilebis
survilSi, vinaidan moTxovnilebebi adamianebs xSirad mxolod sakuTari
SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare uyalibdebaT (am SemTxvevaSi SesaZleblobis
saxiT mxedvelobaSi maqvs ekonomikuri da kulturuli kapitali).
nebismieri gansxvaveba Tavidanve sistemaSia integrirebuli. sistemis
ideologiuri manqana iZleva socialuri statusis amaRlebis cru
SegrZnebas. seriuli modelebis misawvdomoba qmnis Tanasworobis iluzias,
magram kritikuli ganxilvisas adamianTa msgavsi Tanasworoba aRmoCndeba
mxolod iluzoruli. `statusi~ fiqsirebulia calsaxad da TamaSis wesebic
gasagebi da saerToa yvelasTvis. mobiloba, romliTac TiTqosda moculia
mTeli sazogadoeba, viTardeba mrude teqnikuri progresiT. yvelaferi
miedineba, Cvens Tvalwin icvlis saxes, magram araferi icvleba. teqnikuri
progresiT gatacebuli sazogadoeba TiTqosda axdens grandiozul
gadatrialebebs, magram yvelaferi es daiyvaneba sakuTari RerZis irgvliv
56
brunvaze. warmoebis zrda ar gadaizrdeba aranair struqturul
cvlilebaSi.
bodriarTan, SeZenil nivTebze safasuris gadaxdis forma, aseve aris
fenobrivi mikuTvnebulobis gamosavleni saSualeba. rCeba faqtad da
TiTqmis dauwerel kanonad, rom Zvirfas nivTze, originalze safasuris
gadaxda xorcieldeba umalve, xolo nivTi SeZenili kreditad, naklebad
SesaZlebelia iyos faseuli. kreditad SeZenis aqti iwvevs aseve garkveul
fsiqologiur diskomforts. `gamousyidveli~ nivTi gvisxltdeba droSi, is
TiTqosda arasodes yofila Cveni. kreditad SeZenili nivTebi adamianebs
Seaxseneben sazogadoebis winaSe sakuTar movaleobebs. krediti, ambobs
bodriari, ubralo ekonomikuri elementi ki araa, esaa sazogadoebis
fundamentaluri sazomi, axali eTika...
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi nivTs jer `yiduloben~, Semdeg ki
gamoisyidian. sakredito sistemis meSveobiT vubrundebiT ZirZvel
feodalur urTierTobebs, roca Sromis umetesi wili Tavidanve ekuTvnoda
mepatrones, e.i. vubrundebiT daqvemdebarebuli Sromis sistemas.
vinaidan adamianSi moxmarebis instiqti dauokebelia, agrZelebs
bodriari, sazogadoeba integrirdeba momxmareblis da mwarmoeblis mudmivi
urTierTmimarTebulobiT. saxezea TvalSisacemi iluzorizmi: ekonimikuri
seqtori individTa kreditirebas axdens formaluri Tavisuflebis fasad,
xolo es ukanaskneli ekonomikis sargeblobaSi aucxoebs Tavis momavals,
axdens ra saganTa kreditirebas. anu yoveli axali SenaZeni, esaa
daqvemdebarebulobaSi yofnis axali mizezi.
bodriari Tvlis, rom sistemis mxridan propagandirebis erT-erTi
efeqturi saSualebaa reklama. reklama, esaa instancia, saidanac adamiani
Rebulobs informacias `mis sakuTar~ survilebze. adamiani, Tavis mxriv,
ganicdis moTxovnilebas zegavlenis msgavs meqanizmSi, da es moTxovnileba
win uswrebs racionalur gamarTlebas. adamiani sistemis mxridan
direqtivebs, romlebic vlindebian reklamis saSualebiT, miiRebs rogorc
Cvili dedis zrunvas. Reklama, erTi SexedviT, ukavSirdeba nivTTa
moxmarebas, sinamdvileSi ki is sazogadoebrivi struqturis arsebuli
modelis SesanarCuneblad momarTuli ideologiuri manqanaa.
57
aviRoT, magaliTad, savarZlis reklama. `igi acxadebs, rom saukeTesoa
savarZeli, romelic Seesatyviseba da gaTvlilia momxmareblis sxeulis
formebze. sistema reklamis meSveobiT nergavs azrs, rom sazogadoebaSi
yvelaferi esadageba individis formebs, saWiroa mxolod am ukanasknelTa
mxridan sapasuxo nabijis gadadgma arCevanis saxiT, raTa xorci Seesxas
saukeTesos...” 15 (Бодрийар Ж. 2001: 182)
interieris dizainSi, mogviTxrobs bodriari, aqcenti keTdeba Tbili
ferebis siWarbeze, TvalSisacemi myudro atmosferos Seqmnaze, raTa
realoba gamoCndes harmoniulobiT gajerebuli. aviRoT Tundac ganaTebis
axali sistema oTaxebSi, Tanamedrove dizaini cdilobs daamontaJos neo-
naTurebi, romlebic Suqs asxiveben, magram rogorc wyaro am Suqisa ar
Canan. binebSi sxvadasxva sivrceebi ukve aRaraa kedlebiT gadatixruli,
iqmneba Riaobisa da erTianobis STabeWdileba. garegan ierze zrunva
mniSvnelovania, radgan Seulamazebeli realoba badebs gangaSis grZnobas
da angrevs `sazogadoebasTan~ individis Sesabamisobis iluzias.
saganTa axali diskursi sicialur poziciebs uwindelze metad
uqvemdebarebs adamianebs. reklamis meoxebiT adamiani umzers `sakuTar Tavs~
da iTvisebs `sakuTar saxebas~, romelic cxadia mas miewoda sistemis
mxridan. reklamas gaaCnia umniSvnelovanesi maregulirebeli funqcia: is
sistemis saWiroebebTan SesabamisobaSi moiyvans individTa moTxovnilebebs.
reklamis gzavnili daaxloebiT aseTia: SexedeT, mTeli sazogadoeba
dakavebulia mxolod imiT, rom Tqven da Tqvens survilebs esadageba.
Sesabamisad TqvenTvis keTilgonivruli iqneba am sazogadoebaSi
harmoniulad integrireba. STagoneba xorcieldeba SeumCnevlad, ambobs
bodriari. misi mizania ara ubralod raime konkretulis Sesyidvisaken
mowodeba, igi mouwodebs konsesusisa da konformizmisaken.
unda aRvniSno, rom bodriaris es naSromi `nivTTa sistema~ SedarebiT
adrindelia da aq jerac araa gamokveTili is riski, romelic dgas
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis winaSe, riski socialurobis dasasrulisa, riski
nebismieri sazrisis amoZirkvisa. aq araferia naTqvami masaTa aRzevebis
Sesaxeb, romelTa araTu gakontroleba ar SeiZleba, aramed romelnic Tavad
iqadian gaakontrolon mTeli sazogadoebrivi realoba masSi
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asocialurobis danergviT. naSromSi `mdumare Uumravlesobis CrdilSi~
reklamis mniSvneloba da roli sazogadoebis `marTvis~ sakiTxSi
bodriarTan absoluturad nulze daiyvaneba. aseve azrs kargavs fenobrivi
gansxvavebani, politikuri sistemis mxridan aSkara Tu faruli mcdelobebi
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ierarqiaTa sazRvrebis SenarCunebisa, radganac
nebismieri ierarqia lRveba masaTa velSi, romelic WaobiviT isrutavs
mTels sazogadoebriv da socialur realobas. amitom Jan bodriaris
naSromebi erTianobaSi unda ganvixiloT, Tanmimdevrulad da ara
`amorTviT~, anu ra maqvs mxedvelobaSi: aucilebelia bodriaris yvela
naSromis SesaZleblobsdagvarad gacnoba, rom warmodgena gvqondes Tu
rogor `evulucionirebs~ misi azrebi missave TeoriebSi.
naSromi `mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi~ eZRvneba masis fenomenis
ganxilvas. aq gamokveTili problemebi metad aqtiuria Tanamedrove
sazogadoebisaTvis, ara mxolod mecnieruli, aramed praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiTac. problemis gamokveTa iZleva imeds misi gadaWris efeqturi
saSualebebis moZiebisa. aqedan gamomdinare, Jan bodriaris es naSromi
yvelaze `momgebianad~ mimaCnia mis mier Seqmnil sxva danarCen naSromTa
sakmaod vrcel rigSi.
bodriari iwyebs masis, rogorc aseTis ganmartebiT: masa esaa utyvi
obieqti, Tumca xval igi ityvis Tavis saTqmels da Sewyvets `mdumare
umravlesobad~ yofnas. mas arc warsuli aqvs, arc momavali (es punqti
logikurad gaumarTavia), magram dResdReobiT is mainc istoriis mTavari
moqmedi gmiria. masas ar gaaCnia dafaruli Zalebi, romelnic
gamoTavisufldebodnen, arc miswrafebani, romelnic unda realizirdnen.
misi Zala aqtualuria. is mTlianad aqvea, munmyofobs da esaa misi
mdumarebis Zala, Zala STanTqmisa da neitralizaciisa, romelic amieridan
aRemateba yvela Zalas, rac ki adre masze zemoqmedebda. masa Savi xvrelia,
sadac iZireba socialuri. amrigad igia sruliad sawinaaRmdego imisa, rac
moiazreba, rogorc `sociologiuri~. sociologia aris unaris mqone
aRweros eqspansia mxolod socialurisa da misi peripetiisa. is arsebobs
mxolod socialuris pozitiuri da ukamaTo daSvebiT. gandevna, implozia
59
socialurisa mas xelidan dausxtldeba. varaudi socialuris sikvdilis
Taobaze, esaa aseve varaudi sociologiis sikvdilisa.
bodriari Tvlis, rom miswrafeba dazustdes `masis~ Semcveloba
uazrobaa. esaa mcdeloba mieniWos sazrisi imas, rasac igi ar gaaCnia.
amboben `mSromelTa masa~, TumcaRa masa arasodes ar warmoadgens arc
mSromelTa masas da arc raime sxva socialur obieqts. Zvel dros `glexTa
masebi~ sworedac rom ar warmoadgendnen masebs: masebs Seadgendnen mxolod
isini, vinc Tavisufalni arian TavianTi movaleobebisagan, arian
`gacxrilulni~ da uweriaT yofna mxolod mravalsaxovan Sedegad im
modelebis funqcionirebisa, romlebmac ver moaxerxes maTi integrireba da
romelnic bolosdabolos maT warmoadgenen mxolod statistikur narCenTa
saxiT. masa ar flobs arc atributs, arc predikats, arc maxasiaTebels,
arc referencias. swored amaSi mdgomareobs misi gansazRvruloba, anda
radikaluri ganusaszRvreloba, mas ar gaaCnia sociologiuri `realoba~.
mas aranairi saerTo ar aqvs raimenair realur dasaxlebasTan, raime
korporaciasTan, raimegvar gansakuTrebul socialur erTianobasTan.
nebismieri mcdeloba misi kvalifikaciisa, esaa mxolod Zalisxmeva gadaeces
is sociologias da amoirTos am ganusazRvrelobisagan. usasrulo jami
msgavsi individebisa 1+1+1+1 _> esaa masis sociologiuri gansazRvreba.
bodriari ambobs, rom masa funqcionirebs rogorc Savi xvreli,
romelic uaryofs, gardatexavs da amrudebs energiis yvela wyaros iseve,
rogorc sinaTlis gamosxivebas, romelic mas uaxlovdeba. rogorc
iploziuri sfero daCqarebadi sivrciTi gamrudebisa, sadac yvela
ganzomileba Caizniqeba siRrmeSi da gadaixlarTeba araraobaSi, da Tavis
Tavis nacvlad tovebs mxolod iseT alagas, sadac mxolod STanTqma Tu
ganxorcieldeba.
`racionaluri komunikacia da masebi SeuTavsebadi arian. masebs
sTavazoben sazriss, isini ki mowyurebulni arian sanaxaobas!
daerwmunebinaT isini Setyobinebis Semcvelobisadmi seriozul midgomaSi an
Tundac Setyobinebis kodisadmi reagirebaze aranairi ZalisxmeviT ar iqna
SesaZlebeli. masebs gadascemen gzavnils, isini ki mxolod niSnebiT
interesdebian. Masebi, esaa isini, vinc daubrmavebia simboloTa TamaSs da
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emorCileba stereotipebs, esaa isini, vinc aRiqvamen yvelafers, rasac
gnebavT, oRondac es iyos sanaxaobrivi” 16 (Бодрийар Ж. 2000: 6).
saqme imaSi ki araa, TiTqosda masebi vinmes mier dezorientirebulni
iyon, problema maTi Sinagani moTxovnilebaa, eqspresiuli da pozitiuri
kontrstategia kulturis, codnis, Zalauflebis da socialuris
ganadgurebis da STanTqmis saqmeSi. es `samuSao~ uxsovari droidan modiso,
aRniSnavs bodriari, magram dRes mTeli simZlavriT sruldeba.
miiCneva, rom vinaidan arian dezorientrebulni, qcevis sakuTari xazi
maT ar SeiZleba gaaCndeT. marTalia isic, rom drodadro masebi TiTqosda
Caeflobian maTTvis mSobiliur revoluciur stiqiaSi, risi wyalobiTac
`goniereba maTi sakuTrivi nebisa~ maT mier ase Tu ise gacnobierdeba.
magram danarCen SemTxvevaSi, rogorc varaudoben, RmerTs madloba unda
SevwiroT, rom man dagvifaros masaTa mdumarebisa da inertulobisagan.
arada swored am gulgrilobis gaanalizebaa sinamdvileSi aucilebeli.
nacvlad imisa, rom ganvixiloT igi rogorc Sedegi raRacgvari TeTri
magiis zemoqmedebisa, romelic mudmivad CamoaSorebs da SeaZulebs masebs
maTTvis bunebriv revoluciurobas, saWiroa misi damoukidebel cvladad
miReba Tavis pozitiur ZalaSi. bodriari svams kiTxvas - da ratom miiRweva
masaTa maTi sakuTrivi revoluciurobisgan ganrideba? iqneb Rirdes
dafiqreba im ucnaur viTarebaze, rom mravalricxovani revoluciebis
Semdeg, miuxedavad gazeTebis, profkavSirebis, partiebis, inteligenciis da
yvela Zalis aqtivobisa, romelnic arian mowodebulni aRzardon
mosaxleoba da moaxdinon maTi mobilizacia, jerac mxolod 1000 adamiania
mzad moqmedebisaTvis, maSin roca 20 milioni rCeba pasiurad da aramxolod
pasiurad, aramed Riad, sruliad daufaravad, msubuqi guliT, yovelgvari
orWofobis gareSe mzadaa daayenos safexburTo matCi ufro maRla, vidre
romelime calkeuli SemTxveva adamianuri anda politikuri dramisa.
sainteresoa, rom es da sxva msgavsi faqtebi arasodes ar aRelvebdaT
analitikosebs – es faqtebi, piriqiT, maTgan aRiqmebodnen rogorc
mtkicebulebani fesvmokidebuli Sexedulebisa, viTomda Zalaufleba
yovlisSemZlea masaTa manipulirebis saqmeSi, xolo masebi misi zemoqmedebis
qveS arian da Tavis mxriv imyofebian raRacgvari gaucnobierebuli komis
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mdgomareobaSi. arc erTi da arc meore WeSmaritebas ar Seesabameba, erTic
da meorec moCvenbiTobaa mxolod: Zalauflebas arc arafris manipulireba
ar exelmwifeba, masebi aravis aucdenia gezidan da arc aravis Seuyvania
dabneulobaSi. Zalaufleba, agrZelebs Txrobas bodriari, ratomRac
Cqarobs masaTa aseTi mZlavri damuSaveba nawilobriv fexburTs
gadaabralos, xolo danarCeni wili danaSaulisa am saqmeSi aiRos Tavis
Tavze! Zalauflebas kategoriulad ar surs damSvidobeba Tavisi Zalebis
realurobis rwmenasTan, radganac sxva SemTxvevaSi unda Seurigdes azrs,
rom mas aranairi totaluri zegavlenis moxdena ar ZaluZs mosaxleobaze
da amis misaCqmalad danaSaulsac ki daiCemebs: masaTa gulgriloba, es
maTive arsebis gamoxatulebaa, maTi erTaderTi praqtika gulgrilobaa...
naSromSi `mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi~ Jan bodriari ganixilavs
politikis daiss da warmoadgens am process istoriul rakursSi.
`franguli revoluciidan moyolebuli `politika~ da `socialuri~
warmogvidgebian rogorc raRac ganuyofelni, rogorc Tanavarskvlavedi
“tyupebi~, romelnic ase Tu ise imyofebian ekonomikis mizidulobis velSi.
maTi es mWidro kavSiri saxezea Cvens droSic, TumcaRa sruliad
gansxvavebulad gamoixateba, kerZod, maTi daisis erTdroulobiT. Tavidan,
aRorZinebis epoqaSi, roca is aRmocendeboda, roca moulodnelad
gamoTavisuflda religiuri da eklesiuri sferoebisagan, raTa
ganecxadebina Tavis Sesaxeb makiavelis xmiT _ politika iyo mxolod
niSanTa wminda TamaSi, wminda strategia, romelic Tavis Tavs ar
daitvirTavda aranairi socialuri, anda istoriuli `WeSmaritebiT~, aramed
piriqiT, maTi saxeze aryofniT TamaSobda, politikuri veli Tavisi
warmoSobis saTaveebTan iyo igive wesrigis movlena, rogoric sivrce
renesansuli meqanikuri Teatrisa. forma TamaSis formas warmoadgenda da
ara sistemas warmodgenebisa, semiurgiisa, strategiebisa da ideologiebisa.
is gulisxmobda virtuozulobas da aranairad ara WeSmaritebas” 17�(Бодрийар
Ж. 2000: 9).
magram, XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli da gansakuTrebiT revoluciidan,
revoluciis mimarTuleba arsebiTad icvleba. is Tavis Tavze iRebs,
bodriaris TqmiT, funqcias socialuris gamoxatvisa, socialuri iqceva
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Semcvelobad. politikuri ukve esaa warmodgena, TamaSze gabatondeba
reprezentaciis meqanizmebi. politikuri scena amieridan wargzavnis
fundamentalur mniSvnelobebs xalxze, Zaladobis nebaze da a.S. amjerad
masSi vlindebian ara wminda niSnebi, aramed sazrisni: politikur qmedebas
moeTxoveba, rom igi rac SeiZleba ukeT asaxavdes im realobas, romelic mis
ukan dgas, raTa iyos igi gamWvirvale, zneobrivi da Seesabamebodes swori
reprezentaciis socialur ideals. da miuxedavad amisa, Tanafardoba
politikuris sakuTriv sferosa da im Zalebs Soris, romelnic masSi
aisaxebian: socialuri, istoriuli, ekonomikuri _ kidev didxans
SenarCundeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTi iyo viTareba, mogviTxrobs bodriari,
burJuaziuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis oqros saukunis ganmavlobaSi da
akonkretebs Semdgom, anu `konstituciurobis epoqaSi” (XVIII saukunis
inglisi; amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi; burJuaziuli revoluciis
safrangeTi; evropa 1848 wlis).
dasasruli politikisa, misi sakuTrivi energiisa, bodriaris
SexedulebiT dgeba marqsizmis aRmocenebasa da gavrcelebasTan erTad.
iwyeba era socialurisa da ekonomikis sruli hegemoniisa da politikurs
rCeba erTaderTi varianti, iyos mxolod sarke _ anarekli socialurisa _
kanonmdeblobis, institucionaluri da aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis
sferoebSi. ramdenadac aRzevdeba socialuris batonoba, imdenadve hkargavs
azrs politikuri Tavis damoukideblobaSi.
Tuki liberaluri azrisaTvis maxasiaTebelia am or sferos Soris
dieleqtikur wonasworobaze Taviseburi nostalgia, socialusturi,
revoluciuri azri iCemebs, rom dadgeba dro, roca politikuri gaqreba,
sruliad Seerwymeba gamWvirvale socialurs.
socialuri daeufla politikurs, magram axla, roca gaxda sayovelTao
da yovlismomcveli, daiyvana ra politikuri nulovan doneze misi
arsebobisa, iqca ra absolutur amosaval safuZvlad, aris ra
yovelganmyofi, anu aRwevs ra yvela xvrelSi fizikuri da mentaluri
sivrcisa, _ narCundeba ki is rogorc aseTi? ara _ pasuxobs bodriari
Tavisive dasmul SekiTxvas, misi es axali forma mowmobs mis dasasrulze:
misi energia sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, misi specifika qreba,
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misi logikuri da istoriuli gansazRvruloba ukve aRar arsebobs. fexs
ikidebs raRac, raSic uCinardeba aramxolod politikuri _ misi bedi eweva
Tavad socialursac. socialurs ukve aRara aqvs saxeli. win wamoiwevs
anonimuroba, masa, masebi!
didxans egonaT, rom masaTa apaTias unda misalmeboda Zalaufleba.
Zalauflebas Camouyalibda Sexeduleba, rom, rac ufro pasiuria masebi, miT
ufro efeqturi xdeba maTi marTva. aqedan amosvliT funqcionirebda is
adre, roca Zalaufrebrivi meqanizmebi iyvnen centralizebulni da
biurokratirebuli, Tumca dRes am strategiis Sedegebi Semoubrundeba
Zalauflebas Tavis sawinaaRmdegod; masaTa gulgriloba, romelsac is
aqtiurad uWerda mxars, xels uwyobs mis kraxs. aqedan gamomdinareobs
radikaluri transformacia misi strategiuli dadgenilebiT;
pasiurobisTvis xelis Semwyobis nacvlad, axla maT ubiZgeben marTvaSi
monawileobisaken, mdumarebis mowonebis nacvlad, mouwodeben gamoxaton
sakuTari Tavi, magram amis droc ukve wavida, masa ,,kritikuli” gaxda. I
masebisagan mudmivad moiTxoven, rom xma miawvdinon zemdgom instanciebs,
maT Tavs moaxveven saarCevno kompaniebis, xelmZRvanelobaze kontrols,
azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvas da a. S. _ socialurobas. aCrdili unda
alaparakdes da man unda daasaxelos Tavisi saxeli. mokled, maxes ugeben.
bodriarisagan Tqmulma am frazam ,,moiTxoven aCrdilisagan alaparakebas,
man unda daasaxelos Tavisi saxeli~, momagona miTi sfinqsze, igi yovel
mis winaSe warmsdgars usvamda SekiTxvas, romlis amocnobis an aramocnobis
SemTxvevaSi nadgurdeboda erTerTi monawile kiTxva-pasuxisa.
Zalaufleba da masebi axla swored am miTSi gaTamaSebuli diskursis
msgavs relobaSi arian gaxlarTuli. sfinqsis roli ki, cxadia, masebs
ganekuTneba, TumcaRa miTisagan gansxvavebiT sfinqsis gamocanis amocnobis
unari Zalauflebas ar Seswevs. masa ,,alterad~ iqca, Zalaufleba ,,egod~.
masaTa mdumareba, umowyaloba mdumare umravlesobis _ ai erTaderTi
realuri problema Tanamedroveobisa. sfinqsi ar ganmartavs Tavis Tavs,
misi ,,ganmarteba~ da amrigad misi ganeitraleba Zalauflebas ver ZaluZs.
gavrcelebulia azri, rom masebis informirebiT SesaZlebelia maTi
struqturireba, rom informaciis da gzavnilTa meSveobiT
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gamoTavisufldeba maTSi moqceuli sicialuri energia. sinamdvileSi ki
yvelaferi sapirispirod mimdinareobs. nacvlad imisa, rom moaxdinos masis
transformacia energiad, informacia axorcielebs masis Semdgom warmoebas.
masa masas warmoadgens mxolod imitom, rom misi socialuri energia ukve
CaiSrita, acxadebs bodriari. esaa sicivis zona, romelsac Seswevs unari
STanTqas da gaaneitralos nebismieri realuri aqtivoba. is Camohgavs
praqtikulad usargeblo mowyobilobas, romelic moixmars mets, vidre
awarmoebs.
rac Seexeba ,,sazriss~, sazrisTan viTareba imdagvaradvea, rogoric
saqonlis SemTxvevaSi. didi xnis manZilze kapitali zrunavda mxolod
warmoebaze _ moxmarebasTan Seferxebebi ar aRmocenebula. dRes ki
dRiswesrigSi dgas zrunva moxmarebaze, anu saWiroa ara marto saqonlis
warmoeba, aramed momxmareblisac, Tavad saqonelze moTxovna unda iqnes
warmoebuli. da es meore rigis warmoeba Seufaseblad Zviri Rirs pirvelze.
zustad aseve, Zalaufleba didi xnis manZilze kmayofildeboda mxolod
imiT, rom, awarmoebda ,,sazriss~ _ politikuris, ideologiuris,
kulturulis, seqsualuris. moTxovna ki viTardeboda Tavad. sazrisis
ukmarobis gamo revolucionerebs uwevdaT sakuTari Tavis msxverplad
gaReba misi warmoebisaTvis xelSesawyobad. axla saqme sxvagvaradaa: sazrisi
yvelganaa, mas awrmoeben ufrodaufro da ukve SemoTavazebaTa ukmaroba ki
ar gvawuxebs, aramed masze moTxovna. sazrisze moTxovnis warmoeba, ai,
bodriarisaTvis maTavari problema sistemisa. am moTxovnis gareSe
Zalaufleba sxva araferia, ukeTu simulakri, mxolod da mxolod efeqti
sivrciTi perspeqtivisa. TumcaRa, mocemul SemTxvevaSic `meore rigis
warmoeba~ (warmoeba sazrisze moTxovnilebisa) gacilebiT Zviria, vidre
warmoeba `pirveli~ (anu Tavad sazrisis warmoeba). bolos da bolos,
sazrisze moTxovnis warmoeba gaxdeba ganuxorcielebeli, sistemis energia
amas ukve aRar eyofa. moTxovna saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, Tundac didi
Tanxis gadaxdiT, xelovnurad mainc mudam iqneba miRwevadi: sistemas aqvs
Sesabamisi gamocdileba. magram moTxovna sazrisze, Tu ki is erTxel ukve
gaqra, aRdgenas ar eqvemdebareba. politikuri sistemisaTvis es katastrofaa.
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masa isrutavs mTel socialur energias da es ukanaskneli wyvets
socialur enargiad yofnas. masa xapavs da TavisSi aqrobs yvela niSans da
sazriss, da isini ukve aRar gvevlinebian niSnebad da sazrisad, is
STanTqavs maTdami wargzavnil yvela mowodebas da maTgan araferi rCeba.
yvela mis winaSe dasmul SekiTxvas is erTnairad pasuxobs. is arasdros
araferSi ar monawileobs. masaze sxvadasxvagvarad cdiloben zemoqmedebis
moxdenas, maT Soris testuri gamocdilebiTac, magram is warmoadgens
TvisiT masas, da amitom sruli gulgrilobiT gaatarebs Tavis TavSi
zemoqmedebasac, informaciasac da normalur moTxovnebsac. is Tavs axvevs
socialurs absolutur gamWvirvaleobas, arsebobis Sanss utovebs mxolod
socialuris Zalauflebis efeqtebs, im Tanavarskvlavedebs, romelnic
brunaven ukve ararsebuli RerZis irgvliv.
masaTa mdumareba Camohgavs cxovelTa utyvobas, ufro metic, is am
ukanasknelisagan arafriT gansxvavdeba. uSedegoa masebis intensiuri
dakiTxva, is ar ityvis arc imas, Tu sadaa misTvis WeSmariteba (memarcxeneTa
Tu memarjveneTa mxares) da arc imas, razea is orientirebuli
(gamanTavisuflebel revoluciaze Tu daTrgunvaze). masa mSvenivrad
arsebobs WeSmaritebis da motivis gareSe. eseni misTvis sruliad carieli
sityvebia. mas saerTod ar esaWiroeba arc cnobieri da arc aracnobieri.
,,masa paradoqsaluria. is ar warmoadgens arc subieqts, arc obieqts.
roca mis subieqtad qcevas cdiloben, aRmoaCenen, rom is araa matarebeli
avtonomiuri cnobierebisa. roca, piriqiT, mis qcevas cdiloben obieqtad,
anu ganixilaven rogorc damuSavebas da daqvemdebarebul materialad da
miznad isaxaven obieqturi kanonebis gaanalizebas, romelTac igi TiTqosda
eqvemdebareba, aSkara xdeba, rom arc damuSavebas da gagebas elementebis
mimarTebaTa, struqturaTa da gaeTianebaTa terminebSi is ar eqvemdebareba~
18 (Бодрийар Ж. 2000: 17).
bodriari mogviTxrobs, rom nebismieri zemoqmedeba masaze, xdeba ra igi
misi magnetizmis velSi, iwyebs wreSi trials: is gaivlis stadiebs
STanTqvisa. riTi dasruldeba amgvari zemoqmedeba absoluturi sizustiT
amis Tqma SeuZlebelia, magram yvelaze ufro savaraudoa, rom uwyveti
66
wriuli moZraobani waarTmeven mas mTel Zalebs da is Caqreba, srulebiT
gadaxazavs imaT zomebs, vinc isini SeimuSava.
Tuki kritikuli azrovneba afasebs da irCevs, adgens gansxavavebebs da
seleqciis meSveobiT zrunavs sazrisze, masebi iqcevian absoluturad
sxvagvarad. isini awarmoeben ara gansxvavebas, aramed ganurCevlobas,
Setyobinebas, romelic moiTxovs kritikul Sefasebas. masebi amjobineben
hipnozSi CamZirav mediums!
erTaderTi fenomeni, romelic axlosaa masebTan, rogorc socialuris
SemryevTan da misi sikvdilis mizezTan, bodriaris azriT, esaa terorizmi.
erTis mxriv masa da terorizmi Seurigebeli mtrebia, da Zalauflebac didi
Zalisxmevis gareSe Seajaxebs maT erTmaneTs. magram meore mxriv, arsebobs
raRac, raSic isini gasaocrad Tanxmdebian: uaryofen socialurs da uars
amboben sazrisze!
Bbodriari Tavisi naSromis ,,mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi”
dasasruls ganixilavs socialuris Taobaze arsebul ramodenime hipoTezas.
I. ,,socialuri arsebiTad arc arasodes arsebobda~ anu ,,socialuri
mimarTeba~ arasodes yofila. araferi arasdros socialurad ar
funqcionirebda. ucilobeli gamowvevis, Seuqcevadi cdunebisa da
ucilobeli sikvdilis pirobebSi mudam adgili hqonda socialuris da
socialuri mimarTebebis simulacias. am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs aranairi
safuZveli visaubroT ,,realurze~, farulze, idealur socialurobaze.
gamarTlebulia mxolod simulakris hipostazireba. Tuki socialuri aris
simulacia, maSin erTaderTi savaraudo mkveTri cvlileba situaciisa, es
iqneba desimulacia, romlis pirobebSic socialuri Tavadve wyvets
referenciis velad yofnas, gamodis TamaSidan da bolos mouRebs umalve
Zalauflebas, socialuris efeqts, socialuris sarkes... desimulacia Tavad
SeiZens gamowvevis xasiaTs. da meqanizmebis saxiT kapitali da Zalaufleba
maSinve gaqrebian, rogorc ki CamoiSleba socialuri velis simulacia. da
dRes mimdinareobs situaciis es mkveTri cvlileba, aRniSnavs guldawyvetiT
bodriari.
socialuri azrovnebis ganfena, gamofitva da gadaSeneba, CaSreta
socialuris simulakrisa _ am yvelafris mowmeni Cven varT. socialuri
67
qreba ukvalod, TiTqos is arc arsebobda. da es xdeba ara evoluciis
procesSi, anda revoluciisa, aramed katastrofis rezultatad. es ukve
aRaraa socialuris ,,krizisi~, esaa Tavad wyobis CamoSla, marginalebi
(aRsaniSnavia, rom Jan bodriari maT miaTvlis SeSlilebTan, narkomanebTan
da meZavebTan erTad, qalebsac), romlebic viTomda angreven socialurs, aq
arafer SuaSi ar arian - maTi aqtiuroba piriqiT, msaxurobs dasustebuli
socialurobisaTvis energiis wyarod. magram resocializacia SeuZlebelia.
dasasruls socialuri, romelic arsebobs realurobis da racionalurobis
principebTan SesabamisobaSi iseve ganqardeba, rogorc moCveneba gariJraJze
mamlis pirveli yivilisTanave!
II. ,,socialuri mainc arsebobs da ufro metic, is mudmivad aRzevdeba~
anu igi gansWvalavs yvelafers. arsebobs mxolod socialuroba. socialuri
sulac ar qreba, aramed piriqiT, zeimobs da acxadebs Tavisi Tavis Sesaxeb
yvelgan... (es cota ar iyos miamituri warmodgenaa socialurze)
III. ,,socialuri cxadia arsebobda, magram is ukve aRaraa!!!” anu is
arsebobda rogorc SemakavSirebeli veli, rogorc safuZveli realobisa...
dRes ki is STainTqmeba ,,mesame rigis simulakrebis” mier da kvdeba.
bodriaris SeSfoTebis sagani _ aRzevebuli masebi, marTlac rom
dasasruliT uqadis socialurs, mTlianad sazogadoebas da saerTodac
civilizacias.
ra iwvevs adamianTa masebad gardasaxvas? cxadia, pirvel rigSi
individualurobis gaqroba calkeuli adamianis doneze. naSromebSi ,,nivTa
sistema~ da ,,mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi~ gaSlilma msjelobebma
uneblieT momagona qarTul realobaSi Cems mier aRmoCenili erTi
ucnauroba, rac albaT niSania calkeul adamianTa doneze
individualurobis gaqrobisa da sxva araferi (anu masaTa maStabis zrdis
saSiSroebis signali!) qarTul bazrobebSi keramikisa da WurWlis seqciaSi
gagaocebT Cais Wiqebis simravle, saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli yvela
SesaZlo sakuTari saxeliT: ,,maka~, ,,nika~, ,,levani~, ,,maia~ da a.S. mTeli
asortimenti! saxelebi saRebaviT msxviladaa amoyvanili Wiqis zedapirze.
uyureb daxlze ,,QWiqa_adamianebs” da ucnauri grZnoba geufleba. msgavsi
Wiqebis siuxve masze sakmarisi moTxovnis niSanicaa da swored esaa
68
SemaSfoTebeli, arian adamianebi, romlebic sazogadoebis sakmaod did
sivrces hfaraven, romelTac sakuTari pirovnebis dasadastureblad da
Sesaxseneblad Cais Wiqaze msxvilad amotvifruli TavianTi saxeli
esaWiroebaT. esaa gaucxoebuli masa, romelTa saxelebi maT pirovnebas ki
ar emTxveva, aramed maTi raobis maxinj simulakrad qceula, swored
amitomaa saWiro am mrude simulakris saRebaviT ase msxvilad gamokveTa
Wiqaze, rom amiT kargad daifaros am saxelis miRma ararsebuli
individualuroba, ararsebuli pirovnuloba. am mrude simulakris miRma
mxolod xorciT mosiarule grova imaleba, romelsac saxeli ki ara da,
albaT, Tu rusulad vityviT - `кличка” ufro sWirdeba, rogorc ZaRls anda
katas ,,kaStanka” ,,belka~ ,,murada~ da a.S. radgan gauCinarebuli
adamianurobis aRsaniSnavad esec sruliad sakmarisia. momitevos mkiTxvelma
aseTi simkacre Cemeuli analizisa da nu damwamebs kacTmoZuleobas, me
mxolod adamianSi adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis gaqrobis faqti
maSfoTebs. mavani ukve aRaraa socialuri arseba, is mxolod martivi
biologiuri organizmia, romlisTvisac saorientaciod yoveldRiurobaSi
martivi biologiuri instiqtebiT operireba sruliad sakmarisia!
P.S. saxeli QWiqaze, romelic samzareulos diskurSi gvamyofebs marad (es
Wiqebi bazrobaTa daxlebze Tavis droze Zmeb breigelebs rom enaxaT kidev
erT morig tragi-komikur tilos Seqmnidnen da is maT cnobil suraTs
,,zarmacTa qveyana” albaT tols ar daudebda!), igi TiTqos upirispirdeba
saxels pasportSi, piradobis mowmobaSi, romelic sazogadoebrivi,
socialuri instituciebis diskusSi gvamyofebs. ai, swored aq vlindeba is
satkivari, rac aSfoTebs sociologebs, bodriars da nebismier ,,kritikuli
cnobierebis~ matarebel individs, esaa swored sikvdili socialurisa rac
SesaniSnavad aRwera Jan bodriarma Tavis unikalur naSromSi ,,mdumare
umravlesobis CrdilSi~!
69
1.4. sazogadoeba, rogorc mravalganzomilebiani socialuri veli,
pirovnebis habitusi da simboluri nominacia
naSromis pirveli nawili daviwye fernan brodelis TeoriiT, romelSic
sazogadoeba ganixileboda `simravleTa simravled~, sadac mocemul
elementTa Soris ZalTa balansi mudmivad icvleba da swored es
cvalebadoba gansazRvravda da gansazRvravs sazogadoebaTa, epoqaTa
istorias.
SemdgomSi fukos koncefciaTa gaSlis meSveobiT warmovaCine, Tu ra
safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebas politikuri qvesistemis sazRvrebis upirobo
gafarToeba, anu Zalauflebis e.w. gadaWarbeba.
fukos mier dayenebuli problemis logikuri gagrZeleba iyo
bodriariseuli interpretacia Tavad fukos Teoriebisa da mis mier axali
problemis dasma, romelic aqtualuria dResdReobiT, agrerigad –
socialuris kvdomis riski, masaTa aRzeveba da individualizmis krizisi.
bodriari naSromSi `nivTTa sistema~, romelic ukve ganvixileT,
cdilobs materialur nivTTa samyaroSi, romelic Semogvgarsavs yofiT
cxovrebaSi, aRmoaCinos individTa da Tavad amaTuim mocemuli sazogadoebis
habitusi. individis habitusi, es sociologisaTvis metad saintereso
sakiTxia, igi iqmneba e.w. oficialuri da somboluri nominaciebis
kombinaciiT. cneba `habituss~ TiTqmis avtomaturad akavSireben frangi
sociologis, pier burdies saxelTan. Mmisi naSromi `politikis
sociologia~ eZRvneba swored individis habitusis Temas. Ggarda amisa,
mocemul naSromSi burdie gvTavazovs sazogadoebis struqturis
originalur suraTs. igi sazogadoebas ganixilavs, rogorc
mravalganzomilebian socialur vels, sadac qmediTni arian da
urTierTkavSirSi myofoben sxvadasxva saxis kapitalTa paketebi.
vinaidan burdie konstruqciuli funqcionalizmis warmomadgenelad
iTvleba, daviwyoT swored burdies konstruqciuli funqcionalizmiT.
konstruqtivizmis qveS burdies esmis sociogenezis aRiareba, romelSic
monawileoben, erTis mxriv, aRqmis modelebi, azrovneba, qceva, _ habitusis
Semadgenelni, xolo meores mxriv, socialuri struqturebi, kerZod velebi
70
da jgufebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, rac miRebulia iwodebodnen socialur
klasebad.
burdies Tanaxmad, yovel socialur mecnierebaSi _ anTropologiaSi,
sociologiaSi, istoriaSi _ arsebobs ori generaluri, garegnulad
Seurigebeli mimarTuleba: obieqtivizmi da subieqtivizmi, anda fizikalizmi
da fsiqologizmi (gansxvavebul interpretaciebSi). pirveli gvTavazobs,
ganvixiloT socialuri faqtebi nivTebis saxiT emil diurkheimis cnobili
moTxovnis Sesabamisad, da, amrigad, ar iTvaliswinebs, rom isini
warmoadgenen Semecnebis obieqtebs, Tundac mcdari, araswori Semecnebisa.
meore axdens socialuri realobis reducirebas subieqtur warmodgenebze
mis Sesaxeb da sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa rols daiyvans socialur
subieqtTa `Sexedulebebis Sefasebaze~.
burdies koncefciebSi saxezea mcdeloba obieqtivizmisa da
subieqtivizms Soris dialeqturi kavSiris damtkicebisa, WeSmaritad,
adasturebs igi, Tuki obieqturi struqturebi Seadgenen safuZvels
subieqturi warmodgenebisa, aregulireben subieqtTa urTierTqmedebas, maSin
subieqturi warmodgenebi TamaSoben gansazRvrul rols mudmiv
individualur da koleqtiur SejaxebebSi, romelic mimarTulia mocemul
struqturaTa transformaciasa anda mxardaWeraze. am msjelobaSi
(ganxilvaSi) subieqturi komponenti, sapirispirod misi garegani siaxlovisa
interaqcionizmTan, anda eTnomeTodologiur analizTan, iqoniebs
Sinaarsobriv Taviseburebas: warmodgenani ganixilebian rogorc aseTni da
ukavSirdebian Sesabamisi subieqtebis mdgomareobas da struqturas.
burdies azriT, sabolood struqturisa da warmodgenis xelovnuri
urTierTdapirispirebis amoZirkva SesaZloa substacionalizmze, rogorc
azrovnebis stilze uaris TqmiT. struqturalizmis mniSvnelovani
damsaxureba gaxda socialuri samyaros mimarT Tanamedrove fizikisa da
maTematikisaTvis maxasiaTebeli racionaluri principis misadageba,
romelic aidentificirebs realobas urTierTkavSirTan da ara
substanciebTan. socialuri realoba, romelzec saubrobda diurkheimi,
warmoadgens TvisiT uxilav kavSirTa qsels, romelnic lagdebian
socialur obieqtTa Soris: esaa gansxvavebuli velebi, _ erTmaneTisadmi
71
gareganni, gansazRvrulni urTierTisadmi damokidebulebis xasiaTiT. isini
arian axlos myofni an daSorebulni; qveda an zeda, an Sualedurni.
sociologia mis obieqtivistur interpretaciaSi, ambobs avtori, _ esaa
socialuri topologia, analizi relatiur viTarebaTa da mis SemaerTebel
obieqtur kavSirTa.
raRac gagebiT, socialuri sivrce SeiZleba SevadaroT geografiul
sivrces, romelic dayofilia regionebad, magram fizikur sivrceSic saxezea
Semdegi kanonzomiereba: rac ufro axlosaa ganlagebuli erTmaneTisadmi
subieqtebi, jgufebi an institutebi, miT ufro meti saerTo gaaCniaT maT da,
piriqiT, Teoriulad sivrciTi daSorebani emTxvevian socialur
distanciebs, magram sinamdvileSi, miuxedavad sayovelTao tendeciisa
ganfenilobisa da daaxloebisaken, socialuri da sivrciTi niSnebiT
erTdroulad socialurad daSorebuli subieqtebi aseve SeiZleba
urTierTqmedebdnen fizikur sivrceSi, Tumca maTi kontaqtebi xanmoklea da
aramdgradi. dakvirvebas da registracias daqvemdebarebadi `SemCnevadi~
urTierTqmedebani faraven maTSi realizebul struqturebs. es swored erT-
erTi im SemTxvevaTagania, rodesac xiluli, uSualod mocemuli faravs mis
madeterminebul uxilavs!
burdie svams kiTxvas, rogoria arsi im obieqtur kavSirTa, romelnic
gacilebiT Rrma da Zlierni arian, vidre maTi aSkara gamovlinebani? es
obieqturi kavSirebi warmoadgenen TvisiT resursTa ganawilebis sferoSi
poziciaTa mimarTebas, romelnic SeiZenen konkretul brZolaSi aqtualur,
efeqtur xasiaTs. rogorc empiriulma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, socialuri
Zalauflebis umTavresi tipebi uzrunvelyofil iqnebian kapitalis sami
saxeobiT: ekonomikuriT, sxvadasxva formebSi, kulturuliT da simboluriT,
romelTa formiTac yvela aRiarebuli legitimuri kapitalis saxeobani
SeiZleba warmogvidgnen. socialur sivrceSi subieqtebi ganlagdebian maT
gankargulebaSi myof sxvadasxva gvaris kapitalTa sumirebuli moculobiT
da maTi kapitalis struqturis Sesabamisad, anu sxvadasxva saxis kapitalTa
wiliT (ekonomikuris da kulturulis) mis mTlian moculobaSi.
Tuki subieqtivizms dahyavs socialuri struqtura individTa
urTierTqmedebaze, obieqtivizmi ki, piriqiT, cdilobs struqturidan
72
moaxdinos socialuri moqmedebis da urTierTqmedebis deducireba. burdies
azriT, marqsis ZiriTadi Teoretikuli Secdoma mdgomareobs imaSi, rom man
hipoTeturi klasebi aRiqva rogorc realurni, amovida ra obieqturad
arsebuli erTgvarovani pirobebidan, rac ganpirobebuli iyo socialur
sivrceSi poziciaTa identurobiT da gaaerTiana adamianebi gansazRvrul
jgufebSi _ klasebSi.
socialuri sivrcis cneba iZleva saSualebas gavcdeT nominalizmisa da
realizmis CarCoebs pilitikur sistemaSi klasebis ganxilvisas, romelic
aformebs socialur klasebs, rogorc mdgrad jgufebs dadgenili
iuridiuli statusiT da mudmivi warmomadgenlobiTi organoTi. marqsis
mixedviT, klasebi iqneba politikuri sistemis mier, da procesi midis ufro
warmatebiT, Tuki igi gamagrebulia safuZvliani TeoriiT, romelsac ZaluZs
moaxdinos `ideologiuri zemoqmedeba~, e.i. Tavs moaxvios azrovnebis
gansazRvruli tipi.
amrigad, daiJinebs burdie, rogoraa SesaZlebeli wminda fizikalizmis
Tavidan arideba ise, rom amasTan SevinarCunoT obieqtivisturi midgoma:
jgufebi _ mocemul SemTxvevaSi socialuri klasebi _ unda Seiqmnan. isini
ar warmoadgenen mocemulobas, romelic maxasiaTebelia socialuri
realobisaTvis, magram ar SeiZleba daviwyeba, rom obieqturi socialuri
realoba _ miuxedavad yvelafrisa, aris aRqmis sagani. Sesabamisad
socialuri mecnierebis saganSi unda CairTos rogorc Tavad realoba, aseve
aRqmac, warmodgenebi misi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, rac aRmocendeba
subieqtebSi realur socialur sivrceSi maTi mdgomareobis zegavleniT.
yvela stiqiuri msoflxedva, mecnieruli Teoria, samyaros spontanuri xedva
Seadgenen socialuri realobis nawils da sZaluZT SeiZinon sruli
realuri SemecnebiTi (wvdomiTi) Zala.
jorj sorosi swored rom am sakiTxs ayenebda wina planze Tavis
naSromSi `Ria sazogadoeba areformirebs globalur kapitalizms~. misTvis
uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo obieqturi realobis mis cocxal moazrovne
monawileTagan aRqma, anu individebSi, jgufebsa Tu sazogadoebaSi
warmodgenebis saxiT arsebuli obieqturi realobis suraTi! rameTu igi
73
aris Zalis mqone saxe ucvalos an sulac kvlavawarmoos masze refleqsiiT
Tavad es obieqturi realoba!
obieqturi ganxeTqileba, burdies azriT, cnebamdel warmodgenebTan –
esaa gardauvali ucilobeli etapi mecnieruli procesisa, romelic win
uswrebs Semdgom, ufro rTul ganxeTqilebas gamowveuls subieqtivizmis
elementebisadmi udro maRal doneze dabrunebiT, romelnic obieqtivizmma
gamoricxa socialuri realobis konstuirebidan.
amjerad sociologiam unda CarTos Tavis TavSi socialuri samyaros
aRqma (warmodgena) _ e.i. msoflxedvaTa konstruirebis sociologia _ rac
Tavis mxriv biZgs aZlevs realobis konstruirebas ( es procesi zedmiwevniT
asaxa sorosma Tavis zemodxsenebul naSromSi).
aRqmis invariantuli formebis Ziebisas, anda socialuri realobis
konstruirebisas gairkveva Semdegi: 1) konstruireba xdeba arasocialur
vakuumSi, eqvemdebareba struqturul moTxovnebs, 2) mastruqturirebeli
struqturebi, kognituri struqturebi TavianTi socialuri warmoSobis
ZaliT aseve arian socialurad struqtururebulni, 3) socialuri realobis
konstruirebaSi monawileoben ara mxolod calkeuli individebi, aramed
subieqtTa jgufebic. subieqtTa warmodgenebi varirdeba socialuri
mdgomareobis zegavleniT (da maTi Sesabamisi interesebis).
avtors miaCnia, rom klasificiuri modelebi obieqturad mijaWvulni
arian socialur pirobebze, Sesabamisad individualuri gemovnebisa da
miswrafebisa, subieqtebi axorcieleben klasifikacias sxvadasxva atributTa
gadarCevis gziT: Cacmis stilis, sakvebis, sasmelebis, sportis saxeobebis,
megobrebis, romelTac isini sasurvelad Tvlian, an, ufro zustad, TavianTi
mdgomareobis Sesatyvisad. Sesabamisad, askvnis burdie, subieqtebi eZieben
Sesabamisobas socialuri sivrcis sxvadasxva velebis mdgomareobasTan.
garda amisa, saxeze yofna klasificiuri Sexedulebebisa amtkicebs, rom
socializirebuli subieqtebi unaris mqone arian, Caswvdnen kavSirs
cxovrebis stilsa da socialur sivrceSi mdgomareobas Soris.
sazogadoeba mTlianobaSi warmoadgens maRal doneze struqturirebul
realobas, sadac subieqtebi, romelnic floben maTTvis niSandobliv
maxasiaTeblebs, sistematurad dakavSirebulni arian erTmaneTTan. realur
74
cxovrebaSi es maTTvis niSandoblivi maxasiaTeblebi moxelTebadni arian
met-naklebad sazrisiani subieqtebis mier ganmasxvavebel Strixebad _
dadebiTad an uaryofiTad, romlebic aRiniSnebian gaucnobiereblad da
winaswarganusazRvrelad. sxva sityvebiT, socialuri samyaro, romlebSic
xdeba diferenciacia saxasiaTo niSnebisa, warmoadgens TvisiT
diferenciaciis kanoniT organizebul simbolur sistemas, cxovrebis
sxvadasxva stilTa da statusTa gadakveTis vels.
simboluri brZola, burdies azriT, SeiZleba xdebodes 2 formiT:
obieqtur doneze xorcieldebian moqmedebani individualuri an
reprezentatiuli aqtebis doneze, romlebic gatardebian realobaSi
gansazRvrul realiaTa gamovlenisa da aqceptirebisaTvis. magaliTad,
masobrivi manifestaciebi tardebian erTianobis gasamyareblad,
ricxvobriobis, Zalis, jgufis Sekrulobis demonstraciisaTvis. individebi
iyeneben TviTprezentaciisaTvis sxvadasxva saSualebebs, rac SesaniSnavad
gaanaliza i. gofmanma, romelnic exmarebian maT Sealamazon TavianTi saxe
da gansakuTrebiT (rac gamorCa gofmans) warmodgena maT mdgomareobaze
socialur sivrceSi. sibieqtur doneze warmoebs warmodgenaTa da
sazogadoebis Sefasebis transformacia, kognitur da SefasebiT
struqturaTa swored aRqmis kategoriebi arian klasifikaciis sistemebi.
sityvebi da cnebebi, romelnic akonstruireben socialur realobas da
asaxaven mas, warmoadgenen ZiriTad fsons politikuri brZolisa, romelic
warmoebs imisTvis, raTa Tavs moxveul iqnes legitimuri principebi xedvisa
da samyaros dayofisa, e.i. brZola ideologiuri zemoqmedebis legitimuri
gamoyenebisaTvis.
simboluri brZola da yoveldRiuri individualuri da politikur-
koleqtiuri, iqoniebs specifikur logikas, rac uzrunvelyofs misTvis
realur damokidebulebas im struqturebisagan, romelSic is moqceulia.
ramdenadac simboluri kapitali sxva araferia, Tu ara aRiarebuli
ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli kapitali, Sesatyvisi warmodgenisagan
Tavsmoxveuli kategoriebisa. simboluri Zalaufleba iswrafvis
kvlavawarmoos da gaamyaros daqvemdebarebis mimarTebani, rac Seadgens
socialuri sivrcis struqturas, konkretulad, socialuri wesrigis
75
legitimizacia xorcieldeba ara imdenad simboluri motyuebis anda
propagandis mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedebis meSveobiT, ramdenadac
subieqtebis mier Sesabamisobis aRiarebiT aRqmisa da Sefasebis
struqturebsa da obieqtur struqturebs Soris da samyaros wyobis rogorc
TavisTavad nagulisxmeviT, SegrZnebiT.
burdie wers, rom klasifikaciisaTvis brZola udevs safuZvlad
klasobriv brZolas. Zalaufleba, romelic Tavs axvevs garkveul
warmodgenebs, romelic gamoavlens da gansazRvravs implicitur socialur
Senawevrebebs, upiratesad uars ambobs pilitikur Zalauflebaze: is unaris
mqonea Seqmnas jgufebi, moaxdinos manipulacia sazogadoebis obieqtur
struqturaze. aRniSvnis, saxeldebis gziT Zalaufleba aorganizebs
institucionalur, konstituciur jgufebSi adamianTa ubralo simravleebs,
uSualod urTierTgadamkveT adamianebs.
ranairad warmoiSoba jgufis warmomadgeneli, Semosili ZalauflebiT
warsdges publikis winaSe da imoqmedos misi saxeliT, romelic gamoiyenebs
lozungebs, mowodebebs an brZanebebs, rogor warmogvidgeba is, rogorc
gansaxiereba jgufisa, svams kiTxvas burdie. uZvelesi Zalauflebis darad,
romelic adgenda da mxars uWerda socialur gansxvavebebs da am gziT
akonstruirebda socialur jgufebs, profkavSiris Tu pilitikuri
liderebi, Tanamdebobis pirni an saxelmwifo eqspertebi ganasaxiereben
mraval fiqtiur socialur warmonaqmnebs, romelTac isini STaberaven
sicocxles da romelTaganac Rebuloben Zalauflebas. warmomadgeneli
Caanacvlebs jgufs da es ukanaskneli misi meSveobiT gamoxatavs Tavis
interesebs. warmomadgeneli jgufisa _ esaa personificirebuli jgufi.
klasi (xalxi, eri an sxva socialuri erToba) arsebobs, Tuki saxezea
adamianebi, mzad myofni ganasaxieron igi. gamovidnen oficialurad misi
saxeliT, romelnic aRiqmebian rogorc am klasis wevrni.
aqamde Cven mxolod zogadad ganvixileT pier burdies sazogadoebrivi
Teoria misi konstruqtivistuli funqcionalizmis WrilSi. burdies xedva
sazogadoebis, rogorc mravalganzomilebiani socialuri sivrcis Sesaxeb,
romelic dayofilia socialuri kapitalis mqone sxvadasxva velebad,
mocemulia mis gaxmaurebul naSromSi `politikias sociologia~. swored aq
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aviTarebs burdie azrs, rom sociologia upirveles yovlisa, esaa
socialuri topologia, amjerad Sevecdebi, ufro konkretulad,
burdieseuli eniT gadmovce is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romelic am naSromSi
warmoadgens Cemi interesis ZiriTad sagans, rac mocemuli qveTavis
dasawyisSi imTaviTve avRniSne.
burdiesaTvis, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, `socialuri samyaro gamoisaxeba
mravalganzomilebiani sivrcis formiT, romelic agebulia diferenciaciisa
da ganawilebis principiT. agentebi da agentTa jgufebi ganisazRvrebian am
sivrceSi maTi SefardebiTi poziciebis mixedviT. TiToeuli maTgani
ganTavsebulia poziciaSi da gansazRvrul klasSi erTmaneTisadmi axlos
myofi poziciebisa (e.i. mocemuli sivrcis gansazRvrul sferoSi) da
realurad SeuZlebelia ikavebdes sivrceSi or urTierTsapirispiro
pozicias, Tundac amis warmodgena azrobrivad iyos SesaZlebeli. es sivrce
SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc ZalTa veli, zustad ki erTianoba ZalTa
obieqturi mimarTebisa, romelnic Tavs moexvevian am velSi yvela Semavals
da romelnic ar daiyvanebian individualur agentTa ganzraxvebze an maT
uSualo urTierTqmedebaze~ 19 ( Бурдьё П.1993: 55).
kapitalis calkeuli saxeobebi, rogorc kozirebi TamaSSi, warmoadgenen
Zalauflebas, romelic gansazRvraven Sanss mogebisa mocemul velSi
(namdvilad, yovel vels anda sub-vels Seesabameba gansakuTrebuli saxeoba
kapitalisa, romelsac gaaCnia gasavali mocemul velSi, rogorc
Zalauflebas an fsons TamaSSi). magaliTad, moculoba kulturtuli
kapitalisa (zustad igive Seexeba Sesabamisi cvlilebiT ekonomikur
kapitals) gansazRvravs erTian Sanss mogebis miRwevisa yvela TamaSSi,
sadac amoqmedebulia kulturuli kapitali da sadac is monawileobs
poziciis gansazRvrebad socialur sivrceSi (im zomiT, ra zomiTac es
pozicia damokidebulia kulturul velSi warmatebaze). romelime mocemuli
agentis pozicia socialur sivrceSi SeiZleba ganisazRvros misave
poziciiT sxvadasxva velebSi. esaa, ZiriTadad, ekonomikuri kapitali mis
mraval saxeobaSi, kulturuli kapitali da socialuri kapitali, aseve
simboluri kapitali, Cveulebriv wodebuli prestiJad, reputaciad, saxelad
(imijad) da a.S. SeiZleba avagoT gamartivebuli modeli socialuri velisa
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mis ansamblSi, Tu warmovidgenT TiToeuli agentisaTvis mis pozicias yvela
SesaZlo sivrceSi TamaSisa (amasTan unda gvesmodes, rom Tuki yoveli veli
iqoniebs sakuTar logikas da sakuTar ierarqias, maSin ierarqia,
Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva saxeobebs Soris da statistikuri kavSiri
arsebul kapitaldabandebaTa Soris mowyobilia ise, rom ekonomikuri veli
miiswrafis Tavs moaxvios sakuTari struqtura sxva velebs).
socialuri veli, burdes Tanaxmad, SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc iseTi
mravalganzomilebiani sivrce poziciaTa, romelSic nebismieri arsebuli
pozicia SeiZleba iyos gansazRvruli, koordinatTa mravalganzomilebiani
sistemidan amosvliT. agentebi maTSi ganawildebian pirvel ganzomilebaSi _
kapitalis zogadi moculobiT, romelsac isini floben, xolo meoreSi _
TavianTi kapitalebis SefardebiT, e.i. sxvadasxva tipis kapitalTa
SefardebiTi woniT sakuTrebis zogad erTianobaSi.
codna, agentebis mier dakavebuli poziciisa mocemul sivrceSi, Seicavs
Tavis TavSi informacias maTTvis Sinaganad maxasiaTebel Tvisebebze.
sivrcis codnis bazaze, ambobs burdie, SeiZleba gamovyoT klasebi, am
sityvis logikuri gagebiT, e.i. rogorc erToblioba agentTa, romelnic
ikaveben msgavs poziciebs, arian ra ganTavsebulni msgavs pirobebSi da
eqvemdebarebian msgavs ganpirobebulobas, iqonieben yvela Sanss msgavsi
dispoziciebis dainteresebis flobisa, da Sesabamisad, msgavsi praqtikebis
gamosaSvebad da msgavsi poziciebis dasakaveblad. es klasi qaRaldze
iqoniebs Teoretikul arsebobas, iseTives, rogorc nebismieri Teoria...
`TumcaRa realurad es klasi araa, es araa namdvili klasi jgufis gagebiT,
amasTan mobilizebuli jgufisa, romelic mzadaa sabrZolvelad, mTeli
simkacriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxolod SesaZlo klasia, vinaidan isaa
erTianoba agentTa, romelnic obieqturad gamoavlenen nakleb
winaaRmdegobas maTi `mobilizaciis~ aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, vidre
romelime sxva erToblioba agentTa~ 20 ( Бурдьё П. 1993: 59).
saWiroa davadasturoT arseboba obieqturi sivrcisa, romelic
adeterminebs Sesabamisobas da Seusabamisobas, zomebs siaxlovisa da
distanciisa. burdie xazs usvams araerTxel, rom kvlav unda vaRiaroT _
klasebi, romelnic SeiZleba gamovyoT socialur sivrceSi, ar arseboben
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rogorc realuri jgufebi. rac arsebobs, esaa sivrce urTierTobebisa,
romelic iseve realuria, rogorc geografiuli sivrce, romelSic
gadaadgileba gadaixdeba SromiT, ZalisxmeviT da gansakuTrebiT droiT
(iaro qvemodan zeviT _ niSnavs maRla waiwio, ibobRo da Tan mogyvebodes
kvali am ZalisxmevaTa). distanciebi aq aseve droiT izomeba (magaliTad,
aRmavalisa anda gadasxvaferebis droiT _ konversiiT).
albaToba agentTa gaerTianebisa mTelad, realuria an nominaluri miT
ufro, rac ufro axlos arian isini socialur sivrceSi. magram arc met-
naklebad daSorebulTa daaxlovebaa SesaZlebeli yovelTvis.
rogorc aristotelesTan yofiereba, ambobs burdie, socialuri samyaro
SeiZleba iyos saxeldebuli da agebuli sxvadasxva gzebiT. is SeiZleba
iyos praqtikulad SegrZnebadi saxeldebuli da agebuli xedvaTa da
dayofaTa sxvadasxvagvari principebiT (magaliTad eTnikuri dayofiT);
amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom gaerTienebebi, romelnic bazirdebian
sivrciT struqturaze, rac kapitalis ganawilebazea dafuZnebuli, iqonieben
met SesaZleblobas, gaxdnen stabilurni da mdgradni, xolo dajgufebaTa
sxva formebi mudam iqnebian saSiSroebis qveS daSlisa da opoziciisa, rac
dakavSirebulia socialur sivrceSi distanciasTan. roca Cven vsaubrobT
socialur sivrceze, mxedvelobaSi viqoniebTYupirveles yovlisa imas, rom
ar SeiZleba nebismieris nebismierTan gaerTianeba, ise rom ar
gaviTvaliswinoT siRrmiseuli gansxvavebani, gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikuri da
kulturuli gansxvavebani. TumcaRa, yvelaferi es arasodes sruliad ar
gamoricxavs imas, rom SeiZleba agentTa organizeba dayofis sxva niSnebiT:
eTnikuriT, nacionaluriT da a.S. romelic aRvniSnoT brWyalebiT. mudam
dakavSirebulni arian ufro siRrmiseul principebTan imdenad, ramdenadac
eTnikuri gaerTienebebi Tavad imyofebian ierarqizirebul, yovel
SemTxvevaSi ufro zogad socialur sivrceSi (magaliTad, amerikaSi
mdgomareoba damokidebulia imigraciis staJze da es saerToa yvelasaTvis,
Savkanianebis gamoklebiT).
amrigad, ai, pirveli ganxeTqileba marqsistul tradiciasTan: marqsizmi
an bevri sja-baasis gareSe aigivebda konstruirebul klass realur
klasTan, anda upirispirebda `klass TavisTvis~, `klass TavisTavad~. `klasi
79
TavisTvis~, romelic iyo dafuZnebuli subieqtur faqtorebze da `klasi
TavisTavad~, romelic ganisazRvreboda obieqtur pirobebTa ansambleis
safuZvelze.
burdies azriT, met-naklebad Tamamma obieqtivisturma Teoriam unda
moaxdinos im warmodgenaTa integrireba, romelic agentebs gaaCniaT
socialur samyarosTan mimarTebaSi. aRqma socialuri samyarosi aris
produqti ormagi socialuri konstruirebisa. `obieqturi~ kuTxiT is
struqturirebulia socialurad... ,iseve rogorc frinvels, romelsac aqvs
bumbuli, gaaCnia meti Sansi frTebis flobisa, vidre cxovels, bewviT
Semosils. aseve didi kulturuli kapitalis mflobelT aqvT meti Sansi
gaxdnen xSiri stumrebi muzeumebisa, vidre am kapitalis ar mqoneT~ 21 ( Бурдьё
П. 1993: 63). xolo `subieqturi~ kuTxiT, socialuri samyaros aRqma
konstruirebulia imis ZaliT, rom aRqmis da ASefasebis sqemebi
miesadagebian ganxilvad moments, da yvelaferi rac ki warmodgenilia,
kerZod enaSi, aris produqti winamdebare simboluri brZolisa da
gamoxatavs metad Tu naklebad saxeSecvlili formiT simbolistur ZalTa
mdgomareobas. miTumetes, obieqtebi SesaZloa iyon aRqmuli da gamoxatulni
sxvadasxva gziT.
socialuri samyaros percefciis kategoriebi warmoadgenen ZiriTad
socialuri sivrcis obieqtur struqturaTa inkorporaciis produqts. isini
ganawyoben agentebs, miiRon socialuri samyaro iseTad, rogoric is aris,
miiRon is, rogorc raRac bunebrivi, vidre amxedrdnen mis winaaRmdeg da
daupirispiron mas gansxvavebuli, antagonisturi SesaZleblobebi. poziciis
grZnoba, rogorc grZnoba imisa ra SeiZleba da ris `uflebas ver mivcemT
sakuTar Tavs~, moicavs TavisSi mdumare miRebas sakuTari poziciisa,
sazRvrebis grZnobas (`es CvenTvis araa~) an rac daiyvaneba imaveze,
distanciis grZnobas, romelsac SeniSnaven da icaven, pativs scemen an
aiZuleben sxvebs rom pativi scen. Secnoba socialuri samyarosi, ufro
zustad kategoriisa, SesaZlebels xdis socialur samyaros.
burdie yuradRebas amaxvilebs simboluri kapitalisaTvis maxasiaTebel
Tvisebaze: simboluri kapitali miiswrafvis simboluri kapitalisaken.
socialuri samyaros legitimuri xedvis TavsmoxvevisaTvis brZolaSi,
80
uciloblad CaTreulia mecniereba. agentebi floben Zalauflebas maTi
simboluri kapitalis proporciuls, anu vgulisxmobT im aRiarebas,
romelic maT gaaCniaT jgufSi. simbolur brZolaSi jansaRi azris
sawarmoeblad. udro zustad, legitimuri nominaciis monopoliisaTvis,
rogorc socialuri samyaros legitimuri xedvis oficialuri kurTxevisa _
agentebi iyeneben simbolur kapitals, romelic maT winamdebare brZolaSi
SeiZines da kerZod nebismier Zalauflebas, romelsac ki isini floben
dadgenil taqsonomiaSi, rac warmodgenilia cnobierebaSi an sinamdvileSi,
rogorc saxeldeba.
yvela simboluri strategia, romelTa meSveobiTac agentebi izraxaven
daaweson socialuri samyaros dayofis TavianTi xedva da am samyaroSi
TavianTi poziciebi, SeiZleba ganalagon or ukidures polusTa Soris:
Seuracxyofa, idios logos (`kerZo azri” - berZn.), rodesac ubralo kerZo piri
miiswrafvis danergos Tavisi Sexeduleba, riskavs ra miiRos analogiuri
pasuxi da oficialuri nominacia _ aqti simboluri STagonebisa, romelsac
amisTvis GgaaCnia mTeli Zala koleqtiurisa, Zala konsesusisa, jansaRi
azrisa, ramdenadac is ganxorcielebulia saxelmwifosagan ndobiT
aRWurvili piris mier, romelic flobs monopolias legitimur simbolur
Zaladobaze.
oficialuri nominacia an wodeba, magaliTad diplomis rangi, iqoniebs
Rirebulebas nebismier bazarze, ramdenadac oficialuri gansazRvreba
oficialuri identurobisa amorTavs TavianT mflobelebs simboluri
brZolidan yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg da aniWebs Tavis agentebs
nebadarTul, yvelasagan aRiarebul universalur perspeqtivas. saxelmwifo,
romelic awarmoebs klasifikacias, aris Taviseburi ze-sasamarTlo.
burdie aRniSnavs, rom agentebi xSirad mimarTaven praqtikul Tu
simbolur strategias, raTa moaxdinon simboluri mogebis maqsimalizacia
nominaciisagan. magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT uari Tqvan garkveuli
TanamdebobisaTvis garantirebul fulad anazRaurebaze, raTa daikavon
pozicia, naklebad anazRaurebadi, magram ufro prestiJuli saxelwodebiT.
an airCion pozicia, romelic ufro ganfenilia, raTa Tavi aaridon amiT
simboluri devalvaciis efeqts; amgvarad, gansazRvraven ra TavianT
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profesiul identurobas, maT SeuZliaT dairqvan saxeli, romelic moicavs
ufro farTo klass, raTa masSi CarTon aseve agentebi, romelTac ukaviaT
ufro maRali poziciebi, magaliTad, maswavlebeli warmogvidgeba rogorc
pedagogi. ufro zogadi saxiT agentebs mudam gaaCniaT arCevani ramodenime
dasaxelebas Soris da SeuZliaT iTamaSon gaurkvevlobiT da
ganusazRvrelobiT, rac ukavSirdeba mraval perspeqtivas, raTa Tavi
aaridon ganaCens oficialuri taqsonomiisa.
institucionaluri da kanonieri (da ara ubralod legitimuri)
simboluri kapitali, sul ufro da ufro ganuyofelia samecniero
codnisagan, ramdenadac ganaTlebis sistema miiswrafvis rac SeiZleba metad
warmoadginos samomavlo da sando garantiebi TiToeuli profesionaluri
wodebisaTvis.
simboluri kapitali flobs aseve TviTRirebulebasac. wodebis gamo
dajildoeba iqoniebs tendencias avtonomizirebisa Sromis gamo
dajildoebasTan mimarTebaSi. anu, erTi da igive Sromam SiZleba miiRos
sxvadasxvagvari dajildoeba, imisda mixedviT, Tu vin Seasrula igi
(Statianma TanamSromelma, saStato TanaSemwem, funqcionerma da a.S.).
wodeba, TavisTavad (rogorc ena) _ esaa ufro myari institucia, vidre
Sromis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebi. dajildoeba wodebis gamo SesaZloa
SenarCundes, miuxedavad cvlilebebisa SromaSi da misi SefardebiTi
Rirebulebisa. araSefardebiTi Rirebuleba ASromisa gansazRvravs
Rirebulebas wodebisa, institucionalizirebuli Rirebuleba wodebisa
msaxurobs instrumentad, romelic iZleva saSualebas daicvas da
SenarCundes Rirebuleba Sromisa.
burdie xazs usvams, rom socialuri samyaro mniSvnelovanwilad aris
is, riTac TiToeul momentSi dakavebulni arian agentebi; magram dangreva
da gardaqmna qmnilisa SesaZlebelia mxolod imis realuri codnis
safuZvelze, Tu ras warmoadgens TvisiT socialuri samyaro da ra
gavlenas axdenen agentebi masze, maT mier dakavebuli poziciebidan
gamomdinare.
burdie mkacrad akritikebs marqsistul xedvas da ambobs: marqsistuli
Teoriis ukmarisoba da gansakuTrebiT misi uunaroba gaiTvaliswinos
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ansambli obieqturad registrirebad gansxvavebaTa, aris Sedegi socialuri
samyaros erTaderT ekonomikur velze dayvanisa. es Teoria mijaWvulia
erTganzomilebian socialur samyaros, romelic organizebulia martivad
or bloks Soris arsebuli urTierTwinaaRmdegobis irgvliv. realurad,
socialuri sivrce mravalganzomilebiania, Riaa ansambli avtonomiur
velebTan mimarTebaSi. TiToeuli velis SigniT isini, vinc ikaveben
dominirebad pozicias da isini vinc ikaveben daqvemdebarebul pozicias,
CarTulni arian sxvadasxva tipis brZolebSi (magram ar arsebobs aranairi
aucilebloba, maTgan antagonisturi jgufebis Camoyalibebisa).
pier burdies sazogadoebrivi Teoriis upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom igi TvalsaCinos xdis sazogadoebis Semadgenel struqturul
elementTa urTierTgamsWvalulobas da individTa adgilisaTvis socialur-
ierarqiul kibeze sazogadoebis sxvadasxva segmentebSi mopovebuli
warmatebis erTianobas, kulturuli kapitali gansazRvravs ekonomikuri da
SesaZlo politikuri kapitalis xvedriT wils, drodadro ekonomikuri
veli dominirebs sazogadoebaSi masSi ganviTarebuli sxvadasxva istoriuli
procesebis Sedegad, drodadro politikuri, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ki
Tavs iCens kulturuli velis dominirebis tendencia. sazogadoeba, naTlad
gviCvenebs burdie, miuxedavad imisa rom dayofilia sxvadasxva socialur
velebad, aris erTiani, cocxali organizmis darad da funqcionirebs mis
elementebs Soris mimdinare mudmivi urTierTqmedebis wyalobiT.
individebic eqzistireben sxvadasxva socialur velebSi erTdrouli
CarTulobis meSveobiT da amgvarad moipoveben Tu qmnian TavianT habituss!!!
83
I nawilis Sejameba
naSromis pirvel nawilSi davajame me-20 saukunis franguli socialuri
azris warmomadgenlebis: fernan brodelis, miSel fukos, Jan bodriaris da
pier burdies sazogadoebrivi Teoriebi. me sakiTxis dasmaSivec xazi
gavusvi, rom es dajgufeba araa erTi nacionaluri skolisadmi mikuTvnebiT
martivad ganpirobebuli. cxadia, erTi nacionaluri skolisadmi mikuTvneba
gansazRvravs am skolis sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgenelTa Soris arsebul
ideur memkvidreobiTobas, interess erTidaimave sakiTxisadmi da azrovnebis
stilis msgavsebasac, magram CemTvis mTavari iyo, rom TiToeuli aq
dasaxelebuli avtori sazogadoebas ganixilavda, rogorc `simravleTa
simravles~, romelnic erTmaneTisadmi racionaluri wesiT funqcionalurad
arian dakavSirebulni, rac maT qselSi ganbneul individebs uadvilebT
yofiT Tu sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi orientirebas, skuTari socialuri
rolis aRqmas da masTan SesabamisobaSi mizanmimarTulad moqmedebas.
Bbrodeli, iseve rogorc fuko da bodriari, aseve burdie, xazs usvamen, rom
sazogadoebis sijansaRisa da masSi individTa SeuboWavi arsebobisaTvis
aucilebelia sazogadoebriv qvesistemaTa Soris Tanabari balansis
uzrunvelyofa. Ffukom naSromSi `zedamxedveloba da dasja” aseTi
simZafriT arcTu SemTxveviT aRwera e.w. disciplinaruli sazogadoeba,
romelic faqtiurad panoptikumis modeliTaa mowyobili da individebs
tusaRebad aqcevs da gamoaZevebs maTgan damoukideblad moqmed da
saerTodac moazrovne individebsac. Eesaa Sedegi politikuri sistemis
`aRzevebisa~ da Zalauflebis gadaWarbebisa.Bbodriari `nivTTa sistemaSi~
gviCvenebs, rom Tanamedrove ekonomika aliansSi Sedis politikasTan da es
aliansi kvlav individebis damoukideblobas da maT ZiriTad uflebas –
Tanasworobas uqmnis safrTxes.
burdie SedarebiT stabilur sazogadoebas aRgviwers da mis mier
aRwerili sazogadoebis suraTi garkveul simSvidesac ki hgvris mkiTxvels,
radgan masTan kulturuli qvesistemaa piramidis mwvervalze da kulturul
velSi dagrovili kapitalis wili gansazRvravs swored pirovnebis, rogorc
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moTamaSis rols socialur-ierarqiul kibeze. burdies naSromis `politikis
sociologiis~ ganxilvis Semdgom vxvdebiT, rom Tuki romelime mocemul
sazogadoebaSi individis habituss gansazRvravs mis xelT myofi
kulturuli kapitalis wili, es konkretuli sazogadoeba upirveles
yovlisa aris Ria, `modernuli~ da misasalmebeli, rogorc etaloni.
ekonomikuri kapitali SesaZloa gaxdes saSualeba politikuri fsonebis
mopovebisa, iseve rogorc politikuri kapitali garanti ekonomikuri
winsvlisa. es ori sistema xSirad arasaxarbielo aliansSi erTiandebian.
kulturuli kapitali ki grovdeba, rogorc aseTi, individis piradi
unarebisa da mizandasaxuli Tanmimdevruli inteleqtualuri Sromis
xarjze.
P.S. Tumca am ganacxadiT, cxadze ucxadesia, eWvs ver SevitanT
konkretulad aRebuli politikosebisa Tu e.w. `oligarqebis~ saTanado
politikuri Tu `oligarquli~ unarebis ararsebobaSi. Cven aq mxolod
xazs gavusvamT safrTxeebs, romlebic SeiZleba gamoikveTos politikisa da
ekonomikis seqtoris arajansaRi aliansis SemTxvevaSi.
85
nawili meore
sazogadoebis asaxva Tanamedrove funqcionalur TeoriebSi da Ria
sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi
2.1. sazogadeoba, rogorc komunikaciaTa erToblioba (niklas lumani)
radgan naSromis meore nawilis ori umTavresi rgoli agebulia
Tanamedrove (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cemi TaobisaTvis Tanamedrove)
funqcionalizmis iseT umniSvnelovanes Teoretikosebze dayrdnobiT,
rogorebicaa niklas lumani da talkot parsonsi, saWirod CavTvale
Sesavlis saxiT `ganmemarta funqcionalizmis ori ZiriTadi cneba: `funqcia~
da `socialuri sitema~.
moviyvan entoni gidensis sityvebs: `SeviswavloT funqcia raimegvari
socialuri moRvaweobisa an institutisa – niSnavs gavaanalizoT maTi
wvlili sazogadoebis sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofaSi, rogorc
mTlianisa. am azris gamoaSkaravebis saukeTeso saSualebad msaxurobs
analogia adamianis sxeulTan. msgavsi analogiiT xelmZRvanelobdnen konti,
diurkheimi da mravali gviandeli avtor-funqcionalistebi. SeviswavliT ra
romelime sxeulis organos, magaliTad guls, Cven upirveles yovlisa unda
gavigoT, rogoraa is dakavSirebuli sxeulis danarCen nawilebTan.
gadaqaCavs ra sisxls mTeli sxeulisa, guli asrulebs umniSvnelovanes
rols adamianis sicocxlis mxardaWeraSi. msgavsi saxiT, mocemuli
socialuri obieqtis funqciis analizi niSnavs imis demonstrirebas, Tu
rogor rols TamaSobs igi mocemuli realobis arsebobaSi. magaliTad,
religia, diurkheimis azriT, uzrunvelyofs adamianTa erTgulebas ZiriTadi
socialuri Rirebulebebisadmi da swored amiT xels Seuwyobs socialuri
kavSirebis mxardaWeras” 22 (Гиденс Э. 1999: 644).
funqcionalizmi kvlav dabrunda sociologiaSi talkot parsonisa da
robert mertonis naSromebis wyalobiT, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom
funqcionaluri analizi mowodebulia, iTamaSos wamyvani roli
sociologiuri Teoriis da sociologiuri gamokvlevebis ganviTarebaSi.
rac Seexeba mertons, misi Teoria Cems naSromSi araa ganxiluli. niklas
86
lumani parsonisi Teoriebis ideuri zegavlenis qveS moeqca imTaviTve da es
zegavlena aisaxa miseul sazogadoebriv TeoriaSi, romelmac
originalurobiT Tavad parsonsiseul koncefciebsac gadaaWarba.
mokled, raki visaubreT `funqciaze~, aseve movxazoT interpretaciis
saxiT `sistemis~ raoba. sistema xasiaTdeba Semadgenel nawilTa
urTierTdakavSirebulobiT. urTierTdakavSirebul variantTa
mowesrigebuli xasiaTis safuZvelze sistema iqoniebs TviTSenarCunebis
tendencias, Tuki erTi elementi ar Tavsdeba am wesrigSi, xdeba an misi
amorTva, anda sistemis sxva nawilebi miesadagebian mas. socialuri da
pirovnuli sistemebi, es empiriuli sistemebia, isini gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan, magram amavdroulad urTierTs ganmsWvalaven, anu
SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT pirovnebis sistema socialur sistemaSi
CaurTvelad da socialuri sistema, romelic ar warmoadgens nawils
pirovnebis sistemisa.
parsonsi da lumani, sazogadoebas oriveni ganixilaven
TviTferencirebadi autopoieturi sistemis saxiT, magram lumanis
SemTxvevaSi pirovnebis sistema TiTqosda socialur sistemebSi ganibneva da
usaxurdeba. parsonsis sistemuri Teoria vamjobine ganmexila lumanis
koncefciebis Semdgom, radganac, Cemi azriT, ase ufro mkveTrad gamoCndeba
maTi midgomebis gansxvavebuli rakursebi, erTi sagnis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi
sistemis) sxvadasxvagvari xedvani, radganac gansxvaveba mudam ufro metis
momcemia SemecnebisaTvis, vidre analogia. rogorc fuko werda, Tavis
naSromSi `sityvebi da sagnebi, arqeologia humanitaruli mecnierebisa~ –
analogiebiT azrovnebs don-kixoti, kritikuli azrisTvis (anu jansaRi
azrisTvis) ki mudam gansxvavebaa yuradsaRebi.
maS ase, daviwyoT niklas lumaniseuli ganxilva sazogadoebisa,
romelsac igi komunikaciaTa erTobliobad warmoidgens, rameTu swored
sazogadoebrivi Teoriebia Cveni naSromis ZiriTadi interesis sagani maT
mravalferovnebaSi, rac Tumca erTiani logikuri jaWvis irgvliv
koncentrirdeba.
niklas lumans ekuTvnis universalurobaze pretenziis mqone
diferencirebul socialur sistemaTa Teoria. lumani gaxlavT germaneli
87
sociologi (1927w.), sociologiaSi sistemuri da funqcionaluri midgomis
erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. 1968 wlidan profesoris rangSi is
moRvaweobda bilefeldis universitetSi zogadi sociologiisa da aseve
samarTlis sociologiis dargSi. lumani vestfalis mecnierebaTa akademiis
wevradac gvevlineba. misi amosavali poziciebi formulirebulia
xuTtomeul naSromSi `sociologiuri ganmanaTlebloba `Soziologische Auf
klerung~, romelic 70-iani wlebis miwuruls da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
gamoica. mas ekuTvnis araerTi saxelmZRvanelo, romlebic me-XX saukunis
miwurulSi germanuli sociologiis qvakuTxedad iqca, magaliTad 1984 wels
gamocemuli `socialuri sistemebi~, gaxmaurebuli naSromi `Zalaufleba~ da
a.S. Cvens postsabWour sivrceSic iTargmna da gamoqveynda misi ramdenime
statia, magaliTad: `sazogadoebis cneba~, `politikosTa siwrfele da
politikis amoraluroba~, `sazogadoeba, interaqcia, socialuri
solidaroba~, `sazogadoebis Teoria~, `sistemuri Teoriis paradigmis
Secvla~, `ra aris komunikacia~.
lumanis msoflmxedvelobaze, rogorc ukve xazi gavusviT
gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina t. parsonsisa da r. mertonis
koncefciebma. lumani intensiurad aviTarebda funqcionalizmis
radikalizaciis proeqts, romlis CarCoebSic Seqmna sazogadoebis
sistemuri Teoriis sakuTari varianti. misi yuradRebis centrSi moeqceva
mimarTeba `sistema _ gare samyaro~. Sesabamisad lumans sociologiis sagnad
miaCnia socialuri sistemebi, romelTac igi miawers TviTwarmoebisa da
TviTreferenciis Tvisebebs.
lumani, sazogadoebis cnebis gansazRvrisas gvirCevs adamianis martivi
formulirebiT apelirebas avaridoT Tavi, misTvis miuRebelia sazogadoebis
warmodgena admianTa martiv erTobad. Adamianebi, misi mosazrebiT, ar
warmoadgenen sazogadoebis nawils, aramed miekuTvnebian mis gare samyaros.
`sazogadoeba Sedgeba komunikaciaTagan. esaa movlenebi, romelnic
erTmaneTs cvlian droSi. sazogadoeba struqturirdeba komunikaciaTa
diferenciaciiT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi diferencirdebian ara
adamianTa jgufebi, aramed komunikaciaTa tipebi, romlebSic monawileoben
adamianebi, TamaSoben ra rols amomrCevlisa, moswavlisa, myidvelisa da a.S.
88
adamiani, rogorc mTlianoba aris sistemis gare samyaros realia, is
damkvirvebelia, mSenebeli Teoriisa. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom nebismieri,
Tundac universaluri Teoria sazogadoebisa ekuTvnis sazogadoebasve _
aris Sedegi da Tematizirdeba komunikaciis procesSi _ da am azriT
mimarTulia Tavis Tavze, warmoadgens TviTSemcvel da TviTreferencialur
piesas piesaSi~ 23 (Луман Н. 2001: 225). aqedan gveZleva mudmivi paradoqsebi
`sinamdvilis gaorebisa~, lumani maT aRwers iseT formebSi, rogoricaa
`kodireba~, `meore rigis wesrigis damkvidreba~ da misTanebi...
zogadad sazogadoebrivi Teoria gaigeba erTis mxriv, rogorc Teoria
socialuri diferenciisa jgufebad da funqcionalur qvesistemebad, xolo
meores mxriv, rogorc Teoria sociokulturuli evoluciisa. orive
amosavali punqti erTiandeba TezisSi, romlis Tanaxmadac
sociokulturuli evolucia aZlierebs diferenciacias. Tumca am
mimarTebaSi ganxilvis miRma rCeba komunikaciisa da motivaciis sakiTxebi,
kerZod ki is, Tu ra gvaiZulebs miviRoT da ganvaviTaroT esa Tu is
komunikaciebi. nawilobriv maT ganixilaven, rogorc wminda fsiqologiur,
mTlianad individze damokidebul faqtebs, romelnic SesaZloa ar iyon
gaTvaliswinebuli makrosociologiur kvlevebSi. nawilobriv ki isini
daiyvanebian iseT specifikur cnebebze, rogorebicaa konsesuri, masobrivi
komunikaciebi da maTi msgavsni. problemis ganxilvis orive mcdelobas
mivyavarT dabali donis koncefciaTa Camoyalibebamde da swored am xinjis
aRmosafxvrelad cdilobs lumani simbolurad generalizirebul
koncefciaTa zogadi Teoriis formulirebas, romelic dakavSirebuli
iqneba sazogadoebrivi diferenciaciis koncefciasTan da aseve
sociokulturuli evoluciis meqanizmebTan da fazebTan.
lumani miiCnevs, rom socialuri sistemebi warmoiqmnebian mxolod
komunikaciaTa wyalobiT. sistemis ZiriTadi funqciaa Tavisi diferenciaciis
regulireba garesamyarosTan mimarTebis konteqstSi. saerTod unda
aRiniSnos, rom lumanis TeoriebSi mniSvnelovani roli ganekuTvneba gare
samyaros cnebas, aseve cnebas Ria-daxuruli socialuri sistemisa. lumani
gangvimartavs, rom sistemis garesamyaros ar gaaCnia aranairi sazRvari da
is mas, am sazRvars _ arc saWiroebs. igi warmoadgens sistemaSi `sxvisadmi~
89
(Fremdreferenz) gamoyenebuli mimarTebis korelats da sistemisaTvis
fenomenologiurad warmodgenilia rogorc horizonti. garegani samyaro
araa informatiuli. informaciebi, anu sistemisaTvis relevanturi
mdgomareobebi da movlenebi, arsobrivad Sidasistemuri miRwevebia, isini
moipovebian e.w. `gansxvavebis teqnikis~ saSualebiT. garesamyaro esaa
absoluturad yvelaferi, rac maRalkompleqsurobis am statutSi
absoluturad miuRwevelia da xasiaTdeba gaumWvirvalobiT. sistemas ki
gaaCnia unari, `dainaxos~, anu airCios Tavisi da datovos yuradRebis miRma
SesaZleblis rangSi `sxva~. amgvarad, sistema xedavs mxolod sakuTar Tavs,
SemoisazRvreba Tavis xedvaSi sakuTari horizontiT. is, rasac xedavs
sistema aris swored misi komunikaciebi, romelnic apriorSive
gansxvavebulni arian samyarosgan....
xazi unda gavusvaT im faqts, rom lumaniseuli Txrobis stili sakmaod
rTulia. mis mier gamoyenebuli terminologia TiTqosda `Tarjimansac~ ki
saWiroebs, lumani Tavis TeoriebSi uamrav axal termins afesvebs, romelic
maxasiaTebelia calsaxad mxolod misi Txrobis stilisTvis. bevrjer
aRniSnula, rom lumanis kritikosebi ufro naTlad gadmoscemen lumanis
koncefciebs, vidre Tavad avtori. mokled lumanis kritikosebs Taviseburad
misi Targmna uwevT, cxadia, vgulisxmob ara erTi enidan sxva ucxo enaze
gadaTargmnas, aramed lumaniseuli specifiuri terminologiis gaSifvras...
axla ki mivubrundeT komunikaciis sakiTxs lumanTan. igi cdilobs
TiTqmis tradiciad qceuli mimarTeba komunikaciisa subieqtze, rogorc
avtorze, ukuagdos da gamoacxados komunikacia TavisTavSi Caketil,
TviTkmar autopoietur meqanizmad. lumani acxadebs, mxolod komunikacias
ZaluZs ganxorcieleba komunikaciisa da mxolod mis daxurul qselSi
iwarmoeba is, rasac Cven gavigebT, rogorc `moqmedebas~. komunikacia esaa
socialuri operacia, romelic amoqmeddeba socialuri situaciis
warmoqmnisTanave. igi xorcieldeba sami gansxvavebuli seleqciis meSveobiT,
esenia: informaciis seleqcia (1), am mocemuli informaciis Setyobinebis
seleqcia (2) da seleqciuri gageba an argageba Setyobinebisa (3).
komunikaciis sistema Tavis sazRvrebSive awarmoebs elementebs, romelTa
meSveobiTac uzrunvelyofilia Semdgomi komunikaciebi.
90
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva sistemebSi komunikaciebi imarTebian am
sistemaTaTvis specifiuri simbolurad generalizerebuli mediuri kodebiT.
magaliTad, ekonomikis qvesistemaSi komunikacia imarTeba e.w. monetaruli
kodirebiT, mecnierebis qvesistemaSi kodis funqcias asrulebs WeSmariteba,
xolo politikuri sistemisaTvis Zalauflebaa komunikaciuri kodi.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mzardi diferenciaciis fonze aucilebeli
xdeba komunikaciaTa mediuri kodebisaTvis substitebis moZieba, romlebic
konstruirdebian binaruli sqematizmebis meSveobiT, Tumca am sakiTxze
qvemoT visaubroT, amjerad ki sazogadoebrivi qvesistemebi ganvixiloT:
ekonomikuri sistemis qveS igulisxmeba fulTan da gadasaxadebTan
dakavSirebuli operaciebis sistema, operaciebisa, romelnic Tanamedrove
samyaroSi karga xania diferencirdnen politikisa da religiisagan. fuli,
esaa ekonomikis azrobrivi sqematizmi, anu orientiri arCevanis
gansaxorcieleblad specifiur Sidasistemur horizontSi. Tanamedroveobam
moitana ekonomikis avtonimuroba, daxuruloba.
yvelas kargad gvaxsovs, rom Suasaukuneobrivi gadasaxadebi atarebdnen
universalur xasiaTs, SesaZlebeli iyo Tanamdebobebis yidva (Riaoba
politikuri sistemisadmi), miRwevadi iyo `xsna~, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs e.w.
indulgenciebi (Riaoba religiis sistemis mimarT) da a.S.
Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri sistema kodirebuli gaxldaT kerZo
sakuTrebiT. sazogadoebrivi evoluciis Sedegad moxda gadasvla monetarul
kodirebaze, ramac gansazRvra gare samyarosadmi mTeli damokidebulebis
Secvla. adre ekonomikur sistemaSi yoveli operacia (gadaxda, yidva)
ganisazRvreboda kodi-alternativiT `mesakuTre -- sakuTrebis armqone~.
`ego~ yidulobs, Tuki is araa mesakuTre, anda piriqiT yidis, Tuki gaaCnia
sakuTreba. saerTod lumani interaqciis monawileebs pirobiTad moixseniebs
`alterad~ da `egod~... monetaruli kodireba ekonomikuri sistemis
operaciebs aorientirebs kodiT `fuli~. amjerad `ego~ sakuTrebisaTvis
ixdis mxolod momavalSi fulis mopovebis mizniT da ara sakuTrebisTvis
TavisTavad.
orientirebuloba fulze operaciis mocemul saxeobas gamoacalkevebs
yvela sxva danarCenisagan, rogorc konkretulad ekonomikurs, rac
91
gansazRvravs swored ekonomikis sistemis daxurulobas. adre miwis floba
sakuTrebis saxiT iyo politikuri Zalauflebis safuZveli, saqmis viTareba
Seicvala politikisa da samarTlis diferenciaciis kvaldakval...
ekonomikuri sistemis operacia, gadaxda ganisazRvreba fasiT, fasiT,
romelic ar SeiZleba iyos samarTliani an arasamarTliani da Sesabamisad
ver daregulirdeba politikuri gadawyvetilebebiT. sxvagvarad sistema
iqneboda araTu daxuruli, aramed damokidebuli samarTalsa da
politikaze. ekonomikuri sistema daxurulia, vinaidan misi operaciebi
orientirdebian Sidasistemurad, kerZod ki, orientirdebian fasze. Tumca
sistema Tavis mxriv Riacaa, rameTu fasebSi gamoixateba moTxovnilebebi,
lokalizebadni sistemis gareT, mis `garesamyaroSi~. Amitomacaa, rom lumani
sazogadoebis qvesistemebs uwodebs Ria-daxurul sistemebs. ekonomikuri
qvesistemis darad danarCen sazogadoebriv sistemebsac aqvT Riaobis
wertilebi maTTvis garesamyaros mimarT......
mecnierebis qvesistema flobs specifiur azrobriv sqematizms, kods
`WeSmariti-araWeSmaritisa~, romelic specializirebulia axali mecnieruli
codnis SeZenaze. misi funqciaa, CamoaSoros siaxles, romelic
Tavdapirvelad hipoTezis saxiT yalibdeba, mcdarobis eWvi, raTa igi Semdeg
Teoriis saxiT damkvidrdes. mecniereba TviTdamkvirvebeli sistemaa, magram
sakuTar kompleqsurobaze orientirebuli. es sistema iqceva
hiperkompleqsurad, rac gadatvirTavs mecnierebis qvesistemas, anu ras
vgulisxmobT: mecnierebas waeyeneba moTxovna, daakvirdes sazogadoebas
mTlianobaSi, magaliTad, rogorc erT-erTi mecnierebis, sociologiis
sagans da amavdroulad Tavis Tavsac, rogorc am sazogadoebis qvesistemas.
gamomdinare aqedan, mecnierebis TviTaRwera aris aRwera aRweris aRwerisa
da ase usasrulod.
politikuri sistema, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, imarTeba Zalauflebis
kodiT. Zalaufleba, rogorc komunikaciis saSualeba lumanis Teoriis
qvakuTxedia. Zalauflebis fenomenis ganxilvas man miuZRvna cnobili
naSromi amave saxelwodebiT `Zalaufleba~, romelmac imTaviTve didi
popularoba moipova.
92
Zalauflebas Tavdapirvelad lumani gansazRvravda, rogorc
`partnioris seleqciis sivrcis SezRudvas~, magram Cvens droSi
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas seleqtiurobis zrdam gviCvena, rom xSirad
Zalaufali daqvemdebarebulis xelSi iqceva saSualebad am ukanasknelis
kerZo miznebis aRsasruleblad, ramdenadac paradoqsalurad ar unda
JRerdes es. anu risi Tqma gvsurs: nebismieri Zalaufleba waawydeba mis
sapirispiro `araformalur Zalauflebas~ daqvemdebarebulTa mxridan. e.i.
Zalaufleba regulirdeba kodiT (binaruli sqematizmiT) formalur-
araformalurisa.
nebismieri gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReba rogorc
formaluri, aseve araformaluri Zalauflebisgan nakarnaxevi argumentebi.
Zalaufleba SesaZloa aseve binarulad iyos sqematizirebuli cnebebiT
samarTliani-arasamarTliani, progresuli-konservatiuli...
Zalauflebis generalizaciis umaRlesi punqtia saxelmwifo.
saxelmwifo, lumanTan, esaa politikuri sistemis TviTaRwera, semantikuri
artefaqti, romlis funqciacaa politikuri sistemis damoukideblobis
uzrunvelyofa Tavad Zalauflebisagan.
lumani mudmivad xazs usvams, rom Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba raime
konkretul moqmedebaze orientirebuli iZulebisagan. iZulebis wnexis qveS
myofs arCevanis SesaZlebloba nulze aqvs dayvanili. Zalaufleba ki
farTovdeba daqvemdebarebulTa Tavisuflebis zrdis xarjze.
Zalauflebis funqcia mdgomareobs ormagi kontigenciis polusebs
Soris xidebis gadebaSi. iZulebis funqciis aTvisebiT Zalaufleba kargavs
sakuTar saxes. iZuleba xom esaa uaris Tqma simboluri generalizaciis
upiratesobebze, rac gulisxmobs partnioris seleqciaTa gamoTvlasa da,
amgvarad, garkveulwilad maT kontrols. iZulebis ukiduresi
gamoxatulebaa fizikuri zemoqmedeba, am dros adgili aqvs `alteris~
qmedebiT `egos~ qmedebaTa, ufro zustad, gadawyvetilebaTa uxeS
Canacvlebas.
Zalauflebis lumaniseuli gagebis sailustraciod moviyvan magaliTs
popularuli rusuli zRapris siuJetidan `briyvi ivani~. zRapris mTavari
moqmedi gmiri briyvi ivani aRmoCndeba gzajvaredinze aRmarTuli warweriani
93
qvis winaSe, warwera rogorc kargad gvaxsovs yvelas, bavSvobidan Seicavs
msgavs Sinaarss. `waxval marjvniv _ ipovi siyvaruls!~, `waxval marcxniv _
simdidres~, `pirdapir ki cecxlismfrqvevel gveleSaps gadaeyrebi!~ qvam
icis, rom briyvi ivani es potenciuri gmiria, romelic unda wavides
pirdapiri gziT _ anu SeeWidos cecxlismfrqvevel gveleSaps, magram
saWiroa misi gadawyvetileba ganxorcieldes seleqciurobis CarCoebSi,
mxolod am SemTxvevaSi miiRebs is TavisTavze rols gmirisa, ai, risTvis
SeeTavazeba mas iseTi mimzidveli alternativebi, rogoricaa siyvaruli da
simdidre. warweriani qva, Tumca sTavazobs briyv ivans mimzidveli
alternativaTa saxesxvaobebs, mas gamoTvlili hyavs ivani, rogorc
`potenciuri gmiri~ da, gamomdinare aqedan, mas imTaviTve navaraudevi aqvs
ivanis mier ganxorcielebuli seleqcia. am simbolur SedarebaSi `qva~ esaa
Zalauflebis matarebeli bediswera, lumanis eniT `alteri~, ivani ki
Zalauflebas daqvemdebarebuli `ego~. aq yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom
miuxedavad `alteris~ mier ganxorcielebuli gamoTvlebisa, `egos~
Tavisufleba aranairad ar izRudeba!!!
ai, swored amaSia Zalauflebis, rogorc komunikaciuri saSualebis
prioriteti Tanamedrove Ria sazogadoebaSi: mas SeuZlia marTos
daqvemdebarebulTa seleqciebi maTi Tavisuflebis absoluturi
SeuzRudaobis pirobebSi!!!
saerTod erTi ram imTaviTve cxadia, iZulebas mimarTaven mxolod
Zalauflebis deficitis pirobebSi maSin, roca ar gaaCnia sakmarisi
resursebi daqvemdebarebulTa Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis kvaldakval
gonivrulad marTon maTi seleqciebi.
iZulebisagan gansxvavebiT Zalauflebis mizania, ara `egos~ nebis
gatexva, aramed misi neitralizireba......
Zalaufleba, ambobs lumani, romelic warmoadgens TvisiT mudmiv
SesaZleblobas da unarisa Tu SesaZleblobis saxiT miewereba Zalauflebis
mqones, ar SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes uwyvetad an yvela adamianis mimarT da
Zalauflebrivi velis yvela sferoSi. molodini, rom Zalaufleba unda
iyos gamoyenebuli yvelgan, sadac ki es SesaZlebelia, araTu amZimebs
zedmetad Zalauflebis mqones, aramed _ iseve rogorc Zalauflebis kodis
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miwera _ xels uSlis mniSvnelovani Zalauflebrivi akumulaciebis
gamovlinebas. Zalaufali Zalauflebas seleqciurad unda miudges. mas
yovel jerze esaWiroeba dafiqreba imaze, Tu konkretulad ra zomiTaa
aucilebeli ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi misi Careva. Zalaufalma unda
gamoimuSavos TviT disciplina, man unda gaiTvaliswinos Zalauflebis
riski. Zalauflebis Teoriis uaxlesi ekonomikuri interpretacia
Zalauflebis riskis asarideblad. e.w. danazogis Tavisebur kalkulaciasac
ki gvTavazobs, romlis Tanaxmadac Zalauflebis gamoyenebis sixSire da
dozebi unda esadagebodes winaaRmdegobaTa sixSires da maT xarisxs...
erTxel kidev mivubrundeT lumanTan Zalauflebis Teoriis CarCoebSi
iZulebis sakiTxs, romelic SeiZleba gamovlindes fizikuri zemoqmedebis,
Zaladobis saxiT: lumanisaTvis warmoadgens aqsiomas, rom fizikuri
Zaladoba esaa Zalauflebis antipodi, Tumca komunikaciis arcerT mxares
ar ZaluZs Zaladobis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis ignorireba; Zaladoba
SesaZleblobis saxiT `ZlierisTvis~ Tavisi miznebis midevnebisas,
uzrunvelyofs did saimedoobas. is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes TiTqmis
universalurad, ramdenadac saSualebis saxiT igi araa mijaWvuli arc
gansazRvrul miznebze, arc gansazRvrul situaciebze an komunikaciis
monawileTa motivaciebze; ramdenadac saubaria SedarebiT martiv
moqmedebaze, iolia misi organizeba da e.i. centralizebac... gavixsenoT
meore msoflio omi, safrangeTis pozicia, roca man gamoacxada
kapitulacia, am gadawyvetilebis misaRebad sakmarisi aRmoCnda Zaladoba
SesaZleblobis saxiT hitleruli germaniis xelSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom `ZlierTaTvis~ Zaladoba naklebad sasiamovnoa,
vidre `sustTaTvis~. Zaladobis gamoyeneba aris konfliqtis kulminaciuri
wertili, romelic uciloblad unda gairkves, Tu konfliqtis romeli
mxare moipovebs gamarjvebas. Zaladobis gamoyenebas Tan axlavs iseTi
binaruli sqematizmis winwamoweva, rogoricaa samarTlebrivi-
arasamarTlebrivi. aqedan gamomdinareobs moTxovna, SevufardoT Zaladoba
da samarTali erTmaneTs, es ki naTels hfens im faqts, rom Zala da
samarTali araa Tavsebadi cnebebi! roca saubroben `Zlieris samarTalze~,
esaa Zalauflebis Teoriis ukiduresi gaufasureba, gamartiveba.
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Zaladoba da misi aridebis alternativa, ai, ras ukavSirebs lumani
erTmaneTs. Zaladoba, ambobs lumani, SeiZleba xorcieldebodes iribi gziT,
anu STambeWdavi Zalis demonstrirebiT, romlis provocirebac sigiJis
tolfasi iqneboda. aq Zaladoba warmodgenilia potenciurad, momavali
SesaZlo faqtis saxiT, romlis realobaSi gansxeuleba jer kidev SeiZleba
aRikveTos awmyoSi. roca Zaladoba iqadis ganxorcieldes, amiT `meore
mxares~ aiZulebs airCios aridebis alternativa; am meqanizmis muSaobis
sailustraciod moviyvan magaliTs:
1757 wlis 2 marts, safrangeTSi jariskacs, rober-fransua damiens
gamoetana ganaCeni parizis taZris centraluri karibWis win sajarod
sikvdiliT dasjisa. es iyo ara ubralod sikvdiliT dasja, aramed
gausaZlisi wamebiT adamianis Ronisamoxdamde miyvana da Semdgom cxenebis
gamoyenebiT am tanjvisgan dasisxlianebuli sxeulis oTxad gagleja,
rober-fransua damianma ludovik XV-s miayena daniT Wriloba. riTi iyo
gamowveuli sasjelaRsrulebiTi aseTi sastiki da Teatralizirebuli
sajaro xasiaTi? ludovik XV danaSaulis calkeuli SemTxvevis aRkveTis
am aqts ganazogadebs da dasjas simbolur xasiaTs aniWebs, is misi epoqis
sazogadoebas warugzavnis mesijs, Tu ramdenad didi da sastikia monarqis
xelSi koncentrirebuli Zalauflebis iaraRi Zaladobis saxiT da
Sesabamisad, ramdenad gonivrulia, aqedan gamomdinare _ lumanis sityvebiT
Tu vityviT _ `aridebis alternativaTa midevneba~.
hitlerul germaniasac auSvicis msgavsi sakoncentracio banakebi
swored `aridebis alternativaTa~ midevnebisaTvis esaWiroeboda. cxadia, aq
moyvanili magaliTebi ukiduresobaTa SemTxvevebia da msgavsi Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi arca aqvT adgili, Cven isini ubralod martiv
ilustraciebad gamoviyeneT, raTa Zalis demonstrirebis simboluri
datvirTvis mizezebi gamoegveaSkaravebina, davinaxeT Zalis demonstrirebiT,
Tu rogor SeuZlia Zalaufals `meore mxarisagan~ misTvis sasurvel
poziciebze spontanurad daTanxmebis miReba...
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi msgavsi sigiJis aRsakveTad didi xania
muSaobs Zalauflebis kodis binaruli sqematizmi: `samarTlebrivi-
arasamarTlebrivis~ saxiT, aseve morali da eTika, rogorc saSualeba
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samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mxridan Zalauflebis gadametebis kontrolisa
gvTavazoben Semdeg binarul sqematizms: `humanur-arahumanurisa~.
lumani yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom Zalaufleba interaqciuli
procesebis doneze unda iqnes droSi ganfenili Zalauflebrivi
gadawyvetilebebisaTvis etapobrivi xasiaTis miniWebiT. socialuri sistema,
ambobs lumani, romelic flobs msgavs SesaZleblobas, SeiZens
kompleqsurobis mosawesrigeblad droiT resurss. is rac SeuZlebelia
xorcieldebodes erTdroulad, SesaZlebeli xdeba mowesrigebul droiT
TanmimdevrulobaSi. amis wyalobiT farTovdeba speqtri integrirebadi,
erTmaneTisadmi mimarTebadi moqmedebebis sistemisa.
Tavdapirvelad msgavsi droiTi struqturebi ganTavsebulia Tavad
Zalauflebis mqonis moqmedebaTa sferoSi. mas SeuZlia TavisTvis Seadginos
pirveldawyebiTi da imavdroulad arazusti sqemebi sasurvel moqmedebaTa
gaSlisa. cxadia, Zalaufali kargad acnobierebs, rom mas Seswevs unari,
Zalaufleba gamoiyenos ise, rogorc es mas moesurveba. `Zalaufals~
Tavdapirvelad SeuZlia mosinjos, erTgvarad Seamowmos sakmarisia Tu ara
ukve mxolod imis codna meorisaTvis, rom Zalaufleba mis xelSia
koncentrirebuli. Tuki adgili eqneba misTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas,
Zalauflebis matarebels SeuZlia maSinaTve gadavides ufro cxadad
gamoxatul implicitur da Tundac eqsplicitur komunikaciebze mis
ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebiT, anu muqaraze. ukanasknel droTa
ganmavlobaSi TandaTan Zlierdebian... da bolos, Tuki muqarebi ar Wris,
Zalauflebis mqonem unda gadawyvitos gamoiyenebs Tu ara igi sanqciebs, anu
aamuSavebs Tu ara aridebis alternativaTa realizaciis meqanizmebs. msgavsi
jaWvis erTianoba, erTis mxriv, Tavad sistemisganaa gawerili, romelSic
xdeba es yvelaferi, meores mxriv ki, amas iTxovs Tavad Zalauflebis kodi,
anu yovelive diqtirebulia Zalauflebrivi potencialis SenarCunebisa da
gaZlierebis aucileblobiT. amitomac aRwerili Tanmimdevruloba
nabijebisa da misgan gamomdinare Zalauflebrivi gamovlinebis gaZliereba
sulac ar warmoadgens SemTxveviTobas. lumani xazs usvams, rom sistema da
kodi fuqcionireben iseTi Tanmimdevrulobis CarCoebSi, rogoricaa
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Tanmdevi identurobebi, romlebic gansazRvraven Semdgomi nabijebis
SesaZleblobas an SeuZleblobas.
lumans Zalauflebis yvela SesaZleblobaTa gaZlierebis wyarod
evlineba simboloTa generalizacia, romelic aseve devs kodisa da
procesis diferenciaciis safuZvelSi. generalizaciis qveS lumani
gulisxmobs azrobriv orientaciaTa ganzogadebas, rac SesaZlebels xdis
identuri sazrisis fiqsacias sxvadasxva partniorebis mier sxvadasxva
situaciebSi da es xdeba msgavsi daskvnebis moxelTebis mizniT. am gziT
miiRweva SefardebiTi Tavisufleba situaciisagan. daiZleva gaurkvevloba
da SesaZlebeli xdeba komplementarul molodinTa formireba.
simbolizacia, rogorc aseTi, warmoadgens Zalauflebis formirebis
ucvlel rekvizits. Eenam, da ara mxolod Teoretikulma enam mecnierebisa,
ukve moamzada simbolizaciis miznebisaTvis iseTi `dispoziciuri cnebebi~,
rogoricaa Zala, unari, potencia. mocemuli formulirebani axdenen im
viTarebis SeniRbvas, rom Zalaufleba warmoadgens TvisiT komunikaciur
procesTa modelizacias.
simboluri generalizaciis safuZvelze sxvadasxva mediuri
saSualebebisaTvis viTardeba sxvadasxvagvari, maTi Sesatyvisi kodebi. ara
yoveli rigi generalizebul simboloTa, ara yoveli teqsti da ara yoveli
struqtura warmoadgens kods viwro azriT. kodis qveS, ambobs lumani, Cven
gavigebT iseT struqturas, romelsac yoveli nawarmoebi elementisaTvis
Tavisi sferos relevanturobis sazRvrebSi SeuZlia moiZios da
moawesrigos sxva damatebiTi elementi. kodis funqcionirebis es meqanizmi
SeiZleba SevadaroT teqstTa TargmanisaTvis arsebuli specialuri kodebis
muSaobas, romlebic warmoadgenen garkveuli informaciebis matareblebs. es
specialuri informaciis matarebeli kodebi emsaxurebian informaciis
Senaxvas, gadacemas an manqanur gadamuSavebas.
sociokulturuli evoluciis sferoSi umniSvnelovanesi kodi
yalibdeba enis meSveobiT, kerZod ki imis wyalobiT, rom enas ukavSirdeba
unari uaryofisa, nebismieri gamonaTqvami Tavis gankargulebaSi flobs mis
Sesatyvis zust uaryofas. lumanisaTvis ena esaa saSualeba komunikaciur
kodSi binaruli sqematizmis gansaxorcieleblad. enaSi Cafesvebulia
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SesaZlebloba moiZios TiToeuli cnebis antonimi, TiToeuli qcevis
antipodi. enaa garanti moqmedebaTa seleqtiurobisa swored sinamdvilis
gaorebis am unariT, romelsac is antonimTa warmoebis meSveobiT aRwevs,
iqneba es cnebobriv Tu situaciur doneze.
kodis Tvisebebis mqone struqturebi TamaSoben umniSvnelovanes rols
kompleqsuri sistemebis agebaSi. kodis efeqturoba ganpirobebulia misi
seleqtiuri xasiaTiT, kerZod ki mas ZaluZs moaxdinos kombinacia
universalurisa da specifiuris.
elementaruli an interaqciuli azriT Zalaufleba mudam warmoadgens
kods. is moqmedebis yoveli translirebadi seleqciisaTvis punqtualurad
adgens aridebis Sesabamis alternativebs, anu axdens angariSSi misaRebi
SesaZleblobebis dublirebas. es kodebisaTvis tipiuri gaoreba
SesaZlebels xdis Zalauflis survilisa da daqvemdebarebulis
armosurnebis urTierTSerwymas.
lumani yuradRebas amaxvilebs zegavlenis generalizaciazec da miaCnia,
rom es xdeba samganzomilebian plastSi. droSi generalizirebul
zegavlenas lumani moniSnavs, rogorc avtoritets; sagnobrivad
generalizirebul zegavlenas, rogorc reputacias; xolo socialurad
generalizirebuli zegavlena ki lumanisaTvis esaa lideroba.
modiT SevCerdeT socialurad generalizebuli zegavlenis formaze,
liderobaze: liderobis fenomenis ganxilvisas lumani eyrdnoba e.w.
jgufur Teoriebs. lideroba aRmocendeba adamianis fsiqikaSi Cafesvebuli
imitaciis unaridan. adamianSi mudam saxezea survili misdios viRacas, Tuki
mas gaaCnia ramdenime sarwmuno informacia, rom igives akeTebs danarCenebic.
adamianTa raRac nawili emorCileba zegavlenas, radganac ase iqcevian
sxvebi, xolo es ukanasknelni ki baZaven pirvelT. modiT, droebiT SeveSvaT
politikas da aviRoT magaliTi romelime rok-musikosis saxiT, romelic
Tavis dros gvevlineboda popularul liderad asobiT da aTasobiT
axalgazrdisaTvis. 80-90-iani wlebis sivrceSi jguf `kinos~ solisti
viqtor coi axalgazrdebSi gacilebiT popularuli iyo, vidre yvela cekas
mdivani erTad aRebuli da es swored cois ara-sabWouri azrovnebis Sedegi
iyo, rac ase aSkarad vlindeboda mis TiToeul simReraSi, Tumca es sxva
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sakiTxia... kargad maxsovs, rom cois simRerebi akasetebSi gvqonda yvela
amxanags, radganac swored ase iqceodnen Cveni ufrosklaselebi an ufro _
ded-mamiSvilebi. isini TiTqosda Cvens qcevebs tons aZlevdnen. saerTod
gardatexis asakSi mozardTaTvis niSandoblivia ufrosklaselTa an ufros
ded-mamiSvilTa da maT megobarTa mibaZva. Cven didi gulmodginebiT
daveZebdiT kioskebSi plakatebs jgufi `kinos~ ilustraciebiT da, Tu vinme
aseT plakats gisaCuqrebda, es iyo dauviwyari siurprizi. ufrosklaselebi
cois stilSi sportuli tyavis qurTukebiT da metalis brasletebiT
cdilobdnen sakuTari imijis damkvidrebas. Cven yvelani vRiRinebdiT
nawyvetebs simRerebidan `sigaretis kolofi~ da `sisxlis jgufi~ da
Taviseburad amrigad ganvicdidiT Tanaobas erTmaneTisadmi. lideri jgufSi
Sobs ara mxolod Tanaobas liderisadmi, aramed jgufis SigniTac jgufis
wevrTa Soris da swored am jgufuri klimatis SenarCunebaa aucilebeli
nebismieri tipis liderisaTvis liderobis poziciebis SesanarCuneblad,
iqneba es rok-musikosi Tu politikosi. jgufSi, romelic liderisadmia
midrekili (Tavisi mzaobiT misi midevnebisa), cxadia, ikargeba calkeuli
individis SesaZlebloba zegavlenis moxdenisa, tonis micemisa, radganac
erTaderTi tonis mimcemi Tavad lideria, sxvebi ki mxolod mis
moqmedebebis kopirebas axdenen. sakuTari kerZo zegavlenis dasabruneblad
liderSi rwmenadakargul jgufis wevrs, savaraudod, uCndeba survili
lideris winaaRmdeg jgufis wevrebis amxedrebisa. msgavsi SewinaaRmdegebis
asarideblad liderma mudam unda izrunos jgufuri klimatis
SenarCunebaze, Tundac es iyos iluzoruli. potenciur mojanyes unda
daupirispirdes saSiSroeba jgufis wevrebisagan misi izolirebisa.
lumani Tavis naSromSi `Zalaufleba~ Zalauflebis risks orjer
ganixilavs: pirvel SemTxvevaSi riski gulisxmobs Zalauflebis
gadaWarbebas, anu Zalaufalis mxridan misi borotad sargeblobas, meore
SemTxvevaSi ki Zalauflebis riskis qveS moiazreba Zalauflebis
araefeqturoba Tanamedrove mzard-diferencirebul sazogadoebaSi.
esaa axal tipis riski `Zalauflebis ukmarisobis~ saxeliT, kerZod ki
funqcionalurobis dakargvis saSiSroeba. rogorc ki Zalaufleba aRmoaCens
Tavis araefeqturobas, misi CamoSlis procesi ufro Zlierdeba. am
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problemis amosaval punqtad gvevlineba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
kvaldakval gadawyvetilebebSi swrafad mzardi moTxovnileba. Cvens epoqaSi
`gadawyvetilebaTa tvirTi~ gveqceva problemad da, cxadia, is ar SeiZleba
daekisros mxolod erT instancias, romelic, vTqvaT, uzrunvelyofda
marTvas erTiani centridan. amitomac waawydeba Zalauflebis jaWvuri
translacia Seferxebebs.
lumani mogviTxrobs, gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi organizacia
politikuri organos saxiT SesaZloa warmogvidges orgvarad:
1.rogorc Zalaufleba, romelic axdens Zalauflebrivi jaWvis
blokirebas, romelsac ar SeuZlia araferze zemoqmedeba da arc raimeze
pasuxi, magram aris unaris mqone win aRudges (SeewinaaRmdegos).
2.rogorc Zalaufleba, romelic sapasuxismgeblo poziciebze
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebas aridebs Tavs.
aseT SemTxvevebSi Zalauflebisagan ufro mosalodnelia negatiuri
gadawyvetilebebis miReba da translireba, vidre swori da poziciuri
gadawyvetilebebisa.
Zalauflebis risks zrdis Semdegi faqtorebi: drois deficiti
(reagirebaTa gansaxorcieleblad saWiro dro) da sistemis
gadatvirTuloba. lumani aRniSnavs _ ara materiis sixiste da adamianTa
sqelSublianoba, aramed saaTi da kalendari xdian procesTa
sinqronizacias SeuZlebels. es gamoiwvia evoluciis Sedegad Tanamedrove
epoqaSi diferenciaciis mzardma xarisxma. politikurad konstruirebuli
Zalaufleba TandaTan wyvets funqcionirebas, rogorc erTiani teqnikuri
substituti avtoritetis, reputaciis da liderobisa. zegavlenis amgvar
generalizaciaze dayrdnoba ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi ukve veRar
dagvexmareba Zalauflebis centraluri funqciebis ganxilvisas. mis
nacvlad viTardeba Tavad Zalauflebis teqnikuri substitutebi, romlebic
magaliTad iReben formas liderTa TviTmistifikaciisa anda masebisadmi
warmatebis grZnobis Canergvisa.
lumani Zalauflebis araefeqturobis riskis kvaldakval win wamowevs
e.w. `krizisuli teqnikis~ sakiTxs, krizisuli teqnika sulac ar warmoadgens
TvisiT sazogadoebrivi sistemis krizisTa ukugdebis an Serbilebis
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saSualebas. mis qveS moiazreba Zalauflebrivi riskis droiTi
diferenciacia da es xorcieldeba Zalauflebriv dagegmvarebaSi krizisTa
CarTviT. amis formalizebul nimuSad msaxuroben kanonebi sagangebo
viTarebaze. mocemuli nimuSi unarismqonea, iqnes kvlavnawarmoebi
politikur procesSi naklebi SeferxebebiT da naklebi formatiT. amasTan,
organizacia icnobs aseve `krizisul marTvasac~. es ukanaskneli nimuSi
SeiZleba politikaSi warmogvidges gafarToebuli masStabebiT
Zalauflebis mxolod politikuri resursebis aqtivizaciis azriT, msgavs
antitipirebul da kalkulirebul krizisebSi umaRlesi Zalauflebis riski
gadaixedeba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi garkveuli SezRudvebiT:
drois zewoliT, miRweuli efeqtebis saCqaroobiT, aqtualur, ukiduresad
politizirebul problemebze damokidebulebiT, anu dagegmvarebis naklebi
potencialiT. magram imaSi, rac Seexeba SesaZlo Tematikebs, mocemuli
meqanizmi moqmedebs umaRlesi doniT seleqtiurad.
rogorc ukve mivxvdiT, sistema aRmoCndeba uunaro, erTdroulad
gadaamuSaos SesaZleblis kompleqsuroba da amitomac asaxavs mas droiT
RerZze, rogorc sxvadasxva mdgomareobaTa Tanmimdevrobas: normaluri
situaciebi SezRuduli ZalauflebiT da droSi Soreuli SesaZleblobebi
ararealurni awmyoSi; krizisuli situaciebi, romlebic SeiZleba
aqtualizirebuli iyon Tematurad da situaciurad specifiuri Zalaufleba,
romelic Seesabameba struqturuli SeTanadebis droSi SezRudul
gansakuTrebul pirobebs. lumani xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom droiTi
diferenciaciis warmoeba flobs aSkara upiratesobas `krizisuli teqnikis~
saxiT.
lumanis yuradRebis centrSi aseve eqceva biurokratiul
organizaciebSi xelmZRvanelsa da xelqveiTebs Soris arsebuli ZalTa
mimarTebebi. organizacia fuZndeba wevrobis safuZvelze. organizaciis Sida
sistemur mimarTebebs aregulirebs miwerilobebi wevrTa rolebis Taobaze.
wevrebis identifikacia organizaciaSi xorcieldeba maTi `poziciciebiT~ da
swored es `poziciebi~ aragulireben maTi qcevebis SesaZlo formebs.
xSirad organizaciaSi Zalaufleba Sobs mis sawinaaRmdego Zalauflebas,
anu organizaciis xelmZRvanelis formalur Zalauflebas upirispirdeba
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xelqveiTTa araformaluri Zalaufleba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom
xelqveiTTa araformaluri Zalaufleba mudam situaciuria.
xelqveiTTa xelSi koncentrirebuli Zalauflebis zrda am ukanasknelT
aniWebs siTamames, gamoiyenon igi erTmaneTis mimarT, rasac SeuZlia
konfliqtis provocireba. konfliqtur viTarebaSi ki xelmZRvaneli miiRebs
axal funqcias, romelic mdgomareobs xelqveiTTa Zalauflebrivi
Setakebebis transformirebaSi. xelmZRvanels ekisreba ra konfliqtis
ganmuxtvis da xelqveiTTa Soris ZalTa dabalansebis misia, _ ukanve
ubrundeba situaciurad misgan wardginebuli Zalaufleba.
lumanisTvis SeumCneveli ar rCeba is faqti, rom komunikaciuri kodebi
vrceldebian maTi `deda-sistemis~ sazRvrebs gareTac, anu risi Tqma gvsurs,
Zalaufleba gaxlavT kodi niSandoblivi politikuri sistemisaTvis, magram
es imas ar niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba an WeSmariteba SeiZleba iyos mxolod
politikuri an `mecnieruli~.
lumani saubrobs e.w. sazogadoebriv Zalauflebaze, romelic SesaZloa
gamovlindes ojaxSi, romelsac SeiZleba flobdes sasuliero piri,
aRmzrdeli an mesakuTre. am ukanasknelTac SeuZliaT soliduri zomiT
zegavlenis moxdena, negatiuri sanqciebis gamoyeneba, sxvaTa
seleqciurobaze zegavlenis moxdena da sazogadoebrivi azrisTvis tonis
micemac ki. am Ziebebma Cven SeiZleba migviyvanos politikuri Zalauflebis
sazRvrebis gamorkvevis saWiroebamde, Tuki gagviCndeba interesi
politikuri da e.w. sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis specifikis da moculobis
Sedarebisa. cxadia politikur Zalauflebas Seswevs unari e.w.
sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis uzurpirebisa, Tumca es iSviaTobaa
Tanamedrove Ria sazogadoebaSi.
lumanis komunikaciuri Teoriebi da Zalauflebis meqanizmis miseuli
gageba metad mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove, funqcionalurad
maRaldiferencirebuli sazogadoebis gasagebad. swored amaSi mdgomareobs
misi Teoriebis upiratesoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom lumanis Txrobis manera,
weris stili _ erTgvarad rTulia da moiTxovs yuradRebis mkveTr
koncentracias, misi naSromebi uaRresad maRali Rirebulebis mqone arian,
rogorc Teoriuli, aseve empiriuli sociologiisTvisac, vinaidan iZlevian
103
saSualebas davakvirdeT da gavzomoT CvenTvis Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi
realoba da mis CarCoebSi mimdinare sistemuri transformaciebi. lumanis
mier Seqmnili Teoriuli modeli Tanamedrove socialuri realobisa, aris
erTgvari indikatori politikuri sistemis demokratiulobis xarisxis
dadgenisa da amiT saSualeba ama Tu im sazogadoebis anomiurobis aRmoCenis
SemTxvevaSi am problemis efeqturad gadaWrisa, anu minda xazi gavusva, rom
lumanis komunikaciur Teoriebs e.w. `socialur inJineriadac~ SeuZliaT
msaxureba, rac aSkarad zrdis lumanis, rogorc sociologis avtoritets.
104
1.2. sazogadoeba, rogorc moqmedebis sistemis qvesistema
amerikeli siciologi talot parsonsi (1902 kolorado-springsi – 1979
miunxeni) sociologiaSi struqturuli funqcionalizmis erTerTi
umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenelia. igi swavlobda londonis ekonomikur
skolaSi, xolo Semdgom, 1927 wlidan aswavlida harvardis universitetSi.
1949 wels iyo arCeuli amerikis sociologTa asociaciis prezidentad.
parsonsi e.w. moqmedebis Teoriis Semqmeneli da sociologiaSi sistemur-
funqcionaluri skolis damaarsebeli. cdilobda, aego saerTo analogiuri
logikur-deduqciuri Teoretikuli sistema, romelic moicavda adamianur
realobas mTel mis mravalferovnebaSi. misi koncefciis mTavari elementebi
iyo: socialuri moqmedebis Teoria; invariantuli nakrebi funqcionaluri
problemebisa: adaptacia, miznis miRweva, integracia, struqturis
kvlavwarmoeba. 60-iani wlebis naSromebSi parsonsi dainteresda
sazogadoebaTa evoluciis problemiT, Tavisi evoluciuri doqtrinis
safuZvelSi Cado ra idea diferenciaciisa, rac mdgomareobda socialur
organizaciaTa da funqcionalur diferenciaciaTa garTulebis tendenciaSi,
rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs sazogadoebaSi stabilurobis zrdas.
Cemi disertaciis farglebSi, me ganvixilav parsonsis gaxmaurebul
naSroms `Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa sistema~, sadac igi sazogadoebas
warmogvidgens funqcionalurad urTierTkavSirSi myof qvesistemaTa
erTianobad. parsonsisaTvis, lumanisagan gansxvavebiT, aqtualuria fizikur-
geografiuli garemos mniSvneloba sazogadoebisaTvis. is mocemuli
naSromis dasawyisSive ganixilavs fizikuri garemos rols
sazogadoebisaTvis, rogorc Tundac materialuri resursebis uSret
wyaros; aseve garemos, rogorc teritiriis funqcias amaTuim sazogadoebaTa
ganTavsebisaTvis. . .AAaRsaniSnavia, rom niklas lumanTan fizikur garemos
sazogadoebasTan momarTebaSi, aranairi adgili ar ganekuTvneba. Ggaremos
cneba lumanis sazogadoebriv TeoriaSi saxes icvlis, abstragirdeba. Cven
zemo TavSi (Tavi 2.1. ) xaziT gavusviT imas, rom lumanTan sazogadoebisTvis
105
garemo, mxolod da mxolod isev sazogadoebaa! igia `piesa piesaSi~,
romelsac garedan SeiZleba daakvirdes Teoretikosi.
axla zogadidan gadavideT konkretulze da vnaxoT, Tu rogor
ailustrirebs sazogadoebas parsonsi moqmedebis sistemis qvesistemad.
socialur qvesistemebs, ambobs parsonsi, Cven ganvixilavT ufro zogadi
moqmedebis sistemis Semadgenel nawilebad. moqmedebis sistemis Semadgeneli
nawilebi gaxlavT aseve kulturuli qvesistema, pirovnuli qvesistema da
qceviTi organizmebi. yvela isini abstraqciebs warmoadgenen da
analitikurad arian gamoyofilni socialuri urTierTqmedebebis realuri
nakadidan. parsonsiseul midgomaSi axlaxan CamoTvlili sami qvesistema
socialuri qvesistemasTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgens misi garemos
Semadgenel komponentebs.
moqmedebis nebismier sistemas miewereba misTvis niSandoblivi funqcia,
magaliTad: _ nimuSis kvlavwarmoeba, integracia, mizanTmiRweva da
adaftacia.
moqmedebis nebismieri sistemis pirvelad intergraciul problemas,
parsonsis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens misi elementebis koordinacia, pirvel
yovlisa, individebisa, Tumca gansazRvruli miznebiT moqmedebis subieqtad
SesaZloa koleqtivebic ganvixiloT. intergraciuli funqcia upiratesad
socialur qvesistemas axasiaTebs.
kulturuli qvesistemis funqcia mdgomareobs nimuSis SenarCunebasa da
kvlavwarmoebaSi, aseve mis SemoqmedebiT gardaqmnaSi.
individis pirovnebas ZiriTadad ganekuTvneba miznis miRwevis funqciis
aRsruleba. pirovnuli qvesistema moqmedebis procesTa umTavresi
aRmasrulebelia, e.i. is Tavis TavSi ganasaxierebs kulturul principebsa
da miwerilobebs. moqmedebis mTavar mizans warmoadgens pirovnebis
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba. pirovnebis dakmayofileba, rogorc
Taviseburi dajildoeba, safuZvlad edeba motivacias.
qceviTi organizmi interpretirdeba, rogorc adaftaciuri sistema,
rogorc adamianis ZiriTad SesaZleblobaTa koncentracia, romelsac
eyrdnobian danarCeni sistemebi.
106
parsonsi Tavis klasifikaciisaTvis adgens sqemas, raTa mkiTxvelisaTvis
misi vizualuri aRqmiT gageba ufro ioli gaxdes. igi am sqemas arqmevs
`moqmedebas~ 24 ( Парсонс Т. 1998: 16)
qvesistemebi upiratesi funqciebi
socialuri integracia
kulturuli nimuSis kvlavwarmoeba
pirovnuli mizanTmiRweva
qceviTi organizmi adaptacia
sqemis Camuqebuli nawili warmoadgens socialuri qvesistemis garemos.
socialuri sistemisaTvis parsonsTan garemos warmoadgens aseve
fizikuri sferoc, saidanac sazogadoeba xapavs misi arsebobisaTvis saWiro
resursebs.
radgan parsonsi xazs usvams socialuri sistemis garemoSi CarTulobas,
cxadia, imasac SeniSnavs, rom socialuri sistemani xasiaTdebian `RiaobiT~
da iqonieben mudmiv urTierTqmedebas garemos e.w. SesasvlelebSi da
gamosasvlelebSi. Qvesistemebi, Tavis mxriv, nawevrdebian Semadgenel
elementebad da isinic mudmivad CarTulni arian urTierTgacvlis procesSi.
socialuri sistemis analizisas, unda gamoviyenoT (parsonsis Tanaxmad)
oTxi damoukidebuli cvladi, esenia: Rirebulebebi, normebi, koleqtivebi da
rolebi. `Rirebulebani~ sxva araferia, Tu ara warmodgenebi socialuri
sistemis sasurvel tipze, isini aregulireben moqmedebis struqturaTa mier
gansazRvrul valdebulebaTa Tavis Tavze aRebas. `normebis~ ZiriTadi
funqcia sazogadoebis integraciaa, isini konkretulni da
specializirebulni arian da miesadagebian gansazRvruli tipis socialur
situaciebs. isini Seicaven RirebulebiTi sistemis elementebs, aseve
orientaciis konkretul saSualebebs funqcionalur da situaciur
pirobebSi moqmedebisaTvis, romelnic specifiurni arian gansazRvruli
koleqtivebisa da rolebisaTvis. `koleqtivebi~ im struqturul
komponentebs ganekuTvnebian, romelTaTvis pirvel planze dgas miznis
107
miRwevis funqcia. masebs pansonsi imTaviTve gamoricxavs koleqtivTa
rigebidan da CamoTvlis or kriteriums, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes
jgufi koleqtivad wodebis SemTxvevaSi: I _ wevrobis gansazRvruli
statusis qona, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli iqneboda koleqtivis wevrTa
da arawevrTa gansxvaveba. II _ koleqtivis SigniT adgili unda hqondes
statusisa da funqciis mixedviT mis wevrTa diferenciacias. amrigad,
TiToeuli Tavis Tavze miiRebs im movaleobebs, romelTa aRsrulebasac
sxva wevrTagan ar moelian. N`roli~ pirvel yovlisa asrulebs adaftaciur
funqcias, roli esaa saSualeba individTa klasebis gansasazRvravad. roli
moicavs socialuri sistemis da individis pirovnebis urTierTgadakveTis
zonaSi arsebul elementebs. Tumca, romeliRac calke aRebuli roli,
arasodes ar warmoadgens konkretuli individis ganmasxvavebel
Taviseburebas. mama, gansakuTrebuli mamaa mxolod Tavisi SvilisaTvis,
Tavisi sazogadoebis roluri struqturis TvalsazrisiT is mxolod
mravalTagan erTerTi mamaa. igi amavdroulad monawileobs sxva mravali
tipis urTierTqmedebaSi, magaliTad, aRasrulebs Tavis rols profesiul
struqturaSi.
rac Seexeba parsonisiseul sazogadoebis gansazRvrebas, igi axlosaa
sazogadoebis lumaniseul gansazRvrebasTan. parsonsis TqmiT, sazogadoeba
es iseTi tipis socialuri sistemaa, romelic flobs TviTkmarobis umaRles
xarisxs, Tumca lumanisagan gansxvavebiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSne,
parsonsisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisaTvis fizikuri
garemos roli. fizikuri samyaro warmoadgens materialuri resursebis
uSualo wyaros, romelnic gamoiyenebian sazogadoebis mier Tavisi
sawarmoo, teqnologiuri da ekonomikuri miznebiT. amrigad, fizikuri
garemo sazogadoebisaTvis iqoniebs adaftaciur mniSvnelobas...
parsonsis azriT, sazogadoeba TviTkmaria mxolod maSin, rodesac misi
wevrebis moRvaweoba gvevlineba imavdroulad sazogadoebis societalur
funqcionirebaSi Setanil wvlilad. pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis
urTierTmimarTebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia maTi absoluturi integracia,
Tuki romeliRac sazogadoebis wevrTa soliduri umetesoba ganicdis
ukidures `gaucxoebas~, am sazogadoebaze, rogorc TviTkmarze, saubari
108
azrs moklebulia, es, diurkheimis sityvebiT Tu vityviT _ `anomiuri~
sazogadoebaa.
parsonsi analitikurad sazogadoebis sistemas 4 qvesistemad yofs da
gvTavazobs kvlavac sqemas am diferenciaciis vizualurad gasaazreblad.
`sazogadoeba~ 25 ( Парсонс Т. 1998: 24)
qvesistemebi
struqturuli
komponentebi
ganviTarebis
procesis
aspeqtebi
ZiriTadi funqcia
socialuri
sazogadoebanormebi CarTva integracia
nimuSis
kvlavwarmoeba
anu
fiduciaruli
sazogadoeba
RirebulebebiRirebulebaTa
generalizacia
nimuSis
kvlavwarmoeba
politika koleqtivebi diferencia mizanTmiRweva
ekonomika rolebi
adaftaciuri
potencialis
amaRleba
adaftacia
YL
nimuSis SenarCunebisa da kvlavwarmoebis qvesistema uSualod
ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis kulturul sistemas da misi meSveobiT `umaRles
realobas~. mizanTmiRwevis, anu politikuri qvesistema dakavSirebulia
pirovnebaTa sistemasTan, xolo ekonomikuri qvesistema qceviT organizmTan
da misi meSveobiT _ materialur samyarosTan. Tavisi naSromis `Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaTa sistema~ dasawyisSive parsonsi gvaZlevs e.w. umaRlesi
realobis gansazRvrebas _ `gvaqvs realobis ori sistema, romelnic
moqmedebis sistemasTan damokidebulebaSi gvevlinebian mis garemod.
pirveli, amaTgan fizikuri garemoa... meore sistema damokidebulia rogorc
fizikuri garemosagan, aseve Tavad moqmedebis sistemebisagan da Cven mas
109
filosofiuri tradiciebis midevnebiT davarqmevT `umaRles realobas~. es
Seexeba imas, rasac m. veberi uwodebda adamianuri qmedebis `sazrisis
problemas~ da igi moqmedebis sistemas ukavSirdeba kulturul sistemaSi
azrobrivi orientaciis struqturebis meSveobiT, romelic Tavis TavSi
moicavs ASemecnebiT `pasuxebs~. 26 ( Парсонс Т. 1998: 17)
sazogadoebis birTvs, parsonsis azriT, warmoadgens misi
maintegrirebeli sistema da igi iwodeba societalurad.
parsonsis centraluri cneba _ societaluri erToba, ramdenadme
uCveulod JRers, albaT imis gamo (amas parsonsi Tavadve varaudobs), rom
mis mier moculi problemebi Cveulebriv ganixileboda politikuri an
religiuri terminebiT da ara socialur planSi, am sistemis ZiriTadi
funqcia mdgomareobs sazogadoebis wevrTaTvis im movaleobaTa
gansazRvraSi, romelnic gamomdinareoben socialuri koleqtivisadmi
loialobidan. parsonsi xazs usvams roluri pluralizmis mniSvnelovnobas.
roluri pluralizmi esaa fundamenturi maxasiaTebeli yoveli
sazogadoebrivi erTobisa _ erTi da igive adamianebis mTel rig
koleqtivebSi monawileoba. roluri pluralizmis gafarToeba
mniSvnelovdan xels uwyobs diferenciaciis process, rac Tavis mxriv
Tanamedrove tipis sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels... gamomdinare
aqedan, societaluri erTobis umTavresi problemaa sazogadoebis wevrebSi
loialobis uzrunvelyofa, rogorc Tavisi Tavis mimarT, aseve sxadasxva
koleqtivebTan mimarTebaSi.
roluri pluralizmis arsebobis pirobebSi aRmocendeba
stratifikaciul sistemaSi individTa statusis gansakuTrebulad rTuli
problema. istoriulad, ambobs parsonsi, stratifikaciul meqanizmebs
sCveodaT individTa ganxilva maTi didi koleqtiuri sistemebisadmi
mikuTvnebiT, romelSic wevroba gansazRvravda maT statuss. msgavs rols
TamaSobda gvarovnuli koleqtivebi, eTnikuri jgufebi, fenebi, socialuri
klasebi. TumcaRa, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba moiTxovs individualuri
statusebis gamoTavisuflebas msgavsi tipis koleqtiuri borkilebidan...
stratifikaciul sitemaSi, parsonsis Tanaxmad, koleqtivisa Tu
individis mdgomareoba izomeba misi prestiJiT, anu zegavlenis moxdenis
110
unariT. ukanaskneli SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc societaluri
urTierTgacvlis erT-erTi ganzogadoebuli simboluri saSualeba, fulisa
da Zalauflebis gverdiT. zegavlena esaa unari sxva socialuri agentebis
mxridan sasurveli Sedegis miRwevisa, is rom maT cdunebis saxiT ar
warvudginoT raimegvari Rirebuli da arc davemuqroT maT raimegvari
damRupveli qmedebebiT. es quid pro quo zegavlena unda moqmedebdes
darwmunebis ZaliT, TiTqosda gadawyvetileba, romelsac mas (zegavlenis
obieqts) unergavs zegavlenis subieqti, aris moqmedeba koleqtiuri sistemis
interesebSi myofi, romelTa mimarTebaSic zegavlenis subieqtic da
obieqtic _ orive solidarulni arian. is upirveles yovlisa apelirebs
koleqtiur interesebze, magram Cveulebriv amodis iqedan, rom orive mxare,
uzrunvelyofen ra koleqtiur interess da urTierTsolidarobas,
ikmayofileben aseve kerZo interesebsac.
zegavlenis gamoyenebis tipiuri SemTxvevaa, dayolieba kontraqtze,
romelic daefuZneba `patiosan sityvas~ anda romelime politikuri
kandidatisaTvis arCevnebSi xmis micemaze. zegavlena gaicvalos, ambobs
parsonsi, situaciis Sesatyvis raimegvar sikeTeze anda zegavlenis sxva
formebze, im gagebiT, ra gagebiTac fuladi resursebi SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnan, iseve rogorc saqonlis SesaZenad, aseve dasagroveblad
an sxva valutaze gasacvlelad. zegavlena SesaZloa gaicvalos gacvlis
sxva ganzogadebul saSualebebze, rogoricaa fuli anda Zalaufleba.
zegavlena da RirebulebiTi mikuTvnebuloba moqmedeben nebayoflobis
principiT, darwmunebis da sindisisa da Rirsebisadmi apelirebiT. TumcaRa
vercerTi msxvili da rTuli socialuri sistema ver SenarCundeba, Tuki
misi normatiuli safuZvlebis umetesobis mimarT Tanxmoba ar iqoniebs
aucileblobis xasiaTs, e.i. daumorCileblobas Tuki ar daupirispirdeba
negatiuri sanqcia. aseTi sanqciebi, erTis mxriv, kanonmorCil moqalaqeebs
`Seaxseneben~ Tvinierebas, xolo, meores mxriv, msaxuroben sasjelad maTi
damrRvevebisaTvis. negatiuri sanqciebis socialurad organizebuli
marTvadi gamoyeneba iwodeba iZulebis funqciad. rac ufro metadaa
sazogadoeba diferencirebuli, miT ufro savaraudoa, rom iZuleba
ganxorcieldeba specialuri organoebis mier, iseTebisa, rogoricaa
111
policia da gasamxedroebuli samsaxurebi. marTvadi iZuleba moiTxovs
realuri viTarebis _ faqtis, subieqtisa da normis darRvevis garemoebebis
dasadgenad gansazRvruli saSualebebis arsebobas. am mimarTulebiT, moqmed
specialur organoTa Soris, mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT sasamarTlo da
iuridiul gildiebs. rTuli normatiuli wesrigi, TumcaRa, saWiroebs ara
mxolod iZulebas, aramed avtoritetul interpretaciebsac. Zalian xSirad
sasamarTlo sistemebi iZulebulni arian SeiTavson gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevebSi gansazRvruli movaleobani, sasjeli da amasTan interpretacia
normaTa mniSvnelovnobisa, rac im momentSi warmoadgens sakmaod
angariSgasawev problemas. naklebad ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi, xazs
usvams parsonsi, es ukanaskneli funqcia rCeba religiuri instanciebis
kompetenciaSi, xolo Tanamedrove tipis sazogadoebebSi is sul ufro da
ufro gadadis elitur sasamarTlo dawesebulebaTa kompetenciaSi.
yvela am problemas mivyavarT societalur erTobasa da politikur
qvesistems Soris arsebul urTierTobamde.
politika moicavs ara marto mmarTvelobis ZiriTad funqcias, aramed
nebismieri koleqtivis Sesatyvis aspeqtebsac. Cven, ambobs parsonsi,
raimegvar movlenas ganvixilavT politikurad im zomiT, ra zomiTac is
dakavSirebulia romeliRac koleqtivis mier misi miznis misaRwevad
resursTa mobilizaciasa da organizebulobasTan. moRvaweobis politikuri
aspeqtebi saxezea saqmian kompaniebSi, universitetebSi, eklesiebSi.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa ganviTarebaSi, aRniSnavs parsonsi, Tumca
saxelmwifo sul ufro diferencirdeba socialuri erTobisagan, rogorc
sazogadoebis specializirebuli organo, romelic Seadgens misi
politikuri sistemis birTvs.
diferencirdeba ra, saxelmwifo iqoniebs tendencias
koncentrirdebodes or ZiriTad funqcionalur kompleqtze. pirveli
moicavs societaluri erTobis mTlianobis mxardaWeris pasuxismgeblobas
globalur safrTxeTa winaSe. aqve unda ganvaTavsoT iZulebis funqcia,
aseve sakanonmdeblo moRvaweoba... meore kompleqsi moicavs saxelmwifos
aRmasrulebeli moRvaweobis yvela saxeobas, romelic dakavSirebulia
koleqtiur qmedebebTan nebismier situaciaSi, amasTan, roca isini
112
miuTiTeben `sazogadoebriv~ interesebSi myof RonisZiebaTa aucileblobaze!
am pasuxismgeblobis sazRvrebi moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa
teritorialuri miznebis dacva, an sazogadoebrivi wesrigis mxardaWera da
nebismieri problemisa, romelic `xelyofs sazogadoebriv interesebs~...
Zalauflebas, politikuri sistemis am (da ara marto politikuris)
umniSvnelovanes komponents parsonsi gansazRvravs, rogorc socialuri
urTierTgacvlis saSualebas. `Zalauflebas Cven gansazRvravT, rogorc
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da Tavsmoxvevis unars, romelnic aucilebelni
arian arsebuli koleqtivebisa da maTi wevrebisaTvis, ramdenadac maTi
statusebi iTvaliswineben am gadawyvetilebebiT navaraudev movaleobebs.
Zalaufleba unda ganvasxvavoT zegavlenisagan... moqalaqe, romelic
arCevnebze aZlevs xmas, axorcielebs Zalauflebas, ramdenadac erTianoba
msgavs xmaTa mavaldebulebeli saxiT gansazRvravs arCevnebis Sedegs.
Zalauflebis mcire doza _ mainc Zalauflebaa, iseve rogorc 1 dolari
mcire Tanxaa, magram mainc fulia” 27 ( Парсонс Т. 1998: 31).
parsonTan uaRresad sainteresoa mis mier sazogadoebaTa tipebis
klasifikacia. igi gamoyofs 4 tipis sazogadoebas:
pirvelia, miRwevis universalisturi tipis sazogadoeba (igive
industriuli sazogadoeba). igi xasiaTdeba maRali SefasebiT
pluralisturi da individualisturi miznebisa da maTi miRwevisa
instrumentaluri qmedebebis saSualebiT, universalisturi normebi
aregulireben miRwevaTa Sefasebas da mimarTebas miRwevasa da dajildoebas
Soris. es iwvevs institucionalizacias profesionaluri rolebisa,
qonebrivi urTierTobebisa da gacvliTi procesebisa. umniSvnelovanesi
safuZveli dajildoebis sistemisa gaxlavTY`warmateba~_ rogorc aRiareba
miRwevebisa. stratifikaciuli sistemis CarCoebSi prestiJTan
damokidebulebaSi arsebuli SefardebiTi pativiscema ganapirobebs Ria
sistemas socialuri diferenciaciisa, romelic dafuZnebulia SansTa
Tanafardobaze da warmoebis saSualebaTa da rolebis matarebelTa
mobilurobaze.
meorea, universalisturi miwerilobebis tipis sazogadoeba.
sazogadoebis am tipSi batonobs tendencia avtoritaruli regulirebisadmi
113
da ierarqiuli kontrolisadmi, ramdenadac miwerilobebi pirdapir
miajaWvavs socialur statuss koleqtivis struqturasTan, es tipi
orientirebulia mTlianad koleqtivisturad. statusi ganisazRvreba ara
miRwevis wyalobiT, aramed profesionalur-struqturulisagan
gansxvavebuli upiratesad difuziuri meqanizmebiT. koleqtivizmis
safuZvelze dominirebs aseve mkacri dualizmi imaTi dayofisa vinc aris
`CvenTan~ da `Cvens winaaRmdeg~. es esadageba aseve konservatiul
RirebulebiT orientaciebs, romelic Tumca SesaZloa isev gaxdes mizezi
axali antagonisturi, ukiduresad radikaluri orientaciebis aRmocenebisa.
parsonsis azriT, nacionalur-socialisturi germania da sabWoTa kavSiri
gvevlinebian am tipis ilustraciad.
mesamea, partikularistuli miRwevebis tipis sazogadoeba. am tipis
gansaxierebad parsonss miaCnia Zveli CineTis imperia. partikularizmi
efuZneba ojaxuri kavSirebis mniSvnelobas, aseve kavSirebs Tanasoflelebs
Soris, romelTa SigniTac Tumca arsebobs ara pasiuri, aramed aqtiuri
damokidebuleba gare samyarosTan. es vlindeba gamokveTil subordinaciaSi
individebisa, damoukideblad maTi ojaxuri Tu Temuri kavSirebisa,
romelic vrceldeba mTels sazogadoebaze imperatoris CaTvliT. miRwevis
komponenti gansazRvra iman, rom sazogadoeba ar darCa wminda agrarul-
feodalurad, aramed masSi ganviTarda rogorc vaWroba, aseve biurokratia
miRwevis elementebiT, amasTan mkacri subordinaciis gamo miRwevis principi
moqmedebda sakmaod ganfenilad (zedapirulad) da ar orientirdeboda
unarebsa da warmatebaze.
meoTxea, partikularistuli miwerilobebis tipis sazogadoeba.
partikularizmi aqac mianiWebs did mniSvnelobas sisxlismier da
erTobiseul kavSirebs, rogorc amosaval sidideebs RirebulebiTi
orientaciebisa, Tumca misi socialuri struqtura da organizacia aRiqmeba
rogorc mocemuloba. miRwevaze orientaciis ararseboba aiZulebs Sroma
CaiTvalos ucilobel borotebad; adamiani egueba arsebul pirobebs:
narCundeba erTxel Camoyalibebuli nimuSebi reagirebisa, aseTi
sazogadoebis struqtura sustadaa diferencirebuli da misTvis
maxasiaTebelia Tavisi qcevis wesebSi tradicionalizmi, maSinac ki, roca
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sazogadoeba gvarovnuli Tu sofluri tipisa iqceva msxvil
saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebad, koleqtiuroba saxelmwifosi adgils uTmobs
ufro wvril erTeulebs, adgili aqvs segmentacias. Tuki kontroli centris
mxridan unda gaZlierdes, maSin amgvar saxelmwifoebSi aRmocendeba
diqtatura. laTinuri amerika warmoedgina parsonss amgvari sazogadoebis
tipiur nimuSad.
Tu parsonsiseul sazogadoebaTa klasifikacias mivusadagebT poperi-
sorosiseul modelebs, gamova, rom `universalisturi miRwevis tipis
sazogadoeba~ es sxva araferia, Tu ara `Ria, wonasworobis sazogadoeba~.
universalisturi miwerilobebis sazogadoeba~ `daxuruli, anu statiuri
uwonasworobis sazogadoeba~; rac Seexeba `partikularistuli miRwevebis
sazogadoebas~, sorosiseuli modeliT igi moeqceva `tradiciuli
sazogadoebis statusis qveS, xolo `partikularistuli miwerilobebis
tipis sazogadoeba~ igivea, rac sorosTan e.w. `organuli sazogadoeba~.
palkot parsonsi sazogadoebas Seimecnebs misi elementebad dayofis
gziT da Semdgom uRrmavdeba am elementTa funqcionirebisa da
urTierTqmedebis meqanizmebs. Seiswavlis sazogadoebis segmentebSi
individTa CarTulobas, maTi rogorc pirovnebis rols. parsonsisaTvis
sazogadoeba TviTkmari sistemaa, CarTuli fizikur garemoSi. igi daiyofa
erTmaneTisadmi da mTelisadmi funqcionalur qvesistemebad, romelTac
gaaCniaT Tavis mxriv struqturuli komponentebi, ganviTarebis procesis
aspeqtebSi _ ZiriTadi amocanebi.
parsonsisaTvis sazogadoeba mravalkomponentiani rTuli sxeulia,
mixako wereTlis sityvebiT Tu vityviT `super-organizmi~, romlis mowyobis
wesi uaRresad racionaluria da igi (sazogadoeba) am racionalurobas
rikoSetiT gadascems mis segmentebSi gabneul individebsac, romelnic
sazogadoebaSi integrirdebian maTTvis struqturuli ierarqiul speqtrSi
mikuTvnebuli rolebiTa da statusebiT.
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2.3. Ria sazogadoeba da mis winaSe mdgari safrTxeebi (j.sorosi)
Cven ukve ganvixileT sazogadoebis Teoria rogorc aseTi. vilaparakeT
disciplinaruli sazogadoebis mankierebaze, rac gamowveulia masSi
arsebuli Zalauflebis gadaWarbebiT; aseve Tanamedrove epoqaSi masaTa mier
sazogadoebis, rogorc socialuri realobis `STanTqmis~ saSiSroebaze,
razec gatacebiT saubrobs Jan bodriari naSromSi `mdumare umravlesobis
CrdilSi~.
Aamjerad, sazogadoebaTa diferenciacia movaxdinoT sxva rakursiT da
winwamovwioT kvlav Tanamedrove Ria sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari
safrTxeebi ukve sorosiseuli TvalTaxedviT.
jorj sorosma ganicada karl poperis ,,Ria sazogadoebis koncefciis”
didi zegavlena, ramac faqtiurad gansazRvra misi moRvaweobis mTeli
xasiaTi. sorosma miznad daisaxa poperiseuli ,,Ria xazogadoeba” wminda
Teoriidan praqtikaSi daemkvidrebina da eqcia sasurvel realobad,
risTvisac wlebis ganmavlobaSi muxlCauxreli muSaobada da mTel rig
qveyanebSi qmnida ,,Ria sazogadoebis“ sakmaod qmediT da gavlenian qselebs,
cdilobda ebrZola ,,Ria sazogadoebis mtrebis~ winaaRmdeg, anu amoeZirkva
dogmaturi azrovneba, avtoritarizmi, arajansaRi konkurencia, pirovnebaTa
uflebebis nivelirebis SemTxvevebi da a.S.... igi wlebis manZilze didZal
kapitals xarjavda sxvadasxva qveynebSi demokratiis mxardasaWerad da
mrude politikis amoZirkvas cdilobda kulturis da ekononikis
sistemebidan SeteviT...
jorj sorosi cnobilia ara mxolod rogorc praqtikosi; man
ramodenime sakmaod saintereso naSromi Seqmna, rac Taviseburad poperis da
bergsonis ,,Ria sasogadoebebis~ TeoriTa gagrZelebas warmodgens.
magaliTad wignebi: ,,sabWoTa sistema Ria sazogadoebisaken~, ,,Ria
sazogadoeba areformirebs globalur kapitalizms~. Tavdapirvelad
sorosTan, isev rogorc poperTan, saxeze iyo ori martivi dixotomia
realobis gasazomad: Ria sazogdoeba – daxuruli sazogadoeba. Ria
116
sazogadoebisaTvis umTavres saSiSroebad aRiqmeboda gabatonebuli
ideologia, rac, rogorc wesi, koleqtivs wiravda msxverplad individTa
ZiriTad Tavisuflebebs. magram Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare
cvlilebebma gviCvena, rom komunizmma da socializmma ukve didi xania
moaxdines sakuTari Tavis diskreditacia, ,,safrTxeebic~ Ria
sazogadoebisaTvis Sesabamisad garkveulwilad transformirda da ukve ara
gabatonebuli Rirebulebebi, aramed RirebulebaTa sistemis ararseboba da
bazris mier sazogadoebis erTgvari uzurpacia iqca sazogadoebis
RiaobisTvis safrTxed. es sakmaod aqtualuri problemaa da mis
gacnobierebas sorosi didi yurdRebiT ekideba, swored am problemis
gamokveTa da misi gadaWris gzebis Ziebaa misi naSromis ,,Ria sazogadoeba
areformirebs globalur kapitalizms” ZiriTadi amocana, romelsac
Sevecdebi da dawvrilebiT ganvixilav am TavSi... sazogadoebrivi
cvlilebebis fonze aseve gamoikveTa mesame Senawevreba Ria da daxurul
sazogadoebaTa gverdiT, esaa qaosis, anu revoluciuri sazogadoeba,
romlisTvisac maxasiaTebelia dinamiuri uwonasworoba. Tu rogor esmis
soross ,,dinamiuri uwonasworoba” da ,,qaosis sazogadoeba” saerTod, amasac
gamovarkvevT qvemoT Txrobis procesSi...
saerTod termini ,,Ria sazogadoeba~ pirvelad gamoiyena 1932 wels
anri bergsonma wignSi ,,religiis da moralis ori wyaro~ am Teoriis
Tanaxmad, eTikis erT wyaros warmoadgenen gvarovnuli tradiciebi, maSin,
roca meores gaaCnia universaluri xasiaTi. pirveli kvebavs daxurul
sazogadoebas, meore Rias. Semdgom es warmodgenebi ganviTarebul iqna karl
poperis mier wignSi ,,Ria sazogadoeba da mismi mtrebi~, sadac igi
amtkicebda, rom Ria sazogadoebas SeiZleba emuqrebodnen universaluri
ideologiebi, romlebic pretendireben umaRlesi instanciis WeSmaritebis
flobaze. poperma moiyvana Ria sazogadoebis koncefciis qveS
epistemologiuri dafuZneba, romlis azric mdgomareobs Cveni msoflaRqmis
imanentur arasrulyofilebaSi. ideologiebi, romelic pretendireben
umaRlesi WeSmaritebis flobaze, warmoadgenen saSiSroebas Ria
sazogadoebisaTvis, radganac maTi warmodgenebi samyaros Sesaxeb
Tavsmoxveulni SeiZleba iyon mxolod ZaliT (iZulebiT)...
117
bergsonis idea sasargebloa eTnikuri konfliqtebis bunebis
gasagebad, iseTebisa, magaliTad, rogoric iyo iugoslaviaSi, poperis ideebi
im sakiTxTa gasagebad, romelnic momdinareoben totalitaristuli
reJimebidan, romlebic arsebobdnen nacistur germaniSi an sabWoTa kavSirSi.
meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi Ria sazogadoebis koncefciis azri
iyo cxadi daxurul sazogadoebebTan kontrastiT, romelnic dafuZnebulni
iyvnen totalitarul idelogiebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa faSizmi da
komunizmi. Mmagram es kontrasti, sazogadoebis or tips Soris, SenarCunda
sabWoTa imperiis kraxamde, 1989 wlamde.
magram mas mere situacia Seicvala. komunizmis kraxma ver mogviyvana
avtomaturad Ria sazogadoebis aRmocenamde. martivi dixotomia: ,,Ria
sazogadoeba - daxuruli sazogadoeba~ ukve aRaraa gamoyenebadi. dRes
saSiSroeba Ria sazogadoebisaTvis momdinareobs iqedan, saidanac amas ar
moelodnen: piradi interesebis dakmayofilebis mouTokavi swrafvidan. adre
Tu gvegona, rom ZiriTadi winaRoba Ria sazogadoebis Senebis gzaze _ esaa
umaRlesi avtoritetis arseboba, radac Tavs acxadebda represiuli reJimi
an ideologia, romelic pretendirebda absoluturi WeSmaritebis flobaze
da cdilobda Tavisi Tavis damkvidrebas Zalismieri saSualebebiT. amasTan
ideologia, romelzedac Cven vsaubrobT, SeiZleba Tavisi bunebiT iyos
religiuric da elituric. magram drom gviCvena, rom Zalauflebrivi
avtoritetis da socialuri erTianobis ararseboba Tanabradve saSiSia
sazogadoebis sijansaRisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSiris CamoSlam aCvena, rom susti
saxelmwifo aranakleb saSiSroebas warmoadgens TvisiT TavisuflebisaTvis.
rogori viTareba gvaqvs dRes? unda SevniSnoT, rom kapitalizmi da
demokratia sulac ar miabijeben fexdafex. magram maT Soris arsebobs
gansazRruli kavSiri: cxovrebis donis amaRleba da saSualo klasis
formireba warmoadgenen TvisiT faqtorebs, romelnic, raRac zomiT,
astimulireben demokratiisa da Tavisuflebisadmi miswrafebas, aseve
politikur stabilurobas! magrm es kavSiri sulac araa avtonomiuri. arc
Tu iSviaTad saqmosnuri wreebi, rogorc nacionaluri aseve
saerTaSorisoni, uweven moralur da materialur mxrdaWeras represiul
reJimebs, romelnic TavianTi mokumSuli xelidan nebayoflobiT arasodes
118
ar uSveben Zalauflebas! es SeiniSneba mraval qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT iq,
sadac fsoni daideba bunebriv resursebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa navTobi an
almasebi. SesaZloa, yvelaze didi saSiSroeba Tavisuflebisa da
demokratiisaTvis dRevandel samyaroSi momdinareobdes saxelmwifos da
biznesis mrude kavSiridan.
inarCunebs ra yvela garegnul atributs demokratiuli procesisa,
saxelmwifos Zalaufleba moqmedebs calkeul pirTa interesebSi.
demokratiuli sazogadoebani naklebad interesdebian sxva qveynebSi
arsebuli Sidapolitikuri situaciebiT: maT, rogorc wesi, sxva
prioritetebi aqvT. TumcaRa xalxi, romelic cxovrobs represiul reJimis
pirobebSi, saWiroebs daxmarebas garedan da arcTu iSviaTad aseTi
daxmareba aRmoCndeba mxsneli adamianebisaTvis. roca saxelmwifoebi
xelyofen ufro susti, vTqvaT mezobeli saxelmwifoebis suverenitets da
cdiloben iq represiuli reJimebis damyarebas, garedan Careva da
saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa aqtiuri reagireba sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobisaa!!!
kapitalizmma warmatebulad imuSava materialuri dovlaTis Seqmnis
saqmeSi, magram ar unda gavmartivdeT, TavisTavad es dovlaTi ar
uzrunvelyofs Cvens Tavisuflebas, demokratias, kanonis zeims. mogeba, esaa
nebismieri biznesmenis motivacia. biznesi ar isaxavs Tavis miznad
zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa dacvas. biznesmenTa umetesoba wesieri
moqalaqeebia, magram es ar cvlis im faqts, rom biznesis mizania piradi
gamdidreba da ara sazogadoebrivi sikeTe.
globalizacia gTavazobs individualuri Tavisuflebis iseT xarisxs,
romelsac saxelmwifo, xSirad Tavisi Zalauflebis borotad mosargeble
ver SemogTavazebs! magram medals meore mxarec aqvs: unarianoba
saxelmwifosi, aRasrulos gansazRruli funqciebi, funqciebi, romelTa
aRsrulebasac misgan moelian _ moqalaqeebis dacva. amaze SeiZleba aRarc
gvedarda Tavisufal bazars rom marTlac SeeZlos adamianTa yvela
moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba. magram saqme imaSia, rom am mxriv bazari
uunaroa. gansxvavebiT Cveni koleqtiuri moTxovnilebisa, iseTebisa,
rogoricaa mSvidoba da usafTrxoeba, kanoni Dda wesrigi, adamianTa
119
uflebebi, garemos dacva da socialuri samarTlianoba, sabazro
Rirebulebebi ganasaxiereben ara saerTo interesebs, aramed mxolod imas,
rasac erTi individi Tanaxmaa uxdides meores Tavisufali gacvlis
procesSi! aqedan daskvna: mxolod sazogadoebrivi da politikuri
institutebi arian unaris mqone, daicvan sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi, dae
Tundac es institutebi muSaobdnen naklebad efeqturad, vidre sabazroni!
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs SeuZliaT funqcionireba ufro
efeqturad, magram mxolod im pirobiT, rom maT mxars dauWers samoqalaqo
sazagadoeba. mniSvnelovania es da sworia, rom saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia
principebi, magram demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi reagireben moqlaqeTa
moTxovnebze, da Tuki moqalaqeebs gaaCniaT principebi, isini unaris mqoneni
arian, aiZulon TavianTi mTavrobebi misdion maT (anu am principebs). ai
ratomaa saWiro, rom demokratiulma saxelmwifoebma Camoayalibon aliansi.
xolo samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Tavisuflad SeuZlia TavianTi mTvrobebis
mxridan am principebisaTvis erTgulebis Senaxvis garantireba. msgavs
alianss SeiZleba hqondes ori mizani:
I - saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso institutebis gamyreba,
II - calkeul saxelmwifoebSi demokratiis gamyareba. cxadia isini
urTierTkavSirSi imyofebian. saerTaSoriso institutebi demokratiis
gavrcelebiT unda iyvnen dakavSirebulni. arcerT saxelmwifos ar SeiZleba
miendos safuZvelmdebeli principebis dacva. yovelTvis roca aRmocendeba
konfliqti maTsa da pirad interesebs Soris, ukanasknelni aRmoCndebian
uciloblad Zlierni.
vaformirebT ra Ria sazogadoebas, Cven mkveTrad vamcirebT albaTobas
krizisTa aRmocenebisa, romelnic moiTxoven gadaWras garegani CareviT da
Tuki SeuZlebelia Zalis gamoyenebiT Carevis Tavidan acileba, amis
gamarTleba ufro iolia, Tuki mas winuswrebda konstruqciuli moRvaweoba
qveynis SigniT. Tuki gadavalT kerZodan zogadisaken, Cven momxre unda
viyoT ganviTarebuli demokratiuli moqmedebebisa, romelnic mimarTulni
iqnebian msoflois naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi demokratiis
dafuZnebaze. aseTi moRvaweoba unda atarebdes formas mecnierul-teqnikuri
120
Tanadgomisa da ekonomikuri stimulirebisa. ekonomikis da politikis
gamijnva SeuZlebelia.
zemoxsenebuli politikuri aliansis wevrebi unda gaxdnen amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi, evro-kavSiri da umravlesoba demokratiuli qveynebisa
kapitalisturi sistemis periferiebidan. maT gareSe is iqceva batonobisa
da eqspluataciis iaraRad.
yvela is sakiTxi, romelsac SevexeT zemoT, xvdeba jorj sorosis
yuradRebis centrSi da swored maT ganxilvas da maTTan dakavSirebuli
problematikis gadaWras uZRvnis igi Tavis naSroma ,,Riaa sazogadoeba
areformirebs globalur kapitalizms~.
sorosi wignis SesavalSi xazs gausvams piradad misTvis am naSromis
mniSvnelobas: ,,pirad planSi es wigni mTeli Cemi cxovrebis wignia. me is
studentobis wlebSi daviwye da dRemde ar damisrulebia. da arc vapireb
SeveSva. mravali idea, wignSi saxeze myofi, Cems mier ukve gadmoica, magram
yovel jerze meCveneba, rom maTi formulireba ukeT SeiZleba... me ganvicdi
kvlav aucileblobas, isev da isev moviyvano igive argumentebi, romelnic
momyavda winamdebare wignebSi, vinaidan me meCveneba, rom ver SevZeli
sruliad cxdad gamomexata maTSi Cemi ideebi’’ 28 ( Сорос Дж. 2001: 28)... ,,xSirad
me vtovebdi teqsts ucvlelad mxolod imitom, rom ar SemeZlo misi
gaumjobeseba, Tumca me adrindebulad Ria var kritikisaTvis da mzad var
Sevitano Sesworebebi. cxadia, me siamovnebiT vimuSavebdi SemdgomSic
xelnawerebze. magram bolosdabolos me isev movxvdi caitnotSi da me
kvlav momiwia siCqare, raTa droulad Camebarebina igi tipografiaSi.
rogorc ukve iTqva, CemTvis es wigni mTeli Cemi cxovrebis naSromia da me
gavagrZeleb masze muSaobas sanam Cemi guli Zgers!~ 29 ( Сорос Дж. 2001: 33)
pirvel planze sorosi ayenebs azrovnebasa da realobas Soris
arsebul mimarTebas da swored am sakiTxis ganxilviT iwyebs is Txrobas.
rogorc mogvexseneba, Ria sazogadoebis koncefcia dafuZnebulia im
viTarebis aRirebaze, rom Cveni samyaroseuli warmodgenebi TavianTi bunebiT
arasrulyofilni arian. Tuki vinme iCemebs, rom flobs bolo instanciis
WeSmaritebas da cdilobs mis cxovrebaSi gatarebas, misgan mosalodnelia,
rom sxva azris mqone adamianebze Seecados Zalis gamoyenebas am Tavisi
121
,,WeSmaritebis~ dasamkvidrebad, swored msgavsi iZulebis Sedegia daxuruli
sazogadoeba, sadac daTrgunulia azrovnebis, SexedulebaTa gamoxtvis
Tavisufleba. aseve piruku, Tuki varT mzad vaRiaroT, rom SesaZloa
vcdebodeT, gagvaCnia Sansi realobis ukeT Semecnebisa, Tumca absolutur
codnas mainc versodes movipovebT. sorosi swored am poziciis safuZvelze
gvTavazobs Ria sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic iqneba Ria usasrulo
srulyofisadmi, anu Cven unda vaRiaroT Cveni azrovnebis midrekileba
Secdomebisadmi. Ria sazogadoeba, ambobs sorosi, arasodes ar iqneba
sruyofili, magram is iqoniebs udides prioritets, masSi uzrunvelyofilia
Tavisufleba sityvisa da azrovnebisa, iZleva farTo SesaZleblobebs
eqsperimentisa da SemoqmedebisaTvis.
sorosi xazs usvams, rom kavSiri azrovnebasa da realobas Soris
refleqsiuria. es niSnavs, rom azrovneba ama Tu im saxiT zemoqmedebs imaze,
razec Cven vfiqrobT. Ees, cxadia, ar exeba realobis yvela mxares. bunebis
movlenani ar arian damokidebulni Cvens Sexedulebebze maTTan mimarTebaSi.
refleqsuroba vlindeba mxolod sazogadoebriv sferoSi. refleqsurobas
Semoaqvs gaurkvevlobis elementi rogorc movlenaTa gagebSi maTi
monawileebis mxridan, aseve Tavad am movlenaSi. refleqsiuroba esaa wyaro
gaurkvevlobisa Cvens azrovnebaSi da realur samyaroSi... sorosi aRniSnavs,
rom primitul sazogadoebebSi adamianebs ar SeswevdaT unari gaevloT
zRvari samyarosa da TavianT azrovnebas Soris, romelsac cdilobda
moecva es samyaro. ase aRmocendnen rwmenani, romelnic aRiqmebodnen
rogorc samyaros nawilni. magaliTad, adamianebi miawerdnen ama Tu im
materialur obieqtebs sulierebas da swamdaT sulTa arsebobis. roca
gansxvaveba realobasa da azrovnebas Soris gacnobierebulia, Cven
uarvyofT samyaros aseT xedvas rogorc mcdars. warmoiSoba SesaZlebloba
WeSmariti gamonaTqvamebis mcdarTagan gnsxvavebisa, da amiT exsneba gza
Cveni Semecnebis gafrToebas. animizmma da pirvelyofilma religiebma didi
xania dakarges mimzidveloba, filosofiam da mecnierebam raxania moipova
Tavisi ufleba...
sorosi aanalizebs situciebs, romlebSic CarTuli arian rogorc
monawileni moazrovne subieqtebi. situaciebi, romelTac gaaCniaT moazrovne
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subieqtebi ar arian gamokvlevis pasiuri obieqtebi, isini Tavad
formirdebian am monawileTa mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis zegavleniT.
cxadia, arseboben movlenebi, romelnic warimarTebian mavanTa
azrovnebisagan damoukideblad. iseTi situaciebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
planetaTa moZraoba, rac Seadgens sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa kvlevis
sagans. aq azrovnebas miekuTvneba martivi, calsaxa roli _ igi emsaxureba
realobis gagebas, samecniero gamonaTqvamebi an Seesabamebian fizikuri
samyaros fqtebs, an ara. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, faqtebi gankerZoebuli da
damoukidebelni arian am gamonaTqvamebisagan. swored amitomac SeZles
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebma aseTi STambeWdavi Sedegebis miRweva.
sxva saqmea movlenebi sazogdoebriv sferoSi. sorosi Tvlis da es
isedac martivi WeSmaritebaa _ aq saxezea ufro rTuli kavSiri azrovnebasa
da realobas Soris. azrovneba gvibiZgebs garkveuli moqmedebebisaken, xolo
Cveni moqmedebani gansazRvraven momxdaris xasiTs. Tuki situaciaSi
CarTulia ramodenime monawile (moqmedi), naklebad savaraudoa, rom isini
erTgvarovnad azrovnebdnen, saboloo Sedegi iqoniebs faqtis xasiaTs,
Tumca misi damokidebul kriteriumad miReba mainc ar SeiZleba, misi
meSveobiT ar ganvsazRvravT mocemul monawileTa Sexedulebebis mcdarobas
Tu WeSmaritebas, radgan maTze gavlena iqonia maTma moqmedebis strategiam
da maTma azrTa wyobam.
erTis mxriv, moazrovne subieqtebi cdiloben gaigon situacia,
romelSic isini CarTulni arian. sorosi amas daarqmevs pasiur, anu
kognitur funqcias! meores mxriv, isini monawileoben situaciaSi, romlis
gagebasac eswrafvian. es aqtiuri monawileobis funqciaa! refleqsiurobas
sorosi aRwers ori reversiuli funqciiT: I _ kognituri funqcia II _
monawileobis funqcia. orive funqciaSi monawileobs dro.
monawileTa Sexedulebani ar SeiZleba mxolod situaciiT
ganisazRrebodnen, ramdenadac situacia monawileTa azrzea damokidebuli;
situacia, Tavis mxriv, ar SeiZleba ganisazRvrebodes mxolod monawileTa
gadawyvetilebebiT, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli moqmedeben arasrulyofili
codnidan amosvliT. saxezea SeTandebis ukmaroba monawileTa azrebsa da
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saqmis namdvil viTarebas Soris, erTis mxriv da monawileTa gamzraxvebsa
da realur Sedegebs Soris, meores mxriv.
refleqsiulobis meqanizmi moqmedebs sakmaod viwro CarCoSi.
arseboben zogadi sferoebi, romlebzedac monawileTa azrovneba ar
zemoqmedebs; adamianis azrovnebis obieqti SeiZleba iyvnen ara mxolod
situaciebi, romlebSic es adamiani monawileobs. is SeiZleba ocnebobdes,
miecemodes fantazias, iZirebodes filosofiur gaazrebebSi an samecniero
kvlevebSi. garda amisa, refleqsuroba esaa erTaderTi wyaro
gaurkvevlobisa, rogorc Tavad realobaSi, aseve monawileTa azrovnebaSi.
im viwro sazRvrebSi, romlebSic refleqsuroba myofobs, is warmoadgens
gaurkvevlobis damatebiT wyaros. Tumca sfero am sazRvrebs Soris, ambobs
sorosi, iqoniebs CvenTvis Zalian did mniSvnelobas. anu movlenaTa
moazrovne monawileTaTvis, ramdenadac, sworad masSi miedineba Cveni
cxovreba.
Realoba, sorosis azriT, araa raRac mocemuli. is formirdeba
monawileTa azrovnebis procesSi. rac ufro rTulad vazrovnebT Cven, miT
ufro rTuli xdeba realoba, amasTan azrovnebas ar ZaluZs dadges
Tanabarfexze realobasTan, vinaidan mravalferovneba am uknasknelisa
SesaSurad aRemateba imas, rac Cven SegviZlia movicvaT Cveni gagebiT.
realobas Seswevs unari gaaocos moazrovne individi, xolo azrovnebas
ZaluZs realobis qmnadoba.
sorosi Tvlis, rogorc wesi, Secdomebi adre Tu gvian
gamoswordebian, magrm rodesac procesi atarebs TviTgamaZlierebel
xasiaTs, SexedulebaTa mcdaroba cxadi xdeba mxolod gvian stadiaze, roca
Tavad realoba aswrebs Secvlas.
SeiZleba mogveCvenos, amaxvilebs yuradRebas sorosi, rom termini
,,Secdomebisadmi daqvemdebarebuloba~ atarebs Tavis TavSi mxolod
negatiur muxts, Tumca es ase araa. dadebiTi roli, romelsac TamaSobs
Cveni midrekileba Secdomebisadmi, xSir SemTxvevaSi aWarbebs uaryofiTs.
arasrulyofili SesaZloa gaxdes srulyofili. Cveni gagebis Tavdapirveli
arasrulyofiloba aris sawindari imisa, rom Cven mudam gveqneba
SesaZlebloba viswavloT, gavafarTovoT Semecnebis sazRvrebi. saWiroa
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vaRiaroT Cveni SecdomaTadmi midrekileba da SevqmaT meqanizmi maTi
gamosworebisa. maSin gza kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis iqneba xsnili. swored
im mizeziT, rom srulyofileba miuRwevelia, srulyofis SesaZlebloba
gaxlavT usazRvro!
sorosi ambobs, rom es marTebulia ara marto Cveni Sexedulebis,
aramed sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSic. srulyofileba xelidan gvisxlteba.
rogori gegmac ar unda SevimuSaoT, is aucileblad iqoniebs naklovanebebs.
amitomac Cven unda davkmayofildeT saukeTesoTi SesaZlebelTagan -
sazogadoebis organizaciis iseTi formiT, romlis drosac (TumcaRa ver
mivaRwevT srulyofilebas!) mudam Ria viqnebiT gaumjobesebisaTvis. ase
mivaRwevT Cven Ria sazogadoebis koncefciamde - sazogadoebis, romelic
Riaa srulyofilebisadmi. am RiaobaSi mdgomareobs swored misi
upiratesoba daxuruli sazogadoebis winaSe, romelic rogoradac ar unda
icvlebodes gare samyaro, mainc jiutad faravs Tavis naklovanebebs.
aRireba im faqtisa, rom Cven midrekilni varT Secdomebisadmi, esaa
sawindari progresisa!
srulyofileba da ukvdaveba miuwvdomelia, xolo stabilurobas
Cven mxolod sikvdilSi SeviZenT! magram cxovreba, ambobs sorosi, Cvens
winaSe warmoadgens SesaZleblobas, srulvyoT Cveni gageba, imitom, rom
Cveni gageba arasrulyofilia. Ria sazogadoeba aseve iZleva saSualebas
samyaros srulyofisa, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, radganac is aRiarebs
Tavis arasrulyofilebas. srulyofil samyaroSi xom Cven miswrafebis
sagani gagviqreboda!
gavacnobierebT ra yvela Cveni cnobierebis naklovanebas, SegviZlia
vimoqmedoT orgvarad, an Tavi CavmaloT qviSaSi, anda gavaumjobesoT is,
rac gaumjobesebas eqvemdebareba. daxuruli sazogadoeba cdilobs Seqmnas
iluzia stabilurobisa da srulyofilebisa; Ria sazogadoeba Rebulobs
adamianuri Tvisebebis pirobebs iseTad, rogorc is aris, yvela dagegmareba
arasrulyofilia, magram erTni umjobesni arian vidre sxvani, da mTeli
sxvaoba imaSia, Tu romel sagans avirCevT. aRiareba Cveni Secdomebisadmi
midrekilebisa gvaZlevs mniSvnelovan upiratesobas. Ria sazogadoeba
daxurulze prioritetulia.
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sorosi xazs usvams, rom gabatonebul ideaTa da sazogadoebriv
institutTa naklovanebani cxadi xdeba mxolod droTa ganvalobaSi da
refleqsurobis koncefciebi amticeben, rom adamianuri dagegmarebani
mcdarni arian mxolod potenciurad. saWiroa mzeze mudmivad laqebis Zieba,
mxolod maTi aRmoCenis safuZvelze mogvecema TamaSSi upiratesoba!
,,mxolod axlaxan aRmovaCine, rom msgavsi TviTkritikuloba, es
Tvisebaa, romelic yvelas ar axasiaTebs. is rom sxvebs aocebs Cemi
azrovnebis manera, makvirvebs me Tavad. rodesac Secdomas aRmovaCen Cems
azrTa wyobaSi an Cems sainvesticio dagegmarebaSi, me ganvicdi sixaruls da
ara wyenas. es me meCveneba bunebrivad da azrianad da vTvli, rom sxvebic
ase unda ganicdidnen. umetesad adamianebi mzad arian yvelaferze, oRondac
ar aRiaron da dafaron maTi Secdomebi da uiRbloba WeSmaritad maTi
pirovnebis nawilad iqceva” 30 ( Сорос Дж. 2001: 72)
azrovnebisa da realobis SeTanxmebis problema sorosis Ria
sazogadoebis koncefciis Taviseburi Sesavalia. Semdgom etapad is
ganixilavs Tavad Ria da daxuruli sazogadoebebs da maTTvis maxasiaTebel
azrovnebis formebs. is gamoyofs azrovnebis sam tips: tradiciuls,
romelic ar uSvebs Tavad cvlilebaTa SesaZleblobas da miiRebs saganTa
arsebul viTarebas erTaderT SesaZleblad (organuli sazogadoeba);
kritikuls, romelic ikvlevs yvela gzas cvlilebaTaken mimavals (Ria
sazogadoeba); da dogmaturs, romelic ver iTmens gaurkvevlobas,
ganusazRvrelobas (daxuruli sazogadoeba). azrovnebis TiToeul tips
sorosi miusadagebs sazogadoebrivi organizaciis gansazRvrul tips
(tradiciuls - organuls, kritikuls - Rias, dogmturs – daxuruls).
soross mniSvnelovnad esaxeba gaavlos mkveTri sazRvari organul da
daxurul sazogadoebebs Soris, raTa xazi gaesvas ramdenad didia sxvaoba
azrovnebis tardiciul stilsa, romelic ar uSvebs SesaZleblobaTa
alternativebs da dogmaturs Soris, romelic cdilobs amoZirkvos
yvelanairi alternativa. organuli sazogadoebani, rogorc samoTxis
nayofni, miekuTvnebian legendarul warsuls, SeuZlebelia dakarguli
ubiwoeba kvlav movipovoT. praqtikulad Cven gvrCeba SesaZlebloba
avirCioT mxolod Ria da daxurul sazogadoebebs Soris.
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Ria sazogadoebas ar yofnis simtkice da gansazRvruloba,
romelsac uzrunvelyofs daxuruli sazogdoeba. daxuruls ki Tavisufleba,
romliTac sargeblobs pirovneba Ria sazogadoebaSi. Sedegad,
sazogadoebrivi organizaciis es ori principi urTierTgamomrcxavia. Ria
sazogadoeba aRiarebs Cvens midrekilebas Secomebisadmi, daxuruli ki
uaryofs mas.
soross mouwia eRiarebina, rom daxuruli sazogadoebis kraxis
Semdgom sulac araa aucilebeli misi Ria sazogadoebiT Secvla. piriqiT,
kolafsma SeiZleba gamoiwvios Zalauflebas rRveva da sazogadoebis
dezorientacia. susti saxelmwifo ki warmoadgens arankleb saSiSroebs Ria
sazogadoebisaTvis, vidre avtoritaruli.
sorosma sxva aRmoCenac gaakeTa. adamianebs, romelnic cxovroben Ria
sazogadoebaSi, sinamdvilSi ar swamT misi rogorc universaluri ideis. maT
SeuZliaT daicvan demokratiuli institutebi TavianT qveyanaSi, magram
Sors arian imisgan, rom ramenairi mniSvnelovani msxverpli gaiRon sxva
qveyanaSi demokratiis dasamyareblad. es mware simarTlea.
Ria sazogadoeba wonasworobasTan axlo mdgomareobaSia da garda
statiurad gauwonasworebeli daxuruli sazogadoebisa, sorosis Tanaxmad,
mas hyavs sxva alternativac _ dinamiurad gauwonasworebeli mdgomareoba
qaosisa da dezorientaciisa.
sorosi adrec uwevda angariSs imas, rom Ria sazogadoeba sakmaod
daucvelia, magram fiqrobda, Tu aseTi sazogadoeba daingreva, is
aucileblad gaxdeboda daxuruli. es gamomdinareobda dixotomiidan,
romlis Tanaxmadac arsebobda mxolod ori SesaZlo sazogadoeba Ria an
daxuruli. is rac ar myofobs erTSi, uzrunveliyofa meoris CarCoebSi.
sorosi ver xvdeboda, rom dinamiur gauwonasworebeli mdgomareoba
SeiZleba arsebobdes ganusazRvrelad didxans, anu ufro zustad, rom
sazogadoebas ZaluZs balansireba qaosis zRvarze misi gadalaxvis gareSe.
piradad sorosisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom sicocxle sistemaTa evoluciuri
Teoriis Tanaxmad aRmocendeba qaosis sazRvarze.
istoriis svla ganuWvretelia, magram Cven SegviZlia SevecadoT
gansazRvroT raRac orientaciebi sivrceSi, sadac is moZraobs. swored es
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gaakeTa sorosma, roca karl poperis zegavlenis qveS sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi
ganaTavsa ori cneba Ria da daxuruli sazogadoebisa. amjerad sorosi
xemZRvanelobs ra axali gamocdilebiT, igi iZulebulia xelaxla gamijnos
da CarTos ganxilvaSi sazogadoebis kidev erTi SesaZlo mdgomareoba _
dinamiuri gauwonasworebloba! igi xdis klasifikacias samnawilians.
soross moaqvs wyalTan, yinulTan da orTqlTan analogia SedarebisaTvis.
Ria sazogadoeba, esaa mdgomareoba axlos myofi wonasworebasTan;
daxuruli sazogadaoeba statiurad gauwonasworebel mdgomareobaSia da
mesamea qaosuri anda revoluciuri, dinamiurad gauwonasworebeli
mdgomareoba. ikavebs ra centralur da amitomac yvelaze faqiz
mdgomareobas, Ria sazogadoeba eqvemdebareba saSiSroebas ori mxridan: mas
emuqreba statiuri da dinamiuri gauwonasworeblobac! es sqema arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba martivi dixotomiisagan ,,Ria sazogadoeba _ daxuruli
sazogadoeba~, riTac daiwyo sorosma. Mmiseuli analogia wyalTan,
yinulTan da orTqlTan sruliad marTebulia. Ria sazogadoebas SeiZleba
vuwodoT `Txevadi~, daxuruls _ ,,myari~, revoluciur-qaoturs _
,,airisebri~.
sorosi Semdgom sakiTxad ganixilavs RirebulebaTa problemas da
svams kiTxvas: ra Rirebulebebia aucilebeli sazogadoebisTvis, raTa man
SeinarCunos wonasworobisTan axlos myofi mdgomareoba, anu rom darCes
Riad?
Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoeba, rogorc es jorj soross
warmoesaxeba, imyofeba gaurkvevlobaSi, is verafriT garkveula
RirebulebebSi da ver igebs, rogor SeuTavsos erTmaneTs sabazro da
sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebani. Aamrigad, subieqturi da obieqturi
Rirebulebni gadaejaWveba erTmaneTs.
Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoeba, rogorc es soross esaxeba,
ganicdis gamaerTianebeli Rirebulebebis deficits. adamianebi nebismier
dros uCiodnen erozias msgavsi sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebisa, Tumca dRes
Cven gvaqvs viTareba, romelic sxva epoqaTagan absoluturad gansxvavebulia.
kerZod dRes vrceldeba sabazro Rirebulebani, romelic pirad interesebs
sazogadoebrivze maRla ayeneben.
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zneobriobis dRevandeli ,,vardnis’’ pirobebSi sabazro Rirebulebebma
SeaRwies im sferoSi, sadac adre maTi adgili ar iyo. am sferoTa ricxvs
ganekuTvneba piradi urTierTobebi, politika da iseTi sferoebi, rogorcaa
iurispudencia, medicina. garda amisa, mimdinareobs neli winsvla, SesamCnevi,
magram amasTan Rrma transformacia Tavad sabazo meqanizmisa.
xansgrZlivi saqmiani urTierTobebi adgils uTmoben erTjerad
garigebebs. maRaziebis nacvlad, romelTa mflobelebi kargad icnobdnen
yvela Tavis myidvels, damkvidrda supermarketebi, xolo sruliad axlxan
amas daemata internet-Sopingi. nacionaluri ekonomika ukan ixevs
saerTaSoriso ekonomikis zewolis Sedegad. Tumca saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebam, Tuki aseTze saerTod SeiZleba saubari, Seqmna dResdReobiT
ukiduresad mcire wili gamaerTianebel RirebulebaTa.
sazogadoebaSi, romelic dafuZnebulia garigebebze, sazogadoebrivi
Rirebulebani da moraluri SezRudvebi sul ufro naklebad myarni xdebian.
sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebani warmoadgenen sazoms sxva adamianebze Cveni
zrunvisa. maTi meSveobiT mivakuTvnebT adamianebs garkveul erTobebs:
ojaxs, gvars, ers, kacobriobas, romelTa koleqtiur interesebsac isini
piradze maRla ayeneben.
magram globaluri ekonomika sulac ar warmoadgens erTianobas. masSi
CarTulni arian sxvadasxva tradiciaTa mqone adamianebi, romliTaTvis
partniorebi umetes SemTxvevaSi arian ucxo erTobaTa warmomdgenelni.
mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi ioli araa, SeinarCuno unari sxvebze
fiqrisa da zrunvisa; araa ioli, moiTxovo yvelasagan, rom maT gamoiCinon
msgavsi zrunva _ es SeuZlebelia! sabazro fundametalizmi, rogorc
dominirebadi msoflxedva, arTulebs situacias. misi postulati, rom
saerTo interesebi saukeTesod uzrunveliyofa mxolod maSin, roca
TiToeuli zrunavs sakuTar kerZoze, moralurad amarTlebs fsons mxolod
kerZo interesze! Cvens daundobel samyaroSi isini, vinc iziareben am
msoflxedvas iqonieben upiratesobas, ramdenadac maT ver Seaferxeben
molaruli winaRobani, warmatebebi dafuZnebulni msgavs upiratesobebze
SeiZleba iqoniebdnen kumulaciur xasiaTs.
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adamianebSi, miiCnevs sorosi, imTaviTve Cadebulia moTxovnileba
sazogadogadoebrivi Rirebulebebisadmi, rogorc gonier arsebebs maT
kargad esmiT, ramdenad warmavalia maTi yofiereba, ramdenad mcire droa
maTvis gankuTvnili. isini saWiroeben Rirebulebebs, romelnic ,,me~-s
sazRvrebs gareT gadian, maSinac ki, roca adamiani moqmedebs mxolod kerZo
interesiT, mas urCevnia ifiqros, rom xelmZRanelobs raRacgvari
arapiraduli principebiT. rogorc SeniSna anri bergsonma, morals SeiZleba
hqondes 2 wyaro - gvarovnuli tradiciebi da universaluri adamianuri
sawyisi. swored es ukanasknelia aucilebeli Ria sazogadoebisaTvis.
sabazro fundametalizmis kritikas jorj sorosi Tavis naSromSi
,,Ria sazogadoeba areformirebs globalur kapitalizms~, romlis
CarCoebSic ganvixilavT Cven sorosiseul Ria sazogadoebis koncefcias,
did dgils uTmobs! sabazro fundametalizmis warmomadgenlebs sjeraT,
rom sazogado keTildReobis misaRwevi saukeTeso saSualebaa SeuzRudavi
swrafva piradi keTildReobisadmi. sorosi xazgasmiT acxadebs, rom es
mcdari rwmenaa, magram miuxedavad amisa, mas bevri mimdevari hyavs. swored
esaa Seferxeba globaluri Ria sazogadoebisaken mimaval gzaze. sorosi
fiqrobs, rom Cven Zalian axlos varT am mizanTan. Uubralod, saWiroa
sabazro fundamentalizmis mankierebaTa gacnobiereba. cxadia, rom sabazro
fundamentalizmi, gansxvavebiT komunizmisa da religiuri
fundamentalizmisa ar warmoadgens diametrulad sapirispiros Ria
sazogadoebis ideisa. is warmoadgens mis deformacias, fridrix haieki,
romlis ideebic gaamrudes sabazro fundamentalistebma, iyo Ria
sazogadoebis guliTadi momxre. isic da karl poperic isurvebdnen
pinovnebis Tavisuflebis dacvas im saSiSroebisagan, romelic mimdinareobda
iseTi koleqtivisturi rwmenebidan, rogoric iyo komunizmi da nacional-
socializmi; maT ganasxvavebdaT am miznis miRwevis saSualebaTa xedva.
poperi momxre iyo ,,Tanmimdevruli socialuri inJineriisa~. haieki,
romelsac eSinoda saxelmwifo kontrolis ukuSedegebis, ufro met imedebs
sabazro meqanizmebze amyarebda. misi swavlebis swored es nawili iqna
ukiduresobamde miyvanili misi mimdevrebis mier ,,Cikagos skolidan~. maT
miswrafeba piradi gamorCenisadmi aiyvanes universaluri principis donemde,
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riTac gansazRvres yofierebis yvela mxare _ ara mxolod individualuri
arCevani bazarze, aramed socialuri arCevanic politikaSi!
sorosi SeniSnavs, rom sabazro fundamentalizmsa da komunizms Soris
arsebobs usiamovno msgavseba. Tavisi warmoSobiT orive damokidebelia
sazogadoebriv mecnierebebze. erT SemTxvevaSi sabazro-ekonomikur Teoriaze
da marqsizmze _ meore SemTxvevaSi.
sorosi Tvlis, rom sabazro fundametalizmi warmoadgens ufro did
saSiSroebas Ria sazogadoebisaTvis, vidre komunizmi. komunizmi da
socializmic diskretitirebulia, xolo sabazro fudamentalizmi ki
zenitzea!
sorosi cdilobs ori amocanis gadaWras: moaxdinos sabazro
fundamentalizmis Secdomebis demonstrireba da Camoayalibos Ria
sazogadoebis principebi. pirveli amocana mas SedarebiT martivad esaxeba.
is Tvlis, rom man ukve aCvena, rom safinanso bazrebi sulac ar
miiswrafaian aucileblobiT wonasworobisaken. amjerad mas surs
miuTiTos, rom sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebani ar hpouloben asaxvas bazarze.
bazrebi asaxaven aqtivebis arsebul ganawilebas. isini sulac ar arian
Seqmnili imisaTvis, rom gadaanawilon es aqtivebi socialuri
samarTlianobis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom
socialuri smarTlianoba imyofeba sabazro ekonomikis koncefciis
sazRvrebs gareT! ekonomikuri Teoria dums imis Taobaze, arian Tu ara
movaleni e.w. ,,gamarjvebulni” aunazRauron zarali ,,wagebulT~, ramdenadac
es sakiTxi ukavSirdeba sazogadoebriv Rirebulebebs, xolo ekonomikuri
Teoria ki cdilobs iyos Tavisufali RirebulebiTi azrovnebisagan.
sabazro fundamentalistebi darwmuneblni arian, rom bazrisaTvis sruli
Tavisuflebis miniWeba saukeTeso politikaa.
aseTi rwmena safuZvliani iqneboda bazars rom SeeZlos saerTo
ekonomikuri wonasworobisa da socialuri samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa.
magram mis mier arc erTi, arc meore piroba ar an ver sruldeba.
aucilebeli xdeba politikuri Careva ekonomikaSi, raTa mxari daeWiros
stabilurobas da Serbildes uTanasworoba, magram ubedureba, sorosis
azriT, imaSia, rom politikuri gadawyvetilebani xSirad ufro
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arasrulyofilni aRmoCndebian, vidre bazari. es gamocdileba mZlavr
arguments aniWebs bazars. yvelaze mZlavrsac ki sabazro fundamnetlistTa
arsenlSi myofTagans, magram maT mainc amiT ase borotad ar unda
isargeblon! sorosi xazs usvams, rom SeasZloa politika iyos ara
efeqturi da korumpirebulic ki, magram mis gareSe mainc veras gavxvdebiT.
fundamentalistebis argumentacia SeiZleba gamosadegi iyos srulyofili
msofliosTvis, magram suboptimalurisaTvis igi gamousadegaria.
sabazro fundamentalizmis kritikis Semdgom jorj sorosi cdilobs,
Camoayalibos, gamokveTos Ria szogadoebis principebi. sorosi mogviTxrobs:
azrovnebisa da misi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis aucilebloba, iseve rogorc
arCevanis Tavisufleba – SeiZleba uSualod gamoyvanil iqnes Cveni
Secdomebisadmi midrekilebidan, ramdenadac saboloo WeSmariteba CvenTvis
miuRwevelia. Cven adamianebs saSualeba unda mivceT ifiqron da arCevani
akeTon damoukideblad. Cveni gagebis arasrulyofilebidan sulac ar
gamomdinareobs is faqti, rom saboloo WeSmariteba ar arsebobs. xSirad
racionaluri codnis naklovanebani amoivseba rwmenis elementebiT. sorosi
xazs usvams, rom Ria sazogadoebas araferi aqvs religiis sawinaaRmdego.
TumcaRa, religiis mcdeloba _ sakuTari miwerilobebi Tavs moaxvios imaT,
vinc mas ar miekuTneba, aris darRveva Ria sazogadoebis principebisa.
azris Tavisufleba SesaZlebels xdis kritikul azrovnebas, xolo
arCevanis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs sabazro meqanizmebis funqcionirebas.
erTi da meorec pirovnebaTaSorisi procesebia da, sorosis Tanxmad, Cven
mxolod movigebT maTTvis saTando pirobebis unzrunvelyofiT.
gaerTianebaTa Tavisufleba aseve ganekuTneba msgavsi pirobebis ricxvs. igi
gvZlevs saSualebas, movaxdinoT Cveni Tavis sazogadoebriv arsebebad
realizeba.
Cven warmovadgenT moazrovne arsebebs, vacnobierebT skuTar Tavs da
gvaqvs unari damoukidebeli arCevanisa. swored amaze vafuZnebT pirovnebis
uflebebs. adaminis uflebebis idea aseve SeiZleba daefuZnos adamianis
sulis Sesaxeb qristianul warmodgenebs.
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sorosi mxars uWers misi erT-erTi fondis Tavmjdomaris mier Ria
sazogadebis funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis CamonaTvals. es batoni
gaxlavT vinme arie neieri. CamonaTvali aseTia:
`1) regularuli, Tavisufali, samarTliani arCevnebi. 2) Tavisufali,
pluralistuli saSualebani masobrivi informaciisa. 3) kanonis uzenaesoba,
mxardaWerili damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisuflebiT. 4) umciresobaTa
uflebebis konstituciuri dacva. 5) sabazro ekonomika, romlis drosac
pativi miegeba sakuTrebis uflebas, uzrunveliyofa Tanabari
SesaZleblobebi da arseboben garantiebi uqonelTaTvis. 6) konfliqtis
mSvidobiani gadaWris gzebisadmi erTguleba. 7) arseboba kanonebisa,
romelnic iZlevian uflebas moiTokos korufcia.”) 31 ( Сорос Дж. 2001: 190)
sorosisaTvis aqtualuria sazogdoebriv RirebulebaTa problema. is
Tavis naSromSi specialur Tavsac ki uTmobs sabazro da sazogadoebrivi
Rirebulebis sakiTxis ganxilvas. sorosi mogviTxrobs, rom sabazro da
sazogdoebriv RirebulebaTa Soris arsebul mimarTebaSi garkveva arc Tu
ise iolia. problema mdgomareobs ara imdenad maT Soris gansxvavebis
dadgenaSi, aramed arCevanSi, Tu kerZod romliT unda vixemZRvaneloT Cven.
sabazro fundamentalistebi cdiloben, uaryon sazogadoebrivi
RirebulebaTa gansakuTrebuli buneba da amtkiceben, rom yvela Rirebuleba
saboloo jamSi poulobs asaxvas sabazro qcevaSi. magaliTad, Tuki vinmes
surs gamoidos Tavi sxva adamianebze zrunviT, an daicvas garemo (buneba),
mas am moTxovnilebis realizeba ubralod fulis daxarjviT SeuZlia!
sorosi Tvlis, rom sabazro Rirebulebani asaxaven bazris
individualuri monawileebis interesebs. maSin, roca sazogadoebrivi
Rirebulebani asaxaven sazogadoebis interesebs, rogorc es warmoudgeniaT
(esaxebaT) mis wevrebs. sabazro Rirebulebani SeiZleba gaizomos fuladi
erTeulebiT, xolo sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebis SemTxvevaSi es rTulia.
isini problematurni arian dakvirvebis da miTumetes gazomvis
TvalsazrisiT. mogebis gazomva iolia, sakmarisia Tvali Seavlo balansis
bolo maCvenebels. magram rogorRa gavzomoT arCeuli qcevis modelis
socialuri Sedegebi? es qcevebi iqonieben rogorc mosalodnel, aseve
moulodnel Sedegebs da isini ganfenilni arin ,,balansis~ yvela mwkrivSi,
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maTi dayvana balansis erTaderT niSnulamde SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac
sxvadsxva adamianebis mier isini sxvadsxvagvarad interpretirdebian. swored
es arTulebs Sedegebis Sejamebas. sazogado interesebi, esaa gacilebiT
ufro metad ganfenili cneba, vidre piradi gamorCena (sargebeli) da igi
iwvevs sxvadsxvagvar gayalbebebs (anu misi axsnis mcdelobas!).
politikosebi mudmivad dakavebulni arian gayalbebiT, da es maT mudam
mietevebaT swored Tavad sazogado interesTa cnebis bundovnebis wyalobiT.
sorosi ambobs, rom igi filantropis rolSi mudam cdilobs
emsaxuros sazogado sikeTes, magram amasTanave cxadad acnobierebs, rom
mis moqmedebebs SesaZloa, mohyves gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi. is xazs
usvams, rom gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas mudam cdilobs Sedegebis
Sefasebas, Tumca uSvebs bevr Secdomas, magram mas is upiratesoba mainc
aqvs, rom is Tavis Tavis patronia da amitom SeuZlia misive Secdomebis
gamosworeba sasjelis gareSe. politikosebisTvis ki es fufuneba
miuwvdomelia! maTi mxridan Secdomebis aRiarebas Tansdevs dasja ukve
Semdgom arCevnebze. amis gamo politikosebi cdiloben TavianT qcevebis
gamarTlebas da nebismier garantias eWidebian! amasobaSi sazogado
interesebze zrunvis kvalic ki aRarsad rCeba. saboloo jamSi rigiTi
moqalaqeebi midian im daskvnamde, rom yvela politikosi gaiZveraa.
Cven vadgenT Cveni liderebisTvis ararealur standartebs. Semdgom ki
aRmovaCenT, rom isini maT ver akmayofileben. nebismieri gonieri adamiani
aRiarebs imas, rom sruyofileba miuRwevelia. miuxedavad amisa, sabazro
fundametalizmis ideologia sruyofilebas acxadebs normad. igi amtkicebs,
rom bazari sruyofilia, radgan mas gaaCnia tendencia wonasworobis
damyarebisa da flobs amavdroulad unars TviTkoreqciisa, amitomac
gvirCevs politikur gadwyvetilebebSi maqsimalurad daveyrdnoT bazars da
efeqturoba politikisa gavzomoT bazris efeqturobasTan SefardebiT.
sorosi acxadebs, rom es daskvna mcdaria yovelnairi gagebiT! Tumca igi
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi ukve gabatonda.
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesi politikasa Tu sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi ar SeiZleba iyos iseTive efequri, rogorc esaa
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebsa Tu bazarze. mecnierebas gaaCnia
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damoukidebeli, obieqturi kriteriumi, romelTanac mas SeuZlia
udrtvinvelad muSaoba, kerZod, esaa faqtebi! es kriteriumi aZlevs mas
saSualebas ,,mSvidad~ gaikvlios gza WeSmaritebisaken. bazars gaaCnia
obieqturi kriteriumi mogebis saxiT. politikur da sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi ki erTaderTi arsebuli kriteriumi subieqturia, anu igi
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras fiqroben adamianebi. Zalian Znelia imis
gansazRvra, Tu raze fiqroben adamianebi, aq bevri ram bundovnad rCeba.
sorosi Tvlis, rom sazogadoebrivma mecnierebebma miaRwies nakleb
warmatebas, vidre sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebma, radganac sazogadoebriv-
samecniero diskusiebSi wina planzea dayenebuli sakiTxi motivaciisa.
soross mohyavs mgaliTi: marqsistebi uaryofdnen nebismier kritikas maTi
dogmatebis mismarTiT, brals debdnen TavianT mowinaaRmdegeebs klasobrivi
interesebiT xelmZRvanelobaSi; fsiqoanalitikosebi, rogorc wesi,
saubroben adamianze, romelic uars mbobs daeqvemdebaros analizs, rom igi
,,midrekili araa~ gaacnobieros misTvis arasaxarbielo realoba. amiT
soross unda xazi gausvas, rom roca saubaria motivebze, kritikuli
azrovneba naklebad saxarbielo viTarebaSi aRmoCndeba, vidre maSin, roca
saubaria faqtebze.
sorosi akritikebs warmomadgenlobiT demokratiasac. ara mis
safuZvelmdebare principebs, ara im dogmatebs, romelsac eTayvanebodnen
amerikuli konstituciis mamebi, jefersoni da misi msgavsni, aramed im
realur viTarebas, romelic gvaqvs dRes! demokratiis safuZvelSi devs
varaudi, rom kandidatebi gulrwfelni da gulaxdilni arian
amomrCevlebTan. cxadia, es varaudi ararealuria. kandidatebma ukve didi
xania aRmoaCines, rom maTi arCevis Sansebi amaRldeba, Tuki isini
amomrCevels etyvian imas, risi mosmenac am ukanasknelT surT. es momenti
araa fataluri, ramdenadac sistema amas iTvliswinebs: Tuki kandidatebi ar
asruleben maT mier micemul dapirebebs, maT xelmeored aRar airCeven.
Sedegad narCundeba wonaswrobasTan axlos myofi mdgomareoba.
amomrCevlebi, cxadia, arcTu yovelTvis Rebuloben im Sedegebs, rasac
moelodnen da sWirdebodaT, magram maT aqvT SesaZlebloba, gamoasworon
TavianTi Secdomebi Semdgomi arCevnebis msvlelobisas.
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kandidatebi SeimuSaveben meTodebs, romlebic iZlevian saSualebas
daifaros maT dapirebebsa da Semdgom moqmedebebs Soris Sesabamisoba.
isini awarmoeben sazogadoebrivi azris gamokvlevas, Sexvedrebs
fokusjgufebTan, rac maT exmarebaT Seiswavlon Tu kerZod risi mosmena
surs eleqtorats, raTa Semdgom miesadagon am viTarebas. TumcaRa es
,,Sesabamisoba’’ kandidatTa gancxadebebsa da amomrCevelTa survilebs Soris,
sulac ar iZleva imis garantias, rom amomrCevelTa molodinebi
gamarTldeba. sorosi wuxs, rom politikosebi nacvlad imisa, rom
waruZRvnen sazogadoebas, misdeven e.w. ,,sazogdoebriv azrs~, ris Sedegadac
qveyana rCeba im xemZRvanelobis gareSe, romelic misTvis sasicocxlod
aucilebeli iyo. saboloo jamSi ki amomrCevlebi mainc imedgacruebulni
rCebian da hkargven rwmenas Tavad demokratiuli procesis mimarT. ise ki,
SeniSnavs sorosi, arc amomrCevlebi arian movlenaTa am jaWvSi ucodvelni.
rogorc wesi ivaraudeba, rom amomrCevlebi mxars uWeren im
warmomadgenlebs, romelTac gulTan axlos miaqvT sazogadoebis umTavresi
interesebi, arada xSirad Tavad amomrCeveli sakuTar viwro pirad interess
sazogadoebrivze maRla ayenebs. kandidatebi, Tavis mxriv, apelireben kerZo
interesebiT, magram vinaidan da radganac maT TiToeulis interesis
dakmayofileba fizikurad ar ZaluZT, isini garigebaze midian gavlenian
jgufebTan. sistema gadagvarebulia Tuki amomrCevels ar aRelvebs is
viTareba, rom kandidati tyuis, oRondac es ukanaskneli mis kerZo interess
iTvaliswinebdes. sazomad iqceva ara patiosneba da inteleqti, aramed, rac
SeiZleba, meti xmis dagroveba. fuli sistemis aseT gadagvarebs ufro
TvalsaCinos xdis.
sorosi Tavis naSromSi isev da isev ubrundeba bazris kritikas da
surs, Searyios Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi misdami gabatonebuli
gadaWarbebuli rwmena. is xmamaRla acxadebs, rom miuxedavad misi
politikisa da politilosTa mimarT undoblobisa, aucilebelia vaRiaroT
koleqtiur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis aucilebloba da politikis
umniSvnelovanesi roli Ria sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis
uzrunvelyofaSi. sorosi svams aseT kiTxvas: ra SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs
Ria sazogadoeba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis koleqtiuri procesis
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srulsayofad, gasaumjobeseblad? da pasuxis saxiT gTavazobs erTgvar
recepts: TiToeulma adamianma, sorosis Tanaxmad, unda gamijnos Tavisi,
rogorc bazris monawilis roli politikuri procesis monawilis
rolisagan. rogorc bazris monawile _ adamiani unda misdevdes pirad
interesebs, xolo rogorc monawile politikuri procesisa _ is unda
xemZRvanelobdes sazogadoebrivi interesebiT!
bazris sorosiseuli kritika sam punqtiania: I - bazris struqtura
ar iZleva samrTliani ganawilebis saSualebas. dovlaTis arsebul
ganawilebas is aRiqvams rogorc savaldebulos. II - bazari ar asaxavs
sazogadoebriv interesebs, ver getyviT rom is amoraluria, magram faqtia,
rom bazari imyofeba moralis sazRvrebs miRma. III - finansuri bazrebi
TavianTi bunebiT arastabilurni arian.
jorj sorosi, naSromSi ,,Ria sazogadoeba areformirebs globalur
kapitlizms~, ubrundeba sabWoTa sistemis rRvevis sakiTxs, rasac man adre
miuZRvna SesaniSnavi naSromi, saxelwodebiT ,,sabWoTa sistema Ria
sazogadoebisaken’’. radganac sabWoTa kavSiri iyo ideluri modeli
daxuruli szogdoebisa, saWirod mimaCnia, yuradReba SevaCero sorosiseul
analizze sabWoTa kavSiris rogorc sistemis rRvevisa.
sorosi Txrobas iwyebs sabWoTa kavSiris e.w. aRzevebis etapidan,
raTa naTeli gaxdes Semdgomi ,,vardnis~ fazis niuansebi. Tavdapirveli
subieqturi warmodgenebi (komunisturi ideologia) da Tavdapirveli
tendencia (represiebi) mimarTuli iyo imaze, rom sazogadoeba gamxdariyo
daxuruli. adgili hqonda kumulaciur urTierTqmedebas gayinul
komunistur dogmebsa da statiur socialur pirobebs Soris. Tavis zenits
sistemam stalinis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebSi miaRwia. is iyo
yovlismomcvleli da TavisTavSi aerTianebda Tavad formas mmarTvelobisa,
ekonomikur sistemas, imperiul saxelmwifoebriv wyobas da ideologias.
sistema iyo mTliani, izolirebuli gare samyarosagan da saocrad xisti.
realuri viTareba radikalurad gansxvavdeboda im informaciisgan, rasac
moqalaqeebs awvdida oficialuri propaganda. gazviadebis gareSe, maT Soris
iyo ufrskuli, rac warmoudgenelia Ria sazogadoebaSi. sorosi aseT
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sistemas (anu sabWoTa kavSiris msgavss) statiurad gauwonasworebuls
uwodebs.
stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg dadga mcire xniT e.w. ,,WeSmaritebis
momenti~, rodesac nikita xruSovma gamoaaSkarava staliniseburi marTvis
zogierTi saidumlo. Tumca partiuli ierarqia male kvlav ganmtkicda Zvel
poziciebze. daiwyo daisis periodi. dogma ukve efuZneboda mxolod
administraciul iZulebas, vinaidan misdami rwmena daikarga.
totaluri Zalaufleba, sanam igi marvTis saTaveebTan idga, advilad
axerxebda sakuTari nebisamebr komunisturi partiis xazis Secvlas. xolo,
roca qveynis marTva daiwyes biurokrtebma, aseTi moqniloba gaxda
SeuZlebeli. amavdroulad Sesustda terori, romelic aiZulebda
adamianebs mieRoT komunisturi dogmebi. ase daiwyo vardnis procesi,
organizaciebi dakavebuli iyvnen brZoliT sakuTari statusis
asamaRleblad. ramdenadac WeSmarit Zalauflebas aravin flobda,
aRmocenda ucnauri barteruli sistema, romelSic yvela iZulebuli
gaxda CarTuliyo. nel_nela is, rac iwodeboda centralur mmarTvelobad,
Caanacvla urTierTgarigebis yovlismomcvlelma sistemam organizaciebsa
da sawarmoebs Soris. paralelurad ganviTarda araoficialuri,
Crdilovani ekonomika, romelic erwymoda ,,oficialurs~ da faravda am
ukanasknelSi aRmocenebul Cavardnebs. Crdilovani ekonomikis gareSe
gegmiur ekonomikas ukve saerTod ar ZaluZs funqcionireba. es xangrZlivi
vardnis periodi Semdgom monaTles ,,damuxruWebis fazad” . sul ufro
cxadi xdeboda sistemis araadekvaturoba, gaizarda daZabuloba, ramac
aucileblobiT moiTxova reforma.
reformebma daaCqares rRvevis procesi, ramdenadac isini Tavis TavSi
alternatiulobis matarebelni iyvnen, xolo sistemas ki arseboba
mxolod ualternativobis pirobebSi SeeZlo! komunisturi sistemis
reformirebis mcdeloba imTaviTve dafuZnebuli iyo cru warmodgenaze, rom
es reforma SesaZlebelia. sinamdvileSi is ar emorCileboda reformas,
vinaidan misTvis miuRebeli iyo ekonomikuri principebis Tanaxmad
kapitalis danawileba. imTaviTve komunizmi iyo kapitalizmis sapirispiro
formacia, romelic muSas aucxoebda warmoebis saSualebebisagan. mTeli
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sakuTreba sabWoTa kavSirSi gaxldaT saxelmwifos xelSi, romelic TvisiT
ansaxierebda koleqtiur interesebs. xolo am ukanasknelT ki gansazRvravda
komunisturi partia (anu koleqtiur interesebs). amitomac swored partia
wyvetda kapitalis ganawilebis sakiTxs. anu ganawileba xdeboda
araekonomikuri mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, aramed kvazireligiuri xasiaTis
politikuri dogmis Sesabamisad! saukeTeso Sedareba, romelic sorosma
SemogvTavaza, esaa egviptur piramidaTa mSenebloba: investiciebze
mimarTuli resursebis wili izrdeboda, maSin roca
investiciebis ekonomikuri efeqti rCeboda mainc minimalurad. aSkara iyo
msgavseba proeqtTa monumentalurobis mxrivac. giganturi
hidroeleqtrosadgurebi, metalurgiuli qarxnebi, marmaliros metros
darbazebi moskovSi da stalinuri caTambjenebi _ es iyo igive piramidebi
aRmarTuli Tanamedrove faraonis mier. hidroeleqtrosadgurebi
marTlac awarmoebdnen eleqtroenergias, metalurgiuli qarxnebi
iZleodnen rkinas, magram es rkina, eleqtroenergia xmardeboda kvlav
axal gigantur metalurgiul qarxanaTamSeneblobas da ekonomikuri efeqti
aranairad ar iyo imaze meti, vidre piramidebis SemTxvevaSi.
komunisturi sistema ar aniWebda aranair mniSvnelobas kapitals, ufro
zustad Tu vityviT, is ar aRiarebda sakuTrebis mcnebas. Sedegad sabWoTa
sistemis CarCoebSi ekonomikuri moRvaweoba mxolod fsevdo xasiaTs
atarebda. misTvis realuri funqciis dasabruneblad saWiro iyo
partiisaTvis kapitalis mcvelisa da ganmnawileblis funqciis CamorTmeva,
amas ki adgili ar hqonia. amitomac iyo yovelnairi mcdeloba
reformirebisa ganwiruli imTaviTve uiRblobisTvis.
TandaTan aSkara Seiqmna, rom politikuri reformebis gareSe
arsebuli mdgomareoba ver gamoswordeboda... `gardaqmnisa da sajaroobis~
egidiT sabWoTa kavSirSi rRvevis procesi Sevida saboloo fazaSi. daeca
cxovrebis done, sazogadoebam dakarga rwmena reJimisadmi, risi
kulminaciac gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris daSla.
soross es yvelaferi agonebs suraTs, romelic xSirad gveZleva
safinanso bazrebze. sxvaoba imaSia, rom aRmavloba-vardnis procesi bazarze
mimdinareobs elviseburad, maSin roca sabWoTa kavSiris SemTxvevaSi pirvel
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etapze adgili hqonda ,,damuxruWebas~, riTac stalinuri reJimi mivida
statiuri gauwonasworebulobis mdgomareobamde da mxolod meore etapze
daiwyo vardnis procesi, ramac gamoiwvia katastrofa sistemisa da misi
dinamiuri gauwonasworebloba.
sorosis am naSromSi, romelsac ganvixilavT, aseve yuradRebas
iqcevs erTi punqti. sorosi miCnevs da, albaT, es marTebulicaa, rom Yyvela
sazogadoebisagan ver moviTxovT demokratiulobis xarisxis erT doneze
uzrunvelyofas, ramdendac TiToeuli sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo imyofeba
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze. sorosi SeniSnavs, rom ekonomikurad
naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mmarTvelebi xSirad Civian, rom isini
iZulebulni arian misdion ,,ufro dabal standartebs~ da amrigad
cdiloben sakuTari politikis gamarTlebas. rac Seexeba, cxovrebis
pirobebs, am sakiTxSi, cxadia, isini marTalni arian, magram roca saqme exeba
Tavisuflebas _ azrovnebisa da sakuTari mes gamoxatvisa _ aramc da aramc!
ufro metic, sust qveynebSi damoukideblad moazrovne adamianTa uflebebs
gansakuTrebiT faqizad unda moepyran, vidre es Zlier demokratiebSi xdeba,
ramdenadac pirvelTaTvis aseTi adamianebi mniSvnelovanni arian maTi
simciris gamo!!!
sorosi imasac xazs usvams, rom socialuri samarTlianoba,
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gavaigivoT TanasworobasTan, ramdenadac es
Cven ukan komunizmSi dagvabrunebda! sorosi upiratesobas aniWebs jon
roulsis socialuri samarTlianobis koncefcias, romlis Tanaxmadac,
dovlaTis zrda unda gulisxmobdes uqonelTaTvis garkveuli sargeblis
uzrunvelyofas. am sargeblis xarisxi TiToeulma sazogadoebam unda
gansazRvros damoukideblad da periodulad Secvalos drois moTxovnaTa
gaTvaliswinebiT. yvela monawilisaTvis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
uzrunvelyofa _ ai, ra unda iqonion miznad saerTaSoriso organizaciebma!
sorosi, dasasruls, yuradRebas amaxvilebs poperis naSromis
saTaurze _ ,,Ria sazogadoeba da misi mtrebi~ da acxadebs, rom Ria
sazogadoeba saWiroebs mtrebs, radganac swored es ,,mtrebi~ iqcevian
stimulad Ria sazogadoebisaTvis brZolisa, swored ,,mtrebis~ arseboba
aqcevs Ria sazogadoebas miznad da idealad! sxvadasxva istoriul epoqebSi
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Ria sazogadoebas sxvadasxva ,,mtrebi~ upirispirdebian. Tu meoce saukunis
manZilze es iyo komunizmi da socializmi, amjerad SeiZleba es iyos
sabazro fundamentalizmi, momavalSi kidev raime sxva da a. S. sorosis
azriT, sabednierod, yovelTvis arsebobs raRac, ris winaaRmdegac unda
vibrZoloT: siRaribe, avadmyofobani, bunebrivi garemos dazianebiT
gamowveuli safrTxeebi. mteri sulac araa aucilebeli iyos metoqe-
saxemwifo. sanam Cven ar ganvsazRvravT saerTo mters, romlis wiinaRmdegac
unda gaverTiandeT, mudam mogviwevs dayofil, danawevrebul msoflioSi
cxovreba, sadac nacionaluri saxelmwifoebi TavianT energias erTmaneTan
brZolaSi flangaven. Cven SevZeliT Segveqmna demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi,
romelnic aRiareben kanonis uzenaesobas da romelnic pativs scemen
erTmaneTs... sorosi Tvlis, rom amjerad Cven unda mivaRwioT igives, oRond
globaruli masStabiT, anu SevqmnaT ,,globaruli Ria sazogadoeba”.
ar minda yuradRebis gareSe darCes erTi sakiTxic, jorj sorosi
sakmaod da zedmetad kritikulia sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis mimarT.
sorosi, rogorc avtori, ugulvebelyofs gems, romliTac mgzavrobs, anu
miseuli kritika sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa aris aralogikuri,
winaaRmdegobaSi myofi sakuTar TavTan, vinaidan miseuli koncefcia Ria
sazogadoebisa xom swored sazogadoebrivi mecnirebis nawilia da misi
moRvaweoba Ria sazogadoebis fondTa qseliT mTel msoflioSi socialuri
inJineriis saukeTeso magaliTi, rasac isev da isev sazogadoebriv
mecnirebebs unda umadlodes.
miuxedavad Tavad sorosis undobluri damokidebulebisa
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa mimarT, mis mier SemoTavazebuli Ria
sazogadoebis koncefcia mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs sazogadoebriv
TeoriebSi da ar SemiZlia ar vaRiaro, rom igi karl poperis Rirseuli
ideuri memkvidrea.
141
II nawilis Sejameba
naSromis meore nawilSi Tavmoyrilia niklas lumanis da talkot
parsonsis Teoriebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi sistemis Sesaxeb. xolo
dasasruls Cven ganvixilavT jorj sorosis mier dasmul problemas,
romelic aqtualuria Tanamedrove sazogedoebaSi _ maintegrirebel
RirebulebaTa deficitis fonze bazris gabatonebisagan gamowveuli riski
pirovnebaTa individualuri interesebis SeboWvisa. lumani-parsonsi esaa
wminda Teoria, xolo sorosi ki sazogadoebriv Teoriebze dayrdnobiT
Seiswavlis ara zogadad sazogadoebis sistemebs, aramed konkretuli
sazogadoebebis Ria-daxurulobis sakiTxs. igi empirikosia, empiria ki
Teoriis garaSe ar arsebobs. Tumca sorosi araa lumani –parsonsis ideuri
Tanamoazre. mis msoflxedvaze gavlena karl poperma da anri bergsonma
moaxdines. maS ratom moiyares am nawilSi Tavi am avtorebma erTad?
lumanisa da parsonsis SemTxvevaSi zogadad Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
sistemaa ilustrirebuli, sorosTan ki _ praqtikuli sakiTxebi, romlebic
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi mniSvnelovania. lumani-parsonsidan sorosze
gadasvliT me mindoda xazi gamesva, rom Cemi naSromis mizania,
sazogadoebrivi Teoriebi sociologiaSi Cveni garemomcvleli yofierebis
Seswavlas msaxurobdnen, maTSi mocemul konkretul momentSi individis da
mTlianad erTobis winaSe mdgar problemebs gamohkveTavdnen da maTi
gadaWris racionaluri gzebis ZiebaSi gvexmarebodnen. magaliTad, roca
komunikaciis procesSi, romelic samkomponentiania, rogorc es lumans
warmoudgenia _ 1.informaciis seleqcia, 2. am mocemuli informaciis
Setyobinebis seleqcia, 3. seleqciuri gageba an argageba Setyobinebisa _
rodesac amovardnilia me-2 an me-3 komponenti, es SuqniSaniviT `wiTlad~
gviCvenebs, rom sazogadoebis romeliRac konkretuli Semadgeneli (iqneba es
ekonomika, politika Tu kultura) normalurad ar funqcionirebs da
saTanadod ver xorcieldeba maT SigniT brunvadi kodis simbolouri
generalizacia. parsonsTan Cven mocemuli gvaqvs realobis sijansaRis
gasazomad cxadze-ucxadesi sqema: Tuki romelime qvesistemis sazRvrebi
farTovdeba sxva qvesistemis SekumSvis xarjze, orive qvesistema
142
(SekumSulic da gafarToebulic) kargavs funqcionalurobas da maxinj
realobas awarmoebs, rac isev da isev saboloo jamSi individis kiserze
gadadis da misi pirovnuli resursebis realizacias da moqmedebis
Tavisuflebas uSlis xels.
soross aRelvebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi fiduciaruli sistemis
qmediTobis vardna, anu ar xdeba nimuSis kvlavwarmoeba saTanado doneze.
ara gvaqvs bazris batonobis pirobebSi aranairi maintegrirebeli
Rirebulebebi, rac zrdis individTa da jgufTa Soris ndobis xarisxs,
saboloo jamSi sazogadoeba rCeba gaTiTokacebuli sakuTar niJaraSi
Caketili mxolod piradi ekonomikuri mogebiT aJitirebuli adamianebis
amara, rac safrTxes uqmnis sistemis TviTreferencirebulobas,
autopoieturobas. lumans ramdenadac ar unda ugulebelyo individis roli
sistemis winaSe, igi mainc uaRresad mniSvneladia, swored amitomac uwoda
sazogadoebis sistemas parsonsma `moqmedebis sistemis qvesistema~, xolo
Cven kargad mogvexseneba, rom moqmedeba individisagan avtonomiurad ar
xorcieldeba.
143
daskvna
me sakiTxis dasmisTanave aRvniSne, rom am naSromis mizani iyo ara
mxolod zogadad sazogadoebis Sesaxeb arsebul TeoriaTa ganxilva, aramed
sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis danawilebis meqanizmebze dakvirveba da
individis Tavisuflebis xarisxis gazomva. vinaidan me am naSromis CarCoebSi
ar Camitarebia empiriuli kvleva, daveyrdeni iseTi avtoritetuli
mkvlevarebis naSromebs, rogorebic arian: fernan brodeli, miSel fuko, Jan
bodriari, pier burdie, niklas lumani, talkot parsonsi da jorj sorosi.
maT TeoriebSi zedmiwevniT asaxulia sazogadoebaTa yoveli SesaZlo tipis
funqcionirebis meqanizmi da maTi Sidasistemuri mowyobis wesi; am
sazogadoebaTaTvis maxasiaTebeli azrovnebis tipebi; individTaTvis
sistemisagan miniWebuli Tavisuflebis xarisxi; socialur mobilobaTa
tempi da xasiaTi.
es avtorebi SemTxveviT ar damikavSirebia erTmaneTTan. maT mier
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb formulirebuli koncefciebi eyrdnobian mdidar
empiriul materialebs, es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba fernan brodels, miSel
fukos, Jan bodriarsa da jorj soross. brodeli da fuko iyeneben
komparativistul meTods, Sua saukuneebTan Sedarebis meSveobiT isini
aCveneben, Tu ramdenad Ria da egalitarulni arian dRevandeli Tanamedrove
sazogadoebani. modernuli sazogadoebis ierarqizirebulobis gasazomad Jan
bodriari ikvlebs Cvens realobaSi arsebul nivTTaA sistemas. es meTodi
pirvelad brodelma gamoiyena, rodesac Sua saukuneebis evropa Seiswavla
rogorc `materialuri civilizacia~. fukoc interesdeboda diciplinis
mier arqiteqturis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyenebis sakiTxiT. man
STambeWdavad gviCvena, Tu rogor moixelTebs Zalaufleba Cveni
Semomgarsveli materialuri samyaros proeqtirebiT Cvens yofierebas
(naSromSi `zedamxedveloba da dasja~).Ppier burdiesTan sainteresoa
subieqtivizmsa da obieqtivizms Soris xidis gadebis mcdeloba. sorosic
burdies darad miiCnevs, rom individTa mier sakuTar pirovnebaze refleqsia
aris maTi realobis koreqtirebis saSualeba da Tu refleqsia jansaRia,
pirovnebas aqvs Sansi progresirdes. sorosi am kanons ganazogadebs
144
sazogadoebazec. burdie urTierTkavSirSi ganixilavs simbolur da
oficialur nominacias, rac udaod swori midgomaa. simboluri nominacia
xorcieldeba Tavad individisa da ierarqiul poziciebze masTan axlos
myof adamianTa mxridan. oficialuri ki ama Tu im institucionalur
organizaciebSi wevrobis ZaliT, kulturul, ekonomikur da politikur
velebSi dagrovili kapitalis jamuri paketiT. burdie kargad warmoaCens,
ramdenad efeqturia WeSmaritad Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi soliduri
kulturuli kapitalis floba da rogor zrdis igi individisaTvis ufro
farTod da produqtiulad TviTrealizaciis Sanss. sorosi, rogorc Jan
bodriari, yuradRebas amaxvilebs im safrTxeebze, romelnic dasasruliT
Tu ara evoluciuri ukusvliT emuqrebian sazogadoebas. E maintegrirebel
RirebulebaTa deficiti senia, rac aferxebs fiduciaruli qvesistemis
funqcionirebas da safrTxes uqmnis nimuSis kvlavwarmoebas sazogadoebaSi.
fiduciaruli da societaluri qvesistemebi mWidrod arian
urTierTdakavSirebulni da romelime maTganSi mimdinare rRvevebi
rikoSetiT aisaxeba meoreze. rodesac societalur qvesistemas ekisreba
individTa CarTvisa da integraciis funqciis garda sxva miwerilobebic,
gasagebia, rom misi sistemuri gadatvirTulobisgan gamowveuli funqciuri
devalvacia gamoiwvevs sazogadoebis wevrTa masobriv gaucxoebas, ris
Sedegadac miviRebT anomiur sazogadoebas.. fuko Zalauflebis
gadaWarbebisgan gamowveul riskebs ganixilavda. Lლumanic Seexeboda
ZalauflebasTan kavSirSi myof problemebs, magram, misi azriT, Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis dezorientirebas iwvevs Zalauflebis deficiti. lumani
gvTavazobs simboluri generalizaciis meSveobiT am deficitis ramenairad
dafarvas. Tumca, bodriars miaCnia, rom meore da mesame rigis substitutebi
(anu produqtebi simboluri generalizaciisa), rasac igi Tavis enaze mesame
rigis simulakrebs uwodebda _ esaa faza socialuris kvdomisa da hiper-
realuriT Zalauflebis gaqrobiT gaCenili lakunebis amovsebisa.
mokled, TiToeuli avtori cal-calke da erTad aRebuli qmnian
sazogadoebis iseT suraTs, romelTanac SedarebiT idealuradaa
SesaZlebeli Cveni Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis Seswavla, maTSi arsebuli
aqilevsis quslis Zebna da am sazogadoebaTa sijansaRis aRsadgenad Tu
145
dasacavad wminda Teoriis da aseve produqtiuli empiriuli kvlevebis
gamoyeneba.
naSromis mizani iyo, Teoriasa da empirias Soris arsebuli kavSiris
produqtiulobis CvenebiT, xazgasma imisa, Tu ra potencials flobs
sociologia, rogorc mecniereba, sazogadoebisaTvis. me, rogorc mowodebiT
sociologs, mimaCnia, rom sociologiis roli TanamedroveobaSi
geometriuli progresiiT izrdeba Cveni sazogaoebis winaSe mdgari
problemebis da safrTxeebis zrdasTan erTad. mimaCnia, rom sociologias
ufro farTo rezonansi unda mieces da moxdes misi popularizacia. e.w.
dasavlurma samyarom xom sociologebis fasdaudebeli SromiT,
sociologiur Teoriebze da imavdroulad empiriul kvlevebze
orientirebiT bevri moigo.
aq Cems mier ganxilul sazogadoebis Sesaxeb arsebul sociologiur
TeoriebSi naTlad ikveTeba, Tu ra didi roli aqvs sazogadoebis
sijansaRisaTvis individis Tavisuflebis xarisxis zrdas, kritikuli
azrovnebis damkvidrebisaTvis gaweul Zalisxmevas, mudmiv kontrols imisa,
rom romelime sazogadoebrivma qvesistemam sakuTari sazRvrebis
gafarToebis xarjze ar SekumSos sxva romelime qvesistemis CarCoebi da
amiT ar gamoiwvios mTlianad sistemaSi disonansi.
sazogadoeba mudmivad evolucionirebs, zogjer mimdinareobs uku-
procesebic, anu regresi. sociologiis mizani ki swored sazogadoebriv
mobilobaze dakvirveba da misi zusti suarTis asaxvaa. Aai, am sakiTxTa
xazgasma da warmoCena iyo Cemi mizani da am mizans emsaxureboda swored
brodelis, fukos, bodriaris, burdies, lumanis, parsonsisa da sorosis
koncefciebis ganxilva erTianobaSi.
146
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