ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis tbilisis saxelmwifo...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

Hhumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

Mmsoflio istoria

nikoloz silagaZe

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezis problema

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi:

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori jemal SaraSeniZe

istoriisiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori guram kutalia

Tbilisi

2015

ავტორის სტილი დაცულია

1

sarCevi

Sesavali____________________________________________-___________2

Tavi I. Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezis problemis

preistoriuli foni ___________________________-_________________25

Tavi II. antikuri xanis keltebis eTnogenezis sakiTxisTvis

mniSvnelovani lingvisturi, arqeologiuri da istoriul-eTnologiuri

problemebi -____________________________________________________52

Tavi III. Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxisTvis mniSvnelovani

lingvisturi, arqeologiuri da istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi

______________________________________________________________105

Tavi IV.vin iyvnen Zveli germanebi da keltebi? ras warmoadgenda

antikuri xanis germania da keltika?______________________________138

daskvna ______________________________________________________184

bibliografia__________________-________________________________194


2

S e s a v a l i

§ 1. kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi. sakvlevi Temis aqtualoba

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis samyaro idumalebiT moculi

istoriuli realobaa. mis Sesaxeb pirvel cnobebs antikuri xanis

avtorebTan vxvdebiT. Tumca,maTi siRrmiseul Seswavla humanizmis,

ganmanaTleblobisa da romantizmis xanaSi iwyeba.

Tanamedrove germanistikasa da keltologiaSi bevri sadiskusio

sakiTxi ikveTeba. maT Soris erT-erTi umTavresia Zveli germanelebisa

da keltebis eTnogenezis problema.winamdebare naSromi miznad swored

am Temis gaSuqebasa da gaanalizebas isaxavs.

kvlevis am obieqts humanitaruli mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi

dRes erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavebuli Teoriuli midgomebis

safuZvelze swavloben, rac arcTu iSviaTad sakiTxis arsis

gabundovnebas iwvevs. es garemoeba gvaiZulebs, naSromis miznebi

Tavidanve mkafiod ganvsazRvroT.

kerZod, Cveni mizania ganvsazRvroT Tu:

a) ra obieqturi realoba imaleba antikuri xanis avtorebis mier

`keltikad~ da `germaniad~ saxeldebuli istoriuli sinamdvileebis

miRma;

b) rodis da rogor moxda maTi (e.i. antikuri xanis germaniisa da

keltikis) formireba;

g) ra mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis

saxelebTan gaigivebuli lingvisturi sqemebi, arqeologiuri

artefaqtebis seriada xmelTaSuazRvispireli avtorebis TxzulebebSi

daculi istoriul-eTnografiuli cnobebi.

garda amisa, winamdebare naSromSi SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT, Tu:

rogor xdeboda berZnuli da romauli eTnikuri konstruqciebis

(magaliTad, keltika, germania, iliria, Trakia da sxva) formireba;

ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebda “barbarikumSi” mimdinare

eTnosocialur procesebs; ra gavlenas axdenda maTze


3

xmelTaSuazRvispireli avtorebis eTnikuri konstruqciebi;

ratom da rogor unda gamoviyenoT eTnogenetikuri kvlevisas

interdisciplinaruli midgomebi.

naSromi mowodebulia Tavisi wvlili Seitanos istoriografiul

diskursSi, romelic miznad im samecniero paradigmis gadasinjvas

isaxavs, romlis safuZvelzec XIX saukunis meore da XX saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi antikuri xanis e.w. “barbarosi” xalxebis eTnikuri da

socialuri istoriis sakiTxebi Seiswavleboda.

vfiqrobT, aqve moiTxovsganmartebas, Tu ratom viRebT kvlevis

obieqtad or sakmaod msxvil istoriul-kulturul erTobas (anu

germaniasa da keltikas) da ratom vuwodebT CvenTvis saintereso

sakiTxs eTnogenezis problemas. saqme isaa, rom antikuri xanis

literaturis mixedviTZveli germanelebi da keltebi erTmaneTTan

mWidrod dakavSirebul eTnikur jgufebs warmoadgendnen. maT

aRsaniSnavad Zv. w. II-I saukuneebamde berZnebi da romaelebi mxolod erT

termins - Keltoi iyenebdnen. Semdgom periodebSi ki xSiradmeryeobdnen ama

Tu im tomis kelturi Tu germanuli sinamdvilisadmi mikuTvnebisas.

Tavis mxriv, Tanamedrove istorikosebi bevrs saubroben antikuri

eTnikuri konstruqciebis aradamjereblobaze. arqeologiuri

TvalsazrisiTac dazustebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mdinare raini,

romelsac romaelebi (iulius keisris gavleniT) kelturi da germanuli

samyaros wyalgamyofad aRiqvamdnen, eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT sazRvars

sulac ar warmoadgenda (46, 98). aqedan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, rom Zveli

germanuli da kelturi istoriuli sinamdvileebis raobisa da

formirebis sakiTxebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi unda SeviswavloT1.

aseTi midgomiT, vfiqrobT, ufro naklebad moveqceviT antikuri

1unda aRiniSnos isic, rom rogorc XX saukunis II naxevarSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebidan gairkva, evropis centraluri, CrdiloeTi da Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili (anu is teritoria, romelsac antikuri xanis avtorebi tradiciulad Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis adgilsamyoflad ganixilavdnen) rkinis xanaSi ara mxolod germanelebisa da keltebis, aramed sxva eTno-lingvisturi sinamdvileebis (magaliTad, belgebis, e.w. `alternatiuli germanelebis”, “Crdilo-dasavleTis blokis xalxebis”

da sxva) gavrcelebis arealsac warmoadgenda.


4

stereotipebis gavlenis qveS da ufro advilad gavyvebiT kvlevis

Tanamedrove tendenciebs.

termin `eTnogenezi~ ki naSromSi pirobiTi2 mniSvnelobiT

gamoiyeneba im mravalferovani samecniero diskursebis gasaerTianeblad,

romlebic CvenTvis saintereso Temas ukavSirdeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia

isic, rom Zvel germanelebsa da keltebs antikuri xanis avtorebi

eTnikur jgufebad Tvlidnen. aseTive midgoma iyo prioritetuli XX

saukunis II naxevramde. marTalia, humanitaruli mecnierebebis

ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze naTelia, rom amgvari xedva

gadasinjvas saWiroebs, magram, vfiqrobT, rodesac miznad antikuri

xanis `barbarosul samyaroSi” arsebuli sinamdvileebis (germania,

keltika, Trakia, sarmatia da sxva) raobisa da formirebis sakiTxebis

kvlevas visaxavT, naSroms mainc eTnogenezis problema unda vuwodoT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlevis saboloo Sedegebma, SesaZloa, sulac ar

dagvanaxos realuri eTnogenezis procesi. vfiqrobT, gansaxilveli

obieqtis dakonkreteba da sakiTxis istoriografiaSi arsebuli kvlevis

mimarTulebebis Sejereba mxolod amgvari saTauris qveS SeiZleba.

dazustebas moiTxovs naSromis qronologiuri da geografiuli

CarCoebic. naSromis qvemo qronologiuri zRvari sakmaod dabalia.

vinaidan Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis istoriis adreul etaps

indoevropul siZveleebs ukavSireben. Sesabamisad, naSromis I TavSi

evropis `indoevropizaciasa” da germanikul-kelturi enobrivi ojaxis

`protoindoevropulTan” mimarTebaze msjelobas mniSvnelovani adgili

eTmoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriul (anu werilobiTi wyaroebis

saSualebiT cnobil) germanelebTan da keltebTan misi (e.i.

`protoindoevropuli” siZveleebis) kavSiri arcTu calsaxaa. naSromSi

indoevropeistikis sakiTxebis CarTva ramdenime garemoebam ganapiroba:

1) Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis (iseve, rogorc indoevropuli

enobrivi ojaxis sxva warmomadgenlebis) adreuli istoria

istoriografiaSi, tradiciulad, indoevropeistikis problemebis

WrilSi ganixileba;

2am termins pirobiTs imitom vuwodebT, rom dRevandeli gadasaxedidan sulac ar aris calsaxa, rom Zveli germanelebi da keltebi eTnikur jgufebs warmoadgendnen.


5

2) es (anu indoevropeistikis) sakiTxebi im sawyisi eTno-

lingvisturi `ujredebis” Sesaxeb msjelobis saSualebas iZleva,

romlebis safuZvelzec Zveli germanuli da kelturi istoriuli

sinamdvile Camoyalibda;

3) eTnogenezis sakiTxebisTvis mniSvnelovani Teoriuli

problemebis analizisas maT didi mniSvneloba aqvT.

maSasadame indoevropeistikis sakiTxebi naSromSi, pirvel rigSi,

istoriografiuli diskursebisa da konstruqciebis analizis mizniT

aris CarTuli. misi wyalobiT is Teoriuli bazisic ganixileba,

romelsac “eTnogenezologia”3 unda daefuZnos. gamogmdinare iqidan,

rom naSromis erT-erTi umTavresi mizani eTnogenetikuri kvlevebis XIX

saukunis meore da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Seqmnili samecniero

paradigmis reviziaa, misi “indoevropuli siZveleebisgan” mowyveta

SeuZlebladgveCveneba.

naSromis zemo qronologiur zRvars keltebis SemTxvevaSi - Zv. w.

III, germanelebis SemTxvevaSi ki ax. w. II saukune warmoadgens. Zv. w. III-II

saukuneebSi keltur samyaroSi intensiur socialur Zvrebsebs aqvs

adgili; Zveli germanelebis sinamdvileSi ki ax. w. III saukunidan

umniSvnelovanes eTnikur Zvrebs aqvs adgili: yalibdeba axali msxvili

gaerTianebebi (magaliTad, alemanebi da frankebi), wyaroebSi TiTqmis

orjer izrdeba germanuli eTnonimebis ricxvi. Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT,

Zvel germanul sinamdvileSi am da mis Semdgom periodSi mimdinare

eTnikuri procesebi damoukidebel kvlevis obieqtad unda ganvixiloT.

geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, Cvens interess ZiriTadad evropis

centraluri, CrdiloeTi da dasavleT nawili, anu Zveli germanelebisa

da keltebis istoriuli gansaxlebis areali imsaxurebs, Tumca

naSromSi, indoevropeli `xalxebis” migraciebis ganxilvisas, ufro

farTo sivrcezec mogviwevs msjeloba.

vfiqrobT, naSromis am nawilSive unda aRvniSnoT sakvlevi Temis

aqtualobis Sesaxeb. antikuri xanis evropis e.w. `barbarosi” xalxebis

3termins “eTnogenezologia” rusi mkvlevris v. aleqseevis gavleniT viyenebT. Aam terminis gamoyenebiT avtori cdilobs eTnogenezis sakiTxebis Seswavlas

damoukidebeli disciplinis saxe misces (228, 13).


6

Seswavla dRemde bevr sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom isini dRemde berZnul-romauli samyaros CrdilSi arian moqceuli.

maT Sesaxeb Seqmnili naSromebis didi nawili sqematuri xasiaTisaa da

dRemde antikuri stereotipebis mniSvnelovan gavlenas ganicdis(am

sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT Sesavlis meoTxe paragrafSi

vimsjelebT). XX saukunis II naxevarSi es xarvezebi yvelasaTvis naTeli

Seiqmna. Sesabamisad, am kuTxiT Catarebuli kvlevebi Tematurad da

meTodologiurad mniSvnelovnad gamravalferovnda.mniSvnelovnad

Seicvala samecniero paradigma, romlis safuZvelzec manamde antikuri

xanis “barbaros” xalxebs swavlobdnen.vfiqrobT, yovelive amis

gaTvaliswinebiT, `barbarikumis” ori istoriuli sinamdvilis(anu

germaniisa da keltikis) raobisa da genezisis Sesaxeb msjeloba srulad

exmianeba kvlevis Tanamedrove tendenciebs. mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs

rogorc `barbarikumis” Sesaswavlad, ise Zveli periodis eTnikuri

istoriis kvlevis meTodebis dasaxvewad.

amasTan, arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom SedarebiT-istoriuli

meTodis safuZvelze Catarebuli eTnogenetikuri gamokvlevebi mZlavr

ideologiur iaraRs (erTgvar ,,naRms") warmoadgenen, rasac calsaxad

adasturebs is roli, romelic maT (e. i. am tipis kvlevebs) baskoniis,

balkaneTis, afrikis, Sri-lankis da sxva regionis xalxebis

separatistul moZraobaSi uWiravs.

am mxriv gamonakliss arc germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezis

problema warmoadgens. maTi warmomavlobis sakiTxma nacionalisturi

elferi jer kidev humanizmisa da romantizmis epoqaSi SeiZina. es

elferi mas arc Semdgom periodebSi daukargavs. germanelebis

SemTxvevaSi amis sailustraciod, vfiqrobT, XIX saukunis II naxevrisa

da nacional-socialisturi istoriografiis xsenebac sakmarisi iqneba.

keltebis SemTxvevaSi ki unda iTqvas, rom is ideologiuri roli,

romelic britaneTis kelti xalxebis erovnul moZraobas maTi saerTo

warmomavlobis ideam misca, mas dRemde ar daukargavs. Sesabamisad,

Tanamedrove keltologiisTvis aqtualuri bevri problema (magaliTad

`protokelturi” sinamdvilis eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT raobis sakiTxi)

britaneTis politikur cxovrebaze dRemde mniSvnelovan gavlenas


7

axdens.

politikuri da ideologiurimiznebiT eTnogenezis sakiTxebis ase

farTod gamoyenebis erT-erTi mizezi, vfiqrobT, is xarvezebia,

romlebic problemebis Sesaxeb mecnierul msjelobas axasiaTebs.

maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kvlevis Tanamedrove tendenciebis

safuZvelze Catarebul eTnogenetikur kvlevas erTgvari

zogadsakacibrio samSvidobo misiac akisria.

§ 2. wyaroebis mimoxilva

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezis problema

interdisciplinuri kvlevis obieqtia. Sesabamisad, mis Sesaxeb

informacias sxvadasxva mecnierebisa da mecnieruli disciplinis

saSualebiT vRebulobT. maT Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

istoriuli, eTnologiuri, lingvisturi (masTan erTad hidro-

toponimikis, onomastikis, lingvogeografiis, sociolingvistikis) da

arqeologiuri monacemebi imsaxurebs. sakamaToa fizikuri

anTropologiisada folkloristikis mniSvneloba. maT (e.i. sxvadasxva

tipis wyaroebis) Sesaxeb msjeloba gamokvlevis I da II TavebSi

eTnogenezis sakiTxebis kvlevisTvis mniSvnelovani Teoriuli

problemebis analizisas gveqneba. aq ki mxolod werilobiTi wyaroebis

aRnusxviT SemovifarglebiT.

vinaidan, Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis istoriis adreuli etapi

werilobiTi wyaroebis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca, maT warmomavlobaze

msjelobisas antikuri xanis avtorebis Txzulebebs gansakuTrebuli

adgili eTmoba4.

werilobiTi wyaroebis saSualebiT xdeba eTnikuri jgufebis

saxelwodebebis fiqsacia da maTi sacxovrisis geografiuli

lokalizacia. maT garSemo arsebuli stereotipebisa da istoriuli

realobis aRdgena. es ki eTnogenezis sakiTxebze msjelobisas

fasdaudebel informacias warmoadgens. 4winamdebare naSromi, ZiriTadad, antikuri xanis wyaroebis inglisur, frangul da rusul Targmanebs eyrdnoba, Tumca wyaroebis im nawilebis ganxilvisas, romlebsac Cveni kvlevisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, es masala laTinur da berZnul teqstebTanaa Sedarebuli.


8

Tumca, werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebis samecniero mimoqcevaSi

Semotana mxolod maTi kritikuli analizis Semdeg SeiZleba. kerZod,

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi calkeuli garemoebebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv,

konkretuli wyaros, meore mxriv ki - periodis mTeli istoriografiis

tendenciurobas ganapirobebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia,

Tu rodis, vis mier da ra mizniT aris Seqmnili esa Tu is Txzuleba;

meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ is stereotipuli midgomebi, romlebic zogadad

antikur istoriografias axasiaTebs.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom XX saukunis meore naxevarSi Zlier

Seicvala damokidebuleba antikuri xanis avtorebis mimarT. Tuki

manamde maT eTnikur konstruqciebs met-naklebad yvela iziarebda dRes,

zogjer, maT srul araadeqvaturobazec ki miuTiTeben (sakiTxis Sesaxeb

ufro dawvrilebiT me-3 paragrafSi iqneba msjeloba).

werilobiTi tradiciis mqone Zveli msoflios xalxebidan im

geografiul arealTan, romelSic, savaraudod, Zveli germanelebi da

keltebi (an maTi winaprebi) cxovrobdnen,sxvadasxva saxis

interesifinikielebs, karTagenelebs, etruskebs, berZnebsa da romaelebs

akavSirebdaT, Tumca pirveli ori maTganis Canawerebs Cvenamde ar

mouRwevia5, mesamesi (etruskebis) dRemde ar aris gaSifruli, amitom am

`xalxebis” (e.i. keltebisa da germanelebis) Sesaxeb Cveni warmodgena

ZiriTadad berZeni da romaeli avtorebis Canawerebs emyareba.

Tavdapirvelad berZnebs Zalze bundovani warmodgena hqondaT

evropis CrdiloeTiTa da Crdilo-dasavleTiT mcxovrebi xalxebis

Sesaxeb. qveynis am nawils ukavSirdeba miTebi (mag.: hiperboreebze),

romlebis wiaRSic raime saxis istoriuli realobis amocnoba yovlad

SeuZlebelia6.

am regionis eTnikuri jgufebis Sesaxeb met-naklebad damajerebli

5Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT, rom zogierTi berZeni avtoris Txzuleba, sxva wyaroebTan erTad, karTagenul periplebsac eyrdnoba. 6aqve unda iTqvas, rom Zalian logikurad gveCveneba keltebis eTnikur istoriasTan kimerielebis dakavSireba (am sakiTxs IV TavSi detalurad SevexebiT). aqedan gamomdinare kimerielebis Sesaxeb elin avtorebTan daculi kanti-kunti cnobebi CvenTvis did mniSvnelobas iZens. miuxedavad imisa, rom tradiciulad keltologiaSi isini naklebad figurireben.


9

cnobebi berZnebma mxolod mas Semdeg miiRes, rac Zv. w. VII-VI

saukuneebSi safrangeTisa da espaneTis aRmosavleT sanapiroebis

kolonizaciaAdaiwyes. keltebze pirveli cnobebic am droidan

momdinareobs. daaxloebiT Zv.w. 530 wliT TariRdeba anonimuri berZnuli

wyaro, romelic (ramdenime redaqciis Semdeg) ax.w. IV saukuneSi afrikis

prokonsul festus avienusis Txzulebas - ,,Ora maritima"- udevs

safuZvlad. am poemaSi sakmaod damajereblad aris aRwerili xmelTaSua

zRvis dasavleT sanapiroze mcxovrebi tomebis ganlageba. adreuli

periodis avtorebidan aseve yuradRebas imsaxureben hekateos mileteli

da herodote7, Tumca keltebis Sesaxeb maTi cnobebi Zalze mwiria, maTi

mniSvneloba ki araerTgvarovnadaa Sefasebuli.

SedarebiT ufro farTo xasiaTi aqvs Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis berZeni

avtorebis: piTeas masalielis, efores, Teopompes, qsenofontes, ieronime

kardielis, platonis, aristotelesa da sxvaTa cnobebs, ris mizezic am

periodSi keltebis eqspansiis gaZlierebaa. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

qsenofontes cnobebs eqceva, romelSic sicilielebis mokavSire kelti

moqiravneebia naxsenebi, Tumca misi monacemebic (avienusis, hekateosisa

da herodotes msgavsad) fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs. sabednierod,

imaves ver vityviT Zv.w. II-I saukuneebis avtorebis polibiosisa da

gansakuTrebiT,posidoniosis Sesaxeb.

polibiosi ZiriTad yuradRebas keltebis istoriasa da geografias

uTmobs, Tumca mas eTnografiuli xasiaTis cnobebic moepoveba.

posidoniosi ki (romlis Txzulebac polibiosis ,,msoflio istoriis"

gagrZelebas warmoadgens) maTi samyaros TiTqmis yvela aspeqts exeba.

Tanamedrove istorikosebi varaudoben, rom posidoniosis istoriis 23-e

wignSi keltebis (gansakuTrebiT ki maTi yofa-cxovrebis) Sesaxeb

uzarmazari informacia iyo Tavmoyrili, romliTac SemdgomSi e.w.

7saWirod ar migvaCnia gamokvlevis Sesavali nawilis `damZimeba~ antikuri xanis zemoT CamoTvlili avtorebis biografiisa da Semoqmedebis ganxilviT. aq mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs maT Txzulebebs keltebisa da Zveli germanelebis istoriis CvenTvis saintereso periodis Sesaswavlad (keltebis Sesaxeb antikuri xanis avtorebis cnobebi detalurad II Tavis mesame paragrafSia ganxiluli).


10

,,posidoniosis tradiciis" mimdevari avtorebi8: diodore sicilieli,

straboni, iulius keisari, ciceroni, pompenius mela, lukiane samoseli,

plinius ufrosi, svetoniusi, tacitusi, iustine da amiane marceline

sargeblobdnen (201, 177). maT Soris calke aRniSvnis Rirsia iulius

keisari, radgan mis TxzulebaSi keltebze daskvnebi avtoriseul

dakvirvebebsac emyareba; aseve ax. w. II saukunis avtori iustine,

romelic, savaraudod, oqtavius avgustusis xanis gali

istorikosis,pompeus trogusis, cnobebs eyrdnoba.

posidoniosis _ garda àntikur keltologiaSi" vxvdebiT meore,

e.w. àleqsandriul tradicias", romelsac SedarebiT gviandeli

periodis avtorebi: dion qrizostomi, ipolite, diogen laertieli da

polistagore warmoadgenen. keltebis Sesaxeb maTi cnobebi safuZvlad

udevs adreuli periodis eklesiis mamebis: klement aleqsandrielis,

kirilesa da origenes Txzulebebs9 (201, 180). am tradiciis

istorikosebi SedarebiT gviandel wyaroebs eyrdnobian da maT cnobebs

keltebis genezisze msjelobisas didi mniSvneloba ar eniWeba.

aqve unda vTqvaT plutarqesa da titus liviusis Sesaxeb,

romlebic, rogorc Cans, keltebis Sesaxeb informacias zemoTxsenebuli

istorikosebisgan gansxvavebuli wyaroebidan iRebdnen. plutarqe maTze

gaius mariusisa da iulius keisris biografiebSi saubrobs, titus

liviusi ki - Tavisi ìstoriis~ mexuTe wignSi. mas mniSvnelovani

cnobebi moepoveba galebis warmoSobisa da Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebSi maT

mier CatarebulilaSqrobebis Sesaxeb10.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom winamdebare naSromi keltebis Sesaxeb

antikuri eTnikuri konstruqciebis analizs isaxavs da ara maTi mTeli

istoriis rekonstruqcias Cveni yuradRebis centrSi umTavresad is

8anu istorikosebi, romlebis TxzulebebSi keltebis Sesaxeb daculi cnobebi, ZiriTadad, posidoniosis Txzulebidanaa `kopirebuli”. 9unda vaxsenoT wminda ieronimec, romelic cnobasBgvawvdis IV saukuneSi galebisa da mcire aziis galatebis salaparako enis msgavsebis Sesaxeb. es cnoba istoriografiaSi araerTxel gamxdara farTo ganxilvis obieqti. 10Kkeltebs, antikuri periodis bevri sxva mweralic axsenebs, Tumca maTi TxzulebebisTvis wyaros zemoT CamoTvlili avtorebi warmoadgenen.Sesabamisad, keltologiaSi maTi saxelebi naklebad figurirebs.


11

wyaroebi eqceva, romlebsac kelturi sinamdvilis formirebaze

msjelobisas aqvs didi mniSvneloba. aseTTa ricxvSi unda, erTi mxriv

unda movixsenioT avtorebi, romelTa saxelsac keltebis pirveli

moxsenieba ukavSirdeba, meore mxriv ki istorikosebi, romlebic keltur

samyaroSi Zv.w. IV – III saukuneSi mimdinare migraciebs asaxaven.didi

mniSvneloba aqvs iulius keisarsac, romelsac Tavad moaxdina Zireuli

gardatexa keltur samyaros suraTis SeqmnaSi.

werilobiT wyaroebis ganxilvisas aseve SegveZlo gvexsenebina Sua

saukuneebis irlandiuri qronikebi (magaliTad e. w. `migraciaTa wigni”,

sadac Zveli periodis irlandiaSi mimdinare migraciuli procesebia

aRwerili) da samarTlis Zeglebi (rogorc wyaro kelturi

sazogadoebebis struqturis Sesaxeb), Tumca migvaCnia, rom kvlevis

obieqtisgan qronologiurad ase daSorebul meorad wyaroebze

dayrdnoba eTnogenezis sakiTxebze msjelobisas bevrs verafers

mogvcems.

* * * * *

Zveli germanelebis arsebobis Sesaxeb antikuri xanis avtorebma

SedarebiT gvian Seityves. maT mxolod Zv.w. II saukunis miwuruls

SeniSnes, rom isini keltebisgan gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufs

warmoadgendnen. am mxriv pirveli mignebebi posidoniosTan, gaius

krispus salustiusTan da lucius aneus frontinTan gvxvdeba. ufro

sistemur msjelobas ki iulius keisari gvTavazobs, romlis Txzulebac

germanelebis Sesaxeb arsebul wyaroebs Soris erT-erTi saukeTesoa11.

ufro adreuli periodis avtorebigermanelebs ar axseneben, magram

fragmentul cnobebs gvawvdian CrdiloeT evropis Sesaxeb, romelic,

savaraudod, Zveli germanelebis eTnikur teritorias warmoadgenda. maT

Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas Zv.w. IV saukunis mogzauri piTeas

masalieli imsaxurebs. misma Txzulebam Cvenamde polibiosTan,

strabonTan, diodore sicilielTan da sxvebTan daculi eqsceptebis

saxiT moaRwia.

Zveli germanelebis mimarT antikuri xanis avtorebis yuradReba

11Zveli germanelebis Sesaxeb antikuri xanis wyaroebis ufro detaluri ganxilva ix. III Tavis mesame paragrafSi.


12

gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gaizarda, rac maT romaelebTan

farTomasStabian SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi mouxdaT Cabma. Zv. w. I da

ax. w. I saukuneebSi moRvaweobdnen avtorebi, romlebmac Zveli

germanelebis yofis sakmaod srulyofili aRweriloba dagvitoves. maT

Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ukve xsenebul iulius keisarTan

erTad straboni, plinius ufrosi da tacitusi imsaxureben. maTma

Txzulebebma metad mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes germanelebis

Sesaxeb romaelTa warmodgenebis CamoyalibebaSi. maT naSromebs

garkveulwilad avsebs ax. w. II saukunis avtorebis: klaudius

ptolemaiosis, florusis, apianes, elias herodianes, ampeliusis,

dionisius periagetis, arianes, avlus geliusis da sxvebis Txzulebebi

(miuxedavad imisa, rom isini Zveli germanelebis Sesaxeb metad

fragmentul cnobebs Seicaven).

ax. w. III saukunidan germanelebis yofaSi metad mniSvnelovan

eTnikur Zvrebs aqvs adgili. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am da misi

Semdgomi xanis eTnikuri procesebi winamdebare gamokvlevis interesis

sferoSi ar Sedis.

aqve SeiZleboda gvexsenebina ax. w. III-VI saukuneebis zogierTi

avtoris Txzuleba, romlebic Zv. w. I da ax. w. I-II saukuneebis germaniis

Sesaxeb Seicavs informacias. magaliTad, iordanes `getika”, pavle

diakvanis `langobardebis istoria” da sxva. Tumca, vfiqrobT, savsebiT

SegviZlia daveTanxmoT v. gofarts imis Sesaxeb, rom isini wyaros

“xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis epoqisTvis warmoadgenen”da ara ufro Zveli

periodisTvis (102, 42).

imave mizeziT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom CvenTvis naklebi mniSvneloba

aqvs Zveli germanuli eposis (magaliTad, `boevulfisa” da `ufrosi

edis’’ da e.w. `barbarosuli samarTlis” Zeglebis (magaliTad, iseTebis,

rogoricaa salikuri samarTali, alemanuri samarTali, ripuaruli

samarTali da a.S) monacemebs. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom maT garSemo

arsebuli samecniero diskursi advilad SeiZleba ganvazogadoT

mTlianad antikur istoriografiaze.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom naSromi miznad Zveli germanelebis Sesaxeb

antikuri eTnikuri konstruqciebis analizs isaxavs da ara maTi mTeli


13

istoriis rekonstruqcias Cveni yuradRebis centrSi umTavresad is

wyaroebi eqceva, romlebsac germanuli sinamdvilis formirebaze

msjelobisas aqvs didi mniSvneloba. aseTTa ricxvSi, pirvel rigSi

unda, movixsenioT iulius keisari da kornelius tacitusi, romlis

cnobebic stabonisa, gaius veleius paterkulusisa da plinius ufrosis

Txzulebebis fonze unda ganvazogadoT.

§ 3. sakiTxis istoriografia

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis warmomavlobis problemas

sakmaod farTo istoriografia aqvs, romelic sxvadasxva istoriuli

epoqis kuTvnilebas warmoadgens. igi mravalwaxnagovani kvlevis

obieqtia. Tanamedrove mecnierebi mas araerTgvarovnad uyureben.

yovelive amis gamo Zalze Wirs imis gansazRvra, Tu ra SeiZleba

CavTvaloT sakiTxis istoriografiad.

winamdebare paragrafSi daxasiaTebulia keltebisa da germanelebis

siZveleebis Seswavlis etapebi; ganxilulia paradigmuli cvlilebebi,

romlebic sakiTxis istoriografiaSi periodulad xdeboda;

dasaxelebulia Sesabamisi epoqisaTvis aqtualuri Temebi da kvlevis

tendenciebi. Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezis

problemisaTvis mniSvnelovani calkeuli sakiTxebis (magaliTad,

kelturi enebis Seswavlis istoria, germanuli arqeologiis ganviTareba

da sxva) istoriografias ki ufro farTod gamokvlevis im nawilSi

ganvixilavT, sadacamis Tematuri aucilebloba iqneba.

antikur da adreuli Suasaukuneebis evropaSi eTnogenezis sakiTxebi

Tanamedroveobisgan gansxvavebulad esmodaT, Tumca germanul da kelt

tomebze msjelobisas berZeni da romaeli avtorebi did yuradRebas

uTmobdnen maT zepir gadmocemebs, migraciebs, erTmaneTTan mimarTebas,

geografiul lokalizebas da sxva sakiTxebs, rac maT germanelebisa da

keltebis genezisiT dainteresebaSi SegviZlia CamovarTvaT.

genezisis sakuTari versiebi Tavad antikuri xanis germanul da

keltur tomebsac hqondaT, magram maT Cvenamde imdenad saxecvlili

formiT moaRwies, rom xSirad Zneli gasarCevia antikuri periodis

avtorebis TxzulebebSi dafiqsirebuli hipoTezebi CvenTvis saintereso


14

xalxis sinamdvilidan momdinareobs, Tu berZen-romaeli avtorebis

logikur daskvnebs emyareba.

keltebis SemTxvevaSi ori aseTi versia mogvepoveba. pirveli maTgani

titus liviusis, meore kiamiane marcelines TxzulebaSia daculi.

liviusis mixedviT, keltebi safrangeTis CrdiloeT nawilidan

momdinareoben (10, 109), marcelines mixedviT ki _ CrdiloeTi zRvis

kunZulebidan (48, 298). gvaqvs, aseve, ufro miTologiuri Sinaarsis

versiebi, romlebsac antikuri avtorebi (magaliTad, diodore

sicilieli) da Sua saukuneebis irlandiuri Txzulebebi (magaliTad, e.w.

,,migraciaTa wigni”) gvTavazoben (am versiebis ufro detaluri ganxilva

ix. II Tavis mesame paragrafSi).

Zveli germanelebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb antikur samyaroSi azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba ar arsebobda. am mxriv, Camoyalibebul versias tacitusi

gvawvdis. igi xazs usvams germaniis klimaturi pirobebis simkacres da

am xalxs avtoqton mosaxleobad Tvlis (8, 39). imave tacituss daculi

aqvs, savaraudod, Tavad germanuli sinamdvilidan momdinare cnoba

RmerT tuistonis, mis Svil manisa da misgan momavali eponimebis

Sesaxeb, romlebmac saTave msxvil germanul gaerTianebebs: ermionebs,

ingveonebsa da istveonebs daudes (8, 40). maTi istoriis adreuli etapis

Sesaxeb SedarebiT meti informacia moipoveba gvianantikuri da

adreSuasaukuneebis xanis im avtorebis TxzulebebSi, romlebic

konkretul tomebs, magaliTad, goTebs (iordane), langobardebs (pavle

diakvani) da sxva. Seexeba, Tumca aq calkeuli germanikuli eTnikuri

jgufebis genezisze vxvdebiT msjelobas da ara mTlianad Zvelgermanul

sinamdvileze.

adreul da ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi germanelebisa da

keltebissiZveleebisadmi interesi sagrZnoblad Senelda12. Zveli

germanelebis saxeli SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daviwyebasac ki mieca.

CrdiloeT evropaSi arsebul arqologiur artefaqtebs (magaliTad,

12Tumca, am mxriv galdfrid monmauTeli da jerald kambreeli rig SemTxvevebSi sakmaod saintereso daskvnebs gvTavazoben. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom ZiriTadad swored Sua saukuneebSi iqmneba irlandiuri literatura, romelsac kelturi sinamdvilis SeswavlisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs.


15

megaliTur samarxebs), am periodis istorikosebic ki (magaliTad saqson

gramatikosi) demonebis Semoqmedebad ganixilavdnen da ara istoriis

nawilad (205, 199). Tumca, humanizmisa da romantizmis epoqaSi, am mxriv,

mdgomareoba sasikeTod Seicvala. am periodidan TandaTan eyreba

safuZveli germanelebisa da keltebis genezisis sakiTxis mecnierul

Seswavlas. am periodidan sakiTxis istoriografia, vfiqrobT, SegviZlia

Semdeg ZiriTad etapebad davyoT:

1) XV saukunidan XVIII saukunis miwurulamde periodi;

2) XIX saukunis dasawyisidan XIX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebamde

periodi;

3) XIX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebidan meore msoflio omamde periodi;

4) periodi, romelic XX saukunis 60-70 - iani wlebidan iwyeba da

dremde grZeldeba.

pirveli etapi humanizmis, reformaciis, ganmanaTleblobisa da

romantizmis epoqebs ukavSirdeba. am periodSi germanelebisa da

keltebis warmomavlobis Seswavla nacionalistur mosazrebebTan iyo

dakavSirebuli.

am process saTave 1451 wels hersfildis monasterSi tacitusis

Txzuleba “germaniis” aRmoCenam daudo. misi wyalobiT, manamde

praqtikulad daviwyebuli Zveli germanelebi farTo Seswavlis obieqtad

iqcnen. amave periodSi Seiqmna Txzulebebi, romlebic SegviZlia Zveli

germanelebis eTnogenezis problemis Seswavlis saTaveebTan davayenoT.

magaliTad, luTeris TanamebrZolma filipe melanqtonma Seiswavla

tacitusTan moxseniebuli germanuli tomebis ganlageba, filipe

kliuverma ki 1616 wels scada Seekriba Zveli germanelebis Sesaxeb

antikuri xanis avtorebTan daculi yvela cnobisTvis (205, 202).

germanelebis Temis win wamowevam antikuri xanis sxva barbarosi

xalxebis (keltebis, skviTebis, dako-getebis da sxva) Temis

aqtualizebac gamoiwvia. Sesabamisad, amave periodidan iRebs saTaves

diskusia antikur wyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli calkeuli tomebis eTnikuri

kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb.amis sailustraciod frankebis warmomavlobis

garSemo arsebuli diskusia gamodgeba.

XV-XVI saukuneebSi saeklesio dokumentebSi moxseniebuli


16

administraciuli erTeulebis: galiisa da germaniis gvianSuasaukuneebis

safrangeTTan da germaniasTan gaigivebis tendencia arsebobda. am fonze

ki frankebis galuri, germanuli, Tu romauli sinamdvilisadmi

mikuTvneba principuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxiiyo. frankebis galebTan

gaigivebis Teorias icavdnen: etien paskvieri, odiJieri da sxva

humanistebi. maSin, roca Jan danieli, Jan de tile da sxvebi maTi

germanelebad miCnevisaken miiswrafodnen (212, 79).

kelturi siZveleebiT daiinteresebam sayovelTao xasiaTi XVIII

saukuneSi miiRo. am process saTave, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom alan ramseim

da jeims makfersonma daudes.gansakuTrebiT didia am ukanasknelis

wvlili. Mismier 1761-1763 wlebSi gamoqveynebulma kelti bardis osianis

poemebma da maT garSemo gaCenilma diskursma keltur samyaros

sayovelTao aRiareba moutana (54, 124). amave periodidan

vxvdebiTantikuri xanis keltebis Tanamedrove irlandielebTan,

uelselebTan, bretonelebTan da sxva kelturi enobrivi ojaxis

Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebTan dakavSirebis mcdelobebs. es idea

gansakuTrebulad popularuli XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi Seiqmna. igi

ingliselebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli britaneTis kelti xalxebis xelSi

mZlavr ideologiur iaraRad iqca.

reformaciis, humanizmisa da ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi Zveli

germanelebisa da keltebis Seswavla sxva mimarTulebiTac warimarTa.

kerZod, XVI saukunidan daiwyo arqeologiuri artefaqtebis mogroveba,

XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi, ki TandaTan Camoyalibda enobrivi

naTesaobis koncefcia da am kuTxiT rigi evropeli xalxebis siZveleebi

erTmaneTs daukavSirda. TandaTan gamoikveTa germanikuli da kelturi

enobrivi ojaxis arsebobis idea (kelturi da germanikuli enebis

Seswavlis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix. II Tavis pirvel da III Tavis

pirvel paragrafebSi).

daskvnis saxiT, unda iTqvas, rom I periodSi keltebisa da Zveli

germanelebis siZveleebis Seswavlis kuTxiT gamokveTili yvela

tendencia XIX saukuneSi kvlevis mimarTulebad iqca.

II periodi indoevropeistikisada werilobiTi wyaroebis

kritikulad Seswavlis principebis CamoyalibebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.


17

1786 wels indoeTSi moRvawe ingliselma mosamarTlem u. jonsma evropis

xalxebis enebsa da vedur sanskriTs Soris bevri msgavseba SeniSna,

romelTa axsnac man am enebze mosaubre xalxebis saerTo warmomavlobiT

scada (173, 20). am aRmoCenam evropuli sazogadoeba didad daainteresa

da mTel rig novaciebs daudo saTave. Tavad u. jonsi Tavis mosazrebebs

mecnieruli daskvnebiT ar amyarebda, amitom igi SedarebiT-

_istoriuli meTodis fuZemdeblad ver CaiTvleba, Tumca misma ideebma

enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebaze udidesi gavlena moaxdina.

komparativistika mkacr samecniero disciplinad XIX saukunis 10-ian

wlebSi Camoyalibda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi kvlevis lingvisturi meTodebis

daxvewa, ZiriTadad, swored germanikuli enebis Seswavlis safuZvelze

xdeboda. am mxriv, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba f. bopis, r. raskis, i. da

v. grimebis naSromebs eniWeba.

komparativistikis kuTxiT kelturi enebis kompleqsuri Seswavla

mxolod XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi daiwyo. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba hqonda k. ceisis naSroms - “kelturi gramatika” da f.

Bbopis wigns - ,,kulturuli enebi SedarebiTi lingvistikis

TvalsazrisiT" (251, 16).

II periodidan, aseve, farTo xasiaTi mieca antikuri (da ara mxolod

antikuri) periodidan momdinare werilobiTi wyaroebis kritikul

Seswavlas. am kuTxiT pirveli nabijebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jer

kidev humanizmis epoqaSi gadaidga, Tumca, istoriuli kvlevis meTodebi

leopold fon rankes ZalisxmeviT mxolod XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda.

am mxriv gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba T. momzens, b. niburs, k.

miulers, g. vaics da sxva istorikosebs miuZRviT. maT keltebisa da

germanelebis warsulis amsaxveli araerTi nawarmoebi gamosces, riTac,

faqtobrivad, wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza Seiqmna, romelsac am xalxis

warmomavlobaze msjelobisas istoriuli mecniereba dRemde eyrdnoba.

daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom evropaSi nacionalizmis

ganviTarebam, II periodSi, Zalze pozitiuri gavlena moaxdina Zveli

germanelebisa da keltebis siZveleebis Seswavlaze. maTi warmomavlebis

Sesaxeb am periodSi dagrovili enobrivi, arqeologiuri da istoriuli


18

masala XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

dRemde popularuli samecniero konstruqtebis Camoyalibebis safuZveli

gaxda.

III periodis dasawyisi XIX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis novaciebTanaa

dakavSirebuli. am droidan germanuli da kelturi siZveleebi

kompleqsuri Seswavlis obietad iqca. Camoyalibda kvlevis

interdisciplinuri tradicia, romlis farglebSic indoevropeistika da

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezis problema mWidrod

daukavSirda erTmaneTs.

popularuli gaxda a. Slaixeris lingvisturi Teoria, romlis

farglebSic indoevropuli enebis divergaciis modeli “genealogiuri

xis” saxiT iyo warmodgenili. mis farglebSi gamoiyofoda

“protogermanikuli”, “protokelturi”, “protoitaliur-kelturi” da

sxva msgavsi lingvisturi konstruqtebi; Semdeg ki iwyeboda maTi

Sesabamisi arqeologiuri da fizikur-anTropologiuri monacemebis

Zieba.

Kkvlevis amgvari modelis warmatebulobas xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom

swored am periodis arqeologiaSi damkvidrda “arqeologiuri

kulturis” cneba da “migraciul-difuzionisturi modeli”, romlis

farglebSic evropuli preistoria sxvadasxva warmoSobis “xalxebis”

(tomebis) permanentuli migraciebis asparezad warmoCnda.

arqeologiaSi amgvari midgomis damkvidreba germaneli mkvlevris g.

kosinas saxels ukavSirdeba. mis ganviTarebaSi ki mniSvnelovani wvlili

miuZRvis gordon Cailds. swored amitom arqeologebi zemoT aRweril

formalur-tipologiur midgomebs, zogjer “kosina-Caildis” modelis

saxeliT ixsenieben.

“difuzionistur-migraciuli” midgomebis warmatebulobas am

periodis eTnologiaSi damkvidrebuli xedvac uwyobda xels. kerZod, l.

morganisa da e. tailoris TxzulebaTa gavleniT am periodis

anTropologiaSi farTod damkvidrda tomis cneba, romelic

preistoriuli epoqis umTavres socialur ujredad gamocxadda.

vfiqrobT ar aris gadaWarbebuli v. pPolis mosazreba, romelic

acxadebs, rom am periodSi “tomebi”erTgvar “mininaciebad” ganixileboda


19

(169, 19).

sainteresoa, rom ukve XIX saukunis meore da XX saukunis pirvel

naxevarSive arsebobda koncefciebi, romlebic kvlevis zemoT aRweril

models naklebad Seesabameboda. magaliTad, lingvistikaSi figurirebda

i. Smidtis “talRebis Teoria”, romelic “protoenebis” formirebis

process a. Slaixeris genealogiuri xis Teoriisgan gansxvavebulad

warmoaCenda; amave periodSi gamoiTqmoda skefsisebi Zvel germanelebsa

da keltebs Soris arsebuli realuri gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb (205, 102) da

sxva. Tumca, eTnogenetikur kvlevebSi maT praqtikulad ar

iTvaliswinebdnen.

amis mizezi albaT isaa, rom zemoT aRwerili kvlevis modeli

kargad ewereboda XIX da XX saukunis pirveli naxevris evropis

politikur-ideologiur struqturaSi. magaliTad, Zalian komfortuli

Canda mdinare rainis eTnikur wyalgamyofad gamocxadeba; fizikur-

anTropoligiuri da arqeologiuri monacemebiT rasistuli

Sexedulebebis argumentireba da sxva.

am periodSi Zveli germanelebis Sesaxeb yvelaze ufro

farTomasStabiani gamokvlevebis avtorebi f. dani, h. zibeli da l.

Smidti arian. maT TxzulebebSi TiTqmis yvela antikuri wyaros

monacemia gaanalizebuli. keltebis adreuli istoria ki f. de kulanJis,

d. de Jubenvilis, k. Julianis, a. uberis monografiebSia asaxuli. maTma

gamokvlevebma germanistikasa da keltologiaSi kvlevis Taviseburi

tradicia Seqmnes, romlis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe germanelebisa da

keltebis eTnogenezis sakiTxebis kvleva yovlad SeuZlebelia.

aqve unda vTqvaT medievisti mkvlevrebis Sesaxeb, romlebic keisrisa

da tacitusis epoqis `barbarikumSi” arsebuli socialuri institutebis

SeswavliT iyvnen dakavebuli, magaliTad: p. roti, v. vitixi, g. maureri,

r. zomi da sxva.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis kvlevis

istoriografiaSi axali, IV periodi, daiwyo. am etapze TandaTan

icvleba samecniero paradigma, romelsac XIX da XX saukunis pirveli

naxevris avtorebi eyrdnobodnen. arqeologiasa da anTropologiaSi

hiperkritikosebisa (g. danieli, s. pigo) da neoarqeologebis (l.


20

bindorfi, a. spouldingi, j. vudoli da sxva) asparezze gamosvlasTan

erTad gaizarda undobloba kvlevis tradiciuli postulatebis

(magaliTad arqeologiuri kulturis cnebisa da migraciuli sqemebis

mimarT); TiTqmis saerTod gaqra fizikur-anTropologiuri argumentacia,

Tumca XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan sagrZnoblad gaizarda

molekularuli biologiis mniSvneloba. lingvistikis Semdgomi

ganviTarebis gamo, gaizarda skefsisi tradiciuli enaTmecnieruli

postulatebis, magaliTad, a. Sleixeris ,,genealogiuri xis" Teoriisa da

`protoenis” cnebis mimarT. istoriul mecnierebaSi ki ufro SesamCnevi

gaxda antikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis avtorebis eTnikuri

konstruqciebis mimarT skeptikuri damokidebuleba. TanamedroveobaSi

sul ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba maTi TvalTaxedvis mecnierul

gamokvlevebSi translacia, rac adre sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlena

iyo. aRniSvnis Rirsia isic, rom sakmaod gaizarda eTnologiis

mniSvneloba.

yovelive amis fonze sadiskusio gaxda iseTi problemebi,

romlebic adre TiTqmis calsaxad gadawyvetilad iTvleboda.

magaliTad: dasavleT evropaSi keltur enebze mosaubre xalxebis

araavtoqtonoba; antikuri xanis kelturi sazogadoebis wiaRSi

TviTidentificirebis saerTo saSualebebis arseboba; Zv. w. II-I

saukuneebSi germanikul enebze mosaubre xalxebis gansaxlebis arealis

lokalizeba da sxva. mniSvnelovnad Seicvala sakvlevi kiTxvebis

bunebac, rasac, rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavs k. renfriu, bolo dros

gamocemuli wignebis saTaurebic adasturebs. ingliseli mkvlevris

dakvirvebiT, ukanasknel wlebSi sul ufro naklebad gamodis wignebi

iseTi saTaurebiT, rogoricaa^,,berZnebis mosvla balkaneTze",

,,preistoriuli migraciebi evropaSi" da a.S (173, 3).samagierod, sul

ufro xSirad iwereba Txzulebebi, romlis saTauria “vin iyvnen

keltebi?”

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare diskusiis obieqti gaxda

eTnogenetikuri kvlevis meTodebi. kerZod, gadaisinja zemoT aRwerili

samecniero paradigma, romlis farglebSic antikur eTnikur

konstruqciebs, arqeologiur kulturebsa da lingvistur cnebebs Soris


21

xdeboda Sesatyvisobebis Zieba. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi sul ufro metad

gaurbian interdisciplinur midgomebs da cdiloben erTi mecnierebis

farglebSi CaRrmavebuli kvleviT Semoifarglon.

keltologiaSi es cvlilebebi gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gaxda

SesamCnevi, rac erTi mxriv a. tovarisa da m. leJenis ZalisxmeviT

leponturi da kelt-iberuli warwerebis kelturi buneba dadginda,

meore mxriv ki, postmodernul stilSi (ZiriTadad ingliseli avtorebis

mier), keltur siZvleebTan dakaSirebuli cnebebis dekonstruqcia

daiwyo. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs k. renfrius,

m. Cepmenis, b. kanlifis da sxvaTa Semoqmedebas, romlebmac kelturi

siZveleebis kvlevis axleburi tradicia daamkvidres, romlis garSemo

dRemde mimdinareobs diskusiebi.

Zveli germanelebis eTnikuri istoriisa da eTnogenezis sakiTxebis

Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT gardatexa ramdenime naSromTanaa

dakavSirebuli. kerZod, 1961 wels gamoica r. venskusis naSromi

“tomobrivi formacia da konstruqcia, romelmac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

axal diskurss daudo saTave, romlic farglebSic Zveli germanelebis

eTno-socialuri istoriis Seswavla dRemde mimdinareobs. XX saukunis

60-80 ian wlebSi misi naSromebi araerTxel gaakritikes da axali

debulebebiT Seavses h. volframma, v. gofartma, v. polma, p. emorim da

sxva avtorebma. farTo rezonansi hqonda aseve r. haxmanis, g. kosakisa da

g. kunis Txzulebas “germanelebsa da keltebs Soris mcxovrebi

xalxebi”.

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi, XX saukunis pirveli naxevris

avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT, did yuradRebas uTmoben calkeuli tomebis

Sesaxeb werilobiTi tradiciis Seswavlas, eTnogenezis sakiTxisaTvis

mniSvnelovani eTnologiuri kategoriebis damuSavebas, es ki

eTnogenetikur kvlevebs ufro damajerebels xdis da Tanamedrove

istoriografiis antikuri stereotipebisgan gaTavisuflebas uwyobs

xels.vfiqrobT, siaxleebi, romlebic h. volframis da misi

winamorbedebis gamokvlevebma goTebis problemis kvlevaSi Seitana imis

simbolur magaliTad SeiZleba gamodges, Tu ra saxiT transformirdeba

eTnogenetikuri kvlevebi masSi kvlevis Tanamedrove tendenciebis


22

gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi. h. volframis TxzulebebSi warmodgenili

goTebis eTnikuri istoria aRarafriT mogvagonebsiordanes narativs,

romelic istoriografiaSi l. Smidtis gavleniT samecniero

konstruqtus saxiT damkvidrda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq terminma

“eTnogenezmac” axleburi konotacia SeiZina (sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro

dawvrilebiT ix. III Tavis mesame paragrafSi). @

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove istorikosebisa da

arqeologebis yuradRebis centrSi ZiriTadad gvianantikuri xana

moeqca.Zv.w. I da ax.w. I-II saukuneebi ki (romelic XIX saukunis meore da

XX saukunis pirveli naxevris mkvlevrebis sayvarel Temas

warmoadgenda) SedarebiT CrdilSi moeqca. amis mizezi albaT isaa, rom

“xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis” epoqis “barbarikumis” Sesaxeb SedarebiT

meti werilobiTi wyaro mogvepoveba. miuxedavad amisa, zemoT xsenebuli

naSromebi Tavisuflad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT CvenTvis saintereso

sakiTxis istoriografias. vinaidan, “barbarosuli” evropis

eTnosocialuri istoriis Seswavlis ganviTareba swored maTi wyalobiT

moxda. winamdebare naSromi miznad swored kvlevis Tanamedrove

tendenciebis Zv.w. VI – III (keltebis SemTxvevaSi) da Zv.w. I – ax.w. I-II

(Zveli germanelebis SemTxvevaSi) saukuneebze ganzogadebas isaxavs.

§ 4. kvlevis meTodebi

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezis problemis

istoriografiis analizisas, vfiqrobT, kargad gamoCnda sakiTxis

kompleqsuroba da mravalwaxnagovneba. misi Seswavla mravali

mecnierebisa da mecnieruli disciplinis amocanaa, romlebis

monacemebic iSviaTad iZleva sinqronuli daskvnebis gakeTebis

saSualebas. es ki eTnogenezis sakiTxebis kvlevis meTodebs

disciplinaTSorisi diskusiis obieqtad aqcevs. marTalia, sakiTxis

kompleqsurad Seswavlis aucileblobas TiTqmis yvela aRiarebs, magram,

realurad, eTnogenezis sakiTxebis amsaxveli naSromebis umravlesoba

aqcents mxolod istoriis (romelic, ZiriTadad, werilobiTi wyaroebis

monacemebis analizTan igivdeba), arqeologiis an ligvistikis

safuZvelze gakeTebul daskvnebze akeTebs, danarCeni disciplinebis


23

monacemebs ki - calsaxad meorexarisxovan mniSvnelobas aniWebs. es,

bunebrivia, istoriuli sinamdvilis gamovlenas xels uSlis. yovelive

amas mivyavarT kvlevis e.w. `Sereuli meTodamde”, romlis CarCoebSic

avtori Tavisi hipoTezis sxvadasxva nawilis gasaSuqeblad rigrigobiT

eyrdnoba sxvadasxva mecnierebis monacemebs. Tuki misi TeoriisaTvis

sakmarisi argumentebi lingvistakas ar moepoveba, mimarTavs

arqeologias; sadac arqeologia uZluria _ werilobiT wyaroebs da a.S.

aseT dros ki nebsiT Tu uneblieT xdeba im argumentebis miCumaTeba,

romlebic avtoriseuli hipoTezis sasargeblod ar metyvelebs.

kvlevis aseTi meTodi ar gaiziara XX saukunis cnobilma

germanelma istorikosma r. haxmanma, romelmac sakiTxis Seswavlis

originaluri xerxic SemogvTavaza. misi azriT, eTnogenetikuri

kvlevisas mkvlevari valdebulia izolirebulad ganixilos misTvis

saintereso sakiTxis amsaxveli enaTmecnieruli, arqeologiuri da

istoriuli monacemebi da mxolod amis Semdeg scados maTi ganzogadeba

(109, 22).

vfiqrobT, kvlevis aseT meTods didi upiratesoba gaaCnia. misi

wyalobiT namdvilad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes damajerebeli

disciplinaTSorisi sinTezi, romelic `eTnogenezologias”Ease

sWirdeba. winamdebare naSromi Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis

eTnogenezis problemis Sesaxeb kvlevis swored aseT WrilSi Catarebis

mcdelobas warmoadgens13.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom didi mniSvneloba aqvs imis gansazRvras, Tu

romel samecniero paradigmas aniWebs upiratesobas avtori, romelic

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis siZveleebis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad.

Tuki igi deklarirebulad ar endoba XIX saukunis meore da XX

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi samecniero konstruqts, romelic sakiTxis

13meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT aseve rTulad gveCveneba sakvlevi

problemisaTvis mniSvnelovani qvesakiTxebis seleqcia. vinaidan dRes ukve Zalian Wirs

sakiTxis Seswavlis homogenur tradiciaze msjeloba, winamdebare naSromSi Cven

SevecadeT sxvadasxva epoqisTvis aqtualur garkveuli istoriografiis mqone yvela

sakiTxs SevxebodiT.im konteqstSi mainc, rom aRgveniSna, Tu ratom ugulebelvyofT

zogierT maTgans.


24

lingvisturi, arqeologiuri, istoriuli da fizikur-anTropologiuri

monacemebis sinTezis safuZvelze Seswavlas gulisxobs, bunebrivia,

keltebisa da germanelebis eTnogenezsa, Tu eTnikur istoriaze

msjelobisas misi sakvlevi kiTxvebi da aqcentebi gansxvavebuli iqneba.

kerZod, mis TxzulebaSi naklebad iqneba adgili iseTi cnebiTi

kategoriebisTvis rogoricaa arqeologiuri kultura, “protoena” da

Tundac Tavad Zveli germanelebi an keltebi. ase xdeba kidec bevri

Tanamedrove mkvlevris (magaliTad, v. gofartis, h. volframis, i. vudis,

v. polisa da sxvaTa) SemoqmedebaSi.

winamdebare naSromi XIX saukunis meore da XX saukunis pirvel

naxevarSi gavrcelebuli paradigmebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis

mcdelobas warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare CvenTvis orive tipis

sakvlevi kiTxvebia mniSvnelovani. kerZod sainteresoa isic Tu:

1) ra obieqturi realoba imaleba antikuri xanis avtorebis mier

`keltikad~ da `germaniad~ saxeldebuli istoriuli sinamdvileebis

miRma;

2) rodis da rogor moxda maTi (e.i. am istoriuli sinamdvileebis)

formireba;

3) ra mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan am `xalxebis” saxelebTan

gaigivebuli lingvisturi sqemebi, arqeologiuri artefaqtebis seria,

eTnonimebi da xmelTaSuazRvispireli avtorebis TxzulebebSi daculi

istoriul-eTnografiuli cnobebi.

aseve sainteresoa, Tu:

1) rogor xdeboda berZnuli da romauli eTnikuri konstruqciebis

formireba;

2) ra roli hqonda sazRvrebs eTnikuri identobis formirebaSi;

3) rogori iyo Tavad “barbarikumSi” arsebuli identobis

saSualebebi;

4) ra gavlenas axdenda “barbarikumis” mosaxleobaze

xmelTaSuazRvispireli avtorebis eTnikuri konstruqciebi da sxva.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT Cveni mizania erTi mxriv vaCvenoT Tu

rogor Camoyalibda da rogori iyo antikuri xanis kelturi da

germanuli samyaros habitusi,meore mxriv ki - ra kanonzomierebebis


25

safuZvelze ganicdida igi cvalebadobas. es cvalebadoba naSromSi,

keltebis SemTxvevaSi IV-III saukuneebis kataklizmebis, germanelebis

SemTxvevaSi ki keisrisa da tacitusis epoqebs Soris momxdari

transformaciebis fonze iqneba warmoCenili.


26

I Tavi

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezis problemis

preistoriuli foni

§ 1. naSromis konstruqcia

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis (iseve, rogorc antikuri xanis

sxva `barbarosi” xalxebis) eTnikuri istoriissakiTxebze msjeloba bevr

sirTulesTanaadakavSirebuli. am mxriv arsebuli problemebi, vfiqrobT,

SegviZlia or jgufad gavyoT:

1. pirvel SemTxvevaSi problemaa Sesaswavli sakiTxis arsis

mkafiod gansazRvra. saqme isaa, rom arc antikuri xanis da arc

Tanamedrove istoriografia zust pasuxs ar gvaZlevs kiTxvaze, Tu ra

unda vigulisxmoT Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis cnebis qveS. maTi

saxiT SesaZloa saqme gvqondes:

a) eTnikur jgufebTan;

b) terminebTan, romlebic TavianTi SinaarsiT ufro toponimebs

warmoadgendnen;

g) antikuri xanis avtorebis, an sulac Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis

mier postulirebul cnebebTan, romlebsac realuri istoriuli

Sesatyvisoba arasodes gaaCndaT;

d) istoriul-kulturul realobasTan, romelsac Tavisi

originaluri habitusi hqonda, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi Semqneli

adamianebi TavianT erTobas ver acnobierebdnen.

am `gaurkvevlobam” ki, SesaZlebelia, masalis ganzogadebisas

mkvlevari mcdari mimarTulebiT waiyvanos. magaliTad, SesaZloa,

diskusiis obieqtadiqces sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad gvaqvs naSromSi

indoevropeistikis sakiTxebis CarTvis saWiroeba; ramdenad

mizanSewonilia msjeloba zogadad germanikul da keltur sinamdvileze

da ara romelime konkretul tomze da sxva.


27

2. arsebobs meTodologiuri xasiaTis problemebic. isini

ZiriTadad lingvistikis, arqeologiis, istoriis, fizikuri

anTropologiisa da sxva mecnierebebis monacemebis

urTierTdakavSirebisas da maTi istoriuli interpretaciisas iqmneba.

amis gamo, dRis wesrigSi dgeba mTeli rigi Teoriuli problemebis

ganxilva, romelTa mimarT samecniero wreebSi erTgvarovani

damokidebuleba ar arsebobs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, Zalze

problematuria Semdeg Teoriul sakiTxebze msjeloba:

a) ra aris „protoena”? ra istoriuli realoba unda davinaxoT mis

wiaRSi?

b) ra aris arqeologiuri kultura? ramdenad mizanSewonilia am

cnebis eTnikuriistoriis kvlevisas gamoyeneba?

g) ra SeiZleba iyos arqeologiuri kulturis wiaRSi mimdinare

cvlilebebis mizezi?

d) ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTdebda CvenTvis saintereso

istoriuli periodis eTno-socialur procesebs?

e) ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli eTnogenezis sakiTxebze

msjelobisas lingvistikis, arqeologiisa da istoria-eTnologiis

monacemebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba?

v) ra mniSvneloba aqvs eTnikur istoriaze msjelobisas fizikuri

anTropologiis monacemebs?

z) ra istoriuli realოba moiazreba antikuri eTnikuri

konstruqciebis (magaliTad, germania, keltika da sxva) qveS?

am sakiTxebis mimarT, vfiqrobT, sakiTxis mkvlevars mkafio

pozicia unda hqondes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi eTnogenetikuri kvleva

SesaZloa araTanmimdevruli gamodges.

aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom sakvlevi obieqtebis

mravalwaxnagovneba naSromis konstruqciulad awyobasac arTulebs.

winamdebare kvleva Semdeg formatSia warmodgenili.

gamokvlevis I TavSi msjeloba indoevropul enobriv ojaxSi

kelturi da germanikuli enebis adgilsa da evropis `indoevropizaciis”

procesze gveqneba. II da III Tavebi maTi (e.i. Zveli germanelebisa da

keltebis) eTnogenezis sakiTxisTvis mniSvnelovani lingvisturi,


28

arqeologiuri da istoriul-eTnografiuli monacemebis izolirebul

ganxilvas daeTmoba.aqve (e.i. II da III TavebSi), Tematuri principis

gaTvaliswinebiT `eTnogenezologiis” sakiTxebisTvis aqtualur

zemoTCamoTvlil Teoriul problemebsac SevexebiT. IV TavSi ki

zemoTganxilul masalebsa da maT safuZvelze gakeTebul daskvnebs

Zveli germanuli da kelturi sinamdvileebis raobisa da genezisis

Sesaxeb mwyobri versiebis Camosayalibeblad gamoviyenebT.

§2. indoevropeistika da Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis

eTnogenezis problema

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnikuri istoriis adreuli

etapebi e. w. `protoindoevropul” siZveleebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

Sesabamisad, istoriografiaSi keltebisa da germanelebis genezisze

msjelobas fonad xSirad evropis `indoevropeizaciis” procesze

saubari gasdevs. zogjer am saxelwodebiTgaerTianebuli kvlevebi

amgvari msjelobiT Semoifargleba kidec. kvlevis aseT tradicias

safuZveli XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi

Caeyara. indoeTSi moRvawe ingliseli mosamarTle u. jonsi pirveli iyo,

vinc indoevropuli enobrivi ojaxis arsebobis Sesaxeb hipoTeza

gamoTqva (173, 12). misi hipoTezebi ki XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi f.

bopis, r. raskisa da sxva mkvlevarTa mecnieruli daskvnebiT gamyarda.

amasTan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, XIX saukunis meore da XX saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi mniSvnelovnad waiwia win evropis arqeologiurma

Sesawavlam. Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda eTnogenezis sakiTxebis kvlevis

sakmaod myari tradicia. kerZod: SedarebiTi lingvistikis safuZvelze

xdeboda, magaliTad, `protoindoevropulis”, `protoitaliur-kelturis”

da sxva msgavsi realobebis postulireba, romlebic TiTqmis wyaroebSi

fiqsirebuli eTnikuri jgufebis tolfard cnebebad ganixileboda.

Zalze xSirad maTTan fizikuri anTropologiuri niSnebisa da

arqeologiuri artefaqtebis gaigivebac xdeboda.

XX saukunis II naxevarSi mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am periodSi farTo xasiaTi mieca

lingvisturi da arqeologiuri monacemebis axlebur istoriul


29

interpretacias. seriozuli ganxilvis sagnadiqca lingvisturi

postulatebiTa da arqeologiis monacemebiT eTnikuri istoriis kvlevis

meTodebi14. yovelive aman ki gviCvena, rom XX saukunis I naxevarSi

damkvidrebuli kvlevis tradicia sakmaod sqematur xasiaTs atarebda da

misi istoriuli interpretacia bevr sirTulesTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

aseT fonze bevrma mkvlevarma saerTod uari ganacxada

indoevropeistikis problemebis kvlevaze. samecniero paradigmebis

aRreviT gamowveuli sirTuleebi dRes e. w. `barbarosuli”

sinamdvileebis mkvlevarebisTvis erT-erTi umTavresi gamowvevaa.

yovelive zemoTqmuli, ra Tqma unda, Cvens winaSec aCens kiTxvas.

ramdenad aris Tanamedrove etapze Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis

eTnogenezze saubrisas aucilebeli indoevropeistikis problemebze

msjeloba? am kiTxvaze Cveni pasuxi Sualeduri xasiaTis iqneba.

vfiqrobT, rom indovropieistikis sakiTxebis ganxilvaze Cven uari

ramdenime mizezis gamo ar unda vTqvaT:

1. es (anu indoevropeistikis) sakiTxebi TiTqmis erTaderTia,

romelic im eTno-lingvisturi ujredebis Sesaxeb msjelobis

saSualebas iZleva, romlis safuZvelzec Zveli germanuli da kelturi

istoriuli sinamdvile Camoyalibda;

2. istoriografiaSi, tradiciulad, Zveli germanelebisa da

keltebis eTnogenezze msjelobisas (Tuki saubaria germaniis, keltikis,

da ara romelime tomis eTnikuri istoriis romelime epizodze)

indoevropeistikis sakiTxebs mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. Sesabamisad,

eTnogenezis sakiTxebTandakavSirebuli Teoriuli problemebis

analizisas mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tumca kargad unda gvaxsovdes,

rom indoevropeistikis sakiTxebze saubrisas yovelTvis calke unda

gamovyoT sakiTxi mis ukan arsebuli istoriuli realobis Sesaxeb.

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezis problemaze

msjelobisas did mniSvnelobas iZens indoevropeistikuli profilis

Semdegi sakiTxebi:

14bevri mkvlevari aseTi sqematizmis Tavidan acilebas jer kidev XX saukunis I naxevarSi cdilobda.


30

a) ra adgili uWiravT germanikul da keltur enebs indoevropul

enobriv ojaxSi;

b) sad mdebareobda da ras warmoadgenda indoevropul enebze

mosaubre xalxebis winaresamSoblo;

g) rogor mimdinareobda evropis `indoevropizaciis” procesi (ra

istoriuli foni sdevda mas) da ra asaxva hpova man qveynis am nawilis

arqeologiur sinamdvileze.

* * * * *

a) ra adgili uWiravT germanikul da keltur enebs indoevropul

enobriv ojaxSi – sadReisodaRiarebuli klasifikaciis mixedviT,

indoevropul enobriv erTobaSi germanikulisa da kelturis garda

anatoliuri (anuxeTur–luviuri)15, indo–ariuli, berZnuli16, italiuri,

baltiuri da slavuri jgufebi erTiandeba. garda aseTi msxvili

enobrivi ojaxebisa(romelTa Semadgeneli enebis ufro detaluri

aRnusxvis saWiroebac winamdebare naSromSi ar arsebobs), aqve Sedian

calkeuli enebi, romlebic SedarebiT izolirebul mdgomareobaSi

imyofebian.magaliTad somxuri, frigiuli, Toxaruli; indoevropul

enobriv ojaxSi Semavali zogierTi enis Zalze fragmentuli cnobebi

mogvepoveba. aseTTa ricxvSi unda movixsenioT: veneturi, iliriuli,

mesapuri, samxreT picenuri, Crdilo-dasavleTis bloki17 (150, 22) da

rigi mcireaziuli dialeqtebi, romelTa indoevropuli bunebac

sadReisod dasabuTebulad iTvleba (240, 133-189).

germanikuli da kelturi enebis indoevropuli buneba

indoevropeistikis CamoyalibebisTanave gaxda naTeli. indoevropul

enobriv ojaxSi maTi pozicia yovelTvis naTeli ar iyo. magaliTad, XIX

saukunisTvis tipuri iyo kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, germanikuli ufro axlo

naTesaobas balto_slavurTan amJRavnebda Tu ariulTan (240, 38-41).

15zogjer, masTan axlos ayeneben pelasgurs, kariuls, likiurs, etruskuls da sxva paleobalkanur enebs, romelTa indoevropulobasac bevri mkvlevari ar aRiarebs.

16rogorcCans, masTan axlos idga makedonuri, Trakiuli, albanuri da sxva istoriulad balkaneTis CrdiloeT nawilSi lokalizebuli enebi, romlebmac mogvianebiT `Zvelevropulis~ mniSvnelovani gavlena ganicades.

17zogierTi mkvlevari piqtursac indoevropuli enebis ricxvs miakuTvnebs.


31

Tanamedrove etapze indoevropul enobriv ojaxSi xSirad

germanikul, keltur, italiur, iliriul, mesapur, samxreT picenur,

venetur, rig SemTxvevebSi ki baltiur da slavur enebsac calke e.w.

`Zvelevropuli” jgufis saxiT gamoyofen (122, 65). es termini xmarebaSi

1954 wels germanelma lingvistma h. kraem Semoitana evropuli

toponimikis calkeuli fenebis aRsaniSnavad (122, 67). sadReisod misi

saSualebiT zemoTCamoTvlil enebsa da enobriv ojaxebs Soris

arsebuli arealuri enobrivi kavSirebi aRiniSneba,Tumca isic unda

iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove indoevropeistikaSi misi damoukidebeli masivis

saxiT ganxilvis tendenciac igrZnoba.

CvenTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs indoevropuli enobrivi masivis

divergaciis problemasac. es sakiTxi istoriografiaSi farTo diskusiis

obieqts warmoadgens, radgan indoevropuli enebis Sesaxeb fragmentuli

informaciaa SemorCenili, rac am mxriv Tamami interpretaciebis

saSualebas iZleva. miuxedavad amisa, Tanamedrove indoevropeistikaSi am

kuTxiT dadgenil faqtad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom:

a) anatoliuri enebi sxvebze adre gamoeyo erTian indoevropul

sivrces;

b)indo‐iranuli, berZnuli da somxuri enobrivi masivi garkveul

periodSi erTmaneTTan sxva enobriv jgufebze daaxloebuli unda

yofiliyo;

g) calke erTobas qmnida germanikuli, baltiuri da slavuri enebic;

kelturi da italiuri ki met siaxloves CrdiloeTis jgufebTan

amJRavnebda;

d) Toxaruli enis pozicia bolomde naTeli ar aris, magram igi indo‐

iranulTan axlos mdgomad ar unda CavTvaloT (81, 98).

istoriografiaSi indoevropuli enebis divergaciis araerT

models vxvdebiT. xSirad isini garegnulad didad ar gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisgan, magram maT Soris garkveuli winaRobebi arsebobs.

winamdebare naSromi umTavresad T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis gegmas

eyrdnoba,vinaidan aq indoevropuli enebis daSlis procesi istoriul

konteqstSia ganxiluli. Tanac igi garegnulad didad ar gansxvavdeba


32

d. rangis sqemisgan, romelic Tanamedrove indoevropeistikaSi yvelaze

metad gaziarebul modelad iTvleba (84, 206).

T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis sqemaSi indoevropuli enobrivi

masivis daSla Svidi qronologiuri etapis saxiTaa warmodgenili.

daSlis procesi sqematuri saxiT ase gamoiyureba (ix.: suraTi #1) (239,

279).


33

b) sad mdebareobda da ras warmoadgenda indoevropul enebze

mosaubre xalxebis winaresamSoblo - Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis

eTnogenezis sakiTxze saubarisas, pirvel rigSi, evropis arqeologiur

rukaze im eTno-lingvisturi jgufebis geografiuli da qronologiuri

identificirebaa saWiro, romelTa safuZvelzec mogvianebiT germanuli


34

da kelturi sinamdvileebi Camoyalibdnen. Sesabamisad, Cveni Semdgomi

amocana zemoT SemoTavazebuli lingvisturi sqemis evropis

arqeologiur rukasTan Sefardebaa, Tumca vidre am problemis

ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, saWiroa ganvsazRvroT, Tu sad mdebareobda

maTi gansaxlebis sawyisi wertili. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, unda

ganvsazRvroT, Tu sad mdebareobda indoevropul enebze mosaubre

xalxebis winaresamSoblo.

indoevropuli enebishttp://www.spekali.tsu.ge/index.php/ge/article/viewArticle/2/16

‐ _ftn1 naTesaobis aRiareba warsulSi maTi an maTi winapari enebis

erTiani enobrivi sistemis pirobebSi Tanaarsebobis aRiarebasac

gulisxmobs. aseT enobriv sistemas lingvistebi `protoindoevropuls"

uwodeben, misi (e.i. am hipoTeturi enobrivi realobis) Tavdapirveli

gavrcelebis areals ki - winaresamSoblos (Urheimat, Homeland). am

ukanasknelSi tradiciulad igulisxmeba teritoria18, romlis

farglebSic Camoyalibda da garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobda

`protoindoevropuli" enobrivi erToba. mis dakavSirebas, rogorc wesi,

romelime arqeologiur kulturasTan cdiloben19. indoevropelebis

pirvelsacxovrisis geografiuli mdebareobis gansazRvras araerTi

Taobis lingvisti, arqeologi, istorikosi da anTropologicdilobda.

miuxedavad amisa, sakiTxze msjeloba dRemde metad hipoTetur xasiaTs

atarebs.

indoevropelebis winaresamSoblos problemis kvleva, vfiqrobT, or

nawilad unda gaiyos. pirvel rigSi, misi (e. i. winaresamSoblos)

geografiuli da qronologiuri koordinatebi unda ganvsazRvroT,

Semdeg ki - ra istoriuli realoba imaleba `protoindoevropulis"

lingvisturi cnebis qveS da ra procesebi mosdevda indoevropuli 18specialur literaturaSi winaresamSoblos SesaZlo farTobis gansazRvris

mcdelobasac vxvdebiT (81, 290-291]. 19indoevropeistikaSi figurirebs calkeuli mosazrebebi, romlebic sakiTxis arsis sxvagvarad warmoCenas isaxavs miznad. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, erTi mxriv, indoevropuli

enebis genetikuri naTesaobis (71, 169-202), meore mxriv ki -,,protoindoevropuli" enis gavrcelebis arealis met-naklebad lokalur arealSi moTavsebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli koncefciebi (29, 21-50). Msgavsi midgomebis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, SeiZleba, CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis avTenturobis problemis ganxilvis aucileblobis winaSec aRmovCndeT. Tumca maTi (e.i. msgavsi koncefciebis) momxreebis ricxvi da maTi argumentebis damajerebloba jerjerobiT amis safuZvels ar iZleva.


http://www.spekali.tsu.ge/index.php/ge/article/viewArticle/2/16#_ftn1


35

`kilokavebis" evraziis kontinentze gavrcelebas. winamdebare paragrafi

pirvel maTganze iqneba orientirebuli, meore sakiTxs ki momdevno,

meoTxe TavSiSevexebiT.

indoevropuli enebis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis arealis Sesaxeb

msjeloba im kriteriumebis aRnusxviT unda daviwyoT, romelTa

gaTvaliswinebac sakiTxis kvlevisas upirobod aucilebelia. am mxriv,

vfiqrobT, damajerebel msjelobas j. melori da d. adamsi gvTavazoben

naSromSi: `indoevropelebis kulturis enciklopedia". Tumca, migvaCnia,

rom aq moyvanili calkeuli debulebebi garkveul dazustebasa da

Sevsebas saWiroeben. j. melori da d. adamsi 6 aseT kriteriums

gamoyofen (81, 295‐297). maTi azriT, indoevropelebis winaresamSoblos

Ziebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom:

1) winaresamSoblos arseboba naklebad savaraudoa istoriulad a

priori araindoevropeli xalxebis gansaxlebis arealSi, mag.: baskebis,

tartesebis, dravidebis, mundelebis, elamelebis, Sumerebis,

protoxeTebisa da a. S.

2) unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom `protoindoevropulis" arseboba

neoliTis xanaze adreul periodSi naklebad savaraudoa, radgan

`protoindoevropul" enobriv sistemaSi kargad aris asaxuli

`neoliTuri revoluciis" miRwevebi;

vfiqrobT, rom es mosazreba garkveul dazustebas saWiroebs.

daviwyoT imis aRniSvniT, rom Tanamedrove indoevropeistikaSi

`protoindoevropulis" qronologia farTo diskusiis obieqtia.

yvelasaTvis cxadia, rom SedarebiTi da glotoqronologiuri meTodis

safuZvelze am mimarTulebiT gakeTebuli daskvnebi, romlebic

indoevropuli erTobis Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulebiT daTariRebisken

gvibiZgebs, mTeli rigi xarvezebiT xasiaTdeba. indoevropeistikaSi am

TvalsazrisiT meTodologiuri novaciebis danergvis mcdelobac

aRiniSna (105, 435‐438). miuxedavad amisa, r. diqsonis SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb,

rom `protoindoevropulis" arsebobis periodad Zv. w. 4000-dan 40 000

wlamde nebismieri TariRi SeiZleba gamodges, dRemde ZalaSi rCeba

[Gray...2003: 436]. amdenad, albaT, ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom

qronologiuri xasiaTis argumentebs indoevropelebis winaresamSoblos


36

Sesaxeb msjelobisas meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs. dazustebiT

imis mtkicebac ki ar SeiZleba, rom `protoindoevropuli" realoba

neoliTis xanaze adreul periodSi ar Camoyalibebula, vinaidan

Teoriulad savsebiT SesaZlebelia, indoevropul enobriv masivs met-

naklebad gamokveTili saxe jer kidev mezoliTis epoqaSi hqonoda,

xolo `neoliTuri revoluciis" miRwevebi masSi mxolod Semdgom etapze

gavrcelebuliyo.

arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom `lingvisturi paleontologiis"

(anu im dargis, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi d. adamsi da j. melori

eyrdnobian) mniSvneloba sadReisod araerTgvarovnad aris Sefasebuli.

(am dargis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT qvemoT visaubrebT). mecnierTa

erTi nawili mas dRemde endoba, meore ki mTlianad uaryofs da masze

saubrisas sarkazmsac ar erideba. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi erTgvari

`oqros Sualedis" povnaa saWiro, vinaidan `lingvisturi

paleontologiiis" sruli uaryofa indoevropelebis pirvelsacxovrisis

geografiuli mdebareobis sakiTxis Seswavlaze uaris Tqmasac niSnavs.

indoevropeistika, pirvel rigSi, enaTmecnierebis dargia. Tu gaviziarebT

mosazrebas, rom lingvistebis aRdgenil `protoindoevropul" enobriv

sistemas zogadad mainc ar SeuZlia Tavisi garemomcveli geografiuli

da istoriuli garemos Sesaxeb mogviTxros, maSin saerTodac ra azri

aqvs mis istoriul konteqstSi ganxilvas? amgvari msjelobis

gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, saWiroa samecniero wrebrunvaSi sxva

msgavsi tipis (e.i. `lingvisturi paleontologiis" saSualebiT

miRebuli) argumentebic SemovitanoT. kerZod,ar SeiZleba gverdi

avuaroT T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis naSroms: `indoevropuli ena da

indoevropelebi", romelic am (e.i. `protoindoevropulis" garemomcveli

garemos rekonstruqciis) TvalsazrisiT erT-erT yvelaze ufro

srulyofiligamokvlevaa. masSi, vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia

daskvna indoevropelebis pirvelsacxovrisis winaaziur kulturul

wreSi SesaZlo mdebareobisa da qarTveluri enebis masTan didi

siaxlovis Sesaxeb (239, 869-891). iseTi argumentebis mniSvneloba ki, rom

winaresamSoblo TiTqosda unda yofiliyo mxare mTiani landSaftiT

(239, 865-866), arcTu didia, radgan ama Tu im „protoenaSi" calkeuli


37

sityvebis arseboba iSviaTad Tu niSnavs imas, rom es cnebebi mxolod

aRniSnuli „protoenisTvis" iyo damaxasiaTebeli. igive SeiZleba iTqvas

cxovelebisa da mcenareebis calkeuli saxeobebis aRmniSvneli sityvebis

Sesaxeb, romlebze msjelobasac avtorebi aseve did adgils uTmoben

(239, 465-686).

3) winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia

aseve indoevropuli enobrivi jgufebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi.

kerZod, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, unda gvaxsovdes, rom:

a) anatoliuri enebi sxvebze adre gamoeyo erTian indoevropul

sivrces;

b) indo-iranuli, berZnuli da somxuri enobrivi masivi garkveul

periodSi erTmaneTTan sxva enobriv jgufebze daaxloebuli unda

yofiliyo;

g) calke erTobas qmnidnen germanikuli, baltiuri da slavuri

enebic, kelturi da italiuri ki met siaxloves CrdiloeTis jgufebTan

amJRavnebda; d) Toxaruli enis pozicia mTlad naTeli ar aris, magram

igi indo-iranulTan axlos mdgomad ar unda CavTvaloT;

4) indoevropuli enebis gavrcelebis areali unda davukavSiroT

cxenis domestikaciis areals;

5) indoevropuli enebis gavrcelebis lingvisturi sqema unda

Seesabamebodes arqeologiur realobas;

6) indoevropelebis pirvelsacxovrisis Teoriam unda axsnas yvela

indoevropuli enobrivi jgufis Tavis istoriuli gansaxlebis arealSi

gavrcelebis sakiTxi.

indoevropul enebze mosaubre xalxebis winaresamSoblos

problemis Seswavlas safuZveli indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis

CamoyalibebisTanave Caeyara da uamravi hipoTezac gamoiTqva. isini xSir

SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdebian. Tanamedrove etapze

seriozulad mxolod ramdenime maTgani ganixileba. maT ricxvSi

SegviZlia davasaxeloT paleoliTuri uwyvetobis Teoria (m. alinei);

mosazrebebi, romelTa mixedviTac winaresamSoblo CrdiloeT evropis

teritoriazea lokalizebuli (l. kiliani, a. hausleri, m. zvelebili);

Tavisi momxreebi hyavs indur hipoTezasac (m. vitzeli, k. elsti). es


38

koncefciebi Tanamedrove etapze didi popularobiT ar sargebloben,

Tumca arc mTlianad uaryofilniarian. gacilebiT meti momxre hyavs

winaresamSoblos balkaneT-karpatebsa (v. safronovi, b. gornungi, i.

diakonovi, l. makkai, g. devoto) da wina aziaSi lokalizebis

mxardamWerebs. winaaziur hipoTezebs Soris yvelaze meti popularobiT

k. renfrius anatoliuri Teoria sargeblobs, romelic indoevropelebis

saxels neoliTuri meurneobis gavrcelebas ukavSirebs (k. renfriu, a.

dolgopolski). SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eqceva indo-xeTur (h.

sturtevani, b. dardeni) da gamyreliZe-ivanovis koncefciebs. miuxedavad

erTgvari msgavsebisa, es hipoTezebi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad

gansxvavdebian. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom calkeul niuansebSi renfrius

Teoria balkanur-karpatul hipoTezebTan erTad upirispirdeba pontiur-

kaspiur Teorias. am ukanasknelis mixedviT, indoevropelebis

winaresamSoblod volga-uralis stepebi ganixileba, xolo

indoevropelebis dasavleTiT gavrceleba brinjaos xanis movlenad

aris aRqmuli. winaaziursa da balkaneT-karpatul banakebs SeiZleba

mivakuTvnoT agreTve e. Sera Tavisi e. w. `meoradi neoliTuri

revoluciis" koncefciiT. igi adre brinjaos xanaSi indoevropelebis

volga-uralis stepebidan dasavleTiT gadanacvlebis koncefcias

anaqronizmad Tvlis (188-234). pontiur-kaspiuri Teoriis mTavar

momxreebad m. gimbutasi, d. entoni, j. melori da d. adamsi

gvevlinebian. maTTan axlos SeiZleba davayenoT j. nikolsic, romelic

Tavisi e. w. sogdianuri hipoTeziT indoevropelebis aRmosavleTidan

dasavleTiT migraciis Teoriis sasargeblod mniSvnelovan lingvistur

argumentebs gvTavazobs. yvela am Teorias garkveuli xarvezi

axasiaTebs. maT Sesaxeb msjelobas indoevropeistikaSi (ZiriTadad

sawinaaRmdego Teoriis momxreebis mier), tradiciulad, mniSvnelovani

adgili eTmoba. amitom vfiqrobT, am kuTxiT msjelobis gagrZeleba

aucilebeli ar aris. zemoT CamoTvlili Teoriebis calkeuli susti

mxareebi sakiTxis Sesaxeb Cveneuli msjelobisaTvis sasargeblo

argumentad ver CaiTvleba.

„protoindoevropuli" enisa da misi Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis

arealis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, vfiqrobT, pirvel rigSi, yuradReba e. w.


39

nostratul Teorias unda mivapyroT. Am ukanasknelis mixedviT, evraziis

kontinentis bevri enobrivi ojaxi saTaves kidev ufro msxvili

nostratuli „protoenidan" iRebs. Nnostratuli enebis klasifikaciis

Sesaxeb literaturaSi erTmniSvnelovan msjelobas ver vxvdebiT. Tumca,

„protoindoevropuli" yovelTvis mis ucvlel wevrad ganixileba. Igive

SeiZleba iTqvas qarTvelur da uralur enebzec, maSin, roca semituri,

zagrosul‐elamuri, draviduli, alTauri, afraziuli da sxva enobrivi

jgufebis pozicia am mxriv mTlad naTeli ar aris. Tanamedrove

lingvistikaSi nostratuli Teoriis mimarT araerTgvarovani

damokidebuleba arsebobs. albaT, es aris mizezi imisa, rom

indoevropeistikaSi mas SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eqceva. Mmiuxedavad

amisa, Cveni azriT, indoevropelebis winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb

msjelobisas misi mniSvneloba friad didia. saqme isaa, rom

indoevropuli, qarTveluri da uraluri jgufebisgan sakuTrebuli

siaxlove20 http://www.spekali.tsu.ge/index.php/ge/article/viewArticle/2/16 ‐ _ftn6Cvens

SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, imaze mainc migvaniSnebs21, rom am ojaxebis enebze

mosaubreTa winaprebis enebis gavrcelebis areali garkveul periodSi,

romelic, albaT, win uswrebda maT damoukidebel enobriv ojaxebad

Camoyalibebas, erTmaneTTan axlos mdebareobda. es, albaT, uflebas

gvaZlevs, „protoindoevropelebis" Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis arealad

qarTvelur da uralur enobriv sivrceebs Soris arsebuli teritoria

CavTvaloT22.

aqve unda vTqvaT, rom am sakiTxze yuradRebas aranostratikosi

lingvistebic amaxvileben. imave mocemulobis Sesaxeb maTi argumentebi

daaxloebiT ase gamoiyureba:ukve fuZeenis doneze indoevropul enaSi

gvxvdeba mTeli rigi sityvebi, romlebic Sumeruli, protoxeTuri,

elamuri, xuri–urartuli, qarTveluri da sxva (239, 456-462) uZvelesi

20sainteresoa, rom SedarebiT iSviaTad vxvdebiT mosazrebas qarTvelurisa da uraluris siaxlovis Sesaxeb. 21rom araferi vTqvaT maT SesaZlo Soreul genetikur naTesaobaze. 22samecniero literaturaSi am TvalsazrisiT ufro Tamam hipoTezebsac gamoTqvamen.

(241, 29-54). qarTul lingvistikaSi, aseve, popularobiT sargeblobs ,,protoqarTveluri"

da ,,protoindoevropuli" enebis erTmaneTTan daaxlovebis tendencia. rig SemTxvevaSi

,,protoqarTveluri" indoevropul enadac ganixileba.



40

winaaziuri enebis leqsikidan aris nasesxebi (an piriqiT).

protoindoevropuli rig saerTo elementebs semituri jgufis enebTanac

amJRavnebs. aqve unda iTqvas, rom „protoqarTuli“ ena

fuZeindoevropulTan imdenad did struqturul msgavsebebs avlens, rom

zogi mkvlevari maTi Camoyalibebis saerTo arealzec saubrobs. meore

mxriv, rogorc calkeuli enebis, ise „proto erTobis“ doneze

indoevropul enebSi vxvdebiT iseT leqsikur da morfologiur

erTeulebs, romlebic indoevropelebis ungro–finur da uralur–

alTaur enebze mosaubre xalxebTan xangrZliv istoriul kontaqtebze

metyvelebs. yovelive zemoTqmuli lingvistebis nawils indoevropuli

tipis enebis genezisTan dakavSirebiT sakmaod Tamami mosazrebebis

gamoTqmis saSualebas aZlevs. aseT mkvlevarTa ricxvSi SegviZlia

movixsenioT: e. foreri, n. trubeckoi, k. ulenbeki da sxvebi. maTi

koncefciebi erTmaneTisgan mTel rig niuansebSi gansxvavdeba, magram

bevr saerTosac amJRavnebs imis gamo, rom „protoindoevropuls“ yvela

maTganiugro–finur–uralur–alTauri da kavkasiur–

xmelTaSuazRvispiruli tipis enebis sinTezis Sedegad warmoqmnilad

miiCnevs.

yvelaze mkafiod es Teoria k. ulenbeks aqvs Camoyalibebuli. igi

indoevropuls A (CrdiloeT evraziuli) da B (kavkasiur–xmelTa-

SuazRvispiruli) tipis enebis sinTezis Sedegad warmoqmnilad Tvlis.

Tavis adreul naSromebSi mas ganxiluli aqvs indoevropuli da

eskimoiduri saerTo enobrivi elementebi, ris safuZvlzec miiCnevs, rom

ungro–finuri enebi am (e.i. eskimosuri) tipis safuZvelze

viTardebodnen, magram mogvianebiT TavianTi saxe uralur–alTaur

ojaxTan urTierTobisas dakarges. samagierod, es saxe ar daukargavs

ungro–finurTan axlo mdgom im eTnikur jgufs, romelmac e.w. A

komponentis saxiT indoevropuli tipis enebis formirebaSi miiRo

monawileoba. ulenbekis azriT, meore mxriv, am procesSi, anu

xmelTaSuazRvispirul–kavkasiuri tipis enebTan axlo mdgomi enobrivi

jgufi monawileoba (241, 35‐36).

msgavs mosazrebebs mkvlevarTa nawili ar iziarebs, magram

protoindoevropulis zemoTxsenebul enebTan Sexvedris faqtebis


41

logikuri axsnis aucileblobaze yvela saubrobs. rigi

zemoTCamoyalibebuli debulebebisa SesaZloa azrTa sxvadasxvaobas

iwvevdes, magram, vfiqrobT, savsebiT calsaxaa, rom indoevropelebs

TavianTi „proto erTobis“ arsebobis xanaSi uZveles winaaziel da

Crdiloevraziel xalxebTan hqondaT kavSiri. Tanamedrove

indoevropistikaSic es azria gavrcelebuli, kerZod, yvela aRiarebs

„protoindoevropul“ – winaaziur enobriv Sexvedrebs. uralur–alTaur

enebTan misi kavSirisadmi damokidebulebis sailustraciod ki a.

andreevis gamokvleva gamodgeba. man daadgina, rom 203 Zveli

indoevropuli fuZidan 198 uralur–alTaur da ugro–finur enebSic

gvxvdeba, 5 ki mxolod erT-erT maTganSi (276, 154).

sad SeiZleboda yofiliyo aseTi sivrce? qarTveluri enebis

formirebisa da genetikuri kavSirebis Sesaxeb samecniero

literaturaSi sayovelTaod gaziarebuli azri ar arsebobs, Tumca

gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom maTi Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis areali

kavkasiis teritorias didad ar unda gascildeboda. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom samxreT irani da indoeTi nostratuli jgufis

sxva wevrebiT (zagros-elamelebiTa da dravidebiT) iyo dasaxlebuli,

uralispireTi da centraluri azia ki, savaraudod, uralelebisa da

alTaelebis winaprebiT, vfiqrobT, logikuri iqneba, Tu amgvar

Sualedur teritoriad samxreT Sua aziasa da CrdiloeT irans

CavTvliT. mezoliTis xanaSi23 qveynis es nawili Cans, mWidrod iyo

dakavSirebuli, erTi mxriv, uralispireTTan (147, 368-372), meore mxriv ki

– wina aziasTan. es kavSirebi arc neoliTisa da eneoliTis xanaSi

Sesustebula. am periodSi aq sami kulturuli wre - jeiTuni, hisari da

keltiminari – Camoyalibda (291, 13-24). Cvens SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas jeiTunis kultura imsaxurebs. masSi kargad aris

warmodgenili „neoliTuri revoluciis" yvela miRweva. wina aziur

sinamdvilesTan misi kavSirebic intensiur xasiaTs atarebs,

amavdroulad igi adgilobriv, mezoliTur tradiciebsac agrZelebs. es

garemoebebi, vfiqrobT, uflebas gvaZlevs, vTqvaT, rom samxreT Suaaziur

23mxedvelobaSigvaqvsisperiodi, romelSicevraziaSinostratulienebisgavrcelebaivaraudeba.


42

Teorias kargad esadageba „lingvisturi paleontologiis" safuZvelze

gakeTebuli zemoT Camoyalibebuli daskvnebi indoevropelebis

pirvelsacxovrisis wina aziuri samyaros siaxloves mdebareobis

Sesaxeb. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ,,neoliTuri revoluciis" miRwevebzec.

winaaRmdegobaSi igi (e.i. samxreT Sua aziuri Teoria) arc

„protoindoevropulis" qronologiis sakiTxebTan modis.

indoevropeistikisaTvis indoevropelebis wina aziur neoliTur

sinamdvilesTan dakavSirebis idea axali ar aris. Tumca, vfiqrobT, am

TvalsazrisiT samxreT Sua aziur hipoTezas meti argumenti moepoveba,

vinaidan:

a) igi ar gadakveTs wina aziis a priori araindoevropeli

mosaxleobis gavrcelebis istoriul areals;

b) mis farglebSi, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, Sinauri cxenis wina

aziaSi gavrcelebis Sesaxeb saintereso daskvnebis gakeTeba SeiZleba;

g) misi saSualebiT sadReisod cnobili indoevropuli enobrivi

jgufebis TavianT istoriul sacxovrisSi gavrcelebis logikuri

gzebis dasaxva xerxdeba.

neoliTis xanis Sua aziaSi da mis mimdebare teritoriaze Semdeg

arqeologiur realobas vxvdebiT: TurqmeneTis samxreT–aRmosavleT

nawilSi jeiTuneli miwaTmoqmedebi mean–CaaCas raionamde

vrceldebodnen. dasavleTiT ki imave (an masTan axlo mdgomi)

kulturis Zeglebi, SesaZloa, sumbaras xeobaSic (karakalas raioni)

mdebareobdnen. regionis CrdiloeT nawili neoliTel meTevzeTa tomebs

ekavaT. maTi kvali aRmoCenilia kaspiispireTSi, xorezmSi, samxreT–

aRmosavleT TurqmeneTSi, zeravSanas xeobaSi, centralur ferganaSi. am

Zeglebis didi umravlesoba keltemeranul kulturaSi erTiandeba.

iranis CrdiloeTiT sialkis, tajikeTis mTian raionebSi ki hisaris

arqeologiuri kulturebi iyvnen gavrcelebulni. mkvlevarTa nawili

maT miwaTmoqmedebad da mesaqonleebad Tvlis,meoreni - monadireebad da

Semgroveblebad, mesameni ki - metwilad mesaqonleebad (230, 366-367).

eneoliTis xanaSi aq kulturis evoluciis axal safexurebs

vxvdebiT. Sua aziis eneoliTis adreul periods anau IA da namazga I–is

tipis Zeglebi ganekuTvneba. anaus Zeglebi teritoriulad or,


43

erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavebul, aRmosavleT da dasavleT arealad

iyofa. misi genezisis sakiTxi Zalian rTulia, magram TiTqos yvela

Tanxmdeba, rom misi Camoyalibeba CrdiloeT iranidan momaval impulsebs

unda ukavSirdebodes. samwuxarod, iranuli arqeologiuri Zeglebi

jerjerobiT kargad ar aris Seswavlili. is ki, rac viciT misi yvelaze

ufro cnobili kulturis - sialkas - Sesaxeb, gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi

neoliT–eneoliTis xanaSi samxreT Sua aziur kulturebTan axlo

kontaqtSi unda yofiliyo.

vfiqrobT, rom am arqeologiuri kulturebis wreSia saZebni is

eTno-lingvisturi bazisi, romlis safuZvelzec „protoindoevropuli

sinamdvile“ Camoyalibda.

maSasadame, vfiqrobT, rom indoevropul enebze mosaubre xalxebis

winaresamSoblo samxreT Sua aziisa da CrdiloeT iranis teritoriaze

mdebareobda. აq jer kidev mezoliTis xanaSi unda dawyebuliyo

„protoindoevropuli" enobrivi Taviseburebebis Camoyalibebis procesi.

es procesi didad unda daeCqarebina Zv. w. VI‐V aTaswleulebSi qveynis am

nawilSi (e.i. samxreT Sua aziasa da CrdiloeT iranSi) mwarmoebluri

meurneobis gavrcelebasa da hisarisa da jeiTunis msgavsi

arqeologiuri kulturebis Camoyalibebas. იndoevropuli enobrivi

sivrcis daSla, savaraudod, Zv. w. V‐IV aTaswleulebSi unda dawyebuliyo.

Mmisi evraziis kontinentze ganfena ori mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda.

dasavleTiT anatoliuri enebis gavrceleba mtkvar‐araqsis kulturis

formirebasTan, Semdeg ki Zv. w. III aTaswleulis II naxevarSi mis daSlasTan

unda iyos dakavSirebuli. Toxarul enebs gansakuTrebuli gadaadgileba

ar ganucdia. volga‐uralispireTSi indoevropelebis gavrcelebis

markerad aq mwarmoebluri meurneobis gavrceleba unda CavTvaloT.

pontiur‐kaspiuri Teoriis mixedviT, aqve mdebareobda indoevropelebis

winaresamSoblo, romelic, Cveni azriT, winaresamSoblos mxolod

indoevropuli ojaxis ariul‐berZnul‐somxur‐,,Zvelevropuli" frTisTvis

warmoadgenda. Aamgvari msjelobis SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, d. Aadamsisa da

j. Mmeloris zemoT ganxiluli arc erTi kriteriumi ar irRveva. T.

gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis mier SemoTavazebuli yvela lingvisturi


44

argumentic ZalaSi rCeba. vfiqrobT, rom istoriuli da Teoriuli

sakiTxebis (ra istoriuli realoba imaleba ,,protoindoevropulis"

lingvisturi cnebis qveS; ra formebiT vrceldebodnen sxvadasxva

mimarTulebiT indoevropuli enobrivi jgufebi da rogor aisaxeboda

yovelive es arqeologiur masalaze) Sesaxeb msjeloba SemoTavazebul

hipoTezas samomavlod met damajereblobas SesZens.

dasasrul, unda aRvniSnoT, rom marTalia, indoevropelebis

winaresamSoblos geografiuli lokalizaciis Sesaxeb msgavsi

hipoTezebi indoevropistikaSi adrec iyo gamoTqmuli24, magram

zemoTCamoyalibebuli hipoTeza maT samarTalmemkvidred ver CaiTvleba,

radgan XIX saukuneSi popularuli Teoriebi indoevropelebis

winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, lingvistur daskvnebs eyrdnoboda,

romlebis araavTenturobac XIX saukunis II naxevarSi, lingvistikuri

mecnierebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, calsaxad gamoCnda (erT-erTi

maTgani iyo, magaliTad, veduri sanskritis protoindoevropulTan

identurobis Teoria), ris Semdegac Tanamedrove indoevropistikaSi maT

seriozulad aRaravin uyurebs.

g) rogor mimdinareobda evropis `indoevropizaciis” procesi (ra

istoriuli foni sdevda mas) da ra asaxva hpova man qveynis am nawilis

arqeologiur sinamdvileze? - rogorc ar unda mivudgeT indoevropul

enebze mosaubre xalxebis winaresamSoblos problemas, cxadia, rom mis

garSemo arsebuli Teoriebis avTenturoba-araavTenturobis mTavari

indikatori migraciebis im gzebis bunebrivobaa, romelTameSveobiTac

werilobiTi wyaroebis saSualebiT cnobilma eTno-lingvisturma

jgufebma (xeTebma, keltebma, arielebma, germanelebma da sxva) TavianT

istoriul sacxovriss miaRwies. indoevropul enebze mosaubre xalxebis

evropaSi gansaxleba da maTi adgilobriv arqeologiur kulturebTan

dakavSireba Tanamedrove indoevropeistikis erT-erTi urTulesi

24magaliTad, indoeTs winaresamSoblod Tvlidnen f. Slegeli da a. Sleixeri; sogdianas da centralur azias - k. pesti da a. piqte; mesopotamias - T. momzeni; himalais misadgomebs - i. Seri.


45

problemaa. am kuTxiT Seqmnil literaturaSi araerT statias Tu

monografias SevxvdebiT, romlebSic calkeuli eTno–lingvisturi

jgufebis migraciebzea saubari, Tumca am sakiTxis kompleqsuri (anu

indoevropuli enobrivi ojaxis yvela warmomadgenlis evropul

arqeologiur masalasTan dakavSirebis) gaSuqebis mcdeloba arcTu

bevria. rogorc wesi isini damajereblobiT ar gamoirCevian.

sailustraciod ramdenime maTgani SegviZlia gamovyoT. maTi avtotorebi

arian k. renfriu (romelic indoevropelebis saxels evropaSi

neoliTuri xanis kulturebis gavrcelebas ukavSirebs), m. gimbuta

(romelic indoevropelebis gansaxlebis sawyis wertilad adrebrinjaos

xanis uralispireTs xedavs), v. safronovi (da sxva balkaneT-karpatebSi

winaresamsSoblos lokalizebis mosurne mkvlevarebi) da T. gamyreliZe

da v. ivanovi (romlebic indoevropelTa winaresamSoblod mcire azias

miiCneven). mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.maTi xarvezebi,

vfiqorbT, kargad warmoaCens im sisusteebs, romlebic indoevropelTa

winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb zemoT CamoTvlil Teoriebs axasiaTebs.

v. safronovis Teoria (romelic SedarebiT ufro kompleqsuri

Tanmimdevrulia im hipoTezebs Soris, romlebic indoevropelTa

pirvelsacxovrisis balkaneT-karpatebis raionSi lokalizebas

cdiloben) daaxloebiT ase gamoiyureba: avtori lingvistikis

monacemebze dayrdnobiT acxadebs, rom indoevropulma enebma

ganviTarebis sami didi etapi gaiares da TiToeuli maTganisTvis

arqeologiuri Sesatyvisobebis povnas cdilobs. misi azriT, pirvel

etaps (anu indoevropelebis adreul winaresamSoblos) Catal - huiukis

kultura Seesatyviseba, romelic mcire aziaSi Zv.w. VII-VI

aTaswleulebSi iyo gavrcelebuli. indoevropelebis saSualo

winaresamSoblos (romelSic indoevropuli enebis ganviTarebis meore

etapi mimdinareobda) lokalizacias avtori balkaneT–karpatebis

raionSi (Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleuliebis vinCis arqeologiuri kulturis

wiaRSi) cdilobs. mesame etaps ki Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi lendenisa

da Zabrisebri keramikis kultureba ukavSirebs (276, 203-209).

calkeuli indoevropuli eTno–lingvisturi jgufebis migraciis

sawyis wertilebad swored am arqeologiuri kulturebis gavrcelebis


46

areali ivaraudeba. v. safronovi erTaderTi avtori ar aris, romelic

indoevropelebis winaresamSoblos „dunais civilizaciis~ CarCoebSi

eZebs, magram albaT ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom es Teoria mas

yvelaze ufro Tanmimdevrulad aqvs Camoyalibebuli.

am Teoriis mTavari sisuste isaa, rom ar Cans balkaneT–

karpatebis raionidan arqeologiuri kulturebis aRmosavleTiT

gavrcelebis damadasturebeli argumentebi (is, rasac v. safronovi

gvTavazobs, Zalze aradamajerebelia). aseve, evropis arqeologiur

sivrceSi ar Cans zabrisebri Tasebis da lendenis arqeologiuri

kulturebis uwyveti kavSiri.

daskvnis saxiT unda vTqvaT, rom realurad balkaneT-

dunaispireTi mxolod indoevropuli enebis ojaxis erT-erTi (albaT

konservirebuli) frTis sacxovrisi SeiZleboda yofiliyo. misTvis

winaresamSoblos statusis miniWeba ki arafriT SeiZleba.

arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT ufro damajerebelia m.

gimbutas Teoria. igi yvelaze ufro Tanmimdevrulad agrZelebs

evropuli indoevropistikis tradiciebs. g. Caildis msgavsad, mas sawyis

indoevropul kulturad Zveli ormosamarxebis tipis Zeglebi miaCnia.

Sesabamisad, maTi winaresamSoblos lokalizebas igi volgispireTSi

axdens. misi azriT, aqedan Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi25 momavali

impulsebis kvaldakval evropaSi indoevropul enebze mosaubre xalxebi

iwyeben gavrcelebas (yorRanuli, zonriani keramikis da sxva kulturebi

aq Zveli ormosamarxebis kontiniumad ganixileba). maT „savizito

baraTad“ gimbuta ormoebSi mokrunCxul mdgomareobaSi zurgze

damarxvis tradicias miiCnevs. avtori evropis indoevropizaciis

process centralul evropaSi arsebuli `sufstratuli

civilizaciebis~ (tripolie, gumelnica, vinCi) degradacias ukavSirebs.

maT wiaRSi indoevropelebis infiltraciis saboloo TariRad igi Zv.w.

2500–2200 wlebs Tvlis. es procesi avtors erTgvari dramis saxiT aqvs

warmodgenili. kerZod, igi aviTarebs mosazrebas, rompatriarqaluri

25Zveli ormosamarxebis kulturis arsebobis TariRs gimbuta mTeli aTaswleuliT aZvelebs. tradiciulad misi formireba da gavrceleba ara Zv. w. V_IV, aramed IV - III aTaswleulebiT TariRdeba.


47

sazogadoebis pirobebSi mcxovrebma agresiulma indoevropelma tomebma

gaanadgures e.w. “Zveli evropis” matriarqatis principebze

organizebuli samyaro, romlis msoflmxedvelobac dRevandeli

civilizaciebisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda (98, 198-209).

arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT, m. gimbutas Teoria (rigi

qronologiuri xasiaTis debulebebis aradamajereblobis miuxedavad)

yvelaze ufro gamarTulia, magram igi bevr xarvezsac Seicavs. kerZod,

mis mier winaresamSoblod gamocxadebuli teritoria Znelad eTavseba

„lingvistikuri paleontologiis“ monacemebs. yvelaferi is, rac am (e.i.

lingvisturi paleontologiis TvalsazrisiT) viciT indoevropelebis

winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb, gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi volgispireTSi

(ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciebisgan ase Sors) ar mdebareobda.

T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis Teoriis mixedviT,

indoevropelebis pirvelsacxovrisad kavkasiis samxreTi, mcire aziis

aRmosavleTi da mesopotamiis CrdiloeTi nawili iTvleba. mis

arqeologiur ekvivalentad ki halafis, Sulaver–SomuTefes da mtkvar–

araqsis kulturebi ganixileba. gamyreliZisa da ivanovis Teoriis

Tanaxmad indoevropul erTobas Tavdapirvelad anatoliuri jgufi

gamoeyo, Semdgom ki - berZnuli da ariuli, romlis warmomadgenlebis

migracia evropisken Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi nawilobriv mcire aziis,

nawilobriv ki kavkasiis gziT ganxorcielda. indoevropuli ojaxis

danarCenma warmomadgenlebma am sqemis mixedviT TavianT istoriul

sacxovriss Sua aziis, volgispireTis da samxreT ruseTis stepebis

gavliT miaRwies, sadac maTi meoradi enobrivi konvergacia moxda.

am Teoriis Zlieri mxare lingvisturi monacemebia. marTalia,

bevri mosazreba aqac sakamaToa, magram Zalze damajereblad gamoiyureba

daskvna: enaTmecnieruli monacemebis kvalobaze indoevropelebis

winaresamSoblo sadRac samxreT balkaneTidan TurqmeneTamde

teritoriaze unda moviazroT (239, 479-490). Tumca arqeologiuri

TvalsazrisiT igi kritikas ver uZlebs. rogorc o. jafariZe SeniSnavs,

aq navaraudebi indoiraneli tomebis kavkasiis gavliT evropisken

migraciis da halafuri kulturis Sua aziisken gavrcelebis Teorias

arqeologiuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia (27, 122). igive SeiZleba iTqvas


48

berZnebis mcire aziidan migraciis hipoTezis Sesaxebac. am mxriv misi

gamarTleba mxolod imiT SeiZleba, rom aq indoevropul enebze

mosaubre xalxebis migraciა ara xalxebis masobrivi moZraobis, aramed

mcire jgufebis mSvidobiani gadaadgilebis saxiT aris warmodgenili,

rac TiTqos safuZvels gvaZlevs maT moZraobaze saubrisas

arqeologiur monacemebs meorexarisovani mniSvneloba mivaniWoT.

zemoTxsenebuli avtorebisgan gansxvavebuli pozicia uWiravs k.

renfrius, romelic indoevropul enebze mosaubre xalxebis evropaSi

gavrcelebas neoliTur migraciebs ukavSirebs (173, 280-289). am Teoriis

CarCoebSi calkeuli indoevropuli enobrivi masivebis Tavgadasavalze

saubari Znelia, radgan avtoris erT-erT mTavar arguments sakiTxis ase

formulirebas nihilisturad ucqeris.

amdenad, evropis indoevropizaciis yvela zemoTxsenebuli sqema

mniSvnelovani sisustiT xasiaTdeba. maTi gaumarTavoba, ra Tqma unda,

samxreT Suaaziuri TeoriisaTvis argumenti ar aris, magram mas

garkveuli mniSvneloba mainc aqvs. misi avTenturoba–araavTenturobis

mTavari indikatorad ki mxolod indoevropuli enobis evropaSi

gavrcelebis miseuli sqema SeiZleba gamodges.

indoevropul enebze mosaubre xalxebis winaresamSoblod

samxreT Sua aziis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi saSualeba gveZleva maTi

preistoriuli migraciebi gansxvavebul konteqstSi ganvixiloT, rac,

vfiqrobT, mTeli rigi arqeologiuri da lingvisturi lafsusebisgan

Tavis aridebis saSualebas mogvcems. imisaTvis, rom msjelobas metad

hipoTeturi xasiaTi ar mieces, saWiroa, yovelTvis Tvalwin gvqondes

indoevropelebis „protoerTobis“ daSlis amsaxveli zemoTmoyvanili

lingvistikuri sqema da gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeblobiT movekidoT im

arqeologiuri debulebebis dasabuTebas, romlebsac Cveni TeoriisaTvis

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvT.

samxreT Sua aziuri Teoriis mixedviT gamodis, rom geografiuli

TvalsazrisiT Toxaruli enebi mxolod umniSvnelod gadaadgildnen.

anatolielebis wina aziaSi gavrceleba ki, vfiqrobT, mtkvar-araqsis

arqeologiur kulturas ukavSirdeba. am etapze, ra Tqma unda, mtkvar-

araqsis kulturis genezisSi samxreT Sua aziidan da CrdiloeT


49

iranidan mosuli elementis monawileoba dadasturebul faqtad ver

CaiTvleba26, Tumca, vfiqrobT, ramdenime garemoebaze yuradRebis

gamaxvilebam, SesaZloa, kvlevis saintereso perspeqtivebi gviCvenos.

kerZod:

1) mtkvar-araqsis kulturiT kavkasiasa da mis mimdebare

teritoriaze brinjaos xana iwyeba, rasac wina aziaSi mniSvnelovani

kulturuli, sameurneo da, SesaZloa, eTno-lingvisturi cvlilebebi

mosdevs. maTi kvali aSkarad etyoba Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis arqeologiur

masalas. kerZod, xalxTa mniSvnelovani talRa inacvlebs samxreT Sua

aziidan uralispireTis mimarTulebiT. Tavis mxriv, samxreTeli

migrantebi iTviseben samxreT Sua aziis teritorias, rac aq anaus

kulturis formirebis safuZveli xdeba (291, 24-26). Aamave periodSi

kavkasiaSi gavrcelda leilaTefes tipis Zeglebi da samxreTidan

Crdilo kavkasiisken xalxTa mniSvnelovani nakadi gadavida, ramac

maikopis kulturis formireba gamoiwvia (27, 277-278). agreTe, mtkvar-

araqseli tomebi swrafad gavrceldnen kavkasiaSi da a.S. arc is unda

daviviwyoT, rom swored am periodSi Cndebian Sumerebi samxreT

SuamdinareTSi. Ar aris gamoricxuli, rom maTi gadaadgilebac raime

formiT zemoT xsenebul movlenebs ukavSirdebodes. indoevropuli

(anatoliuri) „kilokavebis" dasavleTiT gavrcelebac, vfiqrobT, am

konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT (xazs vusvamT, rom am etapze Cveni mizania

ganvsazRvroT, romeli logikuri kulturul-istoriul procesebis

devdaTan indoevropuli kilokavebis dasavleTiT gavrcelebas);

2) xeTebis mcire aziis teritoriaze arseboba mxolod Zv. w. III

aTaswleulis miwurulidan dasturdeba. amave periods emTxveva mtkvar-

araqsis kulturis dacema. Cans, rom misi mosaxleoba nawilobriv

Crdiloeli mezoblebisa da nawilobriv klimaturi pirobebis

gauaresebis gamo masobrivad tovebs Zveli gansaxlebis adgilebs (27,

170-174). swored es xdeba siriaSi kirbeT-kerakis kulturis genezisis

26CrdiloeTiranisteritoriaarqeologiuriTvalsazrisiTbolomde Seswavliliar aris..

igiveSeiZlebaiTqvasqveynisamnawilisarqeologiuriZeglebiskavkasiurimasalebis

konteqstSiganxilvis Sesaxeb.


50

mizezi. garkveuli masebis gadaadgilebas balkaneTis mimarTulebiTac

varaudoben. xom ar unda veZeboT anatolielebis mcire aziaSi

gavrcelebis istoriuli safuZvelia movlenebis konteqstSi?

3) yuradReba unda mivaqcioT wina aziaSi Sinauri cxenis

gavrcelebis problemasac. Bbevri arqeologi Tvlis, rom mtkvar-araqsis

mosaxleoba cxens icnobda (27, 108-109) jer kidev maSin, roca mas ar

hqonda saSualeba, rom kulturis es elementi

stepebTankavSirisSedegadaeTvisebina. Aaxali monacemebiT (145, 129-139)

aseve ikveTeba, rom CrdiloeT iranis teritoriaze Sinauri cxeni,

SesaZloa, Zv. w. IV aTaswleulSi an ufro adreul periodSic

vrceldeboda. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom wina aziis sxva mxareebSi am mxriv

gansakuTrebul masalas ver vxvdebiT. gavixsenoT zemoT ukve aRniSnuli

Sua aziis tradiciuli kavSirebi.am kavSirebs evropis

indoevropeizaciis procesSi did mniSvnelobas vaniWebT. agreTve,

gavixsenoT mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac cxenis moSinaureba im zolSi

unda momxdariyo, romelSic Sinauri viri iyo gavrcelebuli (81, 441-442).

CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom yvelaze meti

popularobiT cxenis aRmosavleT evropis stepebSi moSinaurebis

koncefcia sargeblobs. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, Zv.w. IV

aTaswleulSi Sinauri cxenis gavrcelebis saintereso areali ikveTeba,

romelic Zalze uaxlovdeba Cven mier indoevropul sivrced aRqmul

teritorias;

4) vfiqrobT, yuradsaRebia is garemoebac, rom mtkvar-araqsis

kultura wina aziasTan sust kavSirebs amJRavnebs (gansxvavebiT regionSi

misi winamorbedi arqeologiuri kulturebisgan) maSin, roca misi

Crdiloel imezobeli maikopis kultura am mxriv sakmaod

dawinaurebuli Cans. xom ar aris es mtkvar-araqsis kulturis SeqmnaSi

araadgilobrivi elementis monawileobis argumenti? Kidev erTxel

aRvniSnavT, rom zemoTmoyvanil msjelobas (indoevropuli enebis

dasavleTiT gavrcelebis Sesaxeb) jerjerobiT mxolod samuSao

hipoTezis saxe SeiZleba hqondes.


51

samxreT Suaaziuri hipoTezis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia,

evropaSi indoevropuli enebis gavrcelebis sakiTxic saWiroebs

alternatiul axsnas. am mxriv, vfiqrobT, saintereso iqneba, yuradReba

uralis stepebis „neoliTizebis" procesze (vgulisxmobT mwarmoebluri

meurneobis gavrcelebis process) gavamaxviloT. didi xania SeniSnulia,

rom qveynis am nawilSi mwarmoebluri meurneobis Camoyalibeba da

ganviTareba mxolod sami SesaZlo centridan: dunaispireT-balkaneTidan,

kavkasiidan da samxreT Sua aziidan SeiZleboda momxdariyo (135, 203).

neoliTisa da eneoliTis xanaSi kavkasiis stepebTan kontaqtebi ar

dasturdeba,Tumca imaves ver vityviT samxreT Sua aziis Sesaxeb.

miuxedavad imisa, rom indoevropeistikis sakiTxebze msjelobisas am

process SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eqceva, ar SeiZleba ar SevniSnoT,

rom rogorc mezoliTis, ise neoliTisa da eneoliTis periodSi es

regionebi (e.i. uralispireTi da samxreT Sua azia) erTmaneTTan mWidrod

iyo dakavSirebuli27. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom stepebis aTvisebasa

da iq nomaduri meurneobis CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti roli

mecxvareobis kulturam Seasrula. cxvari, iseve rogorc Txa da

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi, uralis stepebsa da mis mimdebare

teritoriaze ar binadrobda (147, 375). Zalze logikuria vifiqroT, rom

igi aq samxreT kaspiispireTidan gavrcelda, sadac misi domestikaciis

erT-erTi uZvelesi kera arsebobda. dasasrul, isic unda vTqvaT, rom

`protoindoevropul~ enaSi, rogorc Cans, sakmaod kargad iyo

warmodgenili mecxvareobasTan dakavSirebuli terminologia.

ra Tqma unda, Cven sruliadac ar gvsurs volga-uralis stepebis

aTvisebaze msjelobisas dunai-balkaneTis keris mniSvnelobis daknineba.

ubralod, aRvniSnavT, rom arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT,

mwarmoebluri meurneobis Camoyalibeba uralispireTsa da mis

aRmosavleTnawilSi ZiriTadad mainc samxreT Suaaziuri gavlenis

Sedegad moxda28. indoevropuli kilokavebis, ufro sworad, misi

araanatoliuri da araToxaruli nawilis evropaSi gavrceleba 27Aam sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix: 289, 327‐328.

28Ggansxvavebuli pozicia SeiZleba viqonioT volgispireTTan mimarTebiT. .


52

xsenebuli mimarTulebiT eTnikuri da kulturuli difuziis Sedegad

migvaCnia. am mxriv Cveni pozicia gansxvavdeba pontiur-kaspiuri

Teoriebis momxreebisgan, romlebic qveynis am nawilis

indoevropeizaciis process ufro dasavleTidan wamosul impulsebs

ukavSireben. vfiqrobT, rom amgvari midgoma n. danilenkos mier

SemoTavazebuli arqeologiuri argumentebisa (289, 327-328) da j.

nikolsis lingvisturi daskvnebis (159, 245-277) urTierTdakavSirebis

saintereso saSualebas iZleva.

maSasadame, SesaZlebelia davuSvaT, rom samxreT Sua aziidan,

romlic, Cveni azriT, indoevropelebis winaresamSoblos warmoadgenda,

Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi momTabare–mesaqonle tomebis mcire jgufebis

migracia daiwyo, ris Sedegadac volga–uralispireTis indoevropizacia

moxda. Zalze logikuria vifiqroT, rom axalmosulebma aq

“superstratis” roli Seasrules, ris Sedegadac srednestogis, dnepro–

doneckis da sxva kulturebi Camoyalibda. Zveli ormosamarxebis

kultura ki, savaraudod, sredenstogis kulturis safuZvelze

ganviTarda (98, 78).

vfiqrobT, rom Zveli ormoebis kultura winaresamSoblos

warmoadgenda yvela im indoevropuli enisTvis, romlebic mogvianebiT

evropaSi iyo gavrcelebuli (vgulisxmonT yvela indoevropul enas29

anatoliurisa da Toxarulis gamoklebiT, romlebis istoriac zemoT

wina da centralur azias davukavSireT).

Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi Zveli ormoebis kulturis safuZvelze sami

msxvili kulturul-istoriuli erToba Camoyalibda (ufro sworad

ganviTarda):

a) am periodis volga-uralis stepebSi gavrcelebuli Cans

poltavinos kultura;

b) SavizRvispireTSi – katakomburi;

g) CrdiloeT evropaSi ki sabrZolo culebis kultura vrceldeba.

vfiqrobT, rom am arqeologiuri kulturebis Camoyalibeba

indoevropuli enebis divergaciis mexuTe etaps Seesabameba, rodesac

29maT Soris vgulisxmobT indo-iranul da indo-ariul enebsac.


53

msxvil indoevropul jgufebad italiur-kelturi, berZnul-somxur-

ariuli da baltiur-slavur germanikuli gamoiyofa.

migvaCnia, rom baltiur-slavur-germanikuli sabrZolo culebis

kulturas Seesabameba; katakomburi kultura berZnul-somxur-ariuls

warmoadgens, poltavinosi ki - italiur-kelturs (am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb

ufro detalurad II Tavis meore da III Tavis meore paragrafSi

gagrZeldeba msjeloba).


54

Tavi II

antikuri xanis keltebis eTnogenezis sakiTxisTvis mniSvnelovani

enaTmecnieruli, arqeologiuri da istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi

kelturi samyaro ZvelTaganve did interess iwvevda. antikuri xanis

avtorebi da Sua saukuneebis (ZiriTadad, irlandiuri da inglisuri)

qronikebi mravalferovan informacias gvawvdian am „xalxis” istoriaze,

religiaze, miTologiaze, socialur institutebsa da yofiT

Taviseburebebze. Tanamedrove mecnierebic keltur sinamdviles

sxvadasxva kuTxiT swavloben, Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT ar

gaaCniaT amomwuravi pasuxi mTavar kiTxvaze: `vin iyvnen keltebi?”.

antikuri xanis kelturi sinamdvilis istoriuli TvalsazrisiT raobis

problema keltologiaSi dRemde erT-erT umTavres sadiskusio sakiTxad

rCeba.

winamdebare Tavi keltebis eTnogenezTan dakavSirebul aqtualur

sakiTxebs eZRvneba. aq erTmaneTisgan izolirebulad ganvixilavT

enaTmecnierul, arqeologiur da istoriul-eTnologiur problemebs,

romlebis mimarT mkvlevaris pozicias, Cveni azriT, gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba aqvsantikuri xanis keltebis eTnogenezis sakiTxze

msjelobisas. kerZod, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT Semdeg sadiskuso

Temebze:

enaTmecnierul nawilSi ($ 1 ):

a) ras warmoadgenda e.w. `protokelturi~ ena? ra SeiZleba iTqvas

masTan istoriulad cnobili kelturi enebis mimarTebis Sesaxeb?

b) ra saxis kontaqtebi hqonda keltur enebs (`proto~ da calkeuli

enebis doneze) sxva indoevropul da araindoevropul enebTan?

arqologiur nawilSi ($ 2 ):

a) romeli arqeologiuri kulturebi unda CavTvaloT keltebis,

ufro sworad “protokeltur enaze (enebze)” mosaubre xalxebis

Semoqmedebad?

b) ra eTno-socialurma procesebma gamoiwvia latenis

arqeologiuri kulturis formireba?


55

istoriul nawilSi ($ 3 ):

a) rogor moxda keltebis Sesaxeb antikuri xanis avtorebis

Sexedulebebis formireba?

b) ra versiebia daculi werilobiT wyaroebSi keltebis genezisis

Sesaxeb?

g) ra mniSvnelobiT iyenebdnen termins - „kelti“ antikuri xanis

avtorebi?

aqve vimsjelebT eTnogenetikuri kvlevebisTvis lingvistikis,

arqeologiisa da fizikuri anTropologiis mniSvnelobaze.

$1. keltebis eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis mniSvnelovani

enaTmecnieruli problemebi

pirvel rigSi, yuradReba lingvistikis monacemebs unda mivapyroT.

keltur enebs sxvadasxva avtorebi XVI saukunidan aRwerdnen (j.

bukeneni, e. lidi ... ),Tumca, maT mimarT interesi gansakuTrebiT mas

Semdeg gaizarda, rac 1786 wels uiliam jonsis ZalisxmeviT gairkva, rom

kelturi axlad “aRmoCenili” indoevropuli enobrivi ojaxis nawils

warmoadgenda. komparativistikis kuTxiT maTi kompleqsuri Seswavla

mxolod XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi daiwyo. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba hqonda k. ceisis naSroms - “kelturi gramatika” da f.

Bbopis wigns - ,,kulturuli enebi SedarebiTi lingvistikis

TvalsazrisiT" (251, 34). kelturma, rogorc periferiulma indoevropulma

enam, lingvistebis farTo daintereseba gamoiwvia. XIX saukunis meore da

XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mas araerTi gamokvleva miuZRvnes: i.

pokornim, h. cimerma, k. meierma, r. turneizenma, k. jeqsonma, J. lom, J.

vandriesma, h. pedersenma, g. luisma da sxva cnobilma lingvistebma. amave

periodSi gamoikveTa sadiskusio problemebi, romlebsac keltebis

eTnogenezze msjelobisas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad:

arsebobda Tu ara `protoitaliur-kelturi” erToba; gvxvdeba Tu ara

“substratuli” elementebi irlandiur enaSi da sxva.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg keltologiaSi mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi moxda, ris mizezsac,ZiriTadad, am periodSi gakeTebuli


56

aRmoCenebi warmoadgens. kerZod, dadasturda leponturi da kelt-

iberuli enebis kelturi buneba. kelt-iberuli warwerebi jer kidev 1921-

22 wlebSi gaSifra espanelma arqeologma m. garsia-morenom, magram misi

koncefcia sastikad gaakritika h. Suhardtma, romelic am ZeglebSi

iberiuli enobrivi elementebis amocnobas cdilobda.maTi (e.i. kelt-

iberuliwarwerebis)kelturibunebisdamtkicebamxolod 1946 welsSeZloa.

tovarma. leponturi warwerebis gaSifrva ki (XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi)

m. leJenis saxels ukavSirdeba (251, 89).

amasTan, meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi mniSvnelovnad

Seicvala samecniero paradigma, romlis safuZvelzec manamde enobrivi

monacemebis interpretacia xdeboda (sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro

dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba saubari). amis gamo sadiskusio gaxda bevri

manamdeTiTqmis calsaxad gaziarebuli debuleba. magaliTad, eWvqveS

dadga ,,protokelturis" homogenuri buneba, kelturi enebis

klasificirebis sistemis damajerebloba, calkeuli enobrivi

procesebis (magaliTad,P* - s disimilaciis) realuri arsi da sxva. es

sakiTxebi keltologiaSi dRemde intensiurad ganixileba.

antikuri xanis keltebis eTnogenezis problemaze msjelobisas,

vfiqrobT, yuradReba Semdegi lingvisturi Sinaarsis sakvlev kiTxvebze

unda gavamaxvilo:




enebis doneze) sxva indoevropul da araindoevropul enebTan?

am sakiTxebze msjelobisas Cveni msjeloba Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis

J. ieSkas, r. vudardis, e. evansis, r. volasis, j. faifis, v. kaliginisa da

a. koroliovis naSromebs emyareba.

vidre uSualod am sakvlevi kiTxvebis Seswavlaze gadavidodeT,

vfiqrobT, saWiroa ganvixiloT Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs lingvistikas

eTnogenetikuri kvlevebisTvis. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, im Teoriuli

problemebis Sesaxeb, romlebic mis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebis


57

sxva samecniero disciplinebis monacemebTan dakavSirebisa da

istoriuli interpretaciisas warmoiqmneba30.

lingvistika - ama Tu im enis, an enaTa jgufis lingvisturi

Seswavlis safuZvelze miRebul informacias eTnogenezis sakiTxebze

msjelobisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. es gansakuTrebiT maSin igrZnoba,

roca saqme preistoriul, an werilobiTi wyaroebis mier naklebad

gaSuqebul geografiul arealSi mimdinare eTnikur procesebs exeba.

bevri mecnieri enas umTavres eTnikur maxasiaTeblad Tvlis da

Sesabamisad, ama Tu im xalxis genezisze msjelobisas lingvistikur

monacemebs gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs. maTi argumentebi, erTi

SexedviT, sakmaod damajerebeli Cans. Tanamedrove lingvistika erT-erTi

umkacresi mecnierebaa. mis gankargulebaSia kvelevis SedarebiT -

istoriuli da struqturuli meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba

msoflios enebis da genetikuri da tipologiuri klasifikacia.

eTnogenezis sakiTxebze msjelobisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

pirvel maTgans eniWeba, radgan igi monaTesave enebis amosavali

arqetipis rekonstruqtirebis da am aRdgenili erTobis TandaTanobiTi

daSlis istoriuli Tanmimdevrobis gansazRvris saSualebas iZleva

.brunvaSi Semodis calkeuli cnebebi da terminebi (magaliTad,

superstrati, substrati, konvergacia, divergacia da a. S.), romlebis

eTnikuri istoriis konteqstSi ganzogadebac kvlevis saintereso

perspeqtivebs gvisaxavs.

amasTan, kvlevis lingvistikur meTodebs eyrdnoba: toponimika,

hidronimika, onomastika, lingvogeografia da sxva disciplinebi,

romlebsac, aseve, mravlismetyveli informaciis mocema SeuZlia (maT

Sesaxeb saubari odnav qvemoT iqneba).

erTi SexedviT aseTi STambeWdavi SesaZleblobebis miuxedavad

arsebobs mTeli rigi garemoebebi, romlebic zemoTCamoTvlili

30naSromis is nawilebi, romlebic uSualod eTnogenetikuri kvlevebisTvis aqtualuri

Teoriuli sakiTxebis ganxilvas eZRvneba daxrili SriftiTaa dawerili.


58

monacemebis avTenturobas eWvqevS ayenebs. isini, ZiriTadad, lingvisturi

masalis istoriul konteqstSi interpretirebisas warmoiqmneba31.

am SemTxvevaSi, yuradRebas pirvel rigSi „protoenis“ cneba

imsaxurebs. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom igi, upirveles yovlisa,

enaTmecnieruli kategoriaa. mis umTavres funqcias enobrivi monacemebis

klasificireba da sistematizireba warmoadgens. istoriul sinamdvileze

aseTi kategoriebis brmad morgeba yovlad dauSvebelia. amis umTavresi

mizezi rekonstruqtirebuli “protoenebis” metismetad hipoTeturi

bunebaa.imis Tqma gvsurs, rom lingvistebis mier aRdgenili enobrivi

elementebi, romelsac isini: ,,protoindoevropulis",

,,protobalto_slavuri", ,,italo-kelturis" da sxva msgavsi terminebis

qveS aTavseben, Znelad Tu SegviZlia realurad, erT qronologiur

sibrtyeze arsebulad ganvixiloT. mogrovili mravalferovani

enaTmecnieruli masalis sivrcobriv-qronologiuri identifikacia

metismetad meryev hipoTezebs emyareba, rac, bunebrivia, lingvistiuri

monacemebis istoriul WrilSi aRqmas metad arTulebs. swored am

mizezebis gamoa, rom a. Sleixeris ,,geneologiuri xis" Teoria, romelic

sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba sxvadasxva eTnogenetikuri gamokvelevebis

furclebze, sadaReisod metad aradamajerebel sqemad iTvleba.

`protoenis,~ rogorc cnebis Sesaxeb aseve unda iTqvas, rom igi

lingvisturi Sinaarsis terminia. misi saSualebiT enaTmecnierebi

monaTesave enebis Sedarebis safuZvelze aRdgenil enobrivi arqetipebis

im kompleqss aRniSnaven, romlisganac, savaraudod, kvlevisaTvis

mniSvnelovani enebi iReben saTaves. am cnebis upirvelesi daniSnuleba

mogrovili lingvistikuri masalis sistematizaciaa.

marTalia, aravin uaryofs, rom monaTesave enebi istoriulad erTi

wyarodan momdinareoben, magram imasac yvela aRiarebs, rom

komparavistebis mir aRdgenili enobrivi `arqetipebi~ mxolod garkveul

sistemur informacias gvawvdian realurad arsebuli `protoenebis~

Sesaxeb. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, xSirad arc imis garantia gvaqvs, rom

31Uunda iTqvas, rom sociolingvistika da dialeqtologia, erTerT miznad am problemebis gadaWras isaxaven.


59

lingvistebis mier ama Tu im `protoenis~ wiaRSi moTavsebuli enobrivi

elementebi rodesme erT qronologiur sibrtyeze Tanaarsebobdnen.

aseT pirobebSi, bunebrivia, protoenobrivi realobis obieqturi

arsi farTo diskusiis sagans warmoadgens. rogorc k. klimovi SeniSnavs

am sakiTxis lingvistebi sami erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli

mimarTulebiT ganixilaven:

1) erTni Tvlian, rom `protoena~ sinamdvileSi erTi individumia,

romlis wiaRSic minimaluri dialeqturi gansxvavebebi arsebobs. am

mosazrebas zurgs a. meie, k. brugmani, r. kenti, j. marCandi, v. georgievi

da sxva cnobili lingvistebi umagreben;

2) meore mimarTuleba, romlis ukanac i. boduen de kurtene, e.

germani, f. tavodeli, t. berou da sxvebi dganan pirvelisagan imiT

gansxvavdeba, rom `protoenas~ sakmaod Sors wasuli dialeqturi

diferenciaciis fonze ganixilavs. rig SemTxvevebSi ki am dialeqtebis

arqetipis arsebobasac eWvqveS ayenebs;

3) mesame mosazrebas mxars n. trubeckoi, v. pizani, e. koseriu, a.

desnickaia, r. katiCiCa da sxvebi uWeren. igi kidev ufro dacilebuli

Cans tradiciul Sexedulebebs. mis CarCoebSi `fuZeena~ erTmaneTis

monaTesave ramodenime enis konglomeratad ganixileba, romelebis

arqetipis arsebobac eWvqveS aris dayenebuli (252, 134-138).

Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas, rom bevri mkvlevari zemoTCamoTvlili

hipoTezebidan mxolod da mxolod erTs ar miiCnevs WeSmaritebis

ukanasknel instanciad da maT sinTezirebas cdilobs. magaliTad v.

Jirmunski SeniSnavs, rom yovel konkretul istoriul-socialur

SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa damoukideblad gadawydes saqme `fuZeenasTan~

gvaqvs, Tu monaTesave enebis kavSirTan (248, 45). vfiqrobT, rom

sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma savsebiT mizanSewonilia.

amasTan, unda aRvniSnoT, rom enobrivi da eTnikuri erToba, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, sulac ar warmoadgens identur cnebebs. yuradRebis Rirsia,

aseve, SemTxvevebi, roca mxolod enobrivi monacemebis analizis

saSualebiT gakeTebuli, Tundac sruliad avTenturi daskvnebi, mcdari

eTnogenetikuri Sexedulebebisken gvibiZgebs. magaliTisaTvis karibis

zRvis qveynebis enebis SemTxveva gamodgeba. maTi enebi, rogorc


60

morfologiur da sintaqsur, ise leqsikur doneze metad did siaxloves

amJRavnebs indoevropul enebTan, ramac, SesaZlebelia, am regionis

xalxebis formirebaSi indoevropuli eTnikuri elementis farTo

monawileoba gvavaraudebinos (124, 223). es ki, ra Tqma unda mcdari

hipoTeza iqneba.

Aaqve unda iTqvas, rom eTnogenetikur kvlevebSi Zalze

perspeqtiulad gvesaxeba arqeologiuri kulturisa da “protoenis”

cnebis urTierTmimarTebis ganxilva. Tumca, am sakiTxs II Tavis meore

paragrafSi SevexebiT.

saubris calke Temaa `lingvisturi paleontologia”, romlis

monacemebic Zalze xSirad figurirebs eTnogenetikuri gamokvlevebis

furclebze. igi im ekologiuri da kulturuli landSaftis

rekonstruqcias cdilobs, romlis wiaRSic eTnogenetikuri

kvlevisaTvis mniSvneloban xalxebs uwevdaT cxovreba. maT

Camoyalibebas safuZveli a. piqtem Cauyara (173, 343). gansakuTrebiT

farTo xasiaTi ki msgavsma gamokvlevebma. XX saukunis 20-30 wlebSi,

struqturuli enaTmecnierebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg miiRo.

Tanamedrove humanitaruli mecnierebis warmomomadgenlebs Soris

,,lingvisturi paleontologiis" saSualebiT gakeTebuli daskvnebis

avTenturoba-araavTenturobis sakiTxi cxare diskusiis obieqts

warmoadgens. mkvlevarTa nawili maT ndobas ucxadebs da Tavis

gamokvlevebSi farTod iyenebs. nawili ki skeptikur damokidebulebas

iCens da sarkazmsac ar erideba (173, 34). am polemikis Sedegebs

winamdebare gamokvlevisTvis mxolod nawilobriv aqvs mniSvneloba,

radgan Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis winaresamSoblos da

,,protoerTobis" xanaSi maTi kulturis raobis sakiTxi Tanamedrove

keltologia - germanistikaSi mwvaved ar dgas. TiTqos mkafiod aris

moxazuli is konturebi, romlis wiaRSic es problemebi unda gadawydes.

Tumca, indoevropuli siZveleebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas “lingvistur

paleontologias didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

CamoTvlili debulebebi, ra Tqma unda, lingvistikis monacemebis

mimarT hiperkritikuli damokidebulebis safuZvels ar gvaZlevs. isini,


61

mxolod, enobrivi masalis eTnogenetikur aspeqtSi ganxilvisas

sifrTxilis gamoCenis da sxva mecnierebebis monacemebTan misi

Sejerebis aucileblobaze migvaniSneben da gvaiZuleben yovelTvis didi

yuradRebiT movekidoT Semdeg sakiTxebs: ra istoriuli realoba

imaleba ama Tu im “protoenis” cnebis qveS da ramdenad SeiZleba misi

istoriul sinamdvilesTan, an iseT hipoTetur konstruqtTan gatoleba,

rogoricaa arqeologiuri kultura (am sakiTxze msjelobas, odnav

qvemoT, arqeologiaze saubrisas ganvagrZobT).

toponimika da hidronimika sxvadasxva geografiuli adgilebisa

da mdinareebis saxelwodebebs, ra Tqma unda, metad metyveli

informaciis mocema SeuZlia aq mcxovrebi mosaxleobis ama Tu im

enebrivi garemosadmi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, bolomde utyuar

argumentad arc es monacemebi gamodgeba, radgan, jer erTi xSirad

calsaxad ar aris gansazRvruli esa Tu is hidro-toponimi, romel

enobriv garemos ekuTvnis da meore _ ama Tu im regionSi

mkvlevarisaTvis saintereso eTnosis kuTvnili toponimis ararseboba

calsaxad ar amtkicebs, rom iq am ukansaknels fexi arasodes daudgams.

vinaidan, mogvinebiT, SesaZloa, es leqsikuri erTeuli dakarguliyo.

amasTan, arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom toponimikuri monacemebi, rogorc

wesi ver TariRdeba, rac aseve sirTuleebs warmoSobs.

miuxedavad amisa, hidro-toponimika germanelebisa da keltebis

(iseve rogorc mTlianad indoevropelebis) eTnogenezze saubrisas mainc

udides daxmarebas gviwevs. bevri eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis Sesaxeb

mxolod maTi saSualebiT xdeba cnobili. geografiul arealSi maTi

statistikurad Seswavlis SemTxvevaSi ki werilobiT wyaroebSi

fiqsirebuli eTno-lingvisturi jgufebis gavrcelebis arealzec

sakmaod srulyofili warmodgena gveqmneba. isic unda avRniSnoT, rom

rig SemTxvevebSi swored toponimebi inaxavs ama Tu im enis ganviTarebis

adreul formebs, rac lingvistebs mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs. sxva

wyaroebTan Sejerebis SemTxvevaSi hidro-toponimika pirvelxarisxovan

wyarod SeiZleba CavTvaloT (yovel SemTxvevaSi maSin, roca saqme

germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezs exeba).


62

keltur-germanikuli hidro-toponimebis Seswavla XIX saukunis

bolos da XX s-is dasawyisSi daiwyo. maTi analizi, ZiriTadad, imave

mecnierebis saxels ukavSirdeba, romlebzec zemoT, lingvistikaze

msjelobisas, iyo saubari.

onomastika_ eTnogenetikuri kvlevebis dros onomastikis

monacemebs sakmaod didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. miTumetes, roca

saqme indoevropul enebze mosaubre xalxebs exeba, romlebis sakuTari

saxelebic xSirad saxeli - kompozitis, e.i. mcire teqstis saxiT aris

warmodgenili. sadReisod, isini sakmaod kargad arian Seswavlili: o.

frisenis, s. buges, a. ianseni, k. marstranderis da sxva mecnierebis mier

da xSirad gamoiyenebian ama Tu im eTnogenetikuri problemis

gasaSuqeblad.

onomastikuri xasiaTis monacemebi mniSvenlovan daxmarebas

gviwevs germaneli da kelti xalxebis klasifikaciisas32. farTod

gamoiyenebian isini im SemTxevvaSic, roca saqme Sida eTnikur migraciebs

exeba. dasasrul, unda iTqvas isic, rom bolomde ndobas arc onomastika

imsaxurebs, radgan sakuTari saxelebi Zalze iolad xdeba sesxebis

obieqti mezobel (da ara mxolod mezobel) xalxebs Soris.

lingvogeografia lingvogeografia (igive arealuri lingvistika,

an dialeqtologia) dialeqtur niSnebs da maT gavrcelebis areals

Seiswavlis. kvlevis Sedegebs ki, rogorc wesi, rukebisa da atlasebis

saSualebiT gamosaxavs. mis monacemebs eTnogenezis sakiTxebze

msjelobisas sul ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba.

zemoT Cven aRvniSneT, rom lingvisturi sqemebis istoriul

WrilSi gaazrebam mTel rig sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli.

humanitaruli mecnierebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis didi xania saidumlos

aRar warmoadgens, rom werilobiT wyaroebSi fiqsirebuli da miT

umetes maTze dayrdnobiT (SedarebiT - istoriuli meTodis saSualebiT)

rekonstruqtirebuli ,,protonebi" zedialeqtur formebs warmoadgens da

realur eTnogenetikur situacias Zalze bundovnad asaxavs.

sailustraciod germanuli eposebis (,,heliandis", ,,simRera

32rig SemTxvevaSi istoriulad cnobili zogierTi germaneli tomis ama Tu im eTno-

ligvistur dajgufebasTan mikuTvneba mxolod maTi saSualebiT xerxdeba.


63

hildebrandze" ,,boevulfi" da sxva) SemTxveva gamodgeba. aq fiqsirebuli

saliteraturo enis Sidagermanul klasifikaciaSi CarTva (risi

mcdelobac araerTxel yofila) Zalze saxifaToa, radganac masSi

sxvadasxva ganStoebis (Tumca, ra Tqma unda “protogermanulidan”

momavali) dialeqturi formebia sinTezirebuli.

eTnogenezis sakiTxebze msjelobisas meti mniSvneloba, ra Tqma

unda, am dialeqtebis Seswavlas aqvs. amgvari dialeqturi formebis

Seswavla lingvogeografiis amocanas warmoadgens. marTalia,

Tanamedrove dialeqtologiaSi uaryofilia k. miulenhofis Teoria,

romlis mixdeviT Tanamedrove germanikuli dialeqtebis gavcelebis

areali Zveli germanuli tomebis sacxovriss emTxveva. (122, 202), magram

SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebiT mainc xerxdeba Zveli dialeqturi

formebis, maT Soris arsebuli izoglasebisa da inovaciebis

rekonstruqcia.

sociolingvistika - sociolingvistika enis arsebobis formebs,

mis sazogadoebriv funqciebs da socialur procesebTan kavSirs

Seiswavlis. eTnogenezis sakiTxebze msjelobaSi mas sakmao sicxadis

Setana SeuZlia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT misi saSualebiT realuri

istoriuli suraTis ufro mkafio ferebSi daxatva SeiZleba. amis gamo

migvaCnia, rom arc mTlad gadaWarbebulia v. Jirmunskis Sefaseba,

romelic sociolingvistikas lingvografiis ,,mesame ganzomilebas"

uwodebs (247, 68).

sociolingvisturi problemebiT (anu enis da sazogadoebis

urTierTmimarTulebiT) adreuli periodis skolebis warmomadgenlebi

naklebad interesdebodnen. am mxriv, kvlevebis fuZemdebels a. meie

warmoadgens. sociolingvistur problematikas, aseve mniSvnelovani

adgili uWiravs struqturuli mimarTulebis enaTmecnierebis (s.

karcevskis, r. iakobsonis, n. trubeckois da sxvebis) SemoqmedebaSi.

winamdebare naSromSi dialeqtologiisa da sociolingvistikis

debulebebs farTod viyenebT enobrivi monacemebis istoriul

konteqstSi ganzogadebisas.


64




enebis doneze) sxva indoevropul da araindoevropul enebTan?_

Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi aRiarebuli klasifikaciis mixedviT keltur

enobriv ojaxSi Sedis: galuri, leponturi33, keltiberuli, brituli

(Zveli britebis ena), galaturi (mcire aziis galatebis ena)34,

irlandiuri, gaeluri, menuri, Sotlandiuri (igive eruli), uelsuri

(igive kambruli), korniuli da bretonuli enebi. galuri, leponturi,

keltiberuli, brituli da galaturi saistorio asparezss jer kidev

antikur xanaSi Camoscilda. korniuli enis xmarebidan gamosvla ki XVIII

saukunes ukavSirdeba.

kelturi enebis ricxvi istoriulad, ra Tqma unda, ufro didi

iqneboda, magram maT Sesaxeb informacias Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. TviT

zemoTCamoTvlil enebze Cveni warmodgena, xSir SemTxvevaSi, fragmentul

cnobebs emyareba. magaliTad, galuri enidan Cvenamde calkeulma

sityvebma moaRwia, romlebic antikuri xanis avtorebis (polibiosis,

iulius keisaris, varonis, strabonis da sxva) TxzulebebSia daculi.

maTi nawili ki substratuli leqsikis saxiT romanul enebSi Sevida.

SemorCa, aseve, sasaflaos epitafiebi, msxverplSewirvasTan

dakavSirebuli mcire warwerebi da monetis legendebi. am mxriv,

gansakuTrebuli adgili 1897 wels kolinSi (safrangeTi) aRmoCenil

brinjaos firfitaze amokveTil galur kalendars uWiravs (251,78).

keltiberuli ena, ZiriTadad, toponimebiTa da epigrafikuli ZeglebiT

aris cnobili, romlis korpusic, sadReisod, 30-ze met warweras

moiTvlis. Tumca, aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs 50-mde monetis legendas

da laTinuri anbaniT Sesrulebul 20-mde lapidalur Zegls, romlis

yvelaze faseul nimuSsac betorigaSi aRmoCenili brinjaos dafaze

Sesrulebuli warwera warmoadgens (251, 79). leponturi enis Sesaxeb

Cveni warmodgena ki e.w. luganos alfavitiT (romelic CrdiloeT

33zogjer cisalpur galurs leponturisgan gansxvavebul enadac asaxeleben; 34 galaturi da brituli, maTze SemorCenili monacemebis simciris gamo, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq pirobiTad aris naxsenebi.


65

etruskuli anbanis erTerT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens) Tixis WurWelze

amotvifruli mcire warwerebiT Semoifargleba (251, 79). rac Seexeba

galatursa da brituls. maTgan mxolod toponimebi da antikuri

periodis avtorebis TxzulebebSi daculi onomastikuri monacemebi

SemorCa35 (251, 83).

gacilebiT mravalferovani informacia mogvepoveba Sua saukuneebis

kelturi enebi Sesaxeb, magram, vfiqrobT, maTi aq aRnusxvis

aucilebloba ar arsebobs. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom dReisTvis

irlandiuri, Sotlandiuri da bretonuli enebis dialeqtebis Seswavlis

kuTxiTac mniSvnelovani nabijebia gadadgmuli.

keltur enebs, Cveulebriv, kunZulis da kontinentis jgufebad

yofen. kunZulis enebSi, Tavis mxriv, brituli da goideluri (igive

geluri) jgufebi gamoiyofa. pirvel maTganSi uelsuri, korniuli da

bretonuli Sedis. meoreSi _ irlandiuri, Sotlandiuri da

menuri36kunZulis enebSi ki leponturi (cisalur galuri), keltiberuli,

galuri, galaturi, norikuli erTiendeba (84, 104).

zemoTxsenebul keltur enebs mTeli rigi msgavsebebi gaaCniaT

sityvaTa maragSi, brunebaSi, uRlebis garkveul aspeqtebSi da sxva

lingvistur niuansebSi, rac maT erT enobriv ojaxSi gaerTianebas

ganapirobebs. maTi erTi ojaxSi gaerTianeba ki, TavisTavad, dRis

wesrigSi `protokelturi” enis, anu im arqetipis rekonstruqcias

ayenebs, saidanac istoriulad cnobili kelturi enebi, an maTi winaprebi

unda ganviTarebuliyvnen.

`protokeltur~ enaze msjelobisas sakmaod mniSvnelovani

problemebi warmoiqmneba. saqme isaa, rom keltologiaSi, am mxriv,

sxvadasxva mosazrebebi figurirebs. XIX saukunis meore da XX saukunis

pirvelinaxevris enaTmecnierebi `protokelturs~ sakmaod homogenur

enobriv realobad Tvlidnen, Tumca, meore msoflio omis Semdgom

periodSi gakeTebulma aRmoCenebma (pirvel rigSi leponturi da

35Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT savaraudod britebis enaze Sesrulebul Zv.w. I saukunis erT mcire bundovani Sinaarsis warweras da ramdenime monetis legendas (251, 45). 36 gaeluri ena menurs, mxolod XVI saukuneSi gamoeyo.


66

keltiberuli enebis kulturuli bunebis gamovlenas vgulisxmobT) misi

monoliTurobis damadasturebeli bevri argumentis gansxvavebuli

interpretacia gamoiwvia. sailustraciod, saWiroa, am kuTxiT

mniSvnelovani ramodenime magaliTi ganvixiloT.

`protokelturisTvis~ yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebad

indoevropuli *p-s disimilacia iTvleboda. Tumca, es tradiciuli

Sexeduleba bolo dros eWvqveS dadga. aRmoCnda, rom keltiberul

warwerebSi *p SenarCunebulia, ramac sxvadasxva mkvlevrebs

gansxvavebuli mosazrebisken ubiZga. kerZod, i. pokorni, u. Smoli da

sxva avtorebi indoevropuli * p-s Semcvel sityvebSi iliriul da

luzitanur relieqtebs xedaven. maTi azriT es enebi kelturisgan

swored indoevropuli *p-s formiT gansxvavdebodnen (85, 101-109).

v. meidi, k. Smidti da sxvebi ki Tvlian, rom ukiduresad dasavluri

(anu keltiberuli) enobrivi monacemebi kelturis ganviTarebis arqauli

periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niuansebs inarCunebs, sadac

indoevropuli *p SenarCunebuli unda yofiliyo (85, 112).

`protokeltur~ doneze *p-s nawilobriv SenarCunebis

SesaZleblobas bevri sxva lingvistic uSvebs. Tumca, Tanamedrove

keltologobis didi umravlesoba indoeevropul *p – Si mainc ufro

kelturi enebis dialeqtur ganmasxvavebels ufro xedavs.

daaxloebiT msgavsi diskusia arsebobs tradiciulad

“protokelturis” maxasiaTeblad aRqmuli sxva fonemebis SemTxvevaSic.

magaliTad, tradiciulad iTvleboda, rom indoevropuli *ei saerTo

keltur e -s Seesabameboda, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mogvianebiT i‐d

gardaiqmna, Tumca, zogierTi galuri saxeli, magaliTad Dubnoreix

gvavaraudebinebs, rom `protokelturSi~ ei-s e -Si gadasvlis procesi

dasrulebuli ar unda yofiliyo. tradiciuli hipoTezis marTebulobis

SemTxvevaSi Dubnoreix-is nacvlad unda gvqondes Dubnorix37 (85, 119).

37Tumca, aseve dasaSvebia mosazreba, rom werilobiT ZeglebSi ei-s arseboba laTinur-

berZnuli gavlenebis, an orTografiuli gaumarTavobis Sedegs warmoadgens.


67

indoevropul *p-sTan da ei - sTan dakavSirebuli zemoT mokled

aRwerili diskusia vfiqrobT naTlad warmoaCens im sirTuleebs,

romlebic “protokelturi enis” maxasiaTeblebze msjelobisas

warmoiqmneba, Tumca, Cvens SemTxevaSi, vfiqrobT, am tipis diskursebis

siRrmiseul analizze metad mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT, Tu ras

gveubneba Tanamedrove lingvistika keltebis eTnogenezis sakiTxisTvis

mniSvnelovan Semdeg sakiTxebze:

1) ramdenad gamokveTili saxe aqvs “protokelturs” sxva

indoevropul enebTan mimarTeban mimarTebaSi;

2) vrceldeba Tu ara yvela keltur enaze “protokelturis”

maxasaiTeblebi;

3) rogor unda warmovidginoT “protokelturi” enis

divergaciis procesi;

4) axasiaTebs Tu ara keltur enebs “subrstratuli enebis”

gavlenebi;

5) SeuZlia Tu ara “protokeltur” enas raime gansakuTrebuli

“gviTxras” im geografiuli arealis Sesaxeb, sadac igi

Camoyalibda;

6) SeuZlia Tu ara “protokeltur” enas raime gansakuTrebuli

“gviTxras” Tavisi “matareblebis” yofisa da kulturis

Sesaxeb.

TanmimdevrobiT ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:

Tavisi istoriis manZilze keltur enebs rogorc `proto~, ise

calkeuli enebis doneze garkveuli kontaqtebi hqondaT sxvadasxva

indoevropul da araidnoevropul enebTan. keltebis eTnogenezze

msjelobisas am mxriv SemorCenili monacemebis aRnusxvas sakmaod didi

mniSvneloba aqvs, miT umetes, rom am kontaqtebis Cveneba, umetesad,

mxolod enobrivi monacemebis saSualebiT SeiZleba.

pirvel rigSi yuradReba kelturisa da italiuris

urTierTmimarTebas unda mivapyroT. lingvistur mecnerebaSi sakmaod

gavrcelebuli Cans mosazreba, rom es ori “Zvelevropuli” enobrivi

sinamdvilis warmodgenili (anu italiuri da kelturi) garkveuli xnis

ganmavlobaSi `protoerTobas~ qmnida. es idea pirvelad 1861 wels k.


68

lotnerma Camoayaliba (128, 74). Semdgom xanebSi ki mas sxva lingvistebic

miemxrnen. kerZod a. Sleixerma igi Tavisi `geneologiuri xis~ Toeriis

erTerT debulebad aqcia. a. meim ki am enebis ganviTarebis saerTo

tendenciebis Seswavla daiwyo (128, 78).

italiur-kelturi `protoerTobis~ Teoriis CarCoebSi, zogjer

ufro konkretul sakiTxebsac exebian. magaliTad a. valde cdilobda

daemtkicebina, rom kelturi enebis brituli jgufi ufro axlo dgas

osko-umbrulTan, goideluri ki _ laTinur-faliskurTan (251, 105).

Tumca, es mosazreba, sadReisod farTo mxardaWeriT ar sargeblobs.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas Tavad italiur-kelturi `protoerTobis”

arsebobis Teoriis mimarTac romelsac aseve, bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavs.

mas pirveli seriozuli dartyma 1928 wels k. marstranderma miayena. misi

kritika ki mogvianebiT gaiziares: r. eslim, J. vandriesma, r. Turneizenma

da sxvebma.

isini “italiur-kelturis” maxasiaTeblad gamokveTil izoglasebs

italiur-kelturi `protoenis~ arsebobis damamatkicebel argumentebad

ar Tvlian da maTi arsebobis axsnas xan paraleluri evoluciis, xan ki

urTierTnasesxobiT cdiloben; zogjer ki maT realurobas saerTod

uaryofen (128, 46).

es diskusia, iseve rogorc “protokelturis~ arsis Taobaze zemoT

aRwerili diskursi lingvisturi kvlevis obieqtia. eTnogenetikuri

kvlevis SemTxvevaSi mas imdenad aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenadac

lingvisturi konstruqtebi istoriuli realobis rekonstruqciisTvisaa

saWiro. kerZod, Tuki enobrivi monacemebi saSualebas mogvcemda gveTqva,

rom “protokelturis” saxiT saqme “fuZeenasTan” gvaqvs, xolo “proto-

keltur italiuri” met-naklebad gamokveTil enobriv kavSirebs

warmoadgens, es eTnologiuri kvlevisTvis friad yuradsaRebi daskvna

iqneboda, Tumca, calsaxaa, rom zemoT Camoyalibebuli diskursi msgavsi

daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs.

“protokelturs” met-naklebad gamokveTili saxe aqvs (gamomdinare

iqidan, rom mkafiod ikveTeba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli “inovaciebis

banki”), Tumca, igi sakmaod heterogenul realobas warmoadgens

(gamomdinare iqidan, rom Zalze iSviaTad xerxdeba “protokelturis”


69

maxaisiaTeblebis met-naklebad unificirebul formebamde dayvana).

“protoitaliur-kelturi” ki kidev ufro efemeruli (rom ar vTqvaT

xelovnuri) realobaa, romlis arseboba-ararsebobazec mxolod

calkeuli izoglasebis doneze SeiZleba msjeloba.

vfiqrobT, rom “protokelturis” cnebis ukan martivad SegviZlia

davinaxoT qronologiuri da geografiuli TvalsazrisiT met-naklebad

lokalur sivrceSi sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris arsebuli sakomuniacio

kavSirebis qseli. miT ufro, rom amgvari sivrcis (praqtikulad

kelturi enebis winaresamSoblos) lokalizebaSi did daxmarebas gviwevs

hidro–toponimikis monacemebi. saqme isaa, rom kelturi toponimebi

absolutur umravlesobas kiolnidan bohemiamde da tiuringiamde

teritoriaze warmoadgens. es ki uflebas gvaZlevs keltur enebze

mosaubre xalxebis winaresamSoblos statusi swored am da mis

mimdebare teritorias mivaniWoT (280, 67).

rac Seexeba “protoitaliur-kelturis” cnebas. vfiqrobT igi,

Soreul warsulSi (magaliTad, Zv.w. IV an III aTaswleulebSi)

indoevropuli enebis ganlagebis markerad gamodges. realur

eTnogenetikur procesebs ki igi naklebad asaxavs.

kelturi enebis sxva lingvistur sinamdvileebTan kontaqtebze

saubrisas yvelaze did interess keltur “Zvelevropuli” da keltur--

germanikuli kavSirebi imsaxurebs. pirveli maTganis Sesaxeb zemoT (I

TavSi) ukve gvqonda saubari. meores ki gamokvlevis im nawilSi

SevexebiT, sadac germanuli lingvistikis problemebi iqneba ganxiluli,

radgan am kavSirebs germanuli sinamdvilisaTvis ufro meti

mniSvneloba hqonda vidre kelturisTvis.

aqve unda SevexoT keltur-slavuri enobrivi kontaqtebis sakiTxebs,

romlebsac bolo dros sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. maTi

enobrivi Sexvedrebi rig SemTxvevaSi eWvs ar iwvevs. magaliTad maSin,

roca iseT `protoslavur~ sityvebs exeba, rogoricaa: *jama, *Садло,

kalo, *Траг“fexi” `nabiji~, *Корва `Zroxa~, *Конь da sxva (251, 111).

Tumca maTi Seswavla rig sirTuleebiTanac aris dakavSirebuli.

saqme isaa, rom ar aris cnobili is kelturi ena, romlis wyalobiTac

`protoslavurSi~ kelturi sityvebi SeiZleba momxdariyo. unda


70

aRvniSnoT isic, rom “rogorc wesi” gvxvdeba kelturi nasesxobebi

`protoslavur~ enebSi piriqiT slavuridan-kelturSi nasesxebi ki ara,

rac albaT imis niSania, rom slavianur enobriv masivs `protokeltur~

sinamdvilesTan Sexeba arasdros qonia (251, 112).

dasasrul, unda SevexoT problemas, romelsac eTnogenetikuri

kvlevisas, tradiciulad, mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. saqme CvenTvis

saintereso enebSi “substratuli” elementebis arseboba-ararsebobis

sakiTxs exeba. saerTod, unda aRvniSnoT, rom keltur enebSi

substratuli gavlenebi Zalze sustad igrZnoba. am mxriv gamonakliss

mxolod irlandiuri ena warmoadgens, romlis “araindoevropuli~

warmomavlobis enobrivi maxasiaTeblebis arsi didi xania cxare

polemikis sagania. aseTTa ricxvSi unda movixsenioT:

1) sityvaTa uCveulo rigi VS0 (anu predikati _ subieqti-obieqti).

rogorc keltiberuli warwerebi, ise Tavad irlandiuri arqauli

Zeglebi gviCveneben kelturi enebisaTvis aseTi sistema ar aris

Tavdapirveli da igi mxolod mogvinebiT gaCnda enobriv sistemaSi

stilisturi markirebuli variantis gamagrebasTan erTad;

2) zmnur kompleqsSi kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis pirdapiri

damatebis rolSi infiqsacia;

3) uRlebadi windebulebis sistema;

4) zmnuri saxelebis gamoyenebis sixSire da sxva (84, 156).

lingvistebi zemoTCamoTvlil (da ara mxolod zemoTCamoTvlil)

enobriv debulebebs sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganixilaven. magaliTad, i.

pokornis isini irlandiurze sufstratuli enis gavlenis Sedegad

miaCnia. igi or gansxvavebul sufstratzec ki saubrobs, romelTagan

erTs `berberoidul~, meores ki `kavkasiur-eskimosur~ enobriv

sinamdviles miakuTvnebs (84, 160).

Tumca, Zalian bevri cnobili lingvisti, magaliTad: J. vandriesi, m.

diloni, k. uotkinsi da sxvebi, araTu am Teorias, aramed irlandiur

enaSi “substratuli elementebis” arsebobas saerTod uaryofs.

zemoTCamoTvlil enobriv procesebs ki indoevropuli gramatikis

safuZvelze xsnis (84, 146-189).


71

am diskusiis Sedegebs winamdebare gamokvlevisaTvis SedarebiT

naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan britaneTis kunZulebze

araindoevropuli eTnolingvisturi (e.w. piqturi) sinamdvilis arseboba

istoriulad savsebiT dadasturebuli faqtia. Tumca, igi kidev erTxel

usvams xazs Tu ramxela sifrTxilis gamoCenaa saWiro, roca

eTnogenetikuri kvlevisas enaTmecnieruli Sinaarsis argumentebs

viyenebT.

dasasrul, leqsikologiaze saubrisas ki unda iTqvas, rom

`protokelturSi~ mravlad gvxvdeba sityvebi, romlebsac etimologiuri

Sesatyvisobebi TiTqmis yvela indoevropul enaSi moepoveba. magaliTad:

`nobiliteti, `qali~, `deda~, `da~, `xari~, `ZaRli~, `cxeni~ (85, 168).

amasTan kelturma enebma saritualo-sakraluri, poeturi da

samarTlebrivi xasiaTis bevri metad arqauli terminic SeinarCunes

[85, 178). am faqts ki, vfiqrobT, kelti xalxebis eTnosocialuri

istoriis TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

$2. arqeologia da keltebis eTnogenezisis problema

evropaSi arqeologiur gaTxrebs sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs,

magram arqelogiuri TvalsazrisiT qveynis am nawilis safuZvliani

Seswavla mxolod XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan daiwyo. keltebis

eTnogenezis problemaze msjelobisas seriozul faqtorad arqeologia

swored am droidan iqca. im arqeologebis gverdiT, romlebic zogadad,

neoliTis, brinjaos da rkinis xanis masalebis sistematizaciiT iyvnen

dakavebuli (h. pidebrani, o. monteliusi, i. vorso, j. leboki da sxva),

aRniSvnis Rirsia mecnierebi, romlebic sakuTriv keltur siZveleebs

swavlobdnen. kelturi arqeologiis fuZemdeblad J. deSeleti iTvleba

(120, 29). aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs a. grenies, a. uberis da sxvebis

Semoqmedebas. Tanamedrove keltur arqeologiaSi ki yvelaze meti

avtoritetiT i. filipi, p. diuvali, v. meidi,b. kanlifi da sxvebi

sargebloben. gamokvlevis winamdebare nawili swored maT Txzulebebze

dayrdnobiTaa dawerili.CvenTvis aseve mniSvnelovania is avtorebi,

romlebic Teoriuli arqeologiis sakiTxebze muSaoben. Teoriuli

arqeologiis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, winamdebare naSromi ZiriTadad


72

ori avtoris, p. heterisa da s. Jonis Txzulebebs eyrdnoba, romlebSic

erTgvarad Sejamebulia am TvalsazrisiT humanitaruli

mecnierebebisTvis aqtualuri samecniero diskursebi.

keltebis eTnogenezze msjelobisas arqeologias udaod

mniSvnelovania, Tumca, Cveni naSromis am nawilisTvis marTebuli

sakvlevi SekiTxvebi gamovkveTisTvis aucilebelia vimsjeloT, Tu

ramdenad gvmarTebs arqeologiis monacemebis eTnogenetikur

kvlevebSigamoyeneba.aqve unda SevexoT fizikur anTropologiasac,

romlis monacemebic, xSirad, arqeologiasTanerTad ganixileba.

arqeologia _ eTnogenezis sakiTxebze msjelobisas arqeologiur

monacemebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs. misi saSualebiT mkvlevarTa winaSe

obieqturi, drosa da sivrceSi sakmaod kargad identificirebuli,

masala iSleba, romlis marTebul interpretaciasac warsulis Sesaxeb

sakmaod Rirebuli informaciis mocema SeuZlia. arqeologebis

gankargulebaSia araerTi mecnieruli debuleba da kvlevis meTodi,

romelic eTnosocialuri istoriis gaSuqebis karg potenciur Sanss

iZleva. erT-erT aseT debulebas “arqeologiuri kulturis” cneba

warmoadgens, romelic preisteriuli procesebis Seswavlas

mniSvnelovnadaiolebs.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs, aseve, kvlevis meTodebs, romelic

arqeologiuri masalis konkretul eTnikur jgufebTan dakavSirebis

Sanss gvaZlevs. am mxriv, arqeologiur mecnierebaSi sami, erTmaneTis

met-naklebad msgavsi meTodi gamoiyeneba:

a) pirveli maTgani istoriulad damowmebuli xalxis, werilobiT

wyaroebSi mocemuli geografiuli lokalizaciis safuZvelze, romelime

arqeologiur kulturasTan, an rig kulturul artefaqtebTan

gaigivebas gulisxmobs;

b) meore _ e.w. retrospeqtuli meTodia, romlis mizanic

arqeologiuri monacemebis eTnografiul masalasTan dakavSirebaa;

g) mesame _ ki toponimikisa da arqeologiis monacemebis Sejerebas

eyrdnoba. preistoriaze msjelobisas, am meTodebis efeqturad

gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, arqeologia iseTive gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas


73

iZens, rogoric istoriul periodze saubrisas werilobiT wyaroebs aqvs

(231, 167-169).

miuxedavad aseTi farTo potenciuri SesaZleblobebisa

arqeologiuri monacemebis eTnogenezis sakiTxebze msjelobisas

gamoyeneba mTel rig sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. diskusia arsebobs

arqeologiuri kulturis gamoyofis obieqturi kriteriumebis, e.w.

maRali da dabali qronologiis da sxva sakiTxebis garSemo. Tumca,

umTavres problematur sakiTxad, mainc, arqeologiuri kulturisa da

misi ganviTarebis eTnikuri istoriis TvalsazrisiT interpretacia

rCeba.

XIX saukunis II da XX saukunis I naxevris evropul arqeologiaSi

gabatonebuli mdgomareoba e.w. ,,formalur-tipologiur” meTods ekava,

romlis fuZemdebladac, xSirad g. kosinas miiCneven. zogjer am midgomas

“kosina-Caildis modelis”saxeliTac ixsenieben (miuxedavad imisa, rom g.

Caildig. kosinas Semoqmedebas sakmaod kritikulad afasebda).Aam

modelis farglebSi arqeologiur kulturaSi momxdari cvlilebebi,

umeteswilad, xalxTa migraciebiT ixsneboda. popularuli iyo ama Tu im

xalxis (xSirad a. Slaixeris “genealogiuri xis” Teoriis farglebSi

postulirebuli “protoenobrivi” realobebisac) arqeologiur

kulturebTan, an rig kulturul artefaqtebTan (magaliTad, keramikul

stilTan) gaigiveba.

TavianTi dasavleT evropeli kolegebisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli

pozicia ekavaT sabWoTa arqeologebs, romlebic arqeologiuri

kulturebis transformacias, umTavresad, socialur-ekonomikuri

xasiaTis movlenebs ukavSirebdnen. migraciebze ki iSviaTad saubrobdnen.

II msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis arqeologiaSi mimdinare

cvlilebebis fonze (rac, ZiriTadad, procesualistebisa da

neoarqeologobis skolebis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli), dasavleT

evropul arqeologiaSi paradigmuli cvlilebebi moxda. Tuki aqamde

sakvlevi kiTxvebis umravlesoba arqeologiuri kulturebis eTno-

lingvistur jgufebTan Sesabamisobaze iyo orientirebuli, axla meti

aqcenti lokaluri elitebis bunebas, mezobel civilizaciebTan

sakomunikacio kavSirebsa da sxva msgavs sakiTxebs eTmoba. sxvagvarad


74

rom vTqvaT eTnikuri, eTnolingvisturi jgufebis dasaxelebebi

arqeologiur kvlevebSi naklebad figurirebs.

miuxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT aRwerili diskusia

mainc ufro Teoriul xasiaTs atarebs. praqtikulad ki preistoriis

amsaxveli gamokvlevebis umravlesoba kvlav tradiciul CarCoebSi

ganixileba.

vfiqrobT, rom Tanamedrove etapze sruliad gaumarTlebelia imis

mtkiceba, rom esa, Tu is arqeologiuri kultura ama Tu im xalxs

SeiZleba Seesabamebodes. Sesabamisobis dadgenis amgvari mcdelobebi,

pirvel rigSi, eTnologiis monacemebs ewinaaRmdegeba. Tumca, es

sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom eTnogenetikuri kvlevebisas

arqeologiuri kulturis cneba azrs srulad kargavs. saqme isaa, rom

savsebiT SesaZleblad gveCveneba Tqma imisa, rom arqeologiuri

kultura romelime enobriv ojaxs Seesatyviseba (radgan orive maTgani,

calsaxad TavianTi gavrcelebis arealis SigniT intensiur kontaqtebis

arsebobas gulisxmobs). am tipis Sesabamisobis dadgenas ki

eTnogenetikuri kvlevisTvis fasdaudebeli samsaxuris gaweva SeuZlia.

fizikuri anTropologia - eTnogenezis sakiTxebze msjelobisas

anTropologiuri monacemebis mniSvneloba araerTgvarovnad aris

Sefasebuli. XIX saukuneSi rasobrivi klasifikacia TiTqmis enobrivi da

eTnikuri klasifikasiis identur cnebad iTvleboda. Sedegad, samecniero

literaturaSi gaCnda iseTi terminebi rogoricaa: “indoevropuli rasa”,

“slavuri rasa”, “germanuli rasa” da sxva. mesame raixis anTropologebi

iseTi daJinebiT amtkicebdnen rasebis, xalxebisa da enobrivi jgufebis

tolfardobas, rom maTi wyalobiT anTropologiuri argumentacia

tendenciurobis simbolod iqca da II msoflio omis Semdgomi bevri

mecnieris Txzulebidan sruliad gandevnili aRmoCnda. es, ra Tqma unda,

meore ukiduresabs warmoadgens da aseve gaumarTlebelia.

anTropologiis mniSvneloba yvela konkretul situaciaSi

gansxvavebulad unda Sefasdes.

vfiqrobT, rom sakuTriv Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezze

msjelobisas misi mniSvneloba didi ar aris, “protoindoevropuli

siZveleebis Seswavlisas ki mas SeuZlia garkveuli daxmareba gagviwios.


75

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezze anTropologiuri

kuTxiT msjelobisas, bunebrivia daismis kiTxva, Tu: ra damokidebuleba

unda viqonioT antikuri xanis im avtorebis Txzulebebis mimarT,

romlebSic, TiTqos, mkafiod aris gamokveTili Zveli germanelebisa da

keltebis fizikur-anTropologiuri maxasiaTeblebi?

am SekiTxvis garSemo arsebuli problemebis gaSuqebaSi v.

krauzesa da J. los Soris warmoebuli diskusiis gaxseneba dagvexmareba.

v. krauze berZeni da romaeli avtorebis cnobebs keltebis

qeraTmianobis, cisferTvalebobis, axovnobis da a.S. Sesaxeb faqtis

saxiT iRebda da askvnida, rom msgavsi anTropologiuri tipi mxolod

evropis CrdiloeTSi SeiZleboda Camoyalibebuliyo. keltebis

winaresamSoblos lokalizacia igi qveynis am nawilSi axdenda. J. lom

misi Teoria ar gaiziara da daaskvna, rom keltebis habitusis Sesaxeb

antikuri periodis avtorebis Sexeduleba metad trafaretulia da rom

mis realurobas araTu anTropoligia, aramed Tavad werilobiTi

wyaroebis monacemebic ar adasturebs (259, 145-148). samarTlianoba

moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom am diskusiaSi j. lo gacilebiT marTebul

poziciaze idga.

dasasrul, unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove anTropologiaSi

rigi novaciebi SeimCneva, romelic, ZiriTadad, molekularuli

biologiis ganviTarebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. isini, erTi SexedviT,

sakmaod metyveli eTnogenetikuri informaciis miRebis Sanss iZlevian.

Tumca, codnis metad axal sferos warmoadgenen da eTnogenezis

sakiTxebis kvlevisas seriozuli faqtoris saxiT jer ar

Camoyalibebulan.

indoevropeistika am SemTxvevaSic calkea gamosayofi. erTi

SexedviT, Zalze saintereso Cans, indoevropelebis evraziaSi

gavrcelebis process Tvali biologiur monacemebze da ara

izoglosebze an arqeologiur artefaqtebze dayrdnobiT mivadevnoT,

romlebic erTmniSvnelovani daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iSviaTad

iZleva. am mxriv sakmaod saintereso gamokvlevebi ekuTvniT l. kavali-

sforcas, a. amorimis, d. rangs da sxva mkvlevrebs. genetikis monacemebis

safuZvelze evropis indoevropeizaciis m. gimbutasis yorRanuli da k.


76

renfrius anatoliuri Teoriebis Sedarebis mcdelobasac hqonda adgili

(194, 125-127]. sainteresoa, aseve, naSromebi evropis neoliTizaciis

Sesaxeb (194, 86-97).

miuxedavad msgavsi gamokvlevebis, erTi SexedviT, damajerebeli

xasiaTisa, uflebas vitovebT, am naSromebSi gakeTebuli daskvnebis

mniSvnelobaze garkveuli TavSekavebiT visaubroT. saqme isaa, rom

Zveli msofliosa da Sua saukuneebis istoriis eTnikuri procesebis

dinamikis kanonzomierebebis Tvalis midevneba gvarwmunebs, rom am

periodSi ar dasturdeba romelime XA jgufis mier sxvaBjgufis X

teritoriaze sruli Canacvlebis faqti. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca

regionSi lingvisturi da politikuri landSafti radikalurad

icvleboda, mosuli elementi umetesad "superstratul umciresobas"

warmoadgenda. magaliTebis moyvana mravlad SeiZleba: romis imperiis

Semdgomi xanis e.w. "barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi", aRmosavleT evropis

Turquli gaerTianebebi, spartuli da kelturi sazogadoebebi. swored

es aris mizezi imisa, rom evraziis Zalian bevri regioni (Tu yvela ara)

arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT uwyveti ganviTarebis suraTs iZleva. es

garemoeba asazrdoebs winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb paleoliTuri

uwyvetobisa da Crdilo-evropuli Teoriebis msgavsi hipoTezebis

momxreebs. es garemoeba, vfiqrobT, fizikuri anTropologiisa da

molekuluri genetikis monacemebsac mniSvnelovan kvals daaCens. ra

Tqma unda, Znelia uarvyoT am dargebis mniSvneloba, roca saqme

zedapaleoliTur da mezoliTur periodebs exeba, magram neoliTisa da

misi Semdgomi periodis Sesaxeb msjelobisas am TvalsazrisiT

garkveuli TavSekaveba gvmarTebs. indoevropelebis evraziaSi

gavrcelebis damadasturebeli genetikuri markerebis povna TiTqmis

warmoudgenel amocanad gvesaxeba.

keltebis eTnogenezze msjelobisas, vfiqrobT, aqcenti Semdeg

sakvlev kiTxvebze unda gavakeToT:

a) romeli arqeologiuri kulturebi unda CavTvaloT keltebis,

ufro sworad “protokeltur enaze (enebze)” mosaubre xalxebis

Semoqmedebad?


77

b) ra eTno-socialurma problemebma gamoiwvia latenis

arqeologiuri kulturis formireba.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi Cven ufro XIX saukunis miwurulisa da XX

saukunis pirveli naxevris samecniero paradigmaSi, e.w. “kosina-Caildis”

modelis farglebSi vimuSavebT da SevecdebiT evropis arqeologiur

rukaze keltebis kvali vipovoT.meore SemTxvevaSiki arqeologias

keltebis Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis eTnikuri da socialuri istoriis

rekonstruqciisTvis gamoviyenebT. kerZod, praqtikuli magaliTebis

safuZvelze vimsjelebT imaze, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba am periodis

arqeologiuri monacemebi realuri istoriis (da ara misi formalur-

tipologiuri konturebis) rekonstruqciisaTvis gamoviyenoT.

evropis arqeologiur kulturebSi keltebisa, Tu maTi winaprebis

kvalis Zieba imis aRniSvniT unda daviwyoT, rom Zv.w. V-I saukuneebSi

aRmosavleT safrangeTis, belgiis, Sveicaris, avstriisa da samxreT

germaniis, ungreTis, CexeTis, slovakeTis, sloveniisa da rumineTis

teritoriaze gavrcelebuli iyo latenis arqeologiuri kultura,

romlis keltur sinamdvilesTan kavSirsac aravin uaryofs.

sayovelTaod gaziarebulia aseve mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom

latenis arqeologiuri kultura halStatis kulturis dasavluri

variantis safuZvelze warmoiqmna, romelic centraluri da dasavleT

evropisteritoriaze iyo gavrcelebuli. Sesabamisad, dasavleT

halstaturi kulturis SemqmnelTa eTnikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxic

didad sadiskusiod ar iTvleba. mas arqeologebi Tamamad ukavSireben

keltur sinamdviles, maSin roca aRmosavleT halstatur zonas

ilirielebTan aigiveben (268, 123).

gamomdinare aqedan, vfiqrobT logikuri iqneba, Tuki keltebis

kidev ufro adrindel eTnikur istorias halstatis arqeologiuri

kulturis genezisis problemas davukavSirebT. odnav gakvirvebas iwvevs

is faqti, rom “keltur arqeologiaSi” am sakiTxs (vgulisxmobT

halStatis kulturis geneziss) jerovani yuradReba ar eTmoba. amis

mizezi albaT isaa, rom dasavleT evropul arqeologiaSi didi xania

damkvidrda keltebis kvalis brinjaos, eneoliTisa da neoliTis xanaSi

Ziebis tradicia, ris fonzec halStatis genezisis problema nakleb


78

aqtualurad gamoiyureba. igi TiTqos isedac martivad iWreba

avtoqtonisturi midgomebis pirobebSi.

Tumca, vidre am sakiTxze daviwyebdeT msjelobas, saWiroa

indoevropul enebze mosaubre xalxebis evropaSi gansaxlebis Cveneul

sqemas davubrundeT. am sakiTxze msjeloba, Cven gamokvlevis I TavSi

protoindoevropulis divergaciis meoTxe etapze (gamyreliZisa da

ivanovis sqemis mixedviT. (ix. sqema 1)) SevwyviteT. kerZod, aRvniSneT, rom

Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi volga-uralis stepebSi Camoyalibebuli Zveli

ormoebis kultura winaresamSoblos warmoadgenda yvela im

indoevropuli enisTvis, romlebic mogvianebiT evropaSi iyo

gavrcelebuli (vgulisxmonT yvela indoevropul enas38 anatoliurisa

da Toxarulis gamoklebiT, romlebis istoriac gamokvlevis pirvel

TavSi wina da centralur azias davukavSireT).

Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi Zveli ormoebis kulturis safuZvelze sami

msxvili kulturul-istoriuli erToba Camoyalibda (ufro sworad

ganviTarda). am periodis volga-uralis stepebSi gavrcelebuli Cans

poltavinos kultura, SavizRvispireTSi – katakomburi, CrdiloeT

evropaSi kisabrZolo culebis kultura vrceldeba. vfiqrobT, rom am

arqeologiuri kulturebis Camoyalibeba indoevropuli enebis

divergaciis mexuTe etaps Seesabameba, rodesac msxvil indoevropul

jgufebad italiur-kelturi, berZnul-somxur-ariuli da baltiur-

slavur germanikuli gamoiyofa. migvaCnia, rom baltiur-slavur-

germanikuli sabrZolo culebis kulturas Seesabameba; katakomburi

kultura berZnul-somxur-ariuls warmoadgens, poltavinosi ki -

italiur-kelturs.

amgvari daskvna indoevropuli enebis evropaSi gavrcelebis

sakiTxis gadaazrebas iwvevs. baltiur-slavur-germanikuli enebis

sabrZolo culebis (zonriani keramikis) kulturasTan Sesabamisoba

dRes, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sadiskusio sakiTxs ar warmoadgens;

katakombebis arielebTan dakavSirebis mcdelobac met-naklebad ewereba

“tradiciuli indoevropeistikis” CarCoebSi, Tumca, Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi

38maT Soris vgulisxmobT indo-iranul da indo-ariul enebsac.


79

italiur-kelturis dasavleT evropisgan ase moSorebiT lokalizeba

Zireulad ewinaaRmdegeba im midgomebs, romlebic keltur arqeologiaSi

dominirebs.

kelturi enebis evropaSi gavrcelebasTan da indoevropul enobriv

ojaxSi maT adgilTan dakavSirebiT keltologiaSi ramdenime midgoma

ikveTeba. es mosazrebebi ara mxolod calkeuli niuansebiT, aramed

konceptualuri safuZvlebiTac gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan.

XIX saukunis meore da XX saukunis I naxevris arqeologebi e.w.

“formalur tipologiuri” meTodis farglebSi muSaobdnen. isini

kelturi enebis Camoyalibebis problemas evropaSi indoevropelTa

migraciebs ukavSirebdnen. Sesabamisad, - aqtiurad eZebdnen im

arqeologiur kulturebs, romlebmac “protoindoevropulisa” da

kelturi enebis gavrcelebis areals Soris erTgvari “tranzitis” roli

Seasrules. Ziebis es procesi imitomac gaxldaT aqtualuri, rom XIX –

XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi indoevropelTa Tavdapirveli

gavrcelebis areals dasavleT evropaSi (sadac istoriulad kelturi

enebi iyo gavrcelebuli) aravin eZebda.

am samecniero paradigmis farglebSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi or

jgufad SegviZlia gavyoT. maT mixedviT keltebis (Tu indoevropelebis)

evropis dasavleT da centralur nawilSi mosvla ori gansxvavebuli

gziT ivaraudeba. erT SemTxvevaSi igi ukavSirdeba CrdiloeT evropis

sabrZolo culebis (igive zonriani keramikis) arqeologiur kulturas,

an dasavleT da centraluri evropis zarisebri Tasebis neoliTur

realobas. meore SemTxvevaSi ki Sua da gvianbrinjaos xanis centralur

da dasavleT evropul kulturebs.

magaliTad, d. hoksi „keltebad“ zarismagvari Tasebis kulturis

Semqmnelebs Tvlis, romlebic mogvianebiT zonriani keramikis kulturis

xalxebs Seerivnen (65, 99).n. Cedviki da m. dilonic daaxlovebiT igive

azris Canan (53, 128) .a. uberi ki maT sawyisebs megaliTebis epoqis

britaneTSi eZebs (120, 109).

mkvlevarTa meore jgufs mivakuTvnebT i. filipis, romelic

miiCnevs, rom `protokeltebi” gvianbrinjaos xanaSi yorRanuli da

urnasamarxebis sinTezis Sedegad centralur evropaSi Camoyalibdnen


80

(280, 124-144). aqve SegviZlia movixsenioT p. boS-gimperac, romelic maT

saxels, espaneTis arqeologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiT, urnasamarxebis

arqeologiur kulturas ukavSirebs (64, 100).

mecnierTa meore frTa, praqtikulad uars ambobs tradiciuli

arqeologiisTvis damaxasiaTebel kvlevis „formalur-tipologiur“

meTodze, rac, am SemTxvevaSi arqeologiur kulturebsa da eTno-

lingvistur jgufebs Soris Sesabamisobebis ZiebaSi gamoixateba da

kelturi enebis evropaSi gavrcelebas alternatiul (difizionizmisgan

gansxvavebul) sarCuls uZebnian. magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT k.

renfriu, romelic kelturi (iseve rogorc sxva indoevropuli) enebis

geneziss evropaSi „neoliTuri revoluciis“ miRwevebis gavrcelebas

ukavSirebs (173, 233-267); b. kanlifs kelturi enebis formirebis areali

e.w. atlantikur zonaSi gadaaqvs (65, 178-203); m. alinei ki indoevropuli

enebis „paleoliTuri uwyvetobis“ Teoriasac ki aviTarebs (29, 56-65).

vfiqrobT, rom am tipis Teoriebis gaziareba neoliT-brinjaos

xanis eTnogenetikuri kvlevebidan arqeologiisa da lingvistikis

gamoTiSvaze xelis moweras utoldeba, rac Zireulad ewinaaRmdegeba

Cvens mier zemoT Camoyalibebul postulatebs.

Kkelturi enebis evropaSi gavrcelebis Cveni modelis sisworis

dasamtkiceblad saWiroa damtkicdes, rom halStatis arqeologiuri

kulturis (romlis dasavleT nawilic calsaxad keltebis Semoqmedebad

iTvleba) genezisSi CrdiloeTSavizRvispireTidan (sadac, Cveni azriT,

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, Cveni azriT, keltur-italiur-

iliriuli enebi iyvnen gavrcelebuli) mosuli elementis monawileoba

davasabuToT. saamisod, saWiroa, axlos gavecnoT “kimerielebis

problemis” arqeologiur sarCuls.

ZvelaRmosavluri wyaroebi kimerielebs CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTSi mcxovreb ,,tomebs~ uwodeben, romlebmac Zv.w. VIII

saukuneSi (skviTebis Semotevis gamo) TavianTi sacxovrisi miatoves da

wina azias Seesivnen. kimerielebis arqeologiuri idendifikaciis

problema didi xania farTo diskusiis sagans warmoadgens. Cvens

SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas am problemis erT-erTi aspeqti, kerZod,

kimerielebis centralur da dasavleT evropaSi laSqrobis Teoria


81

imsaxurebs. saqme isaa, rom Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis evropul

arqeologiur sinamdvileSi vxvdebiT rig kulturul artefaqtebs,

romelic zogierT mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs ivaraudos, rom maSin,

roca kimerielebis erTi nawili wina azias Seesia misi meore frTa

evropisken gaemarTa. rig SemTxvevaSi maTi laSqrobis marSrutebzec ki

miuTiTeben.aseT artefaqtebs Soris unda movixsenioT:

1. beladis oTxborbliani sazidriT dakrZalvis tradicia;

2.ცxეnis sxvadasxva aRkazmulobebi; romlebsac arqetipebi

CrdiloeTSavizRvispireTis winaskviTur xanaSi eZebneba.

3. aqve unda iTqvas, rom amave periodis evropaSi Cndeba damarxvis

axali wesebi, rkinis meurneoba da sxva. aseve aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom

mravlad gvxvdeba damarxuli ganZebi, rom rac Semosevis arapirdapir

mtkicebulebas warmoadgens (285, 178-183).

vfiqrobT, rom es argumentebi savsebiT sakmarisia saimisod, raTa

Zv.w. VIII s-Si kimerielebis dasavluri laSqrobis Teoria virwmunoT.

albaT, ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom a. mongaiti zedmet sifrTxiles

iCens, roca zemoTCamoTvlili artefaqtebis warmoqmnis mizezad savaWro

urTierTobebs asaxelebs (268, 246). Zalze mokle periodSi: damarxvis

axali wesebis Semosvla, mZlavri aristokratiis Camoyalibeba, cxenis

amxedrebuli tarebis tradiciis Semosvla, rkinis metalurgiis

danergva, samosaxlo farTobebis gadideba da a.S., centraluri evropis

arqeologiur masalaSi. aSkarad, CrdiloeTSavizRvispiruli masalis

arsebobis fonze, vfiqrobT, safuZvels gvaZlevs centralur da

nawilobriv aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebis forsirebuli gziT

ganviTarebis suraTi davinaxoT. miT umetes, rom am periodSi

CrdiloeTSavizRvispireTis mosaxleobis (kimerielebis) aqtiuri dinamika

savsebiT dadasturebul faqts warmoadgens.

meore problemaa imis gansazRvra, Tu ra roli iTamaSa mosulma

elementma am periodis evropis eTnikur istoriaSi. is avtorebic ki (p.

korkorani, v. megou) romlebic mTlianobaSi kimerielebis dasavluri

migraciis Teorias iziareben ufro im azris Canan, rom adrerkinis

xanaSi mosuli es elementi mTlianad urnasamarxebis kulturis

Semqmneli mosaxleobis mier iqna asimilirebuli. arada Cvens mier


82

zemoTaRwerili istoriuli monacemebi da zogadad antikuri da

ZvelaRmosavluri sazogadoebis eTnikuri procesebis dinamikis

kanonzomierebebis gaTvaliswineba, vfiqrobT, uflebas gvaZlevs realoba

sxvagvarad warmovidginoT.

cnobilia, rom Zvel droSi eTnikuri tradiciebis mTavar

matarebels ,,superstratuli~ da ara ,,substratuli~ mosaxleoba

warmoadgenda. Tuki kelturi sazogadoebis struqturis Sesaxeb k.

Julianisa da J. armanis zemoT moyvanil Teorias gaviziarebT (120, 230)

da amasTan, galuri nobilitetis siZlieris damadastureblad

halStaturi aristokratis mdidar samarxebs da simagreebs CavTvliT,

cota Zneli gaxdeba ,,plebsisgan” aristikratiis asimilaciis varaudi,

ufro meti argumentebi, vfiqrobT, sawinaaRmdego mosazrebis

sasargebloT arsebobs.

dasasruls, saWiroa avRniSnoT, Tu ra adgili uWiravT kimerielebs

CrdiloeTSavizRvispireTis arqeologiur sinamdvileSi, radgan es

sakiTxi (zemoTmoyvanili msjelobis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi), faqtiurad,

,,Zvelevropul~ enebze mosaubre xalxebis adreul istorias

warmoadgens. rogorc zemoT avRniSneT igi didi xania sakmaod farTo

diskusiis sagania. dadgenilia, rom am (da ara mxolod am) teritoriaze

Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi ori msxvili kulturul-istoriuli erToba

(katakomburi da Zeluri) arsebobda, romlebis dakavSirebasac

arqeologebi istoriulad SavizRvispireTSi cnobil or istoriul

sinamdvilesTan skviTebTan da kimerielebTan cdilobdnen (243, 167-179).

saqmes metad arTulebs is garemoeba, rom gansxvavebiT skviTebisgan

(romlebic indo-iranul enebze saubrobdnen) jer kidev ar aris

dadgenili Tu romel enobriv garemos miekuTvnodnen kimerielebi.

kimerilebis ,,Zvelevropelobis” Teoriis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi am

problematikis kvlevaSi meti sicxadis Setana SeiZleba. saqme isaa, rom

,,Zvelevropul” enobriv ojaxs lingvisturad bevri ram akavSirebs

uralur-alTaur, eniseur, ungro-finur da sxva. savaraudod, Zv.w III-II

aTaswleulebSi, centralur aziaSi lokalizebul eTno-lingvistur

jgufebTan (239, 938-942). am argumentebze dayrdnobiT T. gamyreliZe da v.

ivanovi ,,Zvelevropelixalxebis” Sua aziidan dasavleTiT migraciis


83

Teorias gvTavazoben (239-940-945). Tumca, amis sailustracio

arqeologiuri argumentebi TiTqmis ar moyavT.

vfiqrobT, rom arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT ufro logikuri

iqneba, Tu ,,Zvelevropul~ enebze mosaubre xalxebis volga-uralis

stepebidan dasavleTiT migracias Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevars

davukavSirebT. am periodSi volga-uralis stepebSi e.w. Zeluri

kulturul-istoriuli erToba Camoyalibda, romelmac odnav

mogvianebiT (Tavisi arsebobis II periodSi) gavrceleba azovisa da

CrdiloeTSavizRvispireTisken daiwyo, sadac man katakomburi

kulturul-istoriuli erTobis adgili daikava.

am hipoTezis upiratesoba isaa, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi naTlad

ikiTxeba kontiniumi Zelur da e.w. «kimeriul arqeologiur kulturebs»

Soris. es ukanaskneli ki naTlad ebmis halStatis arqeologiur

kulturas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, umtkivneulod gadaizrdeba latenis

arqeologiur sinamdvileSi, romlis kelturi bunebac sadiskusio

sakiTxs ar warmoadgens.

Aaqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom keltebis eTnogenezze msjelobisas,

tradiciulad didi yuradReba eTmoba halStatisa da latenis

arqeologiuri kulturebis erTmaneTisgan Sedarebas. kerZod im faqts,

rom dasavleT halStati Zalze heterogenuli -, lateni ki homogenuiri

arqeologiuri realobaa.

§ 3. keltebis eTnogenezis sakiTxisTvis mniSvnelovani istoriul-

eTnografiuli problemebi _ keltebis istoriis adreuli etapis

Sesaxeb Zalze mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis werilobiTi wyaroebi.

keltebis eTnogenezis sakiTxze saubrisas, vfiqrobT, istoriuli da

eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani Semdegi problemebi unda

gamovyoT:


Sexedulebebis formireba?


Sesaxeb?


84


avtorebi?


Sexedulebebis formireba? - keltebis Sesaxeb informacia antikuri

xanis bevr TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba. TavianTi xasiaTisa da

wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazisis mixedviT, isini, vfiqrobT, SegviZlia

Semdegnairad davajgufoT:

1). wyaroebi, romlebic Zv.w. VI-V da nawilobriv IV saukuneebidan

momdinareoben;

2) IV saukunis II naxevridan Zv.w. II saukunis I naxevris CaTvliT

Seqmnili Txzulebebi;

3) nawarmoebebi, romlebic Zv.w. II saukunis II naxevarSi da mis

Semdgom xanebSi daiwera;

pirveli periodis wyaroebi keltebis Sesaxeb informacias,

ZiriTadad, savaWro urTierTobebis wyalobiT iRebdnen, raSic mTavar

rols Zv.w. 600 wlisTvis daarsebuli berZnuli kolonia masalia

TamaSobda;

meore periodSi msgavs cnobebs is informaciuli nakadi Seemata,

romelsac berZnebi kelti moqiravneebisgan, an ukve uSualod antikuri

eladis mezobel raionebSi SeWrili kelturi tomebis

warmomadgenlebisgan iRebdnen.

mesame periodi ki romauli dapyrobebis xanas emTxveva.

gamokvlevis winamdebare nawilSi (roca keltebis Sesaxeb antikuri

xanis avtorebis Sexedulebebis formirebaze vsaubrobT) aqcents ufro

pirveli periodis wyaroebze gavakeTebT; kvlevis Semdeg nawilSi ki (ra

mniSvnelobiT iyenebdnen termins - „kelti“ antikuri xanis avtorebi?)

met yuradRebas Zv.w. IV – III saukuneebis avtorebis Txzulebebs

mivaqcevT.

metad Taviseburi gaTvlebiT keltebis Sesaxeb informaciis

momwodebel pirvel berZen avtorad SegviZlia hesiode CavTvaloT.

marTalia, igi arc zogadad keltebs axsenebs da arc calkeul keltur

eTnonimebs, magram Tavisi poemis erTerT epizodSi „msoflios“ (e.i.

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis) Crdilo–dasavleT nawils liguriis saxeliT


85

ixseniebs (maSasadame, iqaurobas ligurebiT dasaxlebul teritoriad

Tvlis) (48, 256). es garemoeba safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom Zv.w.

VII saukuneSi an keltebi ar cxovrobdnen TavianTi mermindeli

gansaxlebis adgilas, an hesiodem (da albaT sxva berZnebmac) araferi

icoda maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb. es ki, vfiqrobT, sakmaod niSandoblivi

garemoebaa.

Tumca, istoriografiaSi gvxvdeba daskvnebi, romlebic am

argumentis (romlis Camoyalibebac ZiriTadad a. Sultenis saxels

ukavSirdeba) gabaTilebis mcdelobad SegviZlia CavTvaloT. pirvel

rigSi, diskusiis sagans hesiodesTan moxseniebuli ligiebis ligurebTan

gaigiveba warmoadgens, Semdeg ki is garemoeba, rom ligurebiT

dasaxlebul teritoriaSi hesiode marTlac evropis dasavleT nawils

gulisxmobs. saqme isaa, rom argumenti, romlis safuZvelzec a.

Sultenma es daskvna gaakeTa (im daskvnas vgulisxmobT, rom ligiebi

hesiodes evropis dasavleT nawilSi eguleba), erTob originalur

mosazrebebs emyareba. kerZod, germaneli istorikosi Tvlis, rom roca

hesiode erTmaneTis gverdigverd ixsenebs eTiopielebs, ligiebs da

skviTebs, igi „msoflios“ ukidures wertilebSi dasaxlebul xalxebs

gulisxmobs. mis am gonebamaxvilur daskvnas TiTqos yvela iziarebs,

magram amasTan zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom aq „msoflios“

aRmosavleTi da ara dasavleTi nawili igulisxmeba. Sesabamisad,

ligiebis sacxovrisis lokalizebas kolxeTis teritoriaze axdenen

(48, 260).

miuxedavad amisa, migvaCnia, rom es kontrargumentebi bevrs

arafers cvlis da WeSmariteba Sulteniseul msjelobaSi imaleba. ar

gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom kolxeTis teritoriaze rodesme xalxi

cxovrobda, romlebsac ligiebs uwodeben. dasavleT evropaSi ligurebis

arseboba ki calsaxad dadasturebuli faqtia. rogorc Cans, Zv.w. VII da,

SesaZloa, VI saukunis dasawyisSic berZnebma marTlac araferi icodnen

keltebis arsebobis Sesaxeb da evropis dasavleTi nawili ligur–

iberebiT dasaxlebul mxared miaCndaT.


86

kidev ufro meti TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba qronologiurad

meore antikuri wyaro, romelsac keltebis Sesaxeb garkveuli

informaciis mocema SeuZlia. es aris afrikis prokonsul festus

avienus rufusis „Ora Maritima“. marTalia, es Txzuleba ax.w. 366 wels

aris dawerili, magram, rogorc Tavis droze v. Smidtma SeniSna, mas

gacilebiT Zveli wyaroebi udevs safuZvlad. varaudoben, rom maTgan

uZvelesi unda iyos Txzulebis berZnuli originali, romelic,

savaraudod, periplis saxiT iyo dawerili. misi Sedgenis TariRad Zv.w.

VI saukune, 530 wlis axlo xanebi iTvleba (65, 233). saqme isaa, rom “Ora

Maritima“ – Si Zalze detaluradaa aRwerili kadiqssa da marsels Soris

mdebare navsadgurebi, magram araferia naTqvami amperusisa da rodis

Sesaxeb. amis erTaderTi mizezi SeiZleba is iyos, rom peripli am

koloniebis daarsebamde, anu Zv.w. VI saukunis 30–ian wlebamdea

dawerili. aseve dadgenilia, rom festus avienusis xelT arsebul

berZnul originals damatebuli hqonda Zv.w. 500 wlisTvis admiral

hamilkonis mier Sedgenili CrdiloeTis zRvis peripli, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, viRac elins misi berZnuli Targmanis safuZvelze ganuvrcia.

savaraudod, Zv.w. IV saukuneSi peripli kidev erTxel gadamuSavda. Zv.w. I

saukuneSi ki igi laTinurad Targmnes da mxolod amis Semdeg moxvda

festus avienusis xelSi (65, 238).

avienusi yveba, rom oestrimnisis srute kontinents oestrimnidis

(oestrymnides) kunZulebidan gamoyofs, romlebic spilenZiT da kaliT

arian mdidarni. aq, savaraudod, bretanis naxevarkunZuli da masTan

mimdebare kunZulebi igulisxmeba. unda vivaraudoT, rom daaxloebiT

amave teritoriaze iulius keisris mier lokalizebuli toponimi da

eTnonimi Osismi imave sityvis saxecvlili variantia (123, 177).

avienusis TxzulebaSi aseve naTqvamia, rom swored am oestrimnisis

CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs qveyana, saidanac keltma tomebma ligurebi

gamoaZeves. naxsenebia aseve hiernebiT (Hierni) dasaxlebuli wminda

kunZuli (1, 54), romelic albionTan axlos mdebareobs (am kunZulebSi,

ra Tqma unda, britaneTi igulisxmeba).


87

dasasrul, unda aRvniSnoT, rom TxzulebaSi farTo adgili

eTmoba keltiberebze da ligurebze saubars. kerZod, dasaxelebulia

sami kelt–iberiuli tomi; bevri informacia moipoveba aseve ligurebis

Sesaxeb, romlebis istoriis sakiTxebs garkveuli sicxadis Setana

SeuZlia keltebis eTnogenezis kvlevisas.

Tuki avienusis Txzulebis ZiriTadi birTvis Seqmnis Sesaxeb

arsebul zemoTmoyvanil koncefcias gaviziarebT, maSin savsebiT cxadia,

rom „Ora maritima“–s saxiT Cvens xelT aris keltebis istoriis amsaxveli

uZvelesi wyaro, romlis avtoric Zalze kargad Cans

gaTviTcnobierebuli CrdiloeTis zRvisa da pirineis naxevarkunZulis

garSemo Zv. w. VI saukuneSi Seqmnil eTnikur situaciaSi. vfiqrobT, rom

igi, miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturuli xasiaTisaa da mravaljer

aris redaqtirebuli, sakmaod sando da kompetenturi wyaroa.

keltebis Semdegi xseneba Zv.w. 500 wliT TariRdeba da igi

logografos hekateos miletelis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. es avtori

pirvelia maT Soris, vinc keltikaze, rogorc calke eTno–kulturul

realobaze saubrobs. mis TxzulebaSi naTqvamia, rom qalaqi masalia

ligurebis teritoriaze mdebareobs, romelic Tavis mxriv keltikas

esazRvreba. hekateosi narbonas keltur qalaqs uwodebs. axsenebs aseve

qalaq niraqss, romlis idenftifikaciac sadReisod ver xerxdeba (201,

47).

es cnobebi erTob mniSvnelovania, magram Tanamedrove

istorikosebis nawili maT eWvis TvaliT Sescqeris. saqme isaa, rom

hekateos miletelis Txzulebis zemoxsenebulma nawyvetebma Cvenamde

leqsikograf etien bizantielis TxzulebaSi - „evropa“ - daculi

eqsceptis saxiT moaRwia. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarTa nawils igi

bizantieli avtoris CanarTi hgonia. Tu ramdenad safuZvliania es eWvi,

amis dadgena mxolod termin „keltis“ antikuri versiebis analizis

safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli (am sakiTxze msjeloba odnav qvemoT gveqneba).

aq mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom cota Zneli warmosadgenia mizezi,

ris gamoc IX saukunis bizantiel filologs msgavsi falsifikacia

SeiZleboda ganaxorcielebina.


88

orjer arian naxsenebi keltebi herodotes „istriaSi“, romelic

Zv.w. V saukunis Sua xanebSia dawerili. pirvel SemTxvevaSi avtori

ambobs, rom mdinare istrosi (dunai) saTaves keltebis qveyanaSi mdebare

qalaq pirenes midamoebidan iRebs (5, 69). es cnoba erTi SexedviT Zalian

saintereso Cans, radgan bevri Tanamedrove mkvlevari keltebis

winaresamSoblos lokalizebas swored dunaisa da rainis saTaveebTan

cdilobs, magram herodotes Txzulebis am nawilSi qalaq pirenes

moxsenieba migvaniSnebs, rom herodotes (iseve, rogorc mTel maSindel

elinur sazogadoebas) dunais saTaveebi pirineis mTebSi eguleboda

(201, 145).

meore SemTxvevaSi „istriis mama“ acxadebs, rom keltebi herakles

svetebis siaxloves, kinetebis mezobladac cxovroben (5, 78). es

ukanasknelebi mas evropis yvelaze ufro dasavleTiT (portugaliis

samxreT nawilSi) mcxovreb xalxad miaCnia. herodotes Txzuleba

mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom aq pirvelad da savsebiT gamokveTili

formiT aris gamoyenebuli sityva Keltoi; misi saSualebiT SegviZlia,

aseve, garkveuli informacia miviRoT kelti tomebis adriatikis

zRvisken gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. aq igi keltebis mezobel „xalxad“

siginebs asaxelebs (5, 78). iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom adreatikis zRvis

sanapiroebi am periodSi jer kidev ar warmoadgens kelti tomebis

gavrcelebis areals.

igive suraTi ikveTeba Zv.w. 350 wlisTvis (anu herodotes

Txzulebis daweridan daaxloebiT 100 wlis Semdeg) Seqmnil skilaqs

kariadnelis periplSi, romelSic aseve araferia naTqvami keltebis

aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi yofnis Sesaxeb (48, 67).

vfiqrobT, rom pirveli periodis wyaroebs SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT

piTeas masalielis cnobebic, romlebmac Cvenamde, samwuxarod, mxolod

SedarebiT gviandeli periodis avtorebTan (ZiriTadad strabonTan da

polibiosTan) daculi eqsceptebis saxiT moaRwies. piTeasi IV saukunis

II naxevarSi moRvaweobda. am periodSi man metad gabeduli sazRvao

eqspedicia ganaxorciela, romlis drosac moinaxula britaneTi,

„kunZuli“ Tule (ufro is azria gavrcelebuli, rom am kunZulSi

norvegiis dasavleT nawili unda vigulisxmoT), iutlandiis


89

naxevarkunZulis samxreTi nawili da sxva (48, 168). Tavisi dakvirvebis

Sedegebi ki periplis saxiT gamoaqveyna. antikur xanaSi piTeas

masaliels da mis informacias didad ar endobodnen (gansakuTrebiT

skeptikurad straboni iyo ganwyobili), Tumca sadReisod igi sakmaod

kargi presiT sargeblobs da keltebis Sesaxeb misi cnobebi metad

damajerebel monacemebad ganixileba (miuxedavad simwirisa).

irkveva, rom piTeasi Sexvedria zemoT ukve xsenebuli osismebis

tomis warmomadgenlebs. misTvis cnobilia kentis da kunZul fesanis

kelturi saxelwodebebi Cantion da Uxisama. britaneTis aRmniSvnel

terminad ki Πpειτανιχαινήσοι-is iyenebs, romelic, etyoba, iberiuli an

liguruli warmomavlobis sityvaa da albionis keltur eqvivalents

warmoadgens.

daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom pirveli periodidan momavali

wyaroebis saSualebiT calsaxa informaciis miReba erTob Znelia,

radgan yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi rogorc cnobebis avTenturoba,

ise maTi warmomavloba met–naklebad farTo diskusiis sagans

warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrobT, rom rigi garemoebebi aq

sakmaod calsaxad ikveTeba. kerZod, rom Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi

arsebobda dapirispireba keltebs da ligurebs Soris, romlebic

aSkarad sxvadasxva istoriul fenomens warmoadgendnen. Tu ra saxis

eTnikur erTobas qmnida TiToeuli maTgani, amaze odnav qvemoT

visaubrebT. aq mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom es sakiTxi marto

zemoTmoyvanili cnobebis safuZvelze ver gadawydeba. TiTqos isic Cans,

rom keltebi safrangeTis teritoriaze am droisTvis sakmaod axal

eTnikur talRas qmnian. aseve, aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom maTi saSualebiT

sakmaod mniSvnelovan cnobebs viRebT kelturi tomebis gansaxlebis

istoriis adreuli etapis Sesaxeb.

IV saukunis Sua xanebidan berZnuli samyaro keltebs ufro axlos

ecnoba. am periodidan keltebis samxedro eqspansia farTvdeba da rig

SemTxvevaSi Tavad eladasac ki uqmnis safrTxes. keltebis nawili

moqiravnis statusiT berZnul armiebSi iwyebs samsaxurs. magaliTad,

erTi aseTi razmis Sesaxeb informacias gvawvdis qsenofonte. igi

gveubneba, rom sirakuzis tiranma dionisem isini mokavSire spartelebs


90

TebelebTan brZolaSi dasaxmareblad gaugzavna. peloponesSi maTi

yofna Zv.w. 367–66 wlebSia savaraudo. a. uberi SeniSnavs, rom es

berZnebis da keltebis pirveli koleqtiuri Sexvedra iyo da mas

keltebis Sesaxeb berZnul literaturaSi axali informaciuli nakadis

gaCenaSi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. magaliTad, igi acxadebs, rom swored

amis Semdeg gadasinja eforem Tavisi geografiuli Sexedulebebi da

„msoflios“ ukidures Crdilo–dasavleTiT mcxovreb xalxad ligurebis

nacvlad keltebi gamoacxada (201, 277). imave eforesTan daculi yofila

keltebis Sesaxeb rigi eTnografiuli monacemebi, romlebic strabons

Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze ukve moZvelebulad eCveneboda

(201, 289).

keltebze garkveul cnobebs Zv.w. IV-III saukunis bevri avtori

gvawvdis, magram maTi cnobebi xSirad ndobas naklebad imsaxurebs.

magaliTad, platoni keltebs im eqvs meomar xalxTaSoris asaxelebs,

romlebic spartelebisgan gansxvavebiT sasmels etanebian (201, 291).

aristotele keltebis cxovrebis wesze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. saubrobs

am qveynis klimaturi pirobebis Sesaxebac. axsenebs aseve epizods, roca

TiTqos keltebi talRebs SeebrZolnen, magram man araferi icis

keltebis mier romis aRebis Sesaxeb (201, 291).

samagierod, am faqtis Sesaxeb icis Teopompem (48, 79). igi saubrobs

aseve keltebis omebze iliriul tom vardiebTan. axsenebs imasac, rom

yvelaze ufro Soreuli kelturi qalaqia driloniumi, romlis

adgilsamyofelic sadReisod ucnobia (48, 84). iliriul tomebTan

keltebis dapirispirebaze geografi fsevdo–skilaqsic saubrobs (120,

223).

geografiuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis Zv.w. I

saukunis istorikosi timagene, romelsac, rogorc varaudoben, bevri

cnoba piTeas masalielis Txzulebidan aqvs gadmoRebuli (120, 133).

politikuri istoriis TvalsazrisiT ki didi mniSvneloba aqvs

ptolemaios lagosisgan da ieronime kardielisgan momaval cnobebs.

magaliTad: ptolemaios lagosi gviambobs sadRac adreatikis napirebTan

Zv.w. 335 wels keltebis aleqsandre makedonelTan Sexvedris Sesaxeb (201,

27-29). ieronime kardieli ki (romelic mis istorias agrZelebs)


91

keltebis saberZneTze da delfoze Tavdasxmaze saubrobs (79, 56).

miseuli cnobebi mogvianebiT gamoyenebuli aqvT strabonsa da

pavsanias39.

istoriografiaSi Zv.w. IV – III saukuneebis keltebis Sesaxeb

cnobebi araerTgvarovnadaa Sefasebuli. XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi maT praqtikulad kritikis gareSe iRebdnen da kelti

xalxebisa da enebis evropaSi gavrcelebis argumentad iyenebdnen.

Tanamedrove mkvelvrebs (d. Zino, k, debeSi, k.renfriu, b. kanlifi,

f. kurta da sxva) Soris ki SeimCneva hiperkritikuli damokidebuleba

diodore sicilielis, pompous trogusis, ieronime kardielis, titus

liviusisa da pavsanias Txzulebebis im nawilebis mimarT, romlebSic

swored Zv.w. IV – III saukuneebis keltur migraciebzea msjeloba. kerZod,

isini yuradRebas amaxvileben antikuri xanis avtorebis motivebsa da

gadaWarbebul cifrebze, romlebic maT TxzulebebSi figurirebs. amis

safuZvelze ki cdiloben Zv.w. IV – III saukuneebis kelturi migraciebi

erTgvar gadaWarbebad, an antikuri xanis avtorebis Seqmnil

konstruqtad CaTvalon.

unda aRiniSnos, rom Cvens mier meore periodis CarCoebSi

ganxilul zemoxsenebul wyaroebs, marTalia, xSirad Zalze

aradamajerebeli xasiaTi aqvs. magaliTad, ar SeiZleba ar gaviziaroT

mosazreba, rom balkaneTze Semoseuli keltebis raodenoba vercerT

SemTxvevaSi ver iqneboda 150 000, an 200 000; ar SeiZleba ar

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom ieronime kardielsa da pavsanias keltebis saxiT

erTgvari (aqemenianTa Semosevis msgavsi) panelinuri safrTxis Seqmna

surT da sxva. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, sruliad araseriozulad

gveCneba Zv.w. IV – III saukuneebSi apeninisa da balkaneTis

naxevarkunZulze mniSvnelovani kelturi samxedro agresiis uaryofa.

qvemoT, titus liviusTan da amiane marcelinesTan dadasturebuli

kelturi genezisis miTis analizi amaSi ufro naTlad dagvarwmunebs.

39 keltebis eTnogenezis problemaze msjelobisas, vfiqrobT, aseve mniSvnelovania im istorikosebis monacenebi, romlebic kimerielebis Sesaxeb gvawvdian cnobebs. maT gamokvlevis meoTxe TavSi, saboloo daskvnebis Sejerebisas SevexebiT. II TavSi maTi ganxilvisgan Tavs imitom vikavebT, rom tradiciulad “antikur keltologiaze” msjelobisas maT nakleb yuradRebas aqceven.


92

Zv.w. II saukunis II naxevridan keltebis Sesaxeb arsebuli

werilobiTi wyaroebi gacilebiT ufro mravalferovani xdeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTriv es epoqa winamdebare naSromis

interesebSi ar Sedis Zv.w. II – I saukuneebis istorikosebis cnobebs

kelturi sazogadoebis struqturisa da Zv.w. VI – III suakuneebis

istoriis rekonstruqciisTvis mainc didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

am periodSi romaelebi sul ufro intensiurad cdiloben

keltebis kuTvnili teritoriebis dapyrobas, rac, bunebrivia, antikur

literaturaSi am xalxis Sesaxeb informaciis axali nakadis Semosvlas

ganapirobebs. am periodis istorikosebs da geografebs Soris

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas polibiosi da posidoniosi imsaxureben.

polibiosma „msoflios istoria“ dawera, romlis VI wignSic igi

keltebis Sesaxeb gvesaubreba. misi monaTxrobis ZiriTadi nawili

istorias da geografias exeba, Tumca aq eTnografiasac sakmaod

mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. avtori cisalpur galiaze saubrisas am

mxriv rigi saintereso cnobebiT gvamaragebs.

polibiosis Txzuleba ganagrZo posidoniusma. man „msoflio

istoriis“ Zv.w. 144–dan 86–wlamde periodi aRwera. varaudoben, rom misi

Txzuleba 52 wignisgan Sedgeboda. keltebis Sesaxeb informacia ki 23–e

wignSi iyo Tavmoyrili, romelic win uZRoda 121 wels romaelebis mier

galiis nawilis dapyrobis aRweras. marTalia, posidoniosis Txzulebas

Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram igi mainc „antikuri keltologiis“ erT-

erT umTavres Zeglad rCeba. saqme isaa, rom Tanamedrove istorikosebis

azriT, igi keltebis Sesaxeb farTo tradiciis saTaveSi idga,

romlisganac informacias e.w. „posidoniosis tradiciis“ istorikosebi -

diodore sicilieli, straboni, iulius keisari, ciceroni, pompenius

mela, lukiane samoseli, plinius ufrosi, tacitusi, iustine da amiane

marceline iReben. informaciis ZiriTadi birTvi strabonTan, keisarTan

da diodore sicilielTan aris Tavmoyrili (201, 133-178).

zemoxsenebuli avtorebis nawili, magaliTad, iulius keisari da

iustine posidoniosiseul cnobebs sakuTari wyaroebiTac avseben.

keisari eyrdnoba galiaSi yofnisas gakeTebul sakuTar dakvirvebebs,

romelTa mniSvnelobaze saubaric savsebiT zedmetad migvaCnia da


93

romlebic Tanamedrove keltologiis umTavres dasayrdens warmoadgenen.

ax.w. II saukunis istorikos iustines TxzulebaSi ki posidoniosis garda

warmoSobiT gali istorikosis, pompeus trogusis cnobebic aris

daculi.

keltebis Sesaxeb arsebul cnobebs nawilobriv avsebs plutarqesa

(kamilusis da mariusis biografiebi) da titus liviusis cnobebi. maT

keltebis politikuri istoriis TvalsazrisiT aqvT gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba.

zemoT Cven aRvniSneT, rom „posidoniosis tradiciis“ garda,

„antikur keltologiaSi“ arsebobs meore e.w. „aleqsandriuli

tradicia“, romelsac SedarebiT gviandeli periodis avtorebi: dion

qrizostomi, ipolite, diogen laertieli da polistagore warmoadgenen.

isini SedarebiT gviandeli periodis wyaroebs eyrdnobian, romlebsac

winamdebare naSromisaTvis (keltebis da germanelebis eTnogenezis

problemis Taobaze) mniSvneloba, faqtobrivad, ar gaaCniaT.


Sesaxeb? _ rogorc Cans, antikuri periodis avtorebi keltebis

genezisis sakiTxebSi kargad ver erkveodnen. am mxriv isini or

urTierTsawinaaRmdego Teorias gvTavazoben. pirvel maTgans titus

liviusi aviTarebs. igi gviambobs, rom romis mefe tarqvinius priskes

dros galebs mTeli galiis mesamedi nawili ekavaT. umaRlesi

xelisufleba biturigebis toms epyra, romelsac im dros mefe ambigati

edga saTaveSi. galebis „federaciaSi“ Sediodnen aseve arvernebi,

senonebi, ambarnebi, karnutebi da avlerkebi. liviusis TqmiT, ambigatis

dros galia Zalian mravalricxovani iyo. mefes qveynis Warbi

mosaxleobisgan gaTavisufleba undoda, amitom man Tavis ZmisSvilebs,

belovezs da segovezss, ubrZana imdeni xalxi SeegrovebinaT, rom maTi

SeCereba veravis SeZleboda da salaSqrod im qveynebisken wasuliyvnen,

romlebsac RmerTebi miuTiTebdnen. belovezs kenWisyris Sedegad

hercinis tye Sexvda. ufro iRblian (rogorc titus liviusi SeniSnavs)

segovezs ki – italia. amdenad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom liviusis

mixedviT, keltebis gansaxlebis mTavari centri galiaSi mdebareobda

(10, 109).


94

am koncefciis CarCoebSi saubrobs iulius keisaric. igi wers, rom

iyo dro, roca galebi germanelebs jabnidnen da rainis miRma, anu mis

marjvena napirze maT kuTvnil teritoriebs ikavebdnen (205, 34). sakiTxis

aseTi formulireba TiTqos avtomaturad gulisxmobs, rom Tavad

galebis kuTvnili teritoria rainis marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda

(205, 36).

keltebis genezisis meore versia amiane marcelinesTan aris

daculi, romelic wyarod timagenes Txzulebas iyenebs. mis Tanaxmad,

keltebis nawili adgilobrivi (e.i. rainis marcxena sanapiro)

warmoSobis iyo, meore nawili ki - rainis miRma mdebare teritoriebidan

movida. maT mier Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis datovebis mizezad

marceline xSir omianobas da zRvis zemoqmedebas asaxelebs. am versiis

mixedviT TiTqos ise gamodis, rom keltebis erTi nawilis

winaresamSoblod CrdiloeTis zRvis kunZulebia (120, 167). am tradiciis

anarekli sxva antikur avtorebTanac gvxvdeba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

efore da aristotele aseve saubroben keltebis sacxovrisze zRvis

zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb. maT TxzulebebSi aRweril keltebsa da zRvis

talRebs Soris „brZolis“ amsaxvel zemoT ganxilul literaturul

pasaJsa da timagenes versias, SesaZloa, raime saerTo wyaroc edos

safuZvlad.

ra SeiZleba iTqvas am antikuri Teoriebis avTenturoba–

_araavTenturobis Sesaxeb. pirvel rigSi, mniSvneloba imis gamorkvevas

aqvs, Tu ra gzebiT moxda berZeni avtorebis xelSi zemoxsenebuli

versiebi. daviwyoT titus liviusiseuli legendis analiziT.

istorikosebma didi xania SeniSnes, rom misi safuZvlebi Tavad kelturi

sinamdvilidan momdinareobs, radgan masSi aSkarad kelturi saxelebi

figurirebs. magaliTad, ambigati (is, vinc Tavis garSemo oms Tesavs),

belovezi (is, vinc icis, rogor moklas) da segovezi (is, vinc icis,

rogor moigos). rogorc a. uberi SeniSnavs, es ambavi fantaziis nayofi

romc iyos, aSkarad kelturi fantaziis nayofia (120, 98). igive uberi

miiCnevs, rom es legenda liviusis xelSi kornelius nepotisa da

warmoSobiTG gali istorikosis pompeus trogusis saSualebiT moxvda

(120, 100).


95

aqve unda vTqvaT, rom am versiaSi avtoriseuli redaqciis kvalic

igrZnoba. amis dasadastureblad isic sakmarisia, rom liviusTan

CamoTvlili „galebis federaciaSi“ Semavali tomebis ganlageba

emTxveva Tavad liviusis epoqaSi am mxriv arsebul mdgomareobas (201,

166). miuxedavad amisa, titus liviusis TxzulebaSi daculi es versia

sakmaod sando cnobad SegviZlia CavTvaloT.

meore versiis safuZvelze saubari SedarebiT Znelia, magram,

vfiqrobT, rigi daskvnebis gakeTeba am mxrivac SeiZleba. timagene,

romlisganac es cnoba amiane marcelines aqvs aRebuli, Zv.w. I saukunis

istorikosia. rogorc vnaxeT, misi monacemebi enaTesaveba eforesTan (da

Semdeg aristotelesTan) dacul zemoTaRweril literaturul pasaJebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, logikuria vivaraudoT, rom amiane marcelinesTan

daculi cnoba informaciis imave nakadTan erTad movida, romlis

gaCenac sirakuzis tiran dionisesa da kelti moqiravneebis saxelTan

aris dakavSirebuli, Tuki, ra Tqma unda, maTgan momavali informaciis

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb a. uberis zemoTmoyvanil mosazrebas gaviziarebT.

am SemTxvevaSi mogviwevs vifiqroT, rom timagenes versiis saxiT saqme

aseve sakuTriv kelturi sinamdvilidan momaval hipoTezasTan gvaqvs. miT

umetes, rom misi aRmwerni informatorad kelt druidebs asaxeleben

(120, 195). aseve dasaSvebia, rom misi warmoSoba kelturi samyarodan

momavali sxvadasxva saxis informaciis logikur analizTan iyos

dakavSirebuli.

berZnul–romaul sinamdvileSi genezisis kelturi versiebis

Semosvlis gzebis garkvevis Semdeg saWiroa gavaanalizoT, Tu ramdenad

aris es hipoTezebi antikuri avtorebis mier redaqtirebuli da

ramdenad Seeferebian isini simarTles. zemoTmoyvanil pirvel versias

redaqciis kvali aSkarad etyoba, magram isic aSkarad Cans, rom aq

kelturi legendis birTvi kargad aris Senaxuli. redaqciis Sedegs,

rogorc aRvniSneT, aq kelti tomebis CamonaTvali warmoadgens. sxva

mxriv ki masSi, vfiqrobT, sakmaod naTel ferebSia warmodgenili, Tu

rogor esaxebodaT Tavad keltebs TavianTi eTnogenezis sakiTxi.

vfiqrobT, rom misi wyalobiT rigi mniSvnelovani garemoebebi

gamoikveTeba:


96

1. keltebis gansaxlebis centri safrangeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi

mdebareobda;

2. keltur tomebs da tomTa kavSirebs genezisis saerTo versia

hqondaT;

3. keltebis sinamdvileSi arsebobda Sexeduleba, rom garkveul

erTobas qmnidnen safrangeTis CrdiloeTSi mcxovrebi da Zv.w. IV-III

saukuneebSi apeninze, reinis marjvena napiras da aRmosavleT evropaSi

mimdinare samxedro eqspansiaSi monawile kelti tomebi;

4. am erTobaSi ar moiazrebian britaneTis da pirineis kelti

tomebi (am daskvnebis mniSvnelobaze odnav qvemoT gveqneba saubari).

amiane marcelinesTan daculi versiis SemTxvevaSi, Teoriulad

SesaZlebelia, genezisis Tavad kelturi sinamdvilidan momaval meore

versiasTan gvqondes saqme, magram, vfiqrobT, ufro logikuria

davaskvnaT, rom igi faqtebis berZnuli konstruqciis Sedegs

warmoadgens, radgan aseTi „kentavruli“ tipis eTnikuri jgufebis

postulireba, romelic am versiis CarCoebSi ikveTeba, swored antikuri

literaturisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom

eTnikuri procesebis ganxilvis msgavsi tradicia keltebis yofaSic

arsebuliyo. miT umetes saeWvoa, rom misi genezisi druidebis saxelTan

iyos dakavSirebuli. naklebad savaraudoa, rom kelt druidebs Zv.w. IV-

III saukuneebSi amgvari sakiTxebis berZnebTan ganxilva daewyoT.

Cveni azriT, Zv.w. IV saukuneSi berZnebma sxvadasxva gziT miiRes

informacia rainis miRma mcxovrebi kelti tomebis Sesaxeb. aseve maT

sinamdvileSi (SesaZloa, piTeas masalielis wyalobiT) moxvda cnoba

CrdiloeTis zRvis moqcevis msxverpli teritoriebis Sesaxeb. timagenes

versia ki, SesaZloa, mis xelT arsebuli monacemebis saSualebiT am

„bikeltizmis“ axsnis mcdeloba iyos. kontrargumentis saxiT SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom rainis marjvena napiras mdebare teritoriebi (iseve, rogorc

CrdiloeT evropis didi nawili) berZnebs Zv.w. IV saukunis II naxevramdec

kelturi egonaT, magram erTia raimeze bundovani warmodgenis qona da

meore - masze obieqturi informaciis floba. raimes axsnis motivacia

swored meore SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. amgvari msjelobis gaziarebis

SemTxvevaSi mogviwevs vifiqroT, rom timagenes versia did ndobas ar


97

imsaxurebs, Tumca masSi rigi saintereso detalebis povna mainc

SeiZleba (am detalebis Sesaxeb odnav qvemoT visaubrebT).

amgvarad, antikuri wyaroebis analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs

davaskvnaT, rom keltebis winaresamSoblo safrangeTis CrdiloeT

nawilSi mdebareobda, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, am problemis gadaWra

mxolod am wyaroebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebiT ar SeiZleba.


avtorebi ? - Tanamedrove eTnogenetikur gamokvlevebSi eTnonimebis

etimologias udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. keltebis eTnogenezis

sakiTxebze saubris SemTxvevaSic am mxriv Catarebul kvlevas sakmaod

mravlismetyveli informaciis mocema SeuZlia, Tumca igi rig

problemebTan aris dakavSirebuli. saqme isaa, rom termini „kelti“

dRemde sakmaod popularuli sityvaa. k. renfriu SeniSnavs, rom mas

sul cota, rva mniSvnelobiT mainc xmaroben:

1. erT SemTxvevaSi igi aRniSnavs romaelebis mezobel „barbaros“

xalxs;

2. meoreSi – termins, romlis saSualebiTac es xalxi

TviTidentifikacias axdenda;

3. erT-erT enobriv ojaxs;

4. arqeolgiuri artefaqtebis serias;

5. xelovnebis erT-erT stils;

6. Sua saukuneebSi arsebul irlandiur eklesias;

7. brZolisa da Tavisuflebis moyvare xalxs da sxva (173, 178-179).

terminis TiToeuli zemoT CamoTvlili mniSvnelobis arsebobas

Tavisi mizezi aqvs, romlebis Ziebac winamdebare gamokvlevis

interesebs scildeba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi imis gamorkvevaa saWiro,

konkretulad rogor esmodaT am terminis Sinaarsi antikuri periodis

avtorebs.

vidre am kiTxvaze gavcemdeT pasuxs, saWiroa ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra

konteqstSi ganixilavdnen eTnogenetikur procesebs Zveli berZeni da

romaeli moazrovneebi. maT TxzulebebSi uamrav “eTnonims” aRmovaCenT.

zogierTi maTgani mcire toms aRniSnavs, zogierTi eTnonimze ufro

toponims hgavs, zogierTi ki msxvili gaerTianebebis aRsaniSnavad


98

gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, iseTebis, rogoricaa: keltebi, germanelebi,

skviTebi, iberebi, ligurebi da sxva.

bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva, Tu ra kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT

axdendnen isini aseTi erTobebis gamoyofas da asaxavda Tu ara maTi

klasifikacia realur istoriul viTarebas? meore msoflio omis

Semdgomi periodis istoria–eTnologiaSi es problema sakmaod mwvaved

dgas. manamde ki mas didi yuradReba ar eqceoda.

rogorc Cans, berZnebi ama Tu im regionis geografiis aRwerisas

sakmaod standartul principebs misdevdnen, romlebis SemuSavebac,

ZiriTadad, herodotes saxels miewereba (54, 78). qveynis aRwerisas isini

yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen mis Semadgenlobaze, sidideze, sazRvrebze,

reliefze, mdinareebze, klimatur pirobebsa da faunaze. xalxis

aRwerisas ki maT Semcvelobaze, populaciaze, siZveleebze, istoriaze,

cxovrebis wessa da Cveulebebze. yuradRebas aqcevdnen aseve qveynis

RirsSesaniSnaobebs. xazgasasmelia is garemoeba, rom maT ar

ainteresebdaT „barbarosi“ xalxebis ena da arsad gvxvdeba met–

naklebad mwyobri koncefcia, romelic eTnikuri erTobis ganmartebad

SegviZlia CavTvaloT (54, 80). amdenad logikuria vifiqroT, rom isini

germanelis, skviTis, keltis da sxva msgavsi terminebis ukan

Tanamedrove gagebiT eTnikurs ki ara, ufro eTnografiuli xasiaTis

erTobebs gulisxmobdnen, romlebis gamijvnac, albaT, sxvadasxva

principebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeboda. vfiqrobT, rom araa marTebuli

sakiTxis ganzogadebulad dasma, Tu zogadad ra igulisxmeba aseTi

terminebis ukan. es sakiTxi yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi konkretul

gaSuqebas moiTxovs. Teoriulad ki Semdegi SemTxvevebis daSvebaa

SesaZlebeli:

1. SesaZloa, antikuri xanis avtorebs ucnobi mxarisaTvis

miTologiuri Sinaarsis saxeli mieniWebinaT da am regionidan

spontanurad Semosuli informacia avtomaturad daejgufebinaT maT

mier gamogonili terminis garSemo. aseT konteqstSi Seqmnil

„eTnonimebad“ SegviZlia CavTvaloT: hiperboreebi an herodotesTan

damowmebuli skviTebis mezobeli rigi „xalxebi“. maTi dasaxelebebis


99

miRma raime saxis eTnikuri realobis danaxva, ra Tqma unda, yovlad

SeuZlebelia;

2. SesaZloa, maT geografiuli Sinaarsis terminis gaigiveba

moexdinaT regionSi mcxovreb xalxebTan. rogorc, magaliTad, moxda

skviTebis, ligurebisa da, albaT, iberebis SemTxvevaSic. aseT viTarebaSi

isini regionidan Semosul informacias erToblivad moaqcevdnen erTi

„eTnonimis“ qveS. am SemTxvevaSi viRebT situacias, roca erTi eTnonimis

qveS ramdenime, xSirad erTmaneTisgan metad gansxvavebuli, eTnikuri

realoba imaleba, romelTa “saerTo elementebic” mxolod ucxoeli

aRmwerebisTvisaa SesamCnevi;

ama Tu im toponimis qveS dajgufebuli saerTo elementebi,

SesaZloa antikuri xanis avtorebis spekulaciac yofiliyo, Tumca, rig

SemTxvevebSi maT, k. debis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adgilobrivi kulturis

habitusic SeiZleboda warmoeCina;

3. SesaZloa, maT mier SemoTavazebuli msxvili eTnikuri jgufebis

dasaxeleba Tavad „barbarosi“ xalxebis sinamdvileSi arsebuli

TviTidentifikaciis saSualebebis translacias warmoadgendes. aseT

SemTxvevaSi isini gacilebiT met ndobas imsaxureben, Tumca yvela aseTi

SemTxvevis erT sibrtyeze ganxilvac ar SeiZleba;

4. Teoriulad aseve SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom Tavdapirvelad

mxolod romaelebis an berZnebis warmosaxvaSi arsebul „eTnonims“

momavalSi savsebiT realuri istoriuli sarCuli SeeZina.

CamoTvlilTagan romel SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca termin

„keltis“ da kelturi realobis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT? am problemaze

msjeloba termin „keltis“ etimologiuri analizi unda daviwyoT.

antikur literaturaSi igi sxvadasxva formiT gvxvdeba. berZnebi mas

`keltis~ da mogvianebiT `galatis~ formiT werdnen. romaelebi ki

upiratesobas aniWebdnen termins `gali~. Tumca maTTan berZnul

formebsac araerTxel vxvdebiT.

termins `kelti~ pirvelad herodote iyenebs (201, 109). marTalia,

mas cotaTi adre hekateos militelTanac vxvdebiT, magram, rogorc Cans,

es sityva aq marTlac mermindel Canamats warmoadgens (Tu ratom,

qvemoT gamoCndeba). termini „galati“ ki Zv.w. III saukuneSi ieronime


100

kardielma daamkvidra (201, 118). aseve `galatebad~ moixseniebs keltebs

delfosTan Zv.w. 279 wels momxdar brZolaSi daRupuli vinme kidiasis

saflavze amokveTili epitafia (79, 69).

romaelebi, rogorc wesi, keltur samyaros `galiis~ saxeliT

ixsenieben. Tavdapirvelad galia maTTvis italiis CrdiloeT nawilSi

lokalizebuli istoriuli sinamdvile iyo, romelic Zv.w. IV saukuneSi

(am periodSi galebi roms Tavs daesxnen) da hanibalTan omebis dros

romis respublikas seriozul safrTxes uqmnida. Zv.w. II saukunis

miwuruls ki qveynis am nawilis dapyrobisa da narbonis provinciis

daarsebis Semdeg maT yofaSi cisalpuri (anu italiaSi mdebare) da

transalpuri (anu alpebis CrdiloeTiT mdebare) galiis cnebebi gaCnda

(64, 114). aseTi administraciuli terminologiis gverdiT arsebobda

ufro literaturuli Sinaarsis saxelwodebebic, mag.: poeti katulusi

keisris mier damorCilebul galias Gallia Comatas, italiaSi mdebare

galias ki -Gallia broccatas uwodebs. am ukanasknels zogjer Galia togatasac

uwodebdnen gamomdinare iqidan, rom aqauri mosaxleoba (danarCeni

galebisgan gansxvavebiT) romaelebisa da etruskebis msgavsad togas

atarebda (64, 117).

berZnul da romaul literaturaSi kelturi samyaros aRmniSvneli

gansxvavebuli terminebis arseboba did uxerxulobas ar qmnis. miT

umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sityvebi „gali“ da „galati“

fonetikurad Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs. samagierod, berZeni avtorebis

TxzulebebSi dafiqsirebuli ori eTnonimi „kelti“ da „galati“ didi

xania, mkvlevrebs garkveuli sirTuleebis winaSe ayenebs.

ra aris am ori gansxvavebuli dasaxelebis arsebobis mizezi? a.

uberi cdilobda daesabuTebina, rom aq saqme erTsadaimave sityvasTan

gvaqvs, romelic „sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva pirobebSi, sxvadasxva

yuris mier iqna mosmenili da gadmocemuli“ (120, 244).

vfiqrobT, rom aq saqme ubralo fonetikur variaciasTan ar unda

gvqondes. istoriografiaSi am sakiTxis mimarT sxvagvari

damokidebulebac arsebobs. ase, magaliTad, didi xania SeniSnulia, rom

diodore sicilieli rainis marjvena napiris xalxs galatebs uwodebs,

rainis marcxena napirisas ki _ keltebs (79, 57). daaxloebiT aseve iqceva


101

dion kasiusic, oRond galatebis da keltebis lokalizebas diodore

sicilielisgan gansxvavebulad axdens. misTvis galatebi rainis

marcxena sanapiroze mcxovrebi xalxia, keltebi ki – marjvenaze (285, 79).

a. bertranma ki, Cveni azriT, sakmaod damajerebad scada daesabuTebina,

rom polibiosi keltebSi italiis CrdiloeTSi mcxovreb Zvel tomebs

gulisxmobs, galatebSi ki SedarebiT mogvianebiT mosul eTnoss, romel-

sac romis darbevas miawers (48, 155). am mosazrebas k. Julianic

iziarebda (48, 155).

dasasrul, unda aRvniSnoT, rom sityva „kelti“ Tavad kelturi

enebis leqsikuri fonidan aris aRebuli da daaxloebiT `rCeuls,~

`warCinebuls~ niSnavs (54, 33). marTalia, Znelia ar daveTanxmoT a. ubers,

rom sityvebi “gali” da “galatic” misi msgavsi (monaTesave) formebia,

magram migvaCnia, rom berZnul literaturaSi maT aseT farTo

gavrcelebas ori formiT imaze ufro damajerebeli axsna unda

moeZebnos, vidre frangi istorikosi gvTavazobs.

kelturi samyaros aRmniSvneli antikuri terminebis analizis

Semdeg saWiroa ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra saxis istoriuli realoba imaleba

dasaxelebuli terminebis (gali-kelti- galati) ukan. am TvalsazrisiT

SesaZlo 4 variantis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari.

saubari galatebze msjelobiT unda daviwyoT. Tuki Zv.w. III-II

saukuneebis berZnul wyaroebs gadavxedavT davinaxavT, rom „galatebi“

aq Zalian xSirad Canan. marTalia, Cvens xelT ar aris iulius keisris

„komentarebis“... msgavsi Txzuleba, magram vfiqrobT, arsebuli wyarebic

sakmaris monacemebs Seicaven saimisod, raTa davrwmundeT, rom

galatebis saxiT saqme sakmaod homogenur eTnikur sinamdvilesTan

gvaqvs, romlis warmomadgenlebic adgilis damkvidrebas evropis

sxvadasxva nawilSi cdiloben. yovelive amas, cxadia, damtkiceba

sWirdeba, radgan Teoriulad aseve dasaSvebia termin „galatis“ ukan

berZeni avtorebis mcdeloba imalebodes, erTi terminiT aRniSnon ori

(an ufro meti) sxvadasxva warmoSobis xalxi, romlebic Zv.w. IV-III

saukuneebSi gansakuTrebulad gaaqtiurdnen. saamisod (e.i. imis

dasadastureblad, rom galatebSi konkretuli istoriul–


102

eTnografiuli erToba igulisxmeba) ramdenime argumenti SegviZlia

movixmoT:

1) pirvel argumentad SegviZlia gamoviyenoT titus liviusis

TxzulebaSi daculi zemoT xsenebuli legenda, romelSic calsaxad

ikveTeba, rom Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi italiasa da evropis sxva nawilebze

Tavdasxmis organizatori galati tomebi Tavdapirvelad galiis

teritoriaze iyvnen gansaxlebulni. es argumenti kidev ufro

damajerebeli gaxdeba, Tu am legendis genezisis a. uberiseul versias

gaviTvaliswinebT, razec ukve gvqonda saubari.

Tumca, rogoric ur unda iyos legendis warmomavloba, misi saxiT

mainc Zalze mniSvnelovani cnoba gvipyria xelT; es legenda

adasturebs, rom keltebs (romlebic aq istoriul galatebs

Seesatyvisebian) genezisis saerTo versia hqondaT;

2) meore argumentad gamodgeba wminda ieronimes dakvirveba im

garemoebaze, rom galatebis da galiis mcxovreblebis ena Zalian hgavs

erTmaneTs (286, 100).

3) mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, rom termini galati Tavad kelturi

enebis leqsikuri fondidan aris aRebuli da es saxeli aRmosavleT

evropis zogierT toponimSi (magaliTad galiciaSi) figurirebs.

Tu yvelaferTan erTad imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

alternatiuli TeoriisTvis argumentebi ar arsebobs, mogviwevs

vifiqroT, rom antikuri literaturisTvis galatebis saxeliT cnobili

tomebi Zv. w. IV saukunisaTvis sakmaod erTgvarovan eTno-lingvistur

sinamdviles warmoadgenen, romlebsac saerTo winaresamSoblo da

TviTidentifikaciis saSualebebi hqondaT (eTnologiuri TvalsazrisiT

am tipis realobebis raobis Sesaxeb III Tavis mesame paragrafSi

visaubrebT). vfiqrobT, ar SevcdebiT, Tu maT realobas zemoT

ganxilul mesame Teoriul SemTxvevasTan gavaigivebT, rodesac antikur

wyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli esa Tu is eTnonimi adgilobriv

TviTidentifikaciis saSualebebs Seesabameba.

`galtebis" sakmaod myar eTnikur realobad dasaxvisaTvis, erTi

SexedviT, SesaZloa Semaferxebeli garemoeba aRmoCndes Sereuli,

magaliTad, keltur-iliriuli an keltur-liguruli „tomebis“ arseboba.


103

Tumca, am tipis problemebsac ufro dawvrilebiT III Tavis mesame

paragrafSi SevexebiT. aq ki mxolod imis TqmiT SemovifarglebiT, rom

am sakiTxs galatebis sawyisi eTnikuri realobis raobis sakiTxTan

pirdapiri kavSiri ar aqvs.

dasasrul, unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom gamokvlevis winamdebare

nawilSi Cven Tavs varidebT e.w. `Sereul argumentacias", Tumca,

aucileblad migvaCnia vTqvaT, rom Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi galaturad

wodebuli realobis homogenurobisa da erTi centridan gavrcelebis

Teorias zurgs arqeologiuri monacemebic umagrebs. mxedvelobaSi

gvaqvs lateni arqeologiuri kultura (ufro zustad misi C periodi),

romlis gavrcelebis arealic saocrad kargad emTxveva galatebis

gansaxlebis Sesaxeb arsebul istoriul cnobebs.

SedarebiT ufro advilia romaelebis mier galiad wodebul

sinamdvileze msjeloba, radgan Cvens xelT aris iulius keisris

`komentarebi galebTan omis Sesaxeb", romelic am mxriv mraval

saintereso informacias gvawvdis. keltebis eTnikuri istoriis es

periodi winamdebare gamokvlevis interesebSi ar Sedis, Tumca, kelturi

samyaros Sesaxeb erTgvari ganzogadebebis gasakeTeblad, vfiqrobT, am

mxrivac ramdenime niuanss unda gavusvaT xazi.

cnobili faqtia, rom iulius keisari eTnikur sazRvrebs xSirad

politikuri mosazrebebiT amaxinjebda, Tumca, mogviwevs vaRiaroT, rom

mis TxzulebebSi aRwerili galia (magaliTad germaniisgan gansxvavebiT)

sakmaod homogenuri eTnikuri sinamdvilea. misi saxiT saqme gvaqvs

ekonomikurad, mentalurad, kulturulad da nawilobriv politikurad

sakmaod erTmniSvnelovan fenomenTan, romelic aSkarad gamoirCeva sxva

msgavsi mezobeli warmonaqmnebisagan. saxezea miseuli

TviTidentifikaciis saSualebebic. keisari erTmaneTSi ar urevs

toponimebs da eTnonimebs. galia misTvis geografiuli cnebis saxiTac

arsebobs, magram eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT igi mxolod qveynis am nawilis

erT mesameds moicavs (danarCen or mesameds avtori aqvitaniisa da

belgiis saxeliT ixseniebs).

ra mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan galatia da galia? warmoadgenda

meore pirvelis kintiniums, Tu maTSi erTmaneTis monaTesave, magram


104

mainc gansxvavebuli istoriul-eTnografiuli realoba unda moviazroT?

am kiTxvaze damajerebeli pasuxis gacema mxolod imis analizis

safuZvelze SeiZleba, Tu ramdenad aris galebTan identifikaciis Zveli

saSualebebi SemorCenili. am mxriv pirdapir miniSnebebs wyaroebSi ver

vxvdebiT, magram ramdenime garemoeba, vfiqrobT, gvaZlevs saSualebas,

Zv.w. I saukunis galia Zv.w. III saukunis galatiis uSualo gagrZelebad

CavTvaloT. am mxriv Semdegi argumentebi SegviZlia davimowmoT:

1) arsebobs ax. w. I saukuneSi Cawerili (maqsimum Zv.w. I saukunidan

momavali) legenda, romelic safrangeTis galebs Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis

galatebTan aigivebs (rogorc aRvniSneT, igi titus liviusTan aris

daculi);

2) romaul wyaroebSi odnavi eWvic ar Cans imis Sesaxeb, rom Zv.w. I

saukuneSi galebi is xalxia, romlebis winaprebmac Zv. w. IV saukuneebSi

romis respublikas seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmnes;

3) terminebi gali da galati erTi fuZidan momdinareoben;

4) arqeologiurad orive maTganis realobas homogenuri latenis

kultura warmoadgens (aq isev vuSvebT gamonaklis „Sereuli

argumentacii)s TvalsazrisiT).

ra Tqma unda, Zv.w. III saukuneSi galati tomebis evropaSi farTo

gavrceleba da maTi sxva eTno-kulturul realobebTan urTierToba

TanadaTan TviTidentifikaciis Zveli saSualebebis dakargvas

gamoiwvevda. swored amitom Zv.w. I saukunis galiaSi mxolod belgia-

safrageTis teritoriis erTi mesameds vgulisxmobT da ara latenis

arqeologiuri kulturis mTel areals.

rac Seexeba mcire aziis da aRmosavleT evropis galat tomebs,

maTi fesvebi, ra Tqma unda, galatebis realobasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

Tumca, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom maTac Zv.w. II-I saukuneebSi

TviTidentifikaciis ori saukunis winandeli saSualebebi kidev

hqonodaT SenarCunebuli.

kvleva termin keltis raobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb msjelobiT unda

ganvagrZoT. zemoT, Cven aRvniSneT, rom es termini kelturi enebis

fondidan momdinareobs da igi galTan da galatTan didi siaxloves

amJRavnebs, Tumca misgan odnav gansxvavebul realobas asaxavs. aq ki


105

saWiroa aRvniSnoT, Tu ra istoriul realobas gulisxmoben masSi

antikuri xanis avtorebi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, warmoadgenda Tu ara

igi `protokeltur" TviTidentifikaciis saSualebas?

am sakiTxis gamorkveva Znelia. erTi mxriv, arsebobs safuZveli,

romelic negatiuri pasuxisken gvibiZgebs. magaliTad, is rom:

1) termini kelti britaneTis mosaxleobasa da espaneTis

keltiberebze, romlebic keltur enobriv ojaxSi Sedian, ar

vrceldeboda;

2) avienusi termin kelts ar axsenebs;

3) herodotesTan ki igi ufro toponimia, vidre eTnonimi.

am fonze arcTu usafuZvlo Cans k. renfrius Teoria, romelsac

igi diodore sicilielis cnobebze dayrdnobiT aviTarebs. ingliseli

mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom terminiT kelti Tavdapirvelad mxolod

masaliis mezoblad mcxovrebi erT-erTi tomi aRiniSneboda, ufro

farTo mniSvneloba ki man mogvianebiT SeiZina (173, 169).

Tumca Cvens xelT aris sxva argumentebi, romlebic sawinaaRmdego

daskvnis gakeTebas gvaiZuleben:

a) magaliTad, iulius keisari ambobs, rom galebi TavianT Tavs

keltebs uwodeben;

b) es termini (anu kelti) keltur enebze mosaubre xalxebis

gavrcelebis arealSi lokalizebul toponimebSi figurirebs.

g) Zv.w. VI – V saukuneebis wyaroebidan (gansakuTrebiT ki festus

avienusis Txzulebidan) aSkarad ikveTeba, rom safrangeTis teritoriaze

mogvianebiT keltebad saxeldebuli tomebis gamoCenam mniSvnelovan

eTnikur cvlilebebs daudo saTave.

miuxedavad amisa, migvaCnia, rom pirveli rigis argumentebi ufro

damajerebelia. vinaidan evropaSi gavrcelebul keltur toponimebSi

keltikaze ufro galatiis saxeli ismis. keisris mier termin keltis

TviTidentifikaciis saSualebad dasaxva ki, rogorc Cans, avtoris mier

am xalxis aRmniSvneli terminebis klasifikaciis surviliT unda

avxsnaT. yovelive es gvaiZulebs, rom `eTnonimi" kelti zemoxsenebuli

meore Teoriuli SemTxvevis CarCoebSi ganvixiloT. kerZod, unda

CavTvaloT, rom igi ufro geografiuli Sinaarsis termini iyo da


106

aRniSnavda xalxebs, romlebsac TviTidentifikaciis saerTo saSualebebi

ar hqondaT.

maSasadame, keltebis eTnogenezis problemis calsaxad ganxilva

ar SeiZleba. eTnogenetikuri kvlevisas igi or etapad (Zv.w. VI – V da

Zv.w. IV – III saukuneebi) mainc unda gaiyos.


107

Tavi III

Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxisTvis mniSvnelovani

lingvisturi, arqeologiuri da istoriul-eTnologiuri

problemebi

Zveli germanelebis saxels antikuri da adreuli Suasaukuneebis

evropis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi ukavSirdeba. albaT,

amitom aris, rom maT romaeli avtorebi da Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven. miuxedavad amisa, yvelaferi is, rac

viciT am `xalxis“ istoriis adreuli etapis Sesaxeb, sakmaod meryev

hipoTezebs emyareba. es, pirvel rigSi, Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis

problemas exeba. masze msjeloba, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi germaniis politikur cxovrebazec axdenda mniSvnelovan

gavlenas.

vidre uSualod am mxriv gamoTqmuli mecnieruli hipoTezebis

analizs SevudgebodeT, saWiroa, izolirebulad ganvixiloT Zveli

germanelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxisaTvis mniSvnelovani lingvisturi,

arqeologiuri da istoriul-eTnologiuri monacemebi. qvemoT

yuradRebas Semdeg sadiskuso Temebze gavamaxvilebT:

enaTmecnierul nawilSi ($ 1 ):

a) ras warmoadgenda e.w. `protogermanikuli~ ena? ra SeiZleba

iTqvas masTan istoriulad cnobili germanikuli enebis mimarTebis

Sesaxeb?

b) ra saxis kontaqtebi hqondaT germanikul enebs (`proto~ da

calkeuli enebis doneze) sxva indoevropul da araindoevropul

enebTan?

arqologiur nawilSi ($ 2 ):

a) romeli arqeologiuri kulturebi unda CavTvaloT Zveli

germanelebis winaprebis Semoqmedebad?


108

b) ra eTno-socialuri procesebis amocnoba SeiZleba Zv.w. IV–III -

ax.w. I-II saukuneebis germaniis arqeologiur kulturebSi?

istoriul nawilSi ($ 3 ):

a) rogor moxda Zveli germanelebis Sesaxeb antikuri xanis

avtorebis Sexedulebebis formireba?

b) ra mniSvnelobiT iyenebdnen termins „germaneli“ antikuri xanis

avtorebi?

g) ra versiebia daculi werilobiT wyaroebSi Zveli germanelebis

genezisis Sesaxeb?

aqve vimsjelebT berZen-romaeli avtorebis eTnikuri konstruqciebis

Camoyalibebis mizezebsa da antikuri xanis eTno-socialuri procesebis

Taviseburebebze.

$1. Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxebisaTvis mniSvnelovani

enaTmecnieruli problemebi

germanikuli enebis mecnieruli Seswavla XVI saukuneSi,

aRwerilobiTi gramatikebisa da leqsikonebis gamocemiT daiwyo. XVII-

XVIII saukuneebSi ki, calkeulma avtorebma germanikul enebs Soris

msgavsebebi SeniSnes da maT paralelur reJimSi aRweras mihyves xeli.

gamoica iseTi Txzulebebi rogoricaa: j. hiksis ,,goTuris, anglo-

saqsuris, frankul-germanulis gramatika", ten-kates ,,goTuri gramtika"

da sxva. didi mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom calkeulma avtorebma (mag.

g. leibnicma) amave periodSi germanikuli enebis genetikur siaxloveze

daiwyes msjeloba (111, 23).

komparativistikis CamoyalibebisTanave germanikuli enebi

lingvisturi Seswavlis erT-erT umTavres obieqtad iqcnen. 1814 wels

gamoica r. raskis wigni: ,,gamokvleva Zveli Crdilouris, anu

islandiuris warmoSobis Sesaxeb", romelmac sabolood daamtkica

germanikuli enebis erToba da maTi kavSiri indoevropul enebTan. didi

mniSvneloba hqonda, aseve, i. grimis ,,germanul gramatikas" (111, 26).

masalebi germanikuli enebis Sesaxeb Zalze swrafad dagrovda,

ris Sedegadac gaCnda naSromebi, romlebic germanikuli enebis


109

istoriul aspeqtSi Seswavlas cdilobdnen. am mxrivac, pirvel rigSi,

unda iTqvas i. grimis Sesaxeb, romelmac Tavis Zma vilhelmTan erTad

gamosca: ,,germanikuli leqsikoni". am naSromma germanikuli enebis

ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi gansazRvra da maTi fundamenturi Seswavlis

dawyeba ganapiroba. am periodSi Camoyalibda, mravali mecnieruli

debuleba, romlebsac Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezze msjelobisas

didi mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad: ,,grimis kanoni", TanxmovanTa meore

gadanacvleba da sxva (111, 24).

XIX saukunis meore da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi araerTi

lingvistikuri skola arsebobda. maT Soris, eTnogenezis sakiTxebis

gasaSuqeblad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania a. Slaixeris

naturalisturi, i. Smidtis berlinis skolebi. maT Soris arsebulma

urTierTdapirispirebam xeli Seuwyo samecniero diskursis

Camoyalibebas, romelsac xSirad vxvdebiT sxvadasxva eTnogenetikuri

gamokvelevebis furclebze.

aqve unda iTqvas dialeqtologiis Sesaxeb. germanikuli

dialeqtebis Seswavlas i. Smolerma safuZveli jer kidev XVIII saukunis

miwuruls Cauyara, Tumca, arealuri lingvistika, rogorc kerZo

disciplina, odnav mogvianebiT Seiqmna. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi

safrangeTsa da germaniaSi damoukideblad Camoyalibda. safrangeTSi

misi fuZemdebelia a. meie. germaniaSi ki g. venekeri, f. vrede T. fringsi

da sxvebi (122, 56). dialeqtologiaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba Tanamedrove

dialeqtebis Seswavlas eTmoba. Tumca, kvlevis miseuli meTodebi Zveli

germanikuli dialeqtebis Sesaswavlad warmatebiT gamoiyenes: f. vredem,

T. fringsma, e. Svarcma, g. maurerma, v. Jirmunskim da sxva

enaTmecnierebma.

vfiqrobT, lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT winamdebare kvlevisTvis

mniSvnelovani kiTxvebi Semdegi formiT unda CamovayaliboT:

a) ras warmoadgenda e.w. `protogermanikuli~ ena? ra SeiZleba

iTqvas masTan istoriulad cnobili germanikuli enebis mimarTebis

Sesaxeb?


110

b) ra saxis kontaqtebi hqondaT germanikul enebs (`proto~ da

calkeuli enebis doneze) sxva indoevropul da araindoevropul

enebTan?

am sakiTxebze msjelobisas Cveni kvleva Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis

d. ringis, m. meier-brugeris, m. mairhoferis, i. iasanovis, i. faarlundis,

e. Svarcis, v. Jirmunskisa da e. makaevis Txzulebebs eyrdnoba.

*****

II Tavis 1 paragrafSi Cven aRvniSneT im diskusiis Sesaxeb, romelic

lingvistebs Soris e.w. „protoenis“ cnebis garSemo arsebobs. aq ki,

saWiroa, „protogermanikulis“ Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi

zemoTCamoyalibebuli debulebebis CarCoebSi ganvixiloT. kerZod, unda

ganvsazRvroT misi (e.i. „protogermanulis) saxiT saqme fuZe enasTan

gvaqvs, Tu monaTesave enebis kavSirTan.

am sakiTxze msjeloba „protogermanikuli“ enisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli lingvisturi niuansebis aRnusxviT unda daviwyoT. maTi

raodenoba Zalze didia, amitom aq mxolod zogierT maTganze

SevaCerebT yuradRebas. am mxriv, yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania:

1. TanxmovanTa pirveli (germanikuli) gadanacvleba da verneris

kanoni;

2. pirvel an fuZiseul marcvlebze Zlieri dinamiuri aqcentis

dasmis tendencia;

3. ei>ī–Si asimilacia;

3. piris da CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis brunebis axali sistemis

Camoyalibeba;

4. zedsarTavi saxelis brunebis ori axali (germanuli) tipis

Camoyalibeba da sxva (148, 4-5).

v. Jirmunski SeniSnavs, rom germanikuli dialeqtebisaTvis saerTo

lingvisturi niuansebis raodenoba imdenad didia da igi leqsikis

imdenad farTo sferos moicavs, rom iZulebuli varT maTi Camoyalibeba

“fuZe–germanikuli enis” pirobebSi vivaraudoT, romelsac umniSvnelo

dialeqturi gansxvavebebi axasiaTebda.

„protogermanuli“ enis formirebas igi Zveli zemogermanuli

(Tanamedrove germanulis winapris) Camoyalibebis process adarebs,


111

romelic gviandel periodamde (XVI saukunemde) „enobrivi kavSirebis“

formiT arsebobda da midis daskvnamde, rom es ori lingvisturi

realoba erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebul fenomens warmoadgenda.

maSasadame, Tanamedrove dialeqtologiis monacemebi safuZvels

gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom „protokelturisgan“ gansxvavebiT,

„protogermanuli“ sakmaod homogenur enobriv realobas warmoadgenda,

romlis wiaRSic minimaluri dialeqturi gansxvavebebi arsebobda. es ki

eTnogenetikuri kvlevisTvis sakmaod mniSvnelovan daskvnas warmoadgens.

aqve dgeba „protogermanuli“ enis qronologiis sakiTxi.

lingvistur monacemebze dayrdnobiT (kerZod glotoqronologiuri

meTodis gamoyenebiT) SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom am process adgili arc

Tu Soreul warsulSi unda hqonoda. magaliTad, am sakiTxebis

mkvlevari e. makaevi aRniSnavs, rom Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis

mijnaze „protogermanuli“ erTobis daSlis procesi mxolod sawyis

stadiaSi iyo (259, 89). sainteresoa, rom, am mxriv, didad gansxvavebuli

pozicia arc im avtorebs uWiravT, romlebic „protogermanuli“

istoriuli sinamdvilis arsebobas gacilebiT Zvel periods ukavSireben.

magaliTad, e. Svarci acxadebs, rom safuZveli ar gvaqvs fuZegermanuli

enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli lingvisturi niuansebi Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebze

adreul periodSi warmoqmnilad CavTvaloT. miuxedavad amisa,

„protogermanul“ realobas igi mainc Zv.w. II aTaswleulis II naxevarSi

Camoyalibebul fenomenad Tvlis (184, 102-109).

aqve unda SevexoT „protogermanulisa“ da „protoindoevropulis“

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. fuZegermanul enaSi mravlad gvxvdeba

lingvistikuri niuansebi, romlebic Zvel indoevropul memkvidreobas

asaxavs. aseTTa ricxvSi unda movixsenioT:

1) tonikuri maxvili;

2) brunebis sami tipis SenarCuneba;

3) fleqsiuri wyoba da sxva (248, 5-6).

Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iseTi lingvisturi niuansebic

bevria, romelic sakuTriv germanikul inovacias warmoadgens (122, 57-63).

es garemoebebi bevr mkvlevars safuZvels aZlevs daaskvnas, rom

germanikuli (an misi winapari) enobrivi realoba didi xnis


112

ganmavlobaSi izolirebul garemoSi viTardeboda (122, 62). Zalian

xSirad aseT izolirebul garemos geografiul lokalizacias

skandinaviis samxreT nawilSi axdenen.

„protogermanuli“ enis Sesaxeb Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebis

aRnusxvis Semdeg, yuradReba am enobriv realobis diferenciaciis

process unda mivapyroT. mas Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezze

msjelobisas msjelobisas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan

istoriulad cnobili germanikuli enebi da dialeqtebi swored mis (e.i.

diferenciaciis am procesis) Sedegad Camoyalibdnen.

am procesis ukeT gasagebad vfiqrobT pirvel rigSi saWiroa

aRvnusxoT, Tu romeli enebi erTiandeba enaTa germanikul ojaxSi.

germanikuli enobrivi ojaxi msoflios erT-erT yvelaze ufro

mravalricxovan enobriv jgufs warmoadgens. sadReisod aRiarebuli

klasifikaciis mixedviT (romelic Zveli germanikuli werilobiTi

Zeglebis Seswavlas emyareba) germanikuli enobrivi ojaxi iyofa:

aRmosavleTis, CrdiloeTis da dasavleTis jgufebad. aRmosavleTis

jgufSi Sedis: goTebis, vandalebisa da burgundebis enebi. aqedan

samwerlobo enis saxiT mxolod goTuri Camoyalibda40 danarCenebi ki

(iseve rogorc werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli germanikuli tomebis

enebis umravlesoba), sadReisod, mxolod laTinur teqstebSi

SemorCenili calkeuli sityvebiT (umetesad sakuTari saxelebiT) da

romanul enebSi germanikuli „superstratidan“ momdinare nasesxobebiT

aris cnobili.

antikuri da adreSuasaukuneebis wyaroebi mraval eTnonims

ixsenieben, romlebic, savaraudod, aseve aRmosavleT germanul

sinamdvilesTan iyo dakavSirebuli (magaliTad: rugiebi, gepidebi,

karinebi da sxva), magram maTi enebis Sesaxeb informacia ar Semonaxula.

goTur enazec Cvenamde erTaderTma, magram Zalze mniSvnelovanma wyarom

40saerTod, germanulenovani werilobiTi wyaroebi, mxolod Svid germanikul enas warmoadgens, romlis safuZvelzec Tanamedrove germanikuli enebi ganviTardnen. kerZod: goTurs, Zvel Crdilours (igive Zvel skandinavurs), anglo-saqsonurs (igive Zvel inglisurs), Zvel saqsonurs (igive Zvel qvemo germanuls), Zvel frizuls, Zvel qvemo frankuls da Zvel zemo germanuls (igive Zvel zemo frankuls).


113

moaRwia, romelic ostgoTuri warmomavlobis xelnaweris saxiT aris

SemorCenili. mas, zogjer `vercxlis xelnawersac~ (codex argentis)

uwodeben, radgan misi teqsti vercxlisferi asoebiT aris dawerili41.

CrdiloeTis jgufSi samwerlobo tradiciis moqne eqvsi ena Sedis.

kerZod: Zveli Crdilo germanuli (romlisganac darCenili

skandinavriuli enebi ganviTardnen), daniuri, Sveduri, norvegiuli (e.w.

`bukmoli~ da `axali norvegiuli~) islandiuri da fareris kunZulebis

enebi. maTi gavrcelebis arealSi werilobiTi wyaroebi (gansakuTrebiT

ki iordanes `getika~) uamrav eTnonims asaxeleben, romlebic,

savaraudod, Crdilo germanulTan axlo unda yofiliyvnen, magram maTi

enebis Sesaxeb informaciam Cvenamde ver moaRwia. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar

miviRebT hidro-top-onomastikur monacemebs da sxvadasxva dialeqtebSi

dacul arqaizmebs, romlebic skandinaviisa da iutlandiis antikuri

istoriis SeswavlaSi udides daxmarebas gviweven (247, 38).

Zveli Crdilo germanuli ena (romlis monacemebsac yvelaze meti

mniSvneloba aqvs) runuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis saxiT aris cnobili.

germanikuli enebis dasavleTi jgufi yvelaze meti saliteraturo eniT

aris warmodgenili, romlis Camoyalibebac metad rTul eTno-

lingvistur procesebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian:

Zveli inglisuri (igive anglo-saqsuri), Zveli frizuli, Zveli

saqsonuri (igive Zveli qvemo germanuli), Zveli qvemo frankuli, Zveli

zemo germanuli da maT safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli dasavleTis jgufis

Tanamedrove enebi. kerZod: inglisuri, frizuli, niderlanduri,

afrikaansi da germanuli (aseve mniSvneloba aqvs calkeuli dialeqtebis

monacemebs romelze saubaric odnav qvemoT iqneba). aqve aTavseben

langobardebis enas, romelic, sadReisod, mxolod calkeuli sityvebiT

aris cnobili.

zemoT, Cven aRvniSneT, rom germanelebis eTnogenezis sxvadasxva

etapze msjelobisas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs arealuri lingvistikis

41saubris calke Temas warmoadgens e.w. yirimis goTebis enis sakiTxi. tradiciulad, maT goTebis erTerTi frTis ostgoTebis nawilad ganixilaven. Tumca, sadReisod, calkeuli mkvlevarebis mag: eSvarcis mier maTi enobrivi monacemebis amgvari interpretacia eWvqveS aris dayenebuli.


114

monacemebs. amitom, aq, yuradReba germanikuli dialeqtebis

klasifikaciaze unda SevaCeroT. miTumetes, rom isini lingvogeografiis

TvalsazrisiT erT-erT yvelaze ukeT Seswavlil jgufs warmoadgenen.

samwuxarod, aRmosavleT germanuli enebis dialeqtebis Sesaxeb

bevri araferi viciT. samagierod, Crdiluri da dasavluri jgufebis

Sesaxab sakmaod sistemuri informacia mogvepoveba. skandinavuli enebis

ZiriTadi dialeqturi jgufebia: iuturi, daniis kunZulebis,

samxreTSveduri, goTuri, sveuri (Sua Sveduri, zemo Sveduri),

norlandiuri, aRmosavleT Sveduri (fineTSi), gotlanduri (guTniuri),

aRmosavleT norvegiurli, dasavleT norvegiuli, fareruli da

islandiuri. maT Soris yvelaze met interess (maTSi daculi

arqaizmebis gamo) islandiuri, fareruli da skandinaviis mTian

raionebSi SemorCenili calkeuli dialeqtebi (magaliTad: setexdalis

(norvegiaSia) kaliqsis (SvedeTSia) da sxva imsaxurebs (247, 40).

dasavleT germanikuli dialeqtebis istoriis Zveli etapis

aRsaniSnavad farTod gamoiyeneba antikuri xanis avtorebTan

(gansakuTrebiT sistemurad ki pliniusTan da tacitiusTan) damowmebuli

terminebi: ingveonebi, ermionebi da istveonebi, romliTac msxvili

germanuli gaerTianebebi aRiniSnebodnen. Sua saukuneebis da

Tanamedrove dialeqtebi ki maTi ganviTarebis Semdgom etapad

ganixileba. maT Soris Semdegi ZiriTadi jgufebi gamoiyofa: rainis Sua

da qvemo dinebis dialeqtebi, zemo da qvemo alumanturi, Svabiis

dialeqti, centraluri frankuli da hesenis dialeqtebi, aRmosavleT

germanuli da qvemo germanuli dialeqtebi. aseve ganasxvaveben: Svabiis,

saqsoniis, berlinis da sxva naxevrad dialeqtebs (247, 44).

germanikuli enobrivi ojaxi daxasiaTebis Semdeg Cveni amocanaa

ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra mimarTebaSia TiToeuli maTgani (da maTi

Semadgeneli nawilebi) „protogermanul“ enasTan. msjeloba e.w. goTur–

skandinavuri „protoerTobis“ hipoTezaze msjelobiT unda daviwyoT. am

Teoriis CarCoebSi ivaraudeba, rom CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT germanuli

enebi (dasavluris sapirispirod) „protogermanulidan“ gamoyofis

Semdeg erTiani dialeqturi arealis saxiT arsebobdnen. es mosazreba

XIX saukunis lingvistebma k. miulenhofma, v. Sererma, a. holcmanma da


115

sxvebma vulfilas bibliis goTur da runul skandinavurs Soris

arsebuli enobrivi msgavsebebis safuZvelze Camoayalibes (111, 110). 1876

wels h. cimerma amgvari lingvisturi argumentebi aRnusxuli saxiT

warmoadgina, magram neogramatikosebis skolis warmomadgenlebma misi

yvela debuleba („holcmanis kanonis“ garda) uaryves (122, 67).

XX saukuneSi, dialeqtologiis ganviTarebasTan erTad, am Teorias

r. lioves, g. nekelis da e. Svarcis saxiT axali momxreebi gamouCnda. e.

Svarcis mier goTur–skandinavuri fuZe enis aRdgenis mcdelobasac

hqonoda adgili. miuxedavad amisa, lingvistebis umetesoba Tvlis, rom

goTuri da skandinavuri enebi erTmaneTTan ufro axlos dganan vidre

dasavleTgermanikulTan, Tumca es “protogoTur-Crdilogermanikuli“

erTobis arsebobis damadasturebel arguments ar warmoadgens (111, 178).

imisaTvis, raTa „protogermanikulis” diferenciaciis procesi

marTebulad gaviazroT, saWiroa, dasavleTgermanuli dialeqtebis

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxsac SevexoT.

daviwyoT imis aRniSvniT, rom goTur–skandinavuri erTobis

hipoTeza TavisTavad „protodasavleTgermanuli“ erTobis arsebobis

sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi dayenebasac gulisxmobs, Tumca, aseTi

„protoenobrivi“ sinamdvilis realurobas bevri mkvlevari ar aRiarebs.

masSi eWvi jer kidev o. bremers Sehqonda. mogvianebiT ki (1942 wels) f.

maurerma wignSi „CrdiloeT germanelebi da alelmanebi“ am hipoTezis

kritika kidev ufro ganaviTara. mis daskvnebs meore cnobili

dialeqtologi e. Svarcic iziarebs. is istoriuli sarCuli, romelsac

es avtorebi TavianT lingvistur argumentacias urTaven gamokvlevis am

nawilSi Cveni interesis sagans ar warmoadgens. aq, ubralod unda

aRvniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove ldialeqtologia ar aRiarebs e.w.

„protodasavleTgermanuli“ erTobis arsebobis faqts da am germanikul

enobriv masivSi sam, Tavdapirvelad erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad

arsebul jgufs gamoyofs42, romlebsac antikuri tradiciis gavleniT:

ingveonebs, istveonebs da ermionebs uwodeben.

42 gansxvavTebiT o. bremerisgan, romelic „dasavleTprotogermanulis“ adgilas: anglo–

frizul da germanul avtonomiur jgufebs gamoyofda.


116

ingveonebSi – CrdiloeTszRvispireTSi, istveonebSi – reinsa da

vezers Soris, ermionebSi ki elbispireTSi mcxovrebi germanelebi

igulisxmebian. rogorc v. Jirmunski SeniSnavs ingveonuri da ermionuli

sakmaod avtonomiuri dialeqturi jgufebia. istveonurs ki naklebad

mkveTri maxasiaTeblebi warmoadgens unda vifiqroT, rom es jgufebi

(ingveonuri da ermionuli mainc) Tavdapirvelad damoukideblad

arsebobdnen. dasavleTgermanuli saerTo lingvisturi elementebis

Camoyalibeba ki maTi mermindeli konvergaciis Sedegad moxda. f.

maureri cdilobs daamtkicos, rom amgvar konvergacias mxolod

merovingebis xanaSi (ax.w. VI-VIII saukuneebi) hqonda adgili (148, 189),

magram misi es debuleba didad damajerebeli ar aris. ufro logikuria

vivaraudoT, rom am procesis ZiriTadi etapi ax.w. I saukunes

ukavSirdeba.

rogor unda warmovidginoT yovelive zemoTTqmulis fonze

„protogermanikuli“ erTobis diferenciaciis procesi. am mxriv

avTenturi hipoTezis gamosaTqmelad, aucilebelia, Tavi davaRwioT a.

Sleixeris „geneologiuri xis“ Teoriis gavlenas, romlis

sqematurobasac, sadReisod, TiTqmis yvela avtori aRiarebs. vfiqrobT,

rom „protogermanuli“ enis diferenciacia Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua

xanebSi unda dawyebuliyo. misi warmomadgenlebis evropaSi gavrcelebam

da geografiulma izolaciam ki, TandaTan, Crdilogermanuli,

aRmosavleTgermanuli, ingveonuri da ermionuli arealebis Camoyalibeba

gamoiwvia (istveonuri albaT mogvianebiT ermionuls da ingveonurs

gamoeyo). maTsa da fuZegermanuls Soris gardamavali „protoerTobebis“

(magaliTad, „protodasavleTgermanulis“ da „goTur–skandinavuris)

arseboba ki vfiqrobT, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod Zneli

warmosadgeni. maTi erTmaneTTan met–naklebi siaxlovis mizezad

istoriuli kontaqtebi unda CavTvaloT.

am kontaqtebibs sixSires kargad warmoaCens r. lioves gamokvleva.

germaneli enaTmecneieri askvnis, rom goTurs da Crdilogermanuls 4

fonetikuri da morfologoiuri inovacia aerTianebs, CrdiloeT da

dasavleTgermanuls – 20, dasavleTgermanuls da goTurs ki – 2 (111,

203).


117

$2 arqeologia da Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis problema

evropis CrdiloeTi da Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili, anu is

teritoria, sadac, savaraudod, Zveli germanuli sinamdvilis formireba

moxda, Zv. w. I saukunemde werilobiTi wyaroebis mier cudad iyo

gaSuqebuli. amitom, im eTno-lingvistur jgufebze sasaubrod, romlis

safuZvelze antikuri xanis germania Camoyalibda ZiriTadad,

arqeologiur monacemebs unda daveyrdnoT.

Zveli germanelebis istoriis amsaxveli nivTieri kulturis

ZeglebiT calkeuli avtorebi, jer kidev XVI saukuneSi

interesdebodnen. amave periodidanve iqmneboda saintereso naSromebi,

magaliTad, aventiusis „Zveli germanelebis warmoSobis, winaprebisa da

miRwevebis qronika“ sadac „germanuli“ arqeologiuri artefaqrebi

„skviTur“ da „slavur“ masalasTanaa Sedarebuli; xdeboda

arqeologiuri nivTebis koleqciebis Segroveba (magaliTad venaSi,

miunhenSi, berlinSi da sxva), Tumca, arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT

germaniis sistemuri Seswavla, mxolod XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi

daiwyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi dakavSirebulia k. engelhartisa da i.

vorsos saxelebTan, romlebmac CrdiloeTis rkinis xana

xmelTaSuazRvispirul arqeologias daukavSires (204, 233). sakuTriv

migraciebis periodis pirvel mkvlevrebad ki zogjer v. da l.

lindenSmidtebs miiCneven (204, 234).

XIX da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi arqeologia, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom germanuli nacionalizmis samsaxurSi idga. am TvalsazrisiT

gansakuTrebuli Rvawli g. kosinas miuZRvis, romelmac xmarebaSi

„arqeologiuri kulturis“ cneba Semoitana. am cnebam mniSvnelovani

gavlena moaxdina arqeologiis Semdgom ganviTarebaze, Tumca, igi

nivTieri masalis sakmaod sworxazovani da ideologizirebuli

interpretaciis safuZvladac iqca. Semdgomi Taobis arqeologebma XX

saukunis pirveli naxevris mkvlevrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sqematizmi

nawilobriv daZlies, Tumca, eTnogenetikur kvlevebSi arqeologiis

mniSvneloba dRemde sadiskusioa (ix. II Tavi, paragrafi 2).


118

winamdebare paragrafSi Cveni yuradReba Zveli germanelebis

eTnogenezisTvis mniSvnelovan or sakiTxze iqneba fokusirebuli:



b) ra eTno-socialurma procesebis wakiTxva SeiZleba germaniis

Zv.w. IV–III - ax.w. I-II saukuneebis arqeologiur kulturebSi?

pirvel SemTxvevaSi Cven ufro XIX saukunis miwurulisa da XX

saukunis pirveli naxevris samecniero paradigmaSi, e.w. “kosina-Caildis”

modelis farglebSi vimuSavebT da SevecdebiT evropis arqeologiur

rukaze Zveli germanelebis winaprebis kvali vipovoT. am nawilSi,

Sesabamisad, ufro metad, XX saukunis Sua xanebis arqeologebis (p.

rainekes, g. Svantesis, e. Sprokhofis, o. monteliusis, a. mongaitis da

sxvaTa) Semoqmedebas daveyrdnobiT.

meore SemTxvevaSi ki arqeologias Zveli germanelebis Zv.w. IV-III –

ax.w. I-II saukuneebis eTnikuri da socialuri istoriis

rekonstruqciisTvis gamoviyenebT. am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni yuradRebis

centrSi p. heTeris, s. braTeris, n. roimanis, g. kosakis da sxva

Tanamedrove arqeologebis naSormebi iqneba.



b) ra eTno-socialurma procesebis wakiTxva SeiZleba germaniis Zv.w.

IV–III - ax.w. I-II saukuneebis arqeologiur kulturebSi?

Zveli germanelebis winaprebis arqeologiuri identifikacia

evropuli arqeologiis erTerT uZveles problemas warmoadgens. masze

msjeloba, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, qveynis am nawilis politikur

cxovrebazec axdenda gavlenas, rac, rig SemTxvevebSi, sakiTxis metad

tendenciur gaSuqebas ganapirobebda.

winamdebare gamokvlevis I TavSi, evropaSi indoevropul enebze

mosaubre xalxebis gansaxlebaze msjeloba, Zv.w IV-III aTaswleulis

arqeologiuri realiebis ganxilviT SevwyviteT. kerZod, daskvniT

nawilSi aRvniSneT, rom Zveli ormoebis kultura winaresamSoblos

warmoadgenda evropaSi mcxovrebi yvela indoevropuli enobrivi

jgufisTvis (baltiur-slavur-germanikuli, berZnul-ariul-somxuri,


119

italiur-kelturi). II Tavis meore paragrafSi ki (keltur arqeologiaze

msjelobisas) Cven aRvniSneT, rom Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi Zveli ormoebis

kulturis bazaze sami masStaburi arqeologiuri kultura (katakomburi,

sabrZolo culebisa da poltavinos) Camoyalibda, romelic sam msxvil

indo-evropul enobriv erTobas Seesabameba(am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro

dawvrilebiT ix. II Tavis meore paragrafi):

a) katakomburi arqeologiuri kultura – ariul-berZnur-somxur

erTobas ukavSirdeba;

b) poltavinos kultura – italiur-kelturs (iliriuls);

g) sabrZolo culebis (igive zonriani keramikis) kultura –

baltiur-slavur germanikuls.

“protobalto-slavur-germanikuli” enobrivi masivis “sabrZolo

culebis”kulturasTan dakavSirebis idea yvelaze ufro Tanmimdevrulad

poloneli mecnierebs - i. koltSevskis, l. kozlevskis, i. Cekanovskis, t.

der-splavinskis aqvT Camoyalibebuli, romlebis mizansac, pirvel rigSi,

slavi tomebis winaresamSoblos visla-oderis xeobaSi lokalizeba

warmoadgens (289, 256). Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, romzonriani keramikis

(igive “sabrZolo culebis”) kulturis germanelebTan (ufro zustad

indo-germanelebTan) kavSiri sadiskusio arasodes yofila.

gansxvavebuli iyomxolod Teoriuli sqema, romlis CarCoebSic mas

meore msoflio omamdeli germaneli arqeologebi: g. kosina, ო. mengini

da sxvebi ganixilavdnen. kerZod, isini zonriani keramikis

arqeologiuri kulturas Crdilo evropaSi (romelic nacional-

socialisturi istoriografiis TvalsazrisiT indoevropelTa

winaresamSoblos warmoadgenda) Camoyalibebul fenomenad miiCnevdnen da

mas praqtikulad `protoindoevropul~ (da ara mxolod proto-baltiur-

slavur-germanul) sinamdvilesTan aigivebdnen (289, 289).

zonriani keramikis kulturis protobalto-slavur-germanul

enobriv sinamdvilesTan gaigivebis Teoriis gaziareba, ra Tqma unda,

sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom (Tundac arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT)

`pregermanelebis~ istoriis ZiriTadi problemebi gadaWrilia. Tqma

imisa, rom sabrZolo culebis kultura iyo is bazisi, romlis wiaRSi

mimdinare sxvadasxva eTnikuri da socialuri procesebis Sedegad


120

istoriulad cnobili germanelebi, baltielebi da slavebi

Camoyalibdnen SeuZlebelia damakmayofilebeli iyos gamokvlevisTvis,

romelic miznad Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxis gaSuqebas

isaxavs. mTeli rigi garemoebebi aq damatebiT dazustebas moiTxovs.

kerZod unda ganvixiloT: am arqeologiuri kulturis genezisis,

gavrcelebis xasiaTis, lokaluri variantebis, substratuli

elementebis, Semdgomi xanis kulturebTan mimarTebis da sxva sakiTxebi,

rac `pregermanelebis~ Sesaxeb Cvens codnas ufro srulyofils gaxdis.

zonriani keramikis arqeologiuri kultura, rogorc ukve

araerTgzis aRvniSneT, savaraudod, Zv. w. III aTaswleulis II naxevarSi

Camoyalibda. igi uzarmazar geografiul arealSi iyo gavrcelebuli.

dasavleTiT misi sazRvrebi rainis napirebamde aRwevda. aRmosavleTiT –

volgamde. CrdiloeTiT – skandinaviis samxreT nawilamde, samxreTiT ki

– Sveicariamde, CexeTamde, slovakeTamde, dnestrispireTamde da dnepris

Sua dinebamde (289, 256-299).

man saxelwodeba misTvis yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebeli kulturis

elementebis gamo miiRo. saqme isaa, rom misi gavrcelebis mTel arealSi

vxdebiT erTi mxriv sabrZolo culebs, romlebsac cal mxares piri

aqvT, meore mxares ki – brtyeli uros sacemi, meore mxriv ki –

momrgvalebul, xandaxan wriul zonarul ornamentian keramikas.

Zvelad zonriani keramikis kulturis Semqmnelebs mesaqonle

tomebad ganixilavdnen. Tumca, sadReisod ise Cans, rom maT meurneobaSi

miwadmoqmedebasac sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili ekava. moSinaurebuli

hyavdaT rogorc wvrilfexa, ise msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi, Rori da

cxeni. kulturuli mcenareebidan ki xorblis, qeris, Svrias, ospis da

sxva marcvlovanebis gaSenebas misdevdnen.

cxovrobdnen patara miwispira, an miwaSi odnav Caflul saxlebSi.

arqeologiuri kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc uyorRano, ise

yorRanuli samarxebi, romelSic micvalebulis moxril mdgomareobaSi

Casvenebis tradicia iyo gavrcelebuli. gvxvdeba kremaciis

SemTxvevebic (289, 267).

sabrZolo culebis kulturis genezisis sakiTxi bolomde ar aris

gamokvleuli. Tumca, zogi ram am sakiTxis mkvlevari mecnierebisTvis


121

sakmaod calsaxa postulats warmoadgens. kerZod: erTmaneTisgan metad

daSorebuli arealidan momavali, misi (e.i. zonriani keramikis

arqeologiuri kulturis) ganviTarebis adreuli etapis amsaxveli

sxvadasxva sagnebis msgavseba arqeologebs eWvs ar utovebs, rom am

kulturis tomebs saerTo winapari hyavdaT. Tumca, imasac yvela

aRiarebs, rom am arqeologiuri realobis Semqmneli mosaxleobis

anTropologiuri Semadgenloba metad araerTgvarovania. aq

warmodgenilia xmelTaSuazRvispiruli (romelic yvelaze farTod Cans

gavrcelebuli), paleoevraziuli, laponoiduri, armenoiduli da

nordikuli anTropologiuri tipebi (289, 274), rac am kulturis

formirebisas mimdinare sakmaod rTul eTnogenetikur procesebze

migvaniSnebs.

genezisis adgilis geografiul lokalizaciaze msjelobisas ki

TiTqos yvela Tanxmdeba, rom es kultura (Tavisi metwilad momTabare

meurneobiT) aRmosavleT evropis tyian zolSi ver Camoyalibdeboda da

misi formireba ufro stepur zolSia savaraudo (126, 178).

Tumca, sad iyo aseTi zoli sakmaod Zneli gasarkvevia. g.

rozenbergi, p. globi, v. struve, m. gimbutasi, a. briusovi, v. danilenko

da sxvebi Tvlian, rom igi samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi, Savi zRvis

CrdiloeT sanapiroebis siaxloves mdebareobda. i. artemenko, i.

sveSnikovi, p. tretiakovi, s. berezanskaia, n. bondari ki ufro im azris

Canan, rom zonriani keramikis kultura ukrainis, dnepris marjvena

napiras mdebare nawilSi Camoyalibda. d. krainovis, r. denisovas azriT

ki – vilsa- dnepris raionSi.arsebobs am kulturis genezisis adgilis

kidev ufro dasavleTiT vislasa da rains Soris gadatanis mcdelobebi,

romelsac mxars J. fiSeri, a. hoisleri, k. iuduevski da sxvebi uWeren

(126, 190). Tumca, miuxedavad azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa arqeologebis

umravlesoba calsaxad aRiarebs sabrZolo culebis kavSirebs Zveli

ormosamarxebis arqeologiur kulturasTan.

Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezze msjelobisas, vfiqrobT, yvelaze

met yuradRebas zonriani keramikis arqeologiuri kulturis

gavrcelebis uzarmazar teritoriaze arsebuli lokaluri variantebi

imsaxurebs, radgan Cvens mier `pregermanelebad~ wodebuli tomebis


122

kvali swored erTi, an ramodenime maTganis wiaRSia saZebari. sabrZolo

culebis kulturis ocze met variants ganasxvaveben. maT Soris

aRniSvnis Rirsia: saqsonia-tiuringiis (e.w. klasikuri) kultura,

erTeuli samarxebis kultura daniasa da Slezvig-holStainSi, rainis

Tasebis kultura, oderis zonriani keramikis kultura, navismagvari

culebis kultura SvedeTSi, fineTsa da estoneTSi, zlotis kultura,

xlopice-velelskaias kultura, meJanovickaias kultura, ruJcevskaia

(igive visla-nemanis) kultura samxreT-aRmosavleT baltiispireTSi,

dnepris Sua dinebis kultura, fatianovos kultura, karpatebispireTis

kultura, gorodovsko-zlobickis kultura, stJiJovskis kultura,

balanovos kultura da sxva (289, 178-184). radiokarbonuli meTodiT

miRebuli absoluturi TariRebi adastureben, rom zonriani keramikis

kulturis evropaSi gavrceleba erTbaSad ar momxdara, rogorc Cans, es

procesi ramodenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda. aseve irkveva,

rom es arqeologiuri kulturebi, Tavdapirvelad, erTmaneTTan met-

naklebad mWidro kavSirs inarCunebdnen. maTi erTmaneTisgan gaTiSva ki

odnav mogvianebiT moxda (289, 188).

zemoT (“evropis indoevropeizaciaze”, indoevropuli enobrivi

ojaxis “protobalitiur-slavur-germanikul” nawilze saubrisas) Cveni

msjeloba, formalur-tipologiuri meTodis farglebSi, arqeologiur

kulturebsa da enobrivi monacemebs Soris Sesabamisobis dadgenaze iyo

orientirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi, epoqis amsaxveli werilobiTi wyaroebis

ararsebobis gamo, bunebrivia, naklebad SeiZleboda CrdiloeT evropaSi

mimdinare eTno-socialuri procesebis rekonstruqcia. zemoT aRwerili

arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelze SegviZlia mxolod vTqvaT, rom Zv.w.

III aTaswleulis meore naxevridan evropis CrdiloeT nawilSi Zalian

swrafad gavrceldnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan mkveTrad

gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone eTno-lingvisturi jgufebi, romlebmac

mkveTrad Secvales adgilobrivi socialur-kulturuli landSafti.

axalmosulebma axleburi sakomunikacio kavSirebi da Zalauflebis

axali kerebi Seqmnes da gabatonebuli mdgomareoba daikaves. yovelive

es gvafiqrebinebs, rom maT mosvlas, SesaZloa, axali (indoevripuli)

kilokavebis gavrcelebac gamoewvia.


123

SedarebiT gansxvavebuli mocemuloba gvaqvs Zv.w. IV-III ax.w. I_II

saukuneebis SemTxvevaSi. vinaidan, am dros istoriis iseT periods

SevexebiT, romelic werilobiTi wyaroebis saSualebiT sakmaod

kargadaa gaSuqebuli. am epoqasTan dakavSirebul faqtebsa da movlenebs

(Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis keltebis migraciebi, kimbrebisa da tevtonebis

Semoseva, tevtoburgis brZola da sxva) istorikosebi didi xania

swavloben. Sesabamisad, maTi (e.i. am movlenaTa) “arqeologiuri

sarCulis” gadamowmebas Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezze

msjelobisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

vfqirobT, rom Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezze msjelobisas

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, unda mivaqcioT cvlilebebs, romlebsac Zv.w.

IV – III saukuneebSi aqvs adgili. am periodSi CrdiloeT evropis

arqeologiuri kulturebis “mdore cxovreba” (romelzec zemoT gvqonda

msjeloba) TiTqos erTianad irRveva.

Zv.w. III saukuneSi iwyeba iastorfis kulturis ripdorfis stadia.

masSi Camoyalibda bodenbax-podmoklisa da gubinis qvejgufebi.

Camoyalibda aseve pSemoruli, oksivuri, pianeSti-lukaSevisa da

zarubinepis arqeologiuri kulturebi (46, 78).

calsaxaa, rom am procesebSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebda

skandinaviidan gadmosaxlebuli mosaxleoba. arqeologebi maT (anu

skandinavielebs), xSirad am procesebis mTavar mamoZravebladac

ganixilaven. saqme isaa, rom Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi, klimaturi pirobebis

mkveTri gauaresebis gamo samxreT skandinavia mosaxleobisgan

praqtikulad daicala. rogorc Cans, ufro samxreTiT gadmosaxlebuli

mosaxleoba gaxda mTeli rigi eTnikuri da socialuri cvlilebebis

mizezi, romlebmac zemoT aRwerili arqeologiuri situaciis Seqmna

gamoiwvia.

Zv.w. IV–III saukuneebSi am tipis kulturebi Zalian farTod

gavrceldnen baltiis zRvidan karpatebamde, dunaimde da dnepramde.

isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian, Tumca, sainteresoa, rom xerxdeba

mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofa, romlebic maT mkafiod

gamoarCevs TavianTi mezobeli dako-getebisgan, keltebisgan da


124

aRmosavleT evropis tyis zonis mcxovreblebisgan. aseT maxasiaTeblebs

Soris unda gamovyoT:

a) micvabulebis grandiozul samarxebSi damarxva da mxolod

kremaciis gamoyeneba;

b) kelturi tipis iaraRisa da fibulebis gamoyeneba;

c) sameTuneo Carxis gareSe keramikis gamoyeneba.

vfiqrobT, ori azri ar SeiZleba arsebobdes imis Sesaxeb, rom

swored zemoT moxazul geografiul da qronologiur arealSi unda

vikvlioT Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis problemis arqeologiuri

sarCuli. Tumca, gacilebiT rTuli gadasawyvetia ra sakiTxebs unda

mivaqcioT yuradReba kvlevis procesSi.

windawinve gvsurs gavemijnoT macdur spekulaciebs, romlebic

Zv.w. IV–I saukuneebis arqeologiur monacemebSi werilobiT wyaroebSi

dadasturebuli konkretuli movlenebis eqvivalebtebis amocnobazea

orientirebuli da meti yuradReba CvenTvis saintereso kulturebis

socialur stratigrafias mivaqcioT.

saqme isaa, rom rogorc v. Sukini SeniSnavs, dro istorikosebisa

da arqeologebisTvis sruliad gansxvavebuli fenomenia. Tuki

istorikosebi drois gansazRrisas konkretul wlebs da Tveebs eZeben,

arqeolgebis SemoTavazebul TariRebi ukeTes SemTxvevaSi 30 wlis

farglebSi meryeobs. es ki drois is monakveTia, romlis ganmavlobaSic

werilobiT wyaroSi fiqsirebuli ramdenime faqti SeiZleboda

momxdariyo (258, 203). amis gamo, vfiqrobT, sruliad SeuZlebelia

arqeologiis saSualebiT CvenTvis saintereso werilobiT wyaroebSi

moxseniebuli faqtebis Zieba (mag.: kimbrebisa da tevtonebis migracia,

ariovistis svebebis rainisken moZraoba da a.S.).

gacilebiT ufro realisturia imis Tqma, Tu romeli

arqeologiuri kultura warmoadgens kvlevisaTvis saintereso eTno-

lingvistur jgufs, radgan arqeologiuri kultura, rogorc wesi,

qronologiurad didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobs da geografiulad

sakmaod did sivrcezea ganfenili.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi sაinteresoa, ganvsazRvroT, Tu romeli

zemoTaRwerili arqeologiuri kultura warmoadgens


125

`protogermanikul” realobas da risi Tqma SeuZlia mas Tavisi

Semqmnelebis Sesaxeb.

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, pirvel rigSi “protogermanikulis”

bunebaa Sesaswavli, rac scildeba gamokvlevis winamdebare nawilis

miznebs. Aarqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT am mxriv SesaZloa ori pasuxi

arsebobdes:

a) “protogermanikul” enebze mosaubre Zveli germanelebis

Semoqmedebad yvela is arqeologiuri kultura CavTvaloT, romlebic

Zv.w. IV–III saukuneebSi zRvidan karpatebamde, dunaimde da dnepramde

teritoriaze gavrcelda;

b) “protogermanikuli” zemoT aRwerili zonis erT-erT

arqeologiur kulturas ukavSirdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda,

yvelaze metad iastorfis kulturis ripdorfis stadiis aqciebi fasobs,

radgan mogvianebiT germanelebiT gansaxlebul teritoriaze swored

misi kontiniumi Cans.

socialuri TvalsazrisiT ki unda aRiniSnos CvenTvis saintereso

kulturebis sabrZolo xasiaTi da is “superstratuli roli”, romelic

maT formirebaSi skandinaviidan gadmosaxlebulma mosaxleobam

Seasrula.

aqve yuradReba kidev erT garemoebas unda mivaqcioT, romelsac

Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezze msjelobisas SesaZloa didi

mniSvneloba hqondes. Tanamedrove arqeologiuri kvlevebi gviCvenebs,

rom TviT keisris epoqaSi (anu Zv.w. I saukunis) mdinare rainis

aRmosavleTi nawili sulac ar qmnida raime tipis homogenur erTobas.

igi ramdenime sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis dislokaciis adgils

warmoadgenda. kerZod, h. behagelma daamtkica, rom arqeologiuri

TvalsazrisiT rainisa da vezeris mTianeTSi mcxovrebi xalxebi,

romelTa aq yofnis uwyvetobac urnasamarxebis droidan SeimCneva,

germanelebi sulac ar iyvnen (109, 122). r. haxmanis, g. kosakisa da g. kunis

cnobil wignSi „germanelebsa da keltebs Soris mcxovrebi tomebi“ ki

msgavsi daskvnebi rainsa da vezers Soris CrdiloeTis zRvis

sanapiroebze mcxovrebi xalxebis Sesaxebaa gakeTebuli, romlebsac

avtorebi `Crdilo-dasavleTis bloks” uwodeben (218, 33-44).


126

ax.w. I – II saukuneebSi ki aSkarad SeimCneva germaniis heteroguli

arqeologiuri kulturis erTgvari homogenizaciis procesi, ris

axsnasac arqeologebi “barbarosebsa” da romaelebs Soris

Tanmimdevruli, intensiuri urTierTobebis sistemis CamoyalibebiTa da

“barbarosuli elitebis” gaerTmniSvnelianebiT cdiloben (46, 38).

ax.w. I saukunidan aq gavrcelebas iwyebs didi moculobis samarxebi,

romlebsac xan “samefo”, xan “beladebis”, xan ki “elitebis” samarxebad

ixsenieben. am jgufebis adreul fazas arqeologebi lubsous jgufis

saxeliT ixsenieben, ufro mogvianos ki, romelic ukve ax.w. III saukuniT

TariRdeba hablebenisa da leunas jgufebs uwodeben (46, 40).

“elituri samarxebis” warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT arqeologebs

sxvadasxva mosazrebebi aqvT, romlebic ufro metad romis imperiis

germaniis mosaxleobasTan urTierTobis detalebis dazustebazea

orientirebuli. Cvens SemTxvevaSi (anu rodesac Zv.w. ax.w. I – II

saukuneebis germaniis eTnosocialuri istoriis rekonstruqcias

visaxavT miznad), vfiqrobT, didi mniSvneloba Semdeg ganzogadebebs

aqvs:

a) ax.w. I-II saukuneebSi germaniaSi met-naklebad stabiluri situacia

isadgurebs, rasac elituri jgufebis (naciebis) mkafiod gamokveTa

mosdevs;

b) germaniaSi warmoqmnili samefo samarxebi homogenurobiT ar

xaisaTdeba, Tumca, garkveul periodebSi isini rig niuansebSi

emsgavsebian erTmaneTs (46, 50-59).

$ 3. Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxisaTvis mniSvnelovani

istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi

werilobiT wyaroebis safuZvelze Zveli germanelebis istoriisa da

yofis Seswavlas didi xnis istoria aqvs. es procesi jer kidev XV

saukuneSi, tacitusis Txzuleba germaniis aRmoCeniT, daiwyo. mecnierebi,

sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi maTi yofis sxvadasxva mxareze

amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. icvleboda samecniero paradigmac, romlis

CarCoebSic antikuri xanis „barbarikums“ swavlobdnen. aqedan


127

gamomdinare, dRes sakmaod rTulia sakvlevi SekiTxvebis dasma,

romlebsac winamdebare kvleva unda daefuZnos.

Cveni azriT, SekiTxvebi, romlebsac Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezze

saubrisas pasuxi umTavresad werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT unda

gaeces, Semdegi formiT unda CamovayaliboT:




avtorebi?


genezisis Sesaxeb?

Tumca, vidre antikuri xanis avtorebis Txzulebebis analizze

gadavidodeT, saWiroa, ganvixiloT, Tu rogoria Tanamedrove

mkvlevrebis damokidebuleba berZen-romaeli avtorebis eTnikuri

konstruqciebis mimarT.

daviwyoT imis aRniSvniT, rom Tanamedrove istorikosebi, XIX da

XX saukunis pirveli naxevris mkvlevrebisgan gansxvavebiT antikuri

periodis avtorebis Txzulebebis mimarT Zalze kritikulad arian

ganwyobili. istoriul mecnierebaSi momxdari paradigmuli cvlilebebis

ukeT warmosaCenad, vfiqrobT, saWiroa, mokled ganvixiloT, Tu rogor

xdeboda Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezisa da eTnikuri istoriis

sakiTxebis Seswavla XIX saukunis meore da XX saukunis I naxevarSi.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am tipis kvlevebis gavlena dRemde sakmaod

didia.

warsulSi arsebuli diskusiebis tipur nimuSad SegviZlia

bastarnebis eTnikuri kuTvnilebis problema gamoviyenoT. misi

SedarebiT detaluri ganxilva, vfiqrobT kargad warmoaCens im XX

saukunis pirveli naxevris mecnierebis samecniero midgomebis

Taviseburebebs.

bastarnebis saxeli sakmaod xSirad ixsenieba strabonis, plinius

ufrosis, apianes, titus liviusis, polibiosis, plutarqes da sxva

antikuri xanis avtorebis TxzulebebSi. isini, dunaispireTSi,

savaraudod, Zv.w. III saukunidan cxovrobdnen. Zv. w. II saukunis


128

dasawyisSi ki qvemo dunaize gamoCdnen da aq sakmaod seriozul Zalad

iqcnen. magaliTadAmaT monawileoba miiRes makedoniis mefeebisa da

pontos mefe miTridates mier romaelebTan warmoebul brZolebSi

(270, 190). SedarebiT gviandeli periodis wyaroebi bastarnebis

sacxovrisis lokalizebas dunais CrdiloeT nawilSi axdenen, sadac

maTi gadanacvlebis mizezi, SesaZloa, Zv. w. I saukuneSi (mefe berubistas

mmarTvelobis xanaSi) dako-geturi tomebis gaaqtiureba gamxdariyo (109,

201).

zemoT CamoTvlili avtorebis nawili (magaliTad, straboni,

plinius ufrosi, tacitusi da sxva) da bevri Tanamedrove mkvlevari

bastarnebs germanuli tomebis ricxvs miakuTvnebs, rac germanelebis

eTnogenezze msjelobisas am sakiTxs sakmaod aqtualur elfers aniWebs.

Tumca, am mxriv arsebuli mosazrebebis gazaiareba-argaziareba mTel

rig problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli. maT Sesaxeb warmodgenas erTi

dokumentis analizi Segviqmnis, romelic skirebis (bastarnebisac)

SesaZloa uZveles moxseniebas Seicavs.

saqme protogenes sapativcemulod Seqmnil dekrets exeba,

romelSic weria, rom “galatebma da skirebma kavSiri Sekres da didZal

Zalebs mouyares Tavi” undodaT olviaze Tavdasxma da . . . “fisamatebi,

skviTebi da sakdaratebi eZeben gamagrebul adgilebs, radgan maTi

risxvis eSiniaT (156, 34-47).

aq galatebis da skirebis moxseniebam bevri sadiskusio problema

warmoqmna. gamoTqva mravali hipoTeza, romlebis dajgufebac sami

ZiriTadi Teoriis garSemo SeiZleba:

1) pirveli versiis Tanaxmad, romelic pirvelad v. Smidtma

gamoTqva dekretis galatebi igive dunaispira keltebia, romlebic Zv. w.

279-212 wlebSi Trakiis teritoriaze Zlier gaerTianebas ayalibeben ;

2) meore versiis Camoyalibeba, ZiriTadad, k. coisis saxels

ukavSirdeba. mis mixedviG dekretSi moxseniebuli galatebi germaneli

bastarnebis SecdomiTi dasaxelebaa, romlebsac Zv. w. II saukunis

miwurulidan karpatebis aRmosavleTi da dunais qvemo dinebaze

arsebuli teritoriebi ekavaT;


129

3) mesame versiis momxreebi (z. madi) Tvlian, rom galatebi

bastarnebis savsebiT swori dasaxelebaa, oRond am ukanasknelSi

keltur da ara germanul eTnikur realobas moiazreben (156, 56).

azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaoba, vfiqrobT, kargi ilustraciis

saSualebaa saimisod, raTa davinaxoT Tu ramdenad hipoTetur

argumentebze dayrdnobiT gviwves msgavs problemebze msjeloba.

faqtebis zogadi konstruqcia, romlis safuZvelzec am regionSi

es (da kidev bevri sxva msgavsi) problema unda gadawydes sakmaod

kargad aqvs Camoyalibebuli a. maCinskis. igi wers, rom Zv. w. II

saukunidan ax. w. III saukunemde arqeologia adasturebs galiciis

teritoriaze kelturi, Crdilo-Trakiuli (dako-geturi) da bastarnuli

(germanuli (?)) kulturuli wreebis arsebobas. werilobiTi wyaroebic

Zv. w. III saukunidan ax. w. IV saukunemde msgavsi daskvnebis gakeTebis

saSualebas iZleva. toponimika ki aq (slavur enebSi Semonaxuli

monacemebis saSualebiT) adasturebs Crdilo-Trakiuli, kelturi da

germanuli toponimebis arsebobas. am monacemebis safuZvelze avtori

daaskvnis, rom galiciaSi ukve Zv. w. III-II saukuneebSi zemoTxsenebuli

eTno-lingvisturi jgufebi Tanaarsebobdnen (264, 39).

Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi am tipis diskusiebma aqtualoba

praqtikulad dakarga. vinaidan, ganxilvis obieqti Seiqmna, Tu ramdenad

relevanturia terminis germaneli, kelti da sxva tomis gamoyeneba.

eTnikuroba dRes Zalian farTo ganxilvis sagania. XIX saukunis

meore da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ki igi didad sadiskusio Temad

ar iTvleboda. albaT ar gadavaWarbebT Tu vityviT, rom eTnogenetikur

kvlevebSi eTnikurobis fenomeni farTo ganxilvis sagani mxolod XX

saukunis meore naxevarSi gaxda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi gadasinjva

erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi iyo im paradigmuli cvlilebebisa, romlebic

am periodSi istoriam, arqeologia, lingvistikam da fizikurma

anTropologiam ganicada.

XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis istorikosebi da eTnologebi

eTnikurobis fenomens, SeiZleba iTqvas rom pozitivistur WrilSi

uyurebdnen. maTTavis nacia, (xalxi, tomi), warmoadgenda erTobas,

romlic cvalebad samyaroSi (lamis erTaderTi) mdgradi fenomeni iyo


130

(168, 17). Sesabamisad, maT (magaliTad germanelebsa da slavebs)

TanamedroveobasTan gamWoli eTnofsiqologiuri da fizikur-

anTropologiuri Tvisebebi miewerebodaT. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT

iSviaTad iTvaliswinebdnen imas, rom eTnikuroba drosa da sivrceSi

cvalebadi fenomenia.

antikur xanasTan dakavSirebiT aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda “tomis”

cneba, romelsac v. polis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mas istorikosebi

erTgvari “mini-naciis” saxiT warmoadgvidgendnen (168, 17).

am TvalsazrisiT Tanamedrove istoriografiisTvis aqtualuri

debatebis dawyeba r. venskusis saxels ukavSirdeba. misi wigni

“tomobrivi mowyoba da konstitucia” 1961 wels gamoica. masSi avtori

marTalia, ar uaryofs germanuli tomebis cnebas, magram Semoaqvs tomis

tradiciulisgan erTob gansxvavebuli definicia. man ganaviTara Teoria

imis Sesaxeb, rom tomis fenomenis konstruireba calkeuli liderebis

garSemo xdeboda. liderebi, romlebTanac mcire raodenobis elitebi

iyo asocirebuli omebSi sakmaod msxvil razmebs miuZRodnen win. omSi

warmateba maT prestiJs zrdida. mis garSemo kidev ufro meti xalxi

iyrida Tavs. TandaTan ki saerTo eTnografiul maxasiaTeblebTan erTad

“tradiciebis birTvi” da “tomis” legendebi yalibdeboda (160, 17).

r. venskusis Semoqmedeba ganavrco misma kolega h. volframma. man

akademiur leqsikonSi termin “eTnogenezis” axleburi gageba daamkvidra.

igi mas ubralod “xalxis Seqmnis” tolfard cnebad moiazrebs. am

terminis damkvidrebiT volframi sityva “tomisTvis’ biologiuri

konotaciis moxsnas cdilobs (219, 183). volframi aseve aviTarebs

venskusis mier SemoTavazebul “tradiciebis birTvis” ideas. misi

azriTac, am birTvis SeqmnaSi (rac volframisTvis praqtikulad

eTnogenezis tolfardi cnebaa) mTavar rols elituri jgufebi

TamaSoben. maSasadame, venskusisa da volframis Txzulebebidan

gamomdinareobs, rom SeuZlebelia visaubroT Zveli germanuli tomebis

xangrZliv eTnikur istoriaze. Termini “tomic” kargavs Tavis

tradiciul mniSvnelobas.


131

"venis skolis” avtoebis (vgulisxmobT r. venskussa da h.

volframs) Semoqmedebas Zalian farTo rezonansi hqonda.

gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi wyalobiT Zveli

germanelebis Seswavlis istoriografiaSi axleburi diskursi

damkvidrda, romelsac Zalian cota aqvs saerTo im samecniero

paradigmasTan, romlis farglebSic XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi Zveli germanelebis eTnikuri istoria Seiswavleboda.

Semdgomi Taobis avtorebma es diskursi ramdenime mimarTulebiT

gaakritikes. kritika erTi mxriv mimarTuli iyo romaul-germanuli

dixotomiisken (romelic volframTan da venskusTan SenarCunebulia),

meore mxriv ki - Zvel germanuli samyaros cnebisken. am mxriv kritikis

TvalsazrisiT yvelaze ufro Sors v. gofarti wavida. igi pirdapir

acxadebda, rom Zveli germanelebisa da sxva msgavsi konstruqtebis

(keltisa, iliria da sxva) SeqmnaSi mTavari damnaSave folologebi

arian (101, 188). daaxloebiT aseTive formatSi saubrobs p. geri,

romelic antikuri xanis germanias, romauli geniis kidev erT

gamogonebas uwodebs (46, 99).

bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rogor unda gaviazroT yovelive

zemoT Tqmulis fonze germanuli tomisa da eTnikurobis arsi da Zveli

germanelebis (da sxva msgavsi realobebis) eTnogenezis problema.

vfiqrobT, rom savsebiT logikuria gaviziaroT r. venskusisa da h.

volframiseuli elituri ‘’tradiciebis birTvis’’ cneba. gamomdinare

iqidan, rom igi gacilebiT ufro bunebrivad gamoiyureba, vidre tomis

tradiciuli gageba, romelic ZiriTadad amerikeli indielebis Sesaxeb

l. morganisa da e. tailoriseuli daskvnebis ganzogadebas emyareba.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas termin eTnogenezis Sesaxeb. vfiqrobT,

istoriul realobas eTnogenezis volframiseuli aRqma ufro

Seesabameba vidre tradiciul ‘’eTnogenezologiaSi’’ damkvidrebuli

midgomebi, romelic enobrivi ojaxebis geneziss ufro mogvagonebs.

sainteresoa, rom ‘’eTnogenezis amgvari modelebi’’, TiTqos

pirdapir ikiTxeba antikuri xanis wyaroebSi. magaliTad gamodgeba

svebebi da iulius keisris „komentarebSi galebTan omis Sesaxeb“

moxseniebuli sxva germaneli tomebi, romlebic mefe ariovistis


132

koaliciaSi Sediodnen. kerZod, svebebi, harudebi, markomanebi, tribokebi,

vangionebi, nemetebi da sedusiebi.

maT Sesaxeb mTavar wyaros iulius keisris „komentarebi galebTan

omis Sesaxeb“ warmoadgens, romelic mogvianebiT avlus gitriusma

damatebiT 8 wigniT Seavso. am Txzulebebidan momavali cnobebi wyarod

aqvT gamoyenebuli strabons, plutarqes (keisris biografiaSi), apianes,

svetoniuss, dion kasiuss da sxvebs. am cnobebs maTTan rigi damatebebi

erTvis, romelic, rogorc Cans, asinius polionis Txzulebidan

momdinareobs, romelic keisris Txzulebis kritikul analizs Seicavs

(202, 77).

maTi wyalobiT zemoTxsenebuli tomebis Tavgadasavali Semdeg

ferebSi ixateba. rogorc Cans, mas Semdeg, rac keltma helvetebma

mianisa da reinis zemo dinebaze arsebuli TavianTi sacxovrisi miatoves

da dRevandeli dasavleT Sveicariis teritoriisken gadmoinacvles

germanelebi, ZiriTadad svebebi, maT gamoedevnen da zemo rainis mxareSi

SeiWrnen. Zv.w. 72 wlisTvis maT seqvanebis TxovniT raini gadalaxes da

ediuebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi CaerTvnen. maTi damarcxebis Semdeg ki

TavianT damqiravebel seqvanebs Seuties da Tanamedrove alzasis

teritoriaze maTi teritoriis nawili miiTvises. aqve (albaT

Tanamedrove miulhauzenis siaxloves) SeebrZolen isini iulius keisars

da marcxi ganicades, ris Semdegac maTi mefe ariovisti iZulebuli

gaxda kvlav rainis marjvena napiras gadasuliyo (270, 155).

„germanelebTan“ Tavis Setakebaze iulius keisari Tavisi

Txzulebis IV wignSic mogviTxrobs. kerZod, igi ambobs, rom svebebisgan

Seviwrovebulma uipitebma da tankrerebma galebTan kavSiri daamyares da

treverebis teritoriaze SeiWrnen. isini rainis marjvena napiras

sacxovrisis gamoyofas iTxovdnen. keisarma jer maTTan molaparakeba

gamarTa. Semdeg ki isini moulodneli dartymiT gaanadgura. uzipitebis

da tankrerebis nawilma Tavi sigambrebis teritorias Seafara (19, 54). am

brZolis adgilis gansazRvra zustad ar xerxdeba. ufro ki is azri

Cans gavrcelebuli igi mdinareebis maasisa da rainis SesarTavTan unda

momxdariyo.


133

„komentarebis“... VI wignSi keisari germanelebs kidev erTxel

axsenebs. igi saubrobs, rom mas svebebTan mosaldneli dapirispirebis

gamo rainis marjvena napirze gadasvla mouxda, magram am ukanasknelebma

brZola ver gabedes da bakeniis tyes Seafares Tavi, romelic maT miwebs

xeruskebis teritoriisgan gamoyofda (19, 56).

vfiqrobT, Zneli ar aris keisris mier aRweril svebebsa da maT

mokavSireebSi mefe ariovistis garSemo Semokrebil meomarTa elita

amovicnoT, romelic rainis marjvena napirze cdilobs adgilobrivi

Temebis damorCilebasa da sasicocxlo resursebis mopovebas.

Aaqve unda iTqvas, rom dauSvebelia zogadad Zveli germanelebis

eTnogenezze msjeloba, gamomdinare iqidan, rom es termini sxvadasxva

periodSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas iZenda. Tumca, bolomde verc v.

gofartisa da p. geris midgomebs gaviziarebT, romelic

saerTogermanuli siZveleebis kvlevaze xelis aRebisken gvibiZgebs.

saqme isaa, rom termini ‘’germania’’ antikuri xanis literaturaSi

did xnis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyeneboda rainis aRmosavleTiT arsebuli

‘’barbarosuli’’ realobis aRsaniSnavad. miuxedavad misi stereotipuli

bunebisa, es sityva saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi icvlida konotacias.

cvalebodis es procesi ki, vfiqrobT, rom mniSvnelovani wyaroa

‘’barbarikumSi’’ mimdinare eTno-socialuri procesebis Sesaswavlad.

saWiroa, kvlevisas daisvas sakiTxi, Tu ra saxis realobis danaxva

SeiZleba konkretul istoriul SemTxvevaSi am terminis ukan. II TavSi,

keltebis eTnogenezze msjelobisas Cven aRvniSneT, rom aseT

SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa saqme gvqondes oTx hipoTetur SemTxvevasTan:

1. SesaZloa, antikuri xanis avtorebs ucnobi mxarisaTvis

miTologiuri Sinaarsis saxeli mieniWebinaT da am regionidan

spontanurad Semosuli informacia avtomaturad daejgufebinaT maT

mier gamogonili terminis garSemo. aseT konteqstSi Seqmnil

„eTnonimebad“ SegviZlia CavTvaloT: hiperboreebi an herodotesTan

damowmebuli skviTebis mezobeli rigi „xalxebi“. maTi dasaxelebebis

miRma raime saxis eTnikuri realobis danaxva, ra Tqma unda, yovlad

SeuZlebelia;


134

2. SesaZloa, maT geografiuli Sinaarsis terminis gaigiveba

moexdinaT regionSi mcxovreb xalxebTan. rogorc, magaliTad, moxda

skviTebis, ligurebisa da, albaT, iberebis SemTxvevaSic. aseT viTarebaSi

isini regionidan Semosul informacias erToblivad moaqcevdnen erTi

„eTnonimis“ qveS. am SemTxvevaSi viRebT situacias, roca erTi eTnonimis

qveS ramdenime, xSirad erTmaneTisgan metad gansxvavebuli, eTnikuri

realoba imaleba, romelTa “saerTo elementebic” mxolod ucxoeli

aRmwerebisTvisaa SesamCnevi;

ama Tu im toponimis qveS dajgufebuli saerTo elementebi,

SesaZloa antikuri xanis avtorebis spekulaciac yofiliyo, Tumca, rig

SemTxvevebSi maT, k. debis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, adgilobrivi kulturis

habitusic SeiZleboda warmoeCina;

3. SesaZloa, maT mier SemoTavazebuli msxvili eTnikuri jgufebis

dasaxeleba Tavad „barbarosi“ xalxebis sinamdvileSi arsebuli

TviTidentifikaciis saSualebebis translacias warmoadgendes. aseT

SemTxvevaSi isini gacilebiT met ndobas imsaxureben, Tumca yvela aseTi

SemTxvevis erT sibrtyeze ganxilvac ar SeiZleba;

4. Teoriulad aseve SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom Tavdapirvelad

mxolod romaelebis an berZnebis warmosaxvaSi arsebul „eTnonims“

momavalSi savsebiT realuri istoriuli sarCuli SeeZina.

vfiqrobT, rom Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezze msjelobisas

umTavresia imis gansazRvra, Tu zemoT CamoTvlilTagan romel Teoriul

SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca sxvasasxva saukuneebSi termin

germanelisa da germaniis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT. qvemoT ganviTarebulia

mosazreba, rom am cnebam Zv.w I – da ax.w I _ II saukuneebamde

mniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada.




avtorebi? - antikur literaturaSi termini `germaneli~ erTerT

yvelaze ufro gavcelebul eTnonims warmoadgenda. iseve rogorc

terminebis: `gali~, `kelti~, `galatis~, SemTxveveaSi eTnonim germanelze

msjelobisas umTavresi mniSvneloba imis gamorkvevas aqvs, Tu zemoT


135

aRweril romel Teoriul SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca am terminis

Sesaxeb vsaubrobT. sxvagavarad rom vTqvaT, Cveni interesis sagania, Tu

ra istoriuli realoba sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi `germanelebis~

cnebis ukan.

am sakiTxze msjeloba imis aRniSnvniT unda daviwyoT, rom

Tanamedrove lingvistikas araferi SeuZlia gviTxras CvenTvis

saintereso terminis etimologiis Sesaxeb. ufro, am mxriv, is azria

gavrcelebuli, rom es sityva kelturi, an iliriuli enebis fondidan

momdinareobs.

germanelebis pirvel moxseniebas wyaroebSi Zv. w. II saukunis

miwuruls posidoniusTan vxvdebiT. mas ixseniebs frontinic, roca Zv.w.

72 wels momxdar monaTa ajanyebaze saubrobs da gaius krispus

salustiusic (202, 39). antikur literaturaSi am cnebis farTod

damkvidreba ki iulius keisris saxels ukavSirdeba. aqve isic unda

aRvniSnoT, rom germaneli istorikosis, f. Sletes azriT, termin

germaniis iulius keisarze ufro adrindeli yvela moxsenieba mxolod

mermindeli Canamatia (202. 43). msgavsi msjelobis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi

(romelic namdvilad ar aris logikas moklebuli), mogviwevs vifiqroT,

rom germanelebis Sesaxeb antikurma samyarom kidev ufro gvian, anu Zv.

w. I saukunis Sua xanebSi Seityo.

Tanamedrove istorikosebs Soris farTod aris gavrcelebuli

mosazreba, rom Zveli periodis am avtorebis Txzulebebi ar iZleva

saSualebas termini germaneli eTnonimad CavTvaloT. marTlac,

zemoTCamoTvlili avtorebis Txzulebidan ise Cans, rom es sityva

aRniSnavda tomebs, romlebic rainsa da elbas Soris cxovrobdnen da

erTgvarovan eTnikur realobas ar qmnidnen. magaliTad gamodgeba

iulius keisris sityvebi imis Sesaxeb, rom igi uzipitebsa da tankrerebs

germanelebad mxolod imitom ixseniebs, rom es ukanasknelebi rainis

marjvena sanapirodan movidnen (19, 66). marTalia, igive iulius keisari

yvelanairad cdilobs mdinare raini bunebriv eTnikur sazRvrad

dagvixatos, magram mis mcdelobebSi politikuri miznebis amocnoba

did sirTules ar warmoadgens. miT umetes, rom Tanamedrove


136

arqeologiuri gamokvlevebi aSkarad cxadyofen, rom raini Zv.w.aR. II-I

saukuneebSi eTnikur sazRvars ar warmoadgenda (46, 33).

amas ax.w. I saukunis avtorebis sityvebic adasturebs. magaliTad,

straboni ambobs, rom “germanelebi yvelaze mamaci keltebia” (16, 37).

tacitusi ki xazs usvams, rom es eTnonimi germaneli Tavdapirvelad

rainis marjvena napiras mcxovreb mxolod erTerT toms, tungrebs

aRniSnavda da mxolod mogvianebiT iqca mTlianad mermindeli germaniis

saxelwodebad (10, 39).

yovelive zemoTqmuli ar gvitovebs imaSi daeWvebis safuZvels, rom

Zv.w.aR. I saukunis germania (anu rainsa da elbas (an vezers) Soris

mdebare teritoria) Sereul eTnikur realobas warmoadgenda. aq, albaT

erT mZlavr eTnikur nakads, “protogermanuli” fesvebis mqone “tomebi”

(magaliTad mefe ariovistis koalicia) qmnidnen. Aaqve iyvnen sxva

tomebic (magaliTad, uzipitebi da tankrerebi), romlebic sxva eTno-

lingvistur sinamdviles (an sinamdvileebs) miekuTvnebodnen.

Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi Zalze popularulia maTi “alternatiul

germanelebad” saxeldeba. maSasadame, germanelebis Sesaxeb iulius

keisris moyvanili cnobebidan “protogermanuli” realobis

maxasiTeblad is eTnografiuli cnobebi unda aRviqvaT, romlebsac igi

svebebTan mimarTebaSi axsenebs.

amdenad mogviwevs, Zv.w I saukunis germania zemoTCamoyalibebul

meore Teoriul SemTxvevad ganvixiloT; anu, unda CavTvaloT, rom igi

mxolod toponimia, romlis wiaRSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikur

jgufebs mxolod maTi aRmwerebis TvalSi aqvT saerTo.

ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv ax.w. I saukuneSi, anu, ra saxis

istoriuli realoba unda moviazroT im periodSi moxseniebul cneba

germaniis ukan. am sakiTxze saubrisas pirvelxarisxovan wyaros

kornelius tacitusis da plinius ufrosis Txzulebebi warmoadgens.

mniSvnelovania aseve gaius veleius paterkulusis cnobebi.

ax.w. I-II saukuneebis avtorebi germanias erTi mTlianobad

ganixilaven. isini germanuli tomebis geneologiur klasifikaciasac

gvTavazoben. maTi monacemebi rig niuansebSi gansxvavdeba, magram

mTlianobaSi mainc avsebs erTmaneTs.


137

pliniusi germanelebs 5 jgufad yofs:

1) vandilebi, romlebic masTan aRmosavleTis germanelebs

(burgundionebs, varinebs, guTonebs) Seesatyvisebian;

2) ingveonebi _ kimbrebi tevtonebi, xavkebi (e.i.

CrdiloeTiszRvispirelebi);

3) istveonebi;

4) ermionebi (svebebi, ermundurebi, xatebi, xeruskebi);

5) pevkinebi da bastarnebi;

6) gilevionebi “kunZul skandinaviaze”, sadac pliniusi maT 500

tomobrivi gaerTianebis Sesaxeb saubrobs (4, 42).

tacitusTan pliniusiseul xuT jgufs sami gaerTianeba

Seesatyviseba: 1) ingveonebi; 2) ermionebi; 3) istveonebi; misi

SemoTavazebuli aRwerilobebidan Cans rom igi ingveonebad: xavkebs,

xeruskebs, da kimbrebs Tvlis. istveonebad ki __ batavebs, matiakebs,

xatebs, uzipitebs, tankrerebs, brukterebs, xamavebs, angrivariebs,

durgubniebs, xazuariebs da frizebs. ermionebSi sveburi modgmis tomebs

(semnonebs, langobardebs, ermundurebs, markomanebs, qvadebs, naristebs

da “okeanis” siaxloves mcxovreb gaerTianebebs moiazrebs, romlebsac,

misi TqmiT, qalRmerT nertusis kulti aerTianebs (10, 40-44).

tacitusTan aRmosavleTis da CrdiloeTis germanelebi calke

jgufebad ar arian gamoyofili. maT nawils tacitusi svevebis ricxvs

miakuTvnebs (esenia: lugiebi, goTonebi, rugiebi, lemoviebi da svionebi).

igi aseve axsenebs tomebs, magaliTad: pevkinebs, romlebic aRmosavleT

germaniis teritoriaze cxovrobdnen, magram avtori maT germanelobaSi

darwmunebuli ar aris (109, 64).

tacitusTan dasavleT germaneli tomebis nusxa ufro vrcelia.

pliniusisgan igi ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom xeruskebs

ingveonebad, xatebs ki istveonebad Tvlis, maSin roca pliniusTan isini

ermionebad ganixilebian.

marTalia, im informaciis safuZvelze, romelic TanamedroveobaSi

am tomebis dialeqtebis Sesaxeb mogvepoveba, am klasifikaciaSi rigi

cvlilebebis Setanas gvaiZulebs (magaliTad, ufro savaraudoa rom


138

frizebi ingveonebi iyvnen da ara istveonebi), magram maTi

urTierTdamTxveva ZiriTad sakiTxebSi gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini

germanuli tomebis genetikuri urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb sakmaod

kompetentur informacias gvawvdian (247, 127).

gamarTuli genealogiuri klasifikaciis garda am periodidan

momdinareobs tacitusTan daculi sakuTriv germanuli miTi genezisis

Sesaxeb (mis Sesaxeb odnav qvemoT gveqneba msjeloba). tacitusis

TxzulebaSive vxvdebiT germanelebis eTnografiul aRwerilobas, rac am

samyaros (gansxvavebiT Zv.w. I saukunis germaniisgann) Cvens winaSe

sakmaod homogenuri saxiT warmoaCens.

bunebrivia, daismis kiTxva. ra aris Zv.w. I da ax.w. I saukunis

germaniebs Soris aseTi mkveTri gansxvavebebis arsebobis mizezi?

vfiqrobT, rom igi im samxedro dapirisirebebSi unda veZeboT, romelsac

Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze hqonda adgili. vfqirobT, rom

swored is gaxda germanul sinamdvileSi Zireuli transformaciebis

mizezi.


genezisis Sesaxeb? – Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezze msjelobisas

Zalze sainteresoa is, rom tacitusTan damowmebulia eTnogenetikuri

miTi, romlis mixedviTac ZiriTadi germaneli tomebi (ufro swored sami

maTgani) RmerT tuistonisgan da mis Svil manisgan warmosdgnen. mans

sami Svili hyavda, romlebmac saTave msxvil germanul gaerTianebebs

ingveonebs, ermionebs da istveonebs daudes (8, 39).

istorikosebi da lingvistebi ar daoben imis Sesaxeb, rom es miTi

sakuTriv germanuli sinamdvilidan momdinareobs. amas ramdenime

argument adasturebs:

1) monaTesave xalxebis erTi eponimisgan warmoSobis idea bevr

indoevropel da araindoevropel xalxTan gvxvdeba. maTi gadmocema,

tradiciulad, epikuri simRerebis saxiT xdeboda ;

2) sami eponimi Zmis saxeli erTmaneTTan sawyisi Tanxmovnebis

aliteraciis safuZvelzea dakavSirebuli, rac swored Zvel germanul

leqsebs axasiaTebda (248, 78);


139

3) am sami eTnonimidan (ingveoni, istveoni, ermioni) ori

miTologiuri siuJetebidanac aris cnobili. RmerT freiers

skandinaviaSi Yngwi‐ Freyr‐is saxeliT scemdnen Tayvans, romelsac svionebis

Zveli samefo dinastiis fuZemdeblad ganixilavdnen. am RvTaebis wminda

salocavi upsalaSi mdebareobda, romelsac qristianobis epoqamde

eTayvanebodnen (156, 220). aseve figurirebs ingveonebis saxeli,

xeruskebis mefe ingvioneras saxelSi, romelsac tacitusi Tavis

analebSi ixseniebs. Ing TavsarTis saxiT, igi sxva Zvel germanul

saxelebSic Cans (156, 221).

Ermin an irmin (amaRlebuli) germanelebis omis RmerTis epiTets

warmoadgens. igive fuZe figurirebs ermundurebis tomis saxelwodebaSi.

amave sityvas Seicavs mefe erminafridis saxelic (tiuringebis mefe VI

saukuneSi) (156, 222).

mesame jgufis saxelwodebis (istveonebis) mniSvneloba gaurkveveli

rCeba. etyoba, Cveni eris dasawyisisTvis igi ukve daviwyebuli iyo.

Tumca, k. miulenhofs gamoTqmuli aqvs mosazreba, rom igi RmerT

vodanTan unda gavaigivoT, romlis kultic rainispira germanelebSi iyo

gavrcelebuli. es mosazreba germanistikaSi dRemdis popularobiT

sargeblobs (204, 57).

maSasadame, SegviZliaT CavTvaloT rom ingveoni, istveoni da

ermioni sakulto gaerTianebebis saxelebs warmoadgendnen, romlebis

Tayvanismcemlebic TavianT saerTo warmomavlobas aRiarebdnen, magram,

amave dros, mxolod sakuTar RvTaebebsac miagebdnen pativs.

germanelebTan msgavsi sakulto gaerTianebebis arsebobas adasturebs

tacitusi, rodesac senonebis teritoriaze arsebuli siZveleebis zogad

germanul mniSvnelobaze saubrobs (10, 40).

Aax.w. I – II saukuneebis wyaroebSi germanelTa genezisis

originaluri versiis arseboba, vfiqrobT, germanelebis eTnogenezze

msjelobisas Zalze mravlismetyveli faqtia. Mis mniSvnelobaze qvemoT

ufro dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT.


140

Tavi IV

vin iyvnen Zveli germanebi da keltebi?ras warmoadgenda

antikuri xanis germania da keltika?

$1. Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezis sakiTxisTvis

mniSvnelovani problemebi da terminebi

germanelebisa da keltebis saxeliT antikuri xanis avtorebi

evropis centralur, CrdiloeT da dasavleT nawilSi mcxovreb eTnikur

jgufebs ixseniebdnen. aq macxovrebeli `barbarosi” xalxebis Sesaxeb

berZnebisa da romaelebisSexedulebebi Tanamedrove istoriografiazec

axdens gavlenas. Tanamedrove samecniero gamokvlevebSi xSirad

vxvdebiT maT saxelebTan rkinis, an brinjaos (an kidev ufro

adrindeli) xanis arqeologiuri artefaqtebisa da lingvisturi sqemebis

dakavSirebis mcdelobebs. miuxedavad amisa, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom samecniero literaturaSi dRemde ar arsebobs met-naklebad

damajerebeli pasuxi kiTxvaze: vin iyvnen antikuri xanis keltebi da

Zveli germanelebi?

zemoT Cven aRvniSneT, rom maTi saxiT SesaZloa saqme gvqondes:

1) eTnikur jgufebTan;

2) terminebTan, romlebic TavianTi SinaarsiT ufro toponimebs

warmoadgendnen;

3) antikuri xanis avtorebis, an sulac Tanamedrove mkvlevarebis

postulirebul cnebebTan, romlebic erTgvari klasifikatoris rols

TamaSoben da - realuri istoriuli Sesatyvisobebi ar gaaCniaT;

4) istoriul-kulturul realobasTan, romelsac Tavisi

originaluri habitusi hqonda, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi Semqneli

adamianebi TavianT erTobas ver acnobierebdnen.

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebiseTnogenezis problemis gadaWra,

vfiqrobT, Semdeg kiTxvebze mecnierulad argumentirebuli pasuxis

gacemis safuZvelze SeiZleba:

1) Tu ra obieqturi realoba imaleba antikuri xanis avtorebis mier


141

“keltikad” da “germaniad” saxeldebuli istoriuli sinamdvileebis

miRma;

2) rodis da rogor moxda maTi (e. i. am istoriuli sinamdvileebis)

formireba;



eTnonimebi da Zveli periodis avtorebis aRwerili istoriul-

eTnografiuli faqtebi.

aqve unda warmovaCinoT, Tu:


formireba;






am problemebis calkeuli aspeqtebze I, II da III TavebSi

istoriuli, arqeologiuri, lingvisturi da sxva mecnierebebis

monacemebis analizisas ukve gvqondamsjeloba. gamokvlevis winamdebare

nawilSi es daskvnebi Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis genezisis

Sesaxeb mwyobri versiebis Camosayalibeblad unda gamoviyenoT.

Teoriuli daskvnebis Sejameba -pirvel rigSi, vfiqrobT, mkafiod

unda CamovayalibiT Cveni pozicia Teoriuli sakiTxebis

mimarT,romlebsac antikuri xanis “barbarosi” xalxebis eTno-socialur

istoriaze msjelobisas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.

msjeloba eTnikurobis fenomenis ganxilviT unda daviwyoT.

miuxedavad imasa, rom winamdebare naSromis saTauria “Zveli

germanelebisa da keltebis eTnogenezis problema”, migvaCnia, rom maTi

(e.i. Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis) eTnosebis saxiT warmodgena

arasworia. Cveni azriT, klasikuri gagebiT eTnosebi araTu zogadad

germanelebsa da keltebs, aramed iseT jgufebsac ar SeiZleba vuwodoT,


142

rogorebicaa svebebi, bastarnebi, kimbrebi, eduebi, seqvanebi da

sxva(istoriografiaSi maT, tradiciulad, tomebad ixsenieben).

saqme isaa, rom Zireul gadasinjvas moiTxovs Zveli msoflios

xanis sazogadoebebis struqtura. es, pirvel rigSi, tomis cnebas exeba,

romelic tradiciulad “barbarikumis” umTavres socialur elementad

moiazreboda. tomSi, rogorc wesi,met-naklebad egalitarul principebze

organizebul sazogadoebas gulisxmoben, romlis wevrebsac aqvT

saerTo ena, tradiciebi, solidarobis gancda, TviTsaxeli da sxva.

aseTi tipis gvarovnuli Temebi, SesaZloa, antikuri xanis “barbarikumSi”

marTlac arsebobda, magram maT saerTo araferi hqondaT tradiciulad

tomebad saxeldebul im aqtiur jgufebTan, romelbsac romaelebi

SeurigebladebrZodnen. seqvanebi, eduebi, svebebi, makromanebi da sxvebi

realurad im meomari klanebis saxelwodebebia, romlebic germaniisa da

keltikis calkeuli mxareebis resursebsa da teritorias

akontrolebdnen. calkeuli gvarovnuli Temebic maT daqvemdebarebaSi

iyo moqceuli, romlebic ama Tu im klanis ganadgurebis Semdeg sxva

klanis gavlenis qveS gadadiodnen. ZemoT (II Tavis mesame da III Tavis

mesame paragrafebSi), vfiqrobT, aSkarad gamoCnda, rom kelturi

sazogadoeba antikuri xanis spartis tipis socialur erTeuls

warmoadgenda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Zveli germanelebis Sesaxeb,

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli germanuli “plebsis” Sesaxeb naklebi

informacia mogvepoveba.

amgvari midgomis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi antikuri xanis germania

da keltika (iseve rogorc sxva msgavsi “barbarosuli” erTobebi) unda

warmovidginoT sivrced, sadac istoriografiaSi SecdomiT tomebad

saxeldebuli meomarTa klanebi erTmaneTs resursebisa da im

teritoriebisTvis ebrZodnen, romlebzec gvarovnuli Temis pirobebSi

mcxovrebi jgufebi saxlobdnen.

“barbarikumis” socialuri yofis aseT pirobebSi warmodgena,

vfiqrobT, advilad wyvets Tanamedrove eTnogenetikuri kvlevebisTvis

metad aqtualur “migracionizmisa” da “avtoqtonizmis” problemasac.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom antikuri xanis wyaroebSi dafiqsirebul da

arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelze postulirebul migraciebSi


143

mogviwevs “elituri meomruli klanebis” gadaadgileba davinaxoT da ara

xalxTa masiuri gadasaxleba (sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro detalurad ix. MII

Tavis meore paragrafSi). amgvari gadasaxlebebi, Tundac mas momxvdurTa

mxridan axali teritoriis sruli okupacia mohyoloda

SedegadZireulad ar cvlida dapyrobil teritoriis eTno-genetikur

maxasiaTeblebs (gamomdinare iqidan, rom dampyroblebi elitur

umciresobas warmoadgendnen), Tumca iwvevda axali tipis sakomunikacio

kavSirebis qselisa da SesaZloa axali koines Camoyalibebas.swored

amitom uWirT arqeologebs pasuxi gascen kiTxvas calkeuli axali

artefaqtebis gamoCenisa da arqeologiri kulturi kompleqsis gamoCenis

SemTxvevaSi saqme migraciasTan gvaqvs, Tu aq mcxovrebi xalxebis

avtoqtonur ganviTarebasTan. Tuki daviviwyebT stereotipul mosazrebas

imis Sesaxeb, rom antikuri xanis barbarikumSi tomebi cxovrobdnen,

vfiqrobT, sxvadasxva periodis arqeologiur kulturebSi momxdari

cvlilebebi advilad SeiZleba avxsnaT meomarTa elituri koleqtivebis

mier axali teritoriebisa da resursebis aTvisebiT, romlebsac axali

sakomunikacio qselis Camoyalibeba mosdevda.aseT SemTxvevaSi

arqeologiuri mecnierebisTvis dRemde aqtualuri diskursi migraciaVS

avtoqtonuri ganviTareba praqtikulad azrs kargavs. gamomdinare iqidan,

rom Zireulad icvleba pasuxi kiTxvaze vis migraciaze, an avtoqtonur

ganviTarebazea msjeloba. vfiqrobT, ar gadavaWarbebT Tuki vityviT, rom

am diskusias(vgulisxmobT migracionizmisa da avtoqtonuri ganviTarebis

erTmaneTTan dapirispirebis diskurss) mxolod is asazrdovebda, rom

XIX da XX saukunis pirveli naxevris mecnierebi anaqronulad

moiazrebdnen naciebs (ufro sworad maT “Semcirebul” nairsaxeobas –

tomebs) qvis, brinjaosa da adreuli rkinis xanis istoriis

personaJebad.

“barbarikumis” yofis amgvar socialur konteqstSi gaazreba,

vfiqrobT enaTmecnierebisTvis dilemuri problemebis iolad

gadaWraSic gvexmareba. kerZod, aseT SemTxvevaSi indoevropuli (Tu

kelturi) kilo-kavebis msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrceleba

ukavSirdeba ara “indoevropeli xalxebis” migraciebs (rasac ase

ewinaaRmdegeba arqeologiisa da fizikuri anTropologiis monacemebi),


144

aramed vaWrebisa, Tu meomrebis elituri mcire jgufebis

gadaadgilebebs. Emigraciis es procesi, axlad aTvisebul teritoriaze

ar arRvevdnen eTno-genetikur uwyvetobas, magram cvlida sakomunikacio

qselebs, rasac garkveul SemTxvevaSi regionSi axali enebis (koineebis)

gaCena mosdevda. rogorc es romaelebis mier galiis dapyrobis

SemTxvevaSi moxda.

vfiqrobT, calke ganxilvis Temaa eTnikurobis fenomeni (sakiTxis

Sesaxeb ufro konkretulad ix. III Tavis mesame paragrafi). naklebad

savaraudoa, rom antikuri xanis “barbarikumSi” eTnikur identobas

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonoda. am periodSi igiklanur-gvarovnul da

religiur identobasTan SedarebiT daCrdilul mdgomareobaSi unda

yofiliyo moqceuli. terminebi “kelti”, “germaneli”, “bastarni”,

“arverni” albaT antikur xanaSi im konotacias ar atarebda, rasac dRes

eTnonimebis xsenebisas ganvicdiT. isini cvalebadi mniSvnelobis cnebebs

warmoadgendnen, romlebic ar emTxveoda arc religiur, arc klanur-

gvarovnul, arc eTnikur identobas.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulis gamo, vfiqrobT, antikuri xanis

“barbarikumis” Sesaxeb antikuri xanis avtorebis Sexedulebebi

kritikuladaa Sesafasebeli. magaliTad, am gadasaxedidan

araadeqvaturadmoCans sxvadasxva “xalxebis” fizikur-anTropologiuri

da “eTno-fsiqologiuri” maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofa. gamomdinare iqidan,

rom siyvebi: germaneli, Trakieli, ilirieli, kelti da sxva klasikuri

gagebiT eTnonimebs ar warmoadgendnen. Aaseve,gadasinjvas saWiroebs

sxvadasxva “barbarosi” xalxebs (magaliTad germanelebsa da keltebs)

Soris sazRvrebis dadgenisa da ama Tu im “tomis” germanikul Tu

keltur sinamdvilisadmi mikuTvnebis diskursi, romelic antikur

istoriografias (misi gavleniT ki Tanamedrove “eTnogenezologiasac”)

axasiaTebs(sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix. III Tavis mesame

paragrafSi).sociolingvistikuri kvlevebi adasturebs, rom enebs

bunebriv pirobebSi (anu Tuki isini saxelmwifo sazRvrebiT ar arian

SemosazRvruli) sazRvrebi ar aqvT (124, 272). aseT situaciaSi ki advilad

iqmneba lingvisturi uwyvetobis situacia, roca erTi aulis


145

warmomadgenlebs esmiT meoris, meores – mesamis, mesamis – meoTxis,

magram mexuTesTvis ki ukve Znelia pirvelis gageba.

miuxedavad am xarvezebisa, vfiqrobT, antikuri xanis eTnikuri

konstruqciebis srulad ignorireba da fiqciad gamocxadebac ar

SeiZleba (risi tendenciac Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi igrZnoba

(sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix. III Tavis mesame paragrafSi).

miuxedavad imisa, rom keltur da germanul samyaroSi ar iyo eTnikuri

identobis gamokveTili gancda; ar arsebobda “barbarosul”

sinamdvileebs Soris mkafio sazRvrebi, keltur da germanul kulturas

mainc sakuTari ganumeorebeli habitusi hqonda, romlis Camoyalibebasac

mobiluri elituri jgufebi da maT mier nebsiT Tu uneblied

Camoyalibebuli sakomunikacio kavSirebis qseli ganapirobebda.

vfiqrobT, igive mizizebi qmnidasaerTo salaparako enis Seqmnis

SesaZleblobasac. am SemTxvevaSi savsebiT SegviZlia daveTanxmoT k.

houksa da k. debs, romlebicTvlian, rom kelturi da germanuli

samyaros es originaluri habitusi TvalSisacemi iyo

xmelTaSuazRvispireli avtorebisTvis. swored amitom gamoyofdnen isini

ase Tamamad keltikas, germanias, Trakias, ilirias da sxva (66, 89). imave

mizezebis gamo arqeologebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi martivad SeeZloT

keltebTan, an sxva sinamdvileebTan calsaxad asocirebuli

arqeologiuri kulturebi gamoeyoT.

sakvlevi SekiTxvebi- zemoT Camoyalibebuli Teoriuli daskvnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT vfiqrobTSesaZlebeli xdeba im prblemebis

originalurad gadaWra, romlebsac, tradiciulad, Zveligermanelebisa

da keltebisa eTnogenezze msjelobisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba:

1) rodis gamoCndnen evropis centralur da dasavleT nawilSi

Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis winaprebi(indoevropeistikis

problemebi);

2) rodis Camoyalibda da ras warmoadgendaeTnologiuri

TvalsazrisiT antikuri xanis wyaroebSi aRwerili Zveli germanuli da

kelturi erTobebi;

3) ra mimarTebaSia antikuri xanis avtorebisTvis cnobili

Ggermania da keltika Tanamedrove mecnieruli faqtebis konstruqciis


146

safuZvelze postulirebul “protokeltur’’-“protogermanul’’

lingvistur sinamdvileebTan da brinjao-rkinis xanis arqeologiur

kulturebTan?

vfiqrobT, am sakiTxebis zemoT Camoyalibebuli Teoriuli CarCos

farglebSi Seswavla logikurad migviyvans pasuxebamde im sakvlevi

SekiTxvebisTvis, romlebis gaSuqebasac miznad winamdebare naSromi

isaxavs:



miRma;


formireba;





winamdebare naSromi aseve warmoaCens, Tu:


formireba;






I, II da III TavSi gakeTebuli daskvnebis Sejameba–zemoT

Camoyalibebuli problemebis calkeuli aspeqtebi I, II da III TavebSi,

istoriuli, arqeologiuri, lingvisturi da sxva mecnierebebis

monacemebis analizisas ukve iqna ganxiluli. kerZod, keltur enebze

msjelobisas(II Tavis pirvel paragrafSi) gairkva, rom:

1) “protokelturi’’ ena monaTesave enebis ubralo kavSirs

warmoadgenda da ara “fuZeenas’’;

2) arasodes arsebobda “protokeltur-italiuri” erToba;


147

3) keltur enebs bevri saerTo aqvT e. w. “Zvelevropul’’ enebTan;

4) keltur enebSi, ariuli enebis msgavsad, kargad aris

SemorCenili samarTlebrivi da religiuri terminologiis amsaxveli

“protoindoevropuli’’ leqsika;

5) irlandiuri ena SesaZloa “substratuli” araindoevropuli

enebis garkveul gavlenas ganicdides.

arqeologiuri monacemebis analizisas (II Tavis meore paragrafSi)

gamoCnda, rom:

1) indoevropuli enobrivi ojaxis keltur-italiur-iliriuli

frTis warmomadgenlebi Zv.w. III aTaswlulis meore naxevarSi

poltavinos arqeologiuri kulturis saxiT iyvnen warmodgenili; Zv.w. II

aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi maT Zeluri arqeologiuri kultura

warmoadgens; Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi ki CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis - e.w.

kimeriuli arqeologiuri kulturebi;

2) sakuTriv keltebis winaprebis kvali halStatis arqeologiuri

kulturis dasavleT nawilis lokalur variantebSia saZiebeli,

romlebis safuZvelzeclatenis arqeologiuri kultura Camoyalibda;

2) halStatis arqeologiuri kulturis formirebaSi gadamwyveti

roli CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTidan meomarTa elitebis saxiT mosulma

eTno-lingvisturma elementma Seasrula;

3) halStati sakmaod “heterogenuli’’, lateni ki sakmaod

“homogenuri” arqeologiuri realobaa.

keltebis istoriis amsaxveli werilobiTi wyaroebi adastureben

(maTi kritikuli analizi ix. II Tavis mesame paragrafSi), rom:

1) termini kelti, Zv.w. VI – V saukuneebSi, mxolod georafiuli

Sinaarsis mqone sityvas warmoadgenda; Sesabamisad, igi ar gamoxatavda

“barbarikumSi” mcxovrebi xalxebis eTnikuri identobis markers;

2) Zv.w. IV – III saukuneebSi sityva “kelti”

terminebis“galati”,“galisgan” gansxvavebul istoriul realobas

asaxavs;

3) sityvebi “gali” da “galati” sakmaod mkafiod gamokveTil

istoriul realobas asaxaven, romlis matareblebsac identobis saerTo

saSualebebi hqondaT.;


148

5) galatebis Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis adgili safrangeTis

CrdiloeT da Sveicariis dasavleT nawilSia saZiebeli.

germanikuli enebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas (III Tavis pirveli

paragrafi) gairkva, rom:

1) “protogermanuli,” “protokelturisgan’’ gansxvavebiT, “fuZeenas”

warmoadgenda, romlis wiaRSic umniSvnelo dialeqturi gansxvavebebi

arsebobda;

2) “protogermanikulis”umTavari lingvisturi maxasiaTeblebi Zv.w.

I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi, an kidev ufro mogviano periodSi

Camoyalibda;

3) germanikul enebSi daculi arqaizmebi lingvistebs

avaraudebinebs, rom isini (ufro swored maTi winapari enebi da

dialeqtebi), didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, sxva indoevropuli enebisgan

izolirebul garemoSi viTardebodnen;

4) “protogermanikuli’’ slavurisa da sxva “Zvelevropuli” enebis

mniSvnelovan gavlenas ganicdida;

5) sakuTriv germanul toponimebs mdinare vezeris CrdiloeT da

Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilebSi vxvdebiT. maSin, roca ufro samxreT

raionebSi Sereul hidro- -toponimikasTan gvaqvs saqme;

6) arasodes arsebobda „protodasavleTgermanuli“, anu

ingveonuri, istveonuri da ermionuli dialeqtebisaTvis arqetipuli ena.

maT Soris arsebuli enobrivi msgavsebebi mermindeli konvergaciis

Sedegs warmoadgens;

7) arasodes arsebobda “goTur-skandinavuri”, anu CrdiloeT da

aRmosavleT germanuli masivebisTvis arqetipuli “protoena”.

Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis problemis arqeologiur

aspeqtebze msjelobisas (III Tavis meore paragrafi)gairkva, rom:

1) indo-evropuli enobrivi ojaxis “protobaltiur-slavur-

germanikuli” frTis warmomadgenlebi, anu is eTno-lingvisturi

jgufebi, romlebis safuZvelzec, mogvianebiT, germanuli, baltiuri da

slavuri istoriuli erTobebi Camoyalibda evropis CrdiloeT nawilSi

Zv. w. III aTaswleulis II naxevarSi, sabrZolo culebis arqeologiuri

kulturis kvaldakval gamoCndnen;


149

2) Zveli germanelebis kvali CrdiloeT evropis e. w.

latenizirebuli kulturebis wiaRSi unda veZeboT;

3) arqeologiuri monacemebi adasturebs, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi

md. rainis aRmosavleT nawilSi mravali gansxvavebuli warmoSobis mqone

arqeologiuri kultura arsebobda;

4) Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi CrdiloeT evropaSi xalxTa masiuri

migraciebi mimdinareobs, romelic mniSvnelovnad cvlis qveynis am

nawilis eTnosocialur suraTs.

istoriuli da eTnografiuli monacemebis analizi (ix. III Tavis

mesame paragrafi) adasturebs, rom:

1) iulius keisris epoqis germania geografiuli Sinaarsis

terminia; am periodSi sityva “germaneli” ar warmoadgens rainis

aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi xalxebis eTnikuri identobis markers;

2) tacitusis epoqis germania mkafiod gamokveTili eTno–

kulturulrealobaa; termini germaneli ki – “barbarikumSi” mcxovrebi

xalxebis TviTiidentifikaciis saSualebaa.

naSromSi gamoyenebuli terminebi - vfiqrobT aqve, saWiroa,

komentari zogierTi samecniero terminis arsis Sesaxeb gavakeToT. Cveni

azriT, eTnogenetikur gamokvlevebSi “pra,” “pre,” “proto” TavsarTiani

sityvebis mniSvneloba Semdgom dazustebas moiTxovs. vfiqrobT,

rodesac Zveli germanelebis, keltebis, an sxva msgavsi istoriuli

sinamdvileebis formirebis sakiTxebze vmsjelobT termini kelti da

germaneli sami sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT unda gamoviyenoT. sityviT

„kelti“ (an „gali“, an „galati“) da „germaneli“ konkretuli “tomebi”, an

“tomTa kavSirebi” unda aRvniSnoT, romlebic antikuri xanis avtorebis

TxzulebebSi figurirebs. magaliTad iseTebi, rogoricaa: boiebi,

arvernebi, eduebi, markomanebi, hermundurebi, frankebi da sxva. garda

amisa eTnogenezis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas Cven gvWirdeba termini,

romelic keltur da germanikul enebze mosaubre jgufebis im

mdgomareobas daaxasiaTebs, roca isini met-naklebad erTgvarovan Zirs

qmnidnen. lingvistebi aseT sinamdviles “protokeltursa” da

“protogermanikuls” uwodeben. maSasadame, termin „protokelturisa“ da

„protogermanulis“ qveS (rogorc eTnografiuli, ise lingvisturi


150

TvalsazrisiT) Cvenc is arqetipuli istoriuli sinamdvileebi unda

moviazroT, romlebic am lingvisturi cnebebis qveS igulisxmeba. aseve

saWiroa calke terminiT aRvniSnoT is eTno-lingvisturi jgufebi,

romlebis safuZvelzec Tavad “protokelturi” da “protogermanuli”

istoriuli sinamdvile Camoyalibda. vfiqrobT, marTebuli iqneba, Tu

maT “prekeltebad” da “pregermanelebad” movixseniebT.

aqve gvsurs xazi kidev erTxel gavusvaTxazi am terminebis

pirobiTobas. saqme isaa, rom eTnogenetikuri procesebi sworxazovnad

ar mimdinareobs da e.w. „proto sinamdvileebis“ realuri arsi farTo

diskusiis sagans warmoadgens (ix. II Tavis pirveli paragrafi). xSirad es

terminebi erTmaneTis gadamkveTi, an metad bundovani Sinaarsis

matarebelia. Tumca, vfiqrobT, sakiTxis arsis mkafio

formulirebisTvis maTi gamoyenebis aucileblobas versad wauvalT.

$2. keltebis eTnogenezis problema

istoriografiaSi keltebis eTnogenezad saxeldebuli problemis

gadasaWrelad, Cven Semdegi problemebis gaanalizeba migvaCnia saWirod:


keltebis winaprebi? ra saerTo aqvT maT “protoindoevropelebTan”? ;

2) rodis Camoyalibda da ras warmoadgendaeTnologiuri

TvalsazrisiT antikuri xanis wyaroebSi aRwerili keltika?

3) ra mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan antikuri xanis avtorebis keltika

Tanamedrove mecnieruli faqtebis konstruqciis safuZvelze

postulirebul “protokeltur’’ lingvistur sinamdvilesTan da

brinjao-rkinis xanis arqeologiur kulturebTan?

sakiTxis istoriografia - keltebis “eTnogenezze” msjeloba

sakiTxis istoriografiuli mimoxilviT unda daviwyoT. Tanamedrove

keltologiaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ori mimarTuleba ikveTeba,

romlebic antikuri xanis keltebis (Tu keltikis) genezisis sakiTxs

sxvadasxva samecniero paradigmis CarCoebSi warmoadgens.

pirvel mimarTulebaSi pirobiTad SegviZlia gavaerTianoT

mecnierebi, romlebic XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis pirvel

naxevarSi damkvidrebuli konstruqciebis farglebSi muSaoben. kerZod,


151

isini keltologiis sakiTxebs indoevropeistikasTan mWidro kavSirSi

ganixilaven da aqtiurad eZeben „protokelturi enis“ Sesabamis

arqeologiur kulturebs; maTTvis aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania

migraciis im gzebis Zieba, romelTa saSualebiTac calkeulma kelturma

enobrivma jgufebma TavianT istoriul sacxovriss (magaliTad,

britaneTsa da espaneTs) miaRwies.

Tuki am kuTxiT Seqmnil literaturas gadavavlebT Tvals

davinaxavT, rom keltebis (Tu indoevropelebis) evropis dasavleT da

centralur nawilSi mosvla ori gansxvavebuli gziT ivaraudeba. erT

SemTxvevaSi igi ukavSirdeba CrdiloeT evropis sabrZolo culebis

(igive zonriani keramikis), an zarisebri Tasebis arqeologiur

kulturas; meore SemTxvevaSi ki – Sua da gvianbrinjaos xanis

centraluri evropis arqeologiur kulturebs (kerZod, urnasamarxebis,

an yorRanul kulturas) (sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. II Tavis meore paragrafi).

magaliTad, d. hoksi „keltebad“ zarismagvari Tasebis kulturis

Semqmnelebs Tvlis, romlebic mogvianebiT zonriani keramikis kulturis

xalxebs Seerivnen (65, 99). n. Cedviki da m. dilonic daaxlovebiT igive

azrisani Canan (53, 128). a. uberi ki maT sawyisebs megaliTebis epoqis

britaneTSi eZebs (120, 109).

mkvlevarTa meore jgufSi unda movixsenioT i. filipi, romelic

Tvlis, rom `protokeltebi” gvianbrinjaos xanaSi yorRanuli da

urnasamarxebis sinTezis Sedegad centralur evropaSi Camoylibdnen

(280, 124-144) da p. boS-gimpera, romelic maT (e.i. keltebis) saxels,

espaneTis arqeologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiT, urnasamarxebis

arqeologiur kulturas ukavSirebs (64, 100)43.

am tipis Teorioebis gverdiT XX saukunis meore naxevris

keltologiaSi gamoCnda arqeologTa axali Taoba, romelic, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom sruliad sxva samecniero paradigmis farglebSi muSaobs.

43am sakmaod vrcel teritoriaze maTi winaresamSoblos ufro viwrod lokalizebis mcdelobisas did daxmarebas hidro–toponimikis monacemebi gviwevs. saqme isaa, rom kelturi toponimebi absolutur umravlesobas kiolnidan bohemiamde da tiuringiamde teritoriaze warmoadgens. es ki uflebas gvaZlevs keltur enebze mosaubre xalxebis winaresamSoblos statusi swored am da mis mimdebare teritorias mivaniWoT.


152

kerZod, isini skeptikurad arian ganwyobili „migraciuli Teoriebis“

mimarT da Sesabamisad, tradiciuli indoevropeistikis sakiTxebsac

nakleb yuradRebas aqceven. magaliTad, k. renfriu, kelturi enebis

ganviTarebaze msjelobas ukve neoliTuri xanidan iwyebs (173, 233-267), m.

alinei „paleoliTur uwyvetobazec“ ki saubrobs (29, 56-65). Bb. kanlifis

Txzulebebidan ki ise Cans, rom mas kelturad dasavleT atlantikuri

arqeologiuri kulturebis zona miaCnia (65, 178-203). gansxvavebiT

pirveli mimarTulebis mkvlevrebisgan arc erTi maTgani detalurad ar

ganixilavs kelturi migraciebis gzebs da ar saubrobs romelime

konkretul arqeologiur kulturi kulturebis erTmaneTTan mimarTebis

Sesaxeb.

albaT ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom maT sakvlev SekiTxvebs

Soris paradigmul acdenebs arqeologiaze metad istoriisa da

enaTmecnierebis monacemebisadmi damokidebuleba ganapirobebs. pirveli

mimarTulebis mkvlevrebisTvis keltika da e.w. „protokelturi ena“ met-

naklebad homogenuri realobaa, romelic sakmaod viwro arealSi,

aqtiuri istoriuli procesebis (magaliTad migraciebis) foze unda

Camoyalibebuliyo44. meore mimarTulebis mkvlevrebisTvis istoriuli

keltikaca da miT ufro „protokelturi ena“ efemeruli realobaa,

romelic praqtikulad mowyvetilia istoriul eqvivalentebs. swored

amitom aris ase advili maTTvis keltebis saxels daukavSiros evropaSi

neoliTuri kulturebi, dasavleT atlantikuri zona da sxva.

yvelaze ufro Tanmimdevrulad am tipis Teoria k. renfrius aqvs

Camoyalibebuli. avtori arqeologia, magram igi farTod iyenebs a.

tovaris enaTmecnierul daskvnebs. igi, rom kelturi enebis formireba

ara romelime lokalur zolSi, aramed mTel im farTo geografiul

arealSi mimdinareobda, romelzec Zv.w. I saukunisaTvis keltur enebze

mosaubre xalxebi iyvnen gavrcelebuli (garda apeninis da mcire aziis

naxevarkunZulebisa, sadac galatebi aSkarad gvian arian misuli). misi

azriT, aq, neoliTis xanidan istoriul dromde, mniSvnelovani migracia

44 rogorc wesi aseT viwro arealad hidro–toponimikis monacemebze

dayrdnobiT kiolnidan bohemiamde da tiuringiamde teritoria iTvleba. vinaidan am teritoriaze cxvdebiT kelturi toponimebis maqsimalur koncentracias.


153

ar momxdara. „Zvelevropuli“ enobrivi masivis indoevropelebi am

terotoriaze neoliTis xanidan cxovrobdnen. keltur enebsa da kelti

xalxebis kulturas Soris arsebuli msgavsebebis mizezad ki avtors

nawilobriv maTi Camoyalibebis msgavsi pirobebi, nawilobriv ki maT

mezobloba miaCnia (173, 233-267).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT istoriografiaSi aseve figurirebs e. w.

`paleoliTuri uwyvetobis” Teoria (29, 56-65), romelic

`protokelturisa” da `protoindoevropulis” arss kidev ufro

bundovans xdis. zogierTi mkvlevari ufro Sorsac midis da araTu

`protokeltebSi”, aramed Zv.w. I saukuneSi safrangeTis teritoriaze

mcxovreb galebSi xedavs gacnobierebul istoriul erTobad. aseTTa

Soris unda movixsenioT, magaliTad, k. verneri, romelic iulius

keisars miiCnevs galebis naciis “Semoqmedad” (212, 211).

ra SeiZleba iTqvas zemoT aRwerili paradigmuli acdenebis

Sesaxeb? qvemoT, kelturi am enobrivi ojaxis Sesaxeb msjelobam

dagvanaxa, rom Zalian Wirs misi Camoyalibebis drois Sesaxeb

damajerebeli argumentebis moyvana, radgan lingvistebis aRdgenili

`protokelturi ena” sakmaod efemeruli realobaa, romlis wiaRSic

erTmniSvnelovani arqetipebis gamoyofa ar xerxdeba („protokelturze

msjeloba ix. Tavi II – is pirvel paragrafSi). maSasadame, dRevandeli

gadasaxedidan `protokelturi ena” ufro sxvadasxva periodis

monaTesave enobrivi jgufebis erTobas gavs, vidre „fuZe enas“, romlis

wiaRSic minimaluri dialeqturi gansxvavebebi arsebobs.

meore mxriv antikur literaturaSi vxvdebiT calkeul pasaJebs,

romlebic keltikis geografiul cnebad aRqmisken gvibiZgeben.

magaliTad, diodore sicilieli gveubneba, rom kelts, Tavdapirvelad,

masaliis maxloblad mcxovreb erT-erT toms uwodebdnen da es saxeli

mxolod mogvianebiT gaxda dasavleTismTeli “barbarosuli” samyaros

aRmniSvneli (173, 69). TiTqos, amasve adasturebs hesiodes naSromebic,

saidanac Cans, rom Zv.w. VIII saukunis berZenma avtorma, romelic evropis

dasavleT nawilze saubrobs, keltebis arsebobis Sesaxeb ki araferi

icis (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix. II Tavis mesame paragrafSi).


154

arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT

tradiciulad `protokeltebis” saxelTan gaigivebuli halStatis

arqeologiuri kultura metad heterogenuli arqeologiuri realobaa

(am sakiTxis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix. II Tavis mesame paragrafSi). cudi

presiT sargeblobs J. diumezili da misi momxre istorikosebic,

romlebic `protokeltur-protoindoevropuli” religiur-miTologiuri

sistemebis restavrirebas cdiloben. sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT imaze,

rom metad stereotipulad gveCveneba keltebis fizikur-anTropologiur

monacemebze msjeloba.

yovelive es, TiTqos meore mimarTulebis mkvlevrebis

sasargeblod metyvelebs da gvaZlevs safuZvels vifiqroT, rom

antikuri xanis keltika mxolod Teoriul postulats warmoadgens,

romelic mxolod misi aRmweri antikuri xanis avtorebis warmosaxvaSi

arsebobda. Tumca, ar SeiZleba Tvali davxuWoT imaze, rom bevri

enobrivi, arqeologiuri da istoriul-eTnografiuli monacemi pirveli

mimarTulebis mkvlevrebisTvis sasargeblo argumentebis Camoyalibebis

saSualebasac gvaZlevs.

lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania, rom “protokelturi”

miuxedavad imisa, rom igi “fuZeena” ar aris, arc “protoitaliur –

kelturis“ msgavsi calkeuli izoglasebis erTobaa. aSkarad Cans, rom

keltur enebs sxva `Zvelevropul” enebTan mimarTebaSi gamokveTili saxe

aqvT. arsebobs bevri lingvisturi niuansi, romlebic maT erTmaneTTan

aaxlovebs. eWvs ar iwvevs kelturi enebis Zireul da afiqsur

morfemebSi regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobebis arsebobac, rac, albaT,

maTi formirebis arealis siaxloveze unda migvaniSnebdes. am areals, ra

Tqma unda, mkafio sazRvrebi ver eqneboda, magram, vfiqrobT,

geografiuli da qronologiuri TvalsazrisisT misi lokalurobas

eWvqveS ver davayenebT. miT ufro, rom keltologiaSi (gansxvavebiT,

magaliTad slavistikisa da indoevropeistikisgan) keltebis

winaresamSolos sakiTxi sadiskusio ar aris. am mxriv toponimika-

hidronimikis monacemebze dayrdnobiT lingvistebi erTmniSvnelovnad

migvaniSneben evropis centralur nawilze. kerZod, kiolnidan bohemiamde


155

da tiuringiamde teritoriaze. vinaidan swored aq vxvdebiT kelturi

toponimebis maqsimalur koncentracias.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom im farTo sivrceSi, romelsac k.

renfrius, m. alineis, b. kanlifis da sxva „meore mimarTulebis“

mkvlevrebi kelturi da sxva „Zvelevropuli jgufebis“ formirebis

arealad warmodgivdgenen bevri araindoevropuli enisa Tu enobrivi

jgufis arsebobacaa dadasturebuli. magaliTad aq cxovrobdnen baskebi,

tartesebi, iberebi, piqtebi45 da sxva. maTi enebi rogorc erTmaneTisgan,

ise indoevropuli enebisgan Zalian gansxvavdebian. vfiqrobT, „meore

mimarTulebis“ mkvlevrebis“ mier SemoTavazebuli modelis farglebSi

(romelic praqtikulad gamoricxavs mograciul procesebs) Znelad Tu

aixsneba is, Tu ram ganapiroba dasavleT evropaSi amgvari enobrivi

mravalferovnebis arseboba. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

„indoevropuli enebis formireba Znelad warmosadgenia iseT arealSi,

romelic a priori araindoevropeli xalxebis gansaxlebis areals

warmoadgenda“ (81, 34). j. melorisa da a. adamsis es dakvna,

indoevropeistikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze jer kidev myar

argumentad rCeba; aqve unda iTqvas, rom arc indoevropul enebs Soris

arsebuli msgavsebebis komparativistikisgan gansxvavebuli paradigmis

CarCoebSi axsnis mcdelobebi gamoiyureba damajereblad.

maSasadame gamodis, rom lingvisturi masala safuZvels gvaZlevs

kelturi enebi monaTesave enebis kavSirad CavTvaloT. Tumca:

a) eWvqveS ar unda davayenoT met-naklebad lokaluri sivrcis (anu

maTi winaresamSoblos) arsebobis faqti, saidanac isini TavianT

istoriuli gansaxlebis arealSi gavrceldnen;

b) dRis wesrigidan ar unda movxsnaT dasavleT evropaSi

indoevropuli enebis gavrcelebis qronologiis problema;

g) xeli ar unda aviRoT „protokelturis“ (enebis da ara xalxis)

Sasabamisi arqeologiuri kulturebis Ziebaze.

45 Aaq ar vaxsenebT ligurebsa da luzitanelebs, romlebsac zogjer indoevropelebad ganixilaven.


156

ubralod, uari unda vTqvaT “protokelturis“ cnebis ukan

gacnobierebuli istoriuli erTobis danaxvaze (sakiTxis istoriuli

interpretaciis Sesaxeb ufro siRrmiseulad qvemoT iqneba msjeloba).

aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom J. diumezilisa da misi momxreebis

Teoriebis bevri naklovanebis miuxedavad savsebiT naTelia, rom

kelturi miTologia-religia sakmaod mkafiod gamoxatuli realobaa,

romelic magaliTad italiuri da germanuli kosmologiebisagan Zlier

gansxvavdeba.

istoriaze da arqeologiaze msjelobisas ki ar unda daviviwyoT,

zemoT (II Tavis mesame paragrafSi) SemoTavazebuli msjeloba imis

Sesaxeb, rom VI – V saukuneebis keltika da IV – III saukuneebis galia /

galatia Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul istoriul fenomens warmoadgens.

pirveli maTgani mxolod geografiuli masalis sistematizirebisTvis

Semotanili terminia (miuxedavad imisa, rom igi etimologiurad

kelturi enebis fondidan momdinareobs), meore ki “barbarikumSi”

mcxovrebi jgufebis identobis markers warmoadgens. Arqeologiuri

TvalsazrisiT, ki Zlier argumentad rCeba “kelti xalxebis”

gavrcelebis arealSi latenis homogenuri arqeologiuri kulturis

arseboba.

maSasadame gamodis, rom antikuri xanis keltika SesaZloa is ar

aris, ris danaxvebasac XIX da XX saukunis pirveli naxevris mecnierebi

cdilobdnen, magram igi arc stereotipuli midgomebis safuZvelze

Seqmnili realobaa.

gamomdinare aqedan Cven xels ver aviRebT sakvlev kiTxvaze:


keltebis winaprebi (“prekeltebi”)? ra saerTo aqvT maT

“protoindoevropelebTan”?; kelturi sinamdvilis raobisa da

formirebis sakiTxebis Seswavlaze ki mxolod amis Semdeg unda

gadavideT.

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad evropaSi indoevropul enebze

mosaubre xalxebis gansaxlebis Cvens mier I da II TavebSi ganxilul

sqemas unda mivmarToT. am sqemaze Cans, rom Zv. w. III aTaswleulis meore

naxevarSi Zveli ormosamarxebis kulturis bazaze (romelic


157

Toxarulisa da anatoliuris garda yvela indoevropuli enobrivi

jgufisTvis warmoadgenda winaresamSoblos) sami msxvili arqeologiuri

kultura Camoyalibda. keltur-italiuri tomebi poltavinos

arqeologiuri kulturiT iyvnen warmodgenili da volga-uralis

stepebSi cxovrobdnen; maSin, roca somxur-berZnul-ariul da balto-

slavur-germanikuli evropis aRmosavleTi nawili ekavaT, sadac maT

saxels katakombebisa da “sabrZolo culebis” arqeologiuri

kulturebis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba.

kelto-italielebis (da albaT maTTan erTad ilirielebis)

winaprebis evropisken gadmonacvleba mxolod mogvianebiT, Zv. w. II

aTaswleulis I naxevarSi Zeluri kulturis CrdiloeTSavizRvispireTSi

gavrcelebas mohyva. Tavis mxriv, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTidan Zv.w. VIII

saukuneSi sxvadasxva eTnolingvisturi jgufebis dasavleTiT

gadanacvlebas unda mohyoloda halstatis arqeologiuri kulturis

Camoyalibeba. Mmis (e.i. halStatis kulturis) aRmosavleT nawilSi

iliriuli enebi Camoyalibda dasavleTiT ki – is enobrivi izoglasebi,

romlebsac zogjer “protoitaliur-kelturis” cnebis qveS aerTianeben.

dasavleT halStatur zonaSive, kerZod samxreT germania-Sveicaria-

bohemiis teritoriaze unda momxdari “protokelturi” enis formireba.

vfiqrobT, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulSive unda momxdariyo e.w.

“Zvelevropuli” enebis arealuri kavSirebis Camoyalibeba. Aaq, erTis

mxriv Sediodnen Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi centralur da dasavleT evropaSi

CrdiloeTSavizRvispireTidan gavrcelebuli tomebi (keltebis,

italielebisa da ilirielebis winaprebi), meore mxriv ki - sabrZolo

culebis samarTalmemkvidre kulturebis Semqmneli xalxebi (baltebis,

slavebis, Trakielebis, dako-getebisa da germanelebis winaprebi). Zv. w. I

aTaswleulSi maTi meoradi konvergacia moxda, ramac enaTa e.w.

“Zvelevropuli masivis” formireba gamoiwvia.

amgvari msjelobis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi Zalauneburad Cveni

kvlevis sferoSi Semodis kimerielebis eTnikuri vinaobis problema.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom Zv. II aTaswleulis miwurulidan Zv. w. VIII

saukunemde swored isini warmoadgendnen CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis


158

wamyvan mosaxleobas. miT ufro, rom maT keltur siZveleebTan

dakavSirebis idea istoriografiisaTvis axali ar aris; maTi

gansakuTrebuli aqtivoba ki (vgulisxmobT Zveli aRmosavleTisa da

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebze Tavdasxmebs) werilobiT wyaroebSi

swored maSin fiqsirdeba, rodesac halStatis arqeologiuri kultura

iwyebs Camoyalibebas.

kimerielebis pirvel moxseniebas homerosTan vxvdebiT (48, 119).

antikur xanaSi maT eqspansiaze Zalze xSirad gvxvdeba saubari. am

cnobebidan zogi sarwmunoa, zogi ki ufro miTologiur xasiaTs

atarebs.

tradiciulad, ZiriTadad, herodoteze da asurul-urartul

wyaroebze dayrdnobiT iTvleba, rom maT Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi skviTebis

zewoliT kimerielebma TavianTi samSoblo CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTi

datoves da wina azias Seesivnen. amis paralelurad, rogorc (III Tavis

meore paragrafSi) aRvniSneT evropul arqeologiaSi figururebs

mosazreba, rom kimerielebis centralur da dasavleT evropaSi

laSqrobisac hqonda adgili. rig SemTxvevaSi maTi laSqrobis

marSrutebzec ki miuTiTeben (268, 246).

saqme isaa, rom Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis centralur da dasavleT

evropul arqeologiur sinamdvileSi vxvdebiT rig CrdiloeT

SavizRvispiruli warmoSobis kulturul artefaqtebs. magaliTad

SegviZlia davasaxeloT:

1. beladis oTxborbliani sazidriT dakrZalvis tradicia;

2. cxenis sxvadasxva aRkazmulobebi; romlebsac arqetipebi

CrdiloeTSavizRvispireTis winaskviTur xanaSi eZebneba;

3. aqve unda iTqvas, rom amave periodis evropaSi Cndeba damarxvis

axali wesebi, rkinis meurneoba da sxva;

4. aseve aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom am periodSi mravlad gvxvdeba

damarxuli ganZebi, rac Semosevis arapirdapir mtkicebulebas

warmoadgens (148, 4-5).

vfiqrobT, rom es argumentebi savsebiT sakmarisia saimisod, raTa

Zv.w. VIII s-Si kimerielebis dasavluri laSqrobis Teoria virwmunoT.


159

albaT, ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom a. mongaiti zedmet sifrTxiles

iCens, rodesac zemoT CamoTvlili artefaqtebis warmoqmnis mizezad

savaWro urTierTobebs asaxelebs. Zalze mokle periodSi: damarxvis

axali wesebis Semosvla, mZlavri aristokratiis Camoyalibeba, cxenis

amxedrebuli tarebis tradiciis damkvidreba, rkinis metalurgiis

danergva, samosaxlo farTobebis gadideba da sxva, centraluri evropis

arqeologiur masalaSi aSkarad CrdiloeTSavizRvispiruli masalis

arsebobis fonze, vfiqrobT, safuZvels gvaZlevs centralur da

nawilobriv aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebis forsirebuli gziT

ganviTarebis suraTi davinaxoT. miT umetes, rom am periodSi

CrdiloeTSavizRvispireTis mosaxleobis (kimerielebis) aqtiuri dinamika

savsebiT dadasturebuli faqtia.

meore problemaa imis gansazRvra, Tu ra roli iTamaSa mosulma

elementma am periodis evropis eTnikur istoriaSi. is avtorebic ki (p.

korkorani, v. megou) romlebic mTlianobaSi kimerielebis dasavluri

migraciis Teorias iziareben ufro im azris Canan, rom adrerkinis

xanaSi mosuli es elementi mTlianad urnasamarxebis kulturis

Semqmneli mosaxleobis mier iqna asimilirebuli. arada Cvens mier zemoT

aRwerili istoriuli monacemebi da zogadad Zveli msoflios

sazogadoebis eTnikuri procesebis kanonzomierebebis gaTvaliswineba,

vfiqrobT, uflebas gvaZlevs realoba sxvagvarad warmovidginoT.

“barbarikumSi”, rogorc wesi, eTnikuri tradiciebis mTavar

matarebels ,,superstratuli~ da ara ,,substratuli~ mosaxleoba

warmoadgenda. amaSi sakuTriv kelturi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb

Catarebuli kvlevebic gvarwmunebs. magaliTad, am TvalsazrisiT

sainteresoa k. Julianisa da J. armanis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac

galur “plebssa” da nobilitets Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis

mizezad eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT maTi gansxvavebuli warmomavoba

miiCneva (79, 54).

am tipis daskvnebs kargad esadageba halStatis arqeologiuri

kulturis gamokveTilad aristokratiuli buneba da is garemoeba, rom

keltebis yofaSi, „plebsis“ saxiT, indoeli Sudrebis msgavsi TiTqmis

uuflebo eTnikurad gansxvavebuli adamianebis kategoriaa


160

dadasturebuli. sainteresoa isic, rom antikuri xanis avtorebis

cnobebi, sadac CrdiloeTSi mcxovrebi xalxebi xSirad yaCaRebad

ixsenieba. magaliTad straboni kimbrebsac yaCaRebs uwodebs (16, 45).

Pplutarqe ki ambobs, rom kimbrebs Tavad germanelebi uZaxdnen yaCaRebs

(13, 99). igive epiTetebiT ixsenieba (zosimesTan) “xalxTa didi

gadasaxlebis” epoqis herulebi; mogvianebiT ki vikingebi. vfiqrobT, am

epiTetebSi Zneli amosacnobi ar aris aqtiuri “meomrebis elitebi”.

mniSvnelovania isic, rom indoevropul enebze mosaubre xalxebs Soris

„protoindoevropuli“ tradiciebi yvelaze ukeT arielebma da keltebma

SeinarCunes, rac, Tavis aseve kelturi da ariuli sazogadoebis elitur

bunebaze migvaniSnebs.

zemoT CamoTvlili argumentebi, vfiqrobT, erTmniSvnelovnad

metyvelebs imaze, rom keltebSi “eTnikuri tradiciebis” mTavar (rom ar

vTqvaT erTaderT) matareblad “meomarTa elitebis” zeda fena unda

moviazroT, romelic agresiuli “superstratis” saxiT moevlina

centralur da dasavleT evropas. amgvar zeda fenas ki halStatis

arqeologiuri kulturis Camoyalibebis epoqaSi kimerielebi

warmadgendnen. urnasamarxebis kulturebis Semqmneli xalxebi ki

“protokeltur enebze” ar saubrobdnen.

sqematurobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, saWiroa aqve aRvniSnoT,

Tu istoriuli TvalsazrisiT rogor gamoiyureboda kimerielebis

dasavleTiT gavrcelebisa da halStatis arqeologiuri kulturis

genezisis procesi. amaSi Zalian seriozuli daxmarebis gaweva antikur

wyaroebs SeuZliaT. kerZod, kimerielebis migraciisa da vinaobis Sesaxeb

saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian: herodote, straboni da plutarqe.

herodotes cnobebis interpretireba mravalmxrivad SeiZleba. gaius

mariusis biografiaSi gacilebiT saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis

plutarqe, romelic acxadebs, rom keltika iseTi vrceli da didi

qveyanaa, rom igi okeanidan mzian meotidamde modis, sadac igi pontos

skviTias esazRvreba. aqedan (anu pontos skviTiidan) daiwyes am tomebma

ufro dasavleTiT gansaxleba ara erTad, aramed nawil-nawil mcire-

mcire jgufebad. amitom miuxedavad imisa, rom isini bevr sxvadasxva

jgufad iyofodnen maT gaerTianebuli saxeliT kelto-skviTebs


161

uwodeben. is kimerielebi, romlebic berZnebisTvis gaxdnen cnobili

ufro Tavisi xalxis mcire jgufs warmoadgendnen. maT Soris yvelaze

mamacebi okeanesTan cxovroben. swored aqedan Semoesivnen isini italias.

maT pirvelad kimerielebs uwodebdnen, Semdeg ki - Zalian bunebrivad

kimbrebs (13, 99-100). straboni ki Tavis mxriv wers, rom berZnebi

kimbrebs kimerielebs eZaxdnen (16, 54).

ar SeiZleba ar SevniSnoT, rom plutarqes mier moxazuli areali

Zalian kargad emTxveva evropaSi e. w. “latenizirebuli arqeoligiuri

kulturebisa” da “Zvelevropuli enebis” gavrcelebis areals; Tanac

miwebis aq aTvisebis sqema Zalian gavs e. w. “saRvTo gazafxulis”

tradicias da sakmaod realistur elfers atarebs.

rogorc Cans, Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTidan centraluri da dasavleT evropisken TandaTan

gavrceleba daiwyo mZlavrma samxedro aristokratiam, romelic

indoevropuli enebis keltur-italiur-iliriul frTas Seesabameboda.

maTi wyalobiT regionSi axali tipis sakomunikacio kavSirebi Seiqmna,

ramac erTi mxriv halStaturi arqeologiuri kulturis - , meore mxriv

ki Zvelevropuli arealuri enobrivi kavSirebis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo

xeli. “protokelturi” enisa da sinamdvilis formirebac swored aseT

pirobebSi mimdinareobda. es (anu “protokelturis” formirebis)

procesi, rogorc aRvniSneT, kiolnidan bohemiamde da tiuringiamde

teritoriaze mimdinareobda, romelic tradiciulad (hidro-topinimikis

monacemebze dayrdnobiT) kelturi enebis winaresamSoblod ganixileba.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulis ganxilvis Semdeg, bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva:

ras warmoadgenda „protokelturi“ istoriul–eTnografiuli

TvalsazrisiT?

gamomdinare iqidan, rom keltika (germaniis, iliriisa da Trakiis

msgavsad) antikuri xanis avtorebis mier Seqmnili konstruqtia,

vfiqrobT, calkeul istoriul periodebSi misi raobis gansasazRvrad

zemoT Camoyalibebul savaraudo pasuxebs gamoviyenebT. kerZod

aRvniSnavT, rom antikuri xanis keltikis saxiT SesaZloa saqme gvqondes:


162

1. antikur xanis avtorebis mier ucnobi mxarisTvis miniWebul

(SesaZleba miTologiuri Sinaarsis) saxelTan, romelic ukeTes

SemTxvevaSi geografiuli orientiris rols TamaSobs;

2. ucxoeli avtorebis mier, maTTvis TvalSisacemi kulturuli

elementebis safuZvelze Seqmnil terminTan, romelic ar emTxveva

identobis saSualebebs, magram mainc met-naklebad sworad asaxavs ucxo

kulturis habituss;

3. Tavad „barbarosi“ “xalxebis” sinamdvileSi arsebuli

TviTidentifikaciis saSualebebis translaciasTan;

4. Teoriul situaciasTan, rodesac “barbarosi” xalxebi sakuTar

identobis saSualebad iReben xmelTaSuazRvispireli avtorebis Seqmnil

konstruqtebs.

windawinve unda iTqvas, rom am kiTxvaze yvela saukunisTvis erTiani

pasuxis gacema ar SeiZleba. keltebi / keltika Zalian didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi arsebobda da igi, ra Tqma unda, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

icvlida saxes. am faqtorze yuradRebis seriozulad ar gamaxvileba

eTnogenetikuri kvlevebis erT-erT umTavres naklad SegviZlia

CavTvaloT.

Sesabamisad, CvenTvis saintereso sakvlevi SekiTxva sul cota or

nawilad unda davSaloT. kerZod:

a) ras warmoadgenda „protokelturi“ istoriul–eTnografiuli

TvalsazrisiT Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi?

b) ras warmoadgenda „protokelturi“ istoriul–eTnografiuli

TvalsazrisiT Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi?

pirvel SemTxvevaSi mogviwevs vTqvaT, rom „protokelturi“ enis

cnebis ukan istoriul - eTnografiuli realobis danaxva yovlad

SeuZlebelia. saamiso argumentebis (ufro swored kontrargumentebis)

saxiT SegviZlia Semdegi garemoebebi warmovadginoT:

1) `protokelturi“ ena „enobriv kavSirebs“ warmoadgens da ara

dialeqtur erTobas;

2) arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT halStaturi kultura sakmaod

heterogenuli warmonaqmnia;


163

3) termini kelti, Tavdapirvelad, ufro geografiuli Sinaarsis

cnebas warmoadgenda.

amgvari istoriuli, arqeologiuri da enobrivi monacemebis fonze

Zalian Znelia vifiqroT, rom is “superstratuli elitebi”

(e.w.kimerielebi), romlebmac dasavleT halStaturi arqeologiuri zonis

Camoyalibebasa da evropis centralur da dasavleT nawilSi keltur-

italiuri “kilokavebis” Camoyalibebas Seuwyves xeli gacnobierebul

erTobas qmnida. unda vifiqroT, rom termini kelti garkveul periodSi,

romelime erT aseT dajgufebas aRniSnavda. sainteresoa, rom Cvens

xelTaa diodore sicilielis cnoba, romelic TiTqos zustad igives

adasturebs. am terminis mTlianad “keltur samyaroze” ganzogadebis

idea ki antikuri xanis avtorebis iniciativaa, romlebisTvisac am

sityvis gamoyeneba mosaxerxebeli gaxldaT. TavaT “keltebad”

saxeldebuli “tomebisTvis” amgvari ganzogadeba romc yofiliyo

cnobili mas isini ukeTes SemTxvevaSi geografiul terminad miiRebdnen

da ara sakuTari identobis markerad.

“protokelturi” enis arahomogenuri buneba adasturebs, rom

kimerielebis dasavleTiT gadmonacvlebas arc koines Camoyalibeba

mohyolia. Aaq, savaraudod, TandaTan Seiqmna sociolingvisturi

uwyvetobis situacia, rodesac mezobel dasaxlebebs erTmaneTis esmiT,

xolo moSorebiT mcxovreblebs ki uWirT Soreuli mezoblebis gageba.

“protokelturi” (da ara “proto-italiurkelturi an “Zvelevropuli”)

swored is enaa, romelic am process warmoadgens. swored amitom aqvs

mas (Tavisi sruliad arahomogenuri xaisaTis miuxedavad) gamokveTili

saxe italiur, venetrur da sxva indoevropul enebTan mimarTebaSi.

gansxvavebiT, magaliTad, “protoitaliur-kelturisgan”, romlis

arsebobasac zogierTi lingvisti varaudobs.

zemoT aRwerili enobrivi procesebi, albaT yvelaze ufro

aqtiurad bohemiisa da Sveicariis teritoriaze mimdinareobda. aq

yvelaze didi raodenobiTaa daculi kelturi toponimebi. Savaraudod

aqedanve xdeboda “kimerieli-keltebis” safrangeTis, espaneTisa da

britaneTis mimarTulebiT gavrceleba, sadac istoriul droSi vxvdebiT

mosaxleobas, romlebsac lingvisturi tradiciis gavleniT keltiberebs,


164

lepontielebs, goidelebs da galebs uwodeben. maTi evropaSi

gavrceleba msjelobis calke Temaa. aq mxolod imis TqmiT SeiZleba

SemovifargloT, rom maTi moZraobis marSruti, ZiriTadad, halStaturi

kulturis dasavleTSi gavrcelebis areals emTxveva.

sadiskusio SeiZleba iyos sakiTxi, zemoT aRweril pirvel, Tu

meore hipoTetur variantTan gvaqvs saqme Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis

SemTxvevaSi (mesame da meoTxe varianti ki, bunebrivia, unda

gamovricxoT). am alternativebs Soris arCevanis gasakeTeblad saWiroa

gaeces pasuxi SekiTxvas - hqonda Tu ara am periodis keltur kulturas

originaluri habitusi (k. debis terminologiiT rom vTqvaT)?

AvfiqrobT, rom Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebi ar gvaZlevs

saSualebas am kiTxvas dadebiTad vupasuxoT. saqme isaa, rom am periodis

antikuri xanis avtorebis TxzulebebSi (hekateos mileTeli, herodote,

festus avienusi da sxva) naklebad Cans aqcenti “keltur eTnografiaze”,

maSin, roca Zv.w. III – II saukuneebSi am mxriv mdogamereoba (polibiosisa

da posidoniosis wyalobiT) mkveTrad icvleba. amis mizezi albaT isaa,

rom Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis avtorebs jer kidev TvalSi ar xvdebodaT

“kelt xalxebsa” da maT mezoblebs (ligurebi, iberebi da sxva) Soris

“arsebuli” TvalSisacemi gansxvavebebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini

aSkarad grZnobdnen regionSi “xalxTa” axali nakadis dinamikas. swored

amitom mkvidrdeba termini “kelti” swored am periodis antikur

literaturaSi da ara ufro adre, magaliTad Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi, roca

hesiode dasavleTis xalxebis xsenebisas keltebs ar axsenebs (am

sakiTxze ufro dawvrilebiT ix. II Tavis mesame paragrafSi).

b) ras warmoadgenda „protokelturi“ istoriul–eTnografiuli

TvalsazrisiT Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi?– Zv.w. IV _ OIII saukuneebSi

keltebis (ufro swored galatebis) mniSvnelovani aqtivoba dasturdeba.

werilobiT wyaroebSi fiqsirdeba keltebis Semosevebi, romelTa Soris

yvelaze TvalSisacemi epizodebia delfos gadawva da romis darbeva.

daaxloebiT amave periodSi farTod vrceldeba latenis

arqeologiuri kultura. igi dasavleThalstatur zonaSi Camoyalibda,

Tumca, misgan gansxvavebiT Zalian homogenuri saxe SeiZina. sainteresoa,


165

rom es kultura SesaniSnavad emTxveva keltebis istoriulad

damowmebul gansaxlebis areals.

SemTxveviTi albaT arc is faqtia, rom am periodis wyaroebSi

termin “keltze” metad “galati’ gamoiyeneba. am mxriv, vfiqrobT,

SesaZloa meti ndobiT movekidoT a. bertranis mosazrebebs imis Sesaxeb,

rom es ori sityva or paralelur realobas warmoadgens (79, 58).

daismis kiTxva. zemoT CamoTvlil romel realobasTan gvaqvs

saqme, rodesac Zv.w. IV – OOIII saukuneebis galatebze vsaubrobT.

vfiqrobT, rom mesamesTan, roca antikur wyaroebSi Tavad „barbarosi“

“xalxebis” sinamdvileSi arsebuli TviTidentifikaciis saSualebebis

translacia xdeba.

amis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs:

a) “latenis kulturis” homogenuroba;

b) latenis kulturisa da keltebis istoriuli gansaxlebis

arealis Sesabamisoba;

g) terminebis “keltisa” da “galatis” etimologia;

d) titus liviusTan daculi miTi galatebis genezisis Sesaxeb,

romelic a. uberis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT fantaziis nayofi romc iyos

kelturi fantaziis nayofia (120, 199) (am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb ufro

dawvrilebiT ix. II Tavis mesame paragrafSi).

zemoT xsenebuli daskvnis gaziarebis SemTxvavSi ar SeiZleba ar

SevexoT dRes metad aqtualur diskusias galatebis migraciebTan

dakavSirebiT. Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom zemoT (IV Tavis pirvel paragrafSi)

Camoyalibebuli Teoriuli modeli, romlis safuZvelzec Cven

“barbarikumSi” mimdinare eTno-socialur procesebs ganvixileT, am

diskurisias naklebad aqtualurs xdis. vinaidan galatebis laSqorbebSi

Cven ar vgulisxmobT “tomebis” gadaadgilebas.

vfiqrobT, rom Zv.w. V_IV saukuneebSi dasavleT halStatur zonaSi,

romelsac Sesabamisi periodis avtorebi “keltikas” uwodeben,

mniSvnelovani kataklizmebi moxda (es procesi II Tavis meore

paragrafSi ufro detaluradaa aRwerili). arqeologebi, xSirad, am

gardatexebs “latenuri revoluciis” saxeliT ixsenieben (65, 209).

rogorc Cans, am process Sedegad Zveli halStaturi aristokratiis


166

ganadgureba da axali tipis “sabrZolo elitis” Camoyalibeba mohyva,

romlebic sakuTar Tavs terminiT “galatebi” aRniSnadnen. axali tipis

samxedro elitam Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi axali sivrceebis dapyroba

daiwyo. maT pirineisa da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulamdec ki miaRwies.

maTi dapyrobebi, bunebrivia, didad ar cvlida regionSi demografiul

situacias, Tumca, iwvevda axali tipis meurneobisa da sakomunikacio

kavSirebis Camoyalibebas, rasac regionSi kelturi “kilo-kavebis”

gavrceleba mosdevda.

am procesebma lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT kelturi enebisa da

toponimikis evropaSi gavrcelebaSi hpova gamoxatuleba; arqeologiurad

– latenis homogenuri arqeologiuri kulturis genezisSi; istoriulad

- ki Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis avtorebis TxzulebebSi dadasturebul

keltur migraciebSi.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom “identobis galatur markerebs”, ra Tqma

unda, ar SeiZleboda didxans earseba. sruli safuZveli gvaqvs

vivaraudoT, rom am tipis transformaciebi “keltikaSi” Semdgom

periodSic xdeboda46 (magaliTad, Zv.w. II saukuneSi, rodesac keltikaSi

opidebis qseli vrceldeba. mniSvnelovan gardamtexad SeiZleboda

qceuliyo galebis keisarTan dapirispireba, Tumca, man kelturi

samyaros Semdgomi ganviTarebis nacvlad misi kontinenturi nawilis

ganadgureba gamoiwvia), rasac, bunebrivia, identobis axali

saSualebebis Camoyalibeba moyveboda. miuxedavad amisa, SenarCundeboda

kelturi kulturis originaluri habitusi, rac Semdgom periodSi ase

mkafiod xvdeboda TvalSi antikuri xanis avtorebs47. SemTxveviTi albaT

ar aris, rom swored Zv.w. III – II saukuneebidan momdinareobs, kelturi

eTnografiis farTo aRwerilobebi, romlebic polibiosisa da misi

posidonios apameelis kalams ekuTvnis.

*****

gamokvlevis daskvniT nawilSi, vfiqrobT, Sejerebuli saxiT unda

warmovadginoT Tu rogoria Cveni pasuxi kiTxvaze: “vin iyvnen antikuri

46 am procesebis Seswavla damoukidebeli Seswavlis obieqtia da scildeba wianmdebare naSromis interesebs. 47 am situacias k. debi aRwers terminiT “kelturi kulturis habitusi”, k. houki ki “kumulatiuri kelturoba”.


167

xanis keltebi?”, romelic XX saukunis 70-iani da Semdgomi periodis

keltologiaSi friad aqtualuri Seiqmna.

pirvel rigSi, vfiqrobT, kiTxvis sxvagvarad dasmaa saWiro.

vinaidan, keltebis eTnogenezis kvlevisas Secdomad miviCnevT am

kiTxvaze holisturi pasuxis Ziebas (Cveni azriT, swored es iwvevs

sxvadasxva spekulaciebis). saWiroa ganvsazRvroT, ara “vin iyvnen

keltebi?, aramed - ras warmoadgenda eTnologiuri TvalsazrisiT

antikuri xanis keltika? es sakiTxic, Tavis mxriv, dakonkretebas

moiTxovs. winamdebare naSromSi Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebT or

sakiTxze:

a) ras warmoadgenda eTnologiuri TvalsazrisiT Zv.w. VI-V

saukuneebis keltika?

b) ras warmoadgenda eTnologiuri TvalsazrisiT Zv.w. IV-III

saukuneebis keltika?

am tipis kiTxva Zv.w. II da Zv.w I saukuneebTan mimarTebaSic

SeiZleba daisvas, Tumca, es scildeba winamdebare gamokvlevis CarCos.

vfiqrobT, rom im transformaciebis Cveneba, romelic Zv.w. VI – III

saukuneebis kelturma samyarom ganicada kargad warmoaCens antikuri

xanis “barbarikumis” eTno-socialuri istoriis Taviseburebebs.

a) Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis antikuri xanis avtorebis mier aRwerili

keltika halStatis arqeologiuri kulturis dasavleT zonasa da e.w.

“protokelturi” enis formirebis areals emTxveva. termini kelti,

kelturi enebis fondidan momdinareobs (savaraudod, igi pirvelad

masaliis siaxloves mcxovreb erT-erT jgufs aRniSnavda), Tumca, am

periodSi igi calsaxad geografiuli terminia. Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi ar

arsebobs zogadkelturi (endoeTnonimebis msgavsi) identobis

saSualebebi; arc keltur kulturas aqvs imdenad gamokveTili saxe, rom

mis originalur habitusze vimsjeloT.

miuxedavad amisa, am periodSi mainc SeimCneva aqtiuri eTno-

socialuri procesebi, romlebic centralur da dasavleT evropaSi

axali (CrdiloeT SavizRvispiruli) elementis, kimerielebis, gamoCenam

gamoiwvia. swored kimerielebis wyalobiT, halStatis arqeologiuri

kulturis formirebis paralelur reJimSi, moxda evropis centralur


168

da dasavleT nawilSi “keltur-italiur-iliriuli enebis” gavrceleba.

igive kimerielebis migraciebma (romlebic evropas agresiuli

“superstratis” saxiT moevlinen) gamowivia dasavleT halStatur zonaSi

axali tipis sakomunikacio kavSirebis Seqmna, ramac lingvisturi

TvalsazrisiT “protokelturi” enis CamoyalibebaSi hpova asaxva.

“protokelturi” enis ukan SeuZlebelia davinaxoT gamokveTili

istoriuli realoba, Tumca, aseve Secdomaa qronologiuri da

georafiuli TvalsazrisiT misi Camoyalibebis met-naklebad lokaluri

arealis arsebobis uaryofa. aseT areals (anu kelturi enebis

winaresamSoblos) bohemia, Sveicaria, samxreT germaniis teritoria

warmoadgenda.

b) Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis antikuri xanis avtorebis mier aRwerili

keltika latenis arqeologiur kulturas Seesabameba. Tavisi

winamorbedisgan (anu Zv.w. VI – V saukuneebis kelturi samyarosgan)

gansxvavebiT, mis mcxovreblebs hqondaT erTianobis gancda. rogorc

Cans, isini sakuTar identobas sityviT “galati” gamoxatavdnen.

Sesabamisad, terminebi kelti da galati, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul

realobas warmoadgenen.

galatebis samyarosa da latenis arqeologiuri kulturis

Camoyalibeba, rogorc Cans, dasavleT halStatur zonaSi mimdinare

mwvave eTno-socialurma procesebma gamoiwvia, romelsac zogjer

arqeologebi “latenur revolucias” uwodeben. igive procesebi unda

gamxdariyo axali tipis “samxedro aristokratiis” formirebisa da misi

evropis sxvadaxva mxareebSi (apenini, balkaneTi da sxva) gavrcelebis

mizezi. gavrcelebis am procesma werilobiT wyaroebSi kelturi

agresiuli migraciebis aRwerilobaSi hpova asaxva. arqeologiuri

TvalsazrisiT ki mas latenis arqeologiuri kulturis farTod

gavrceleba mohyva.

identobis zogadkelturi saSualebebi, romlebic am periodSi

Camoyalibda, Zv.w. II da I saukunisTvis ukve dakarguli unda yofiliyo,

Tumca, am periodis (anu Zv.w. II – I saukuneebis) kelturma samyarom mainc

SeinarCuna kulturis originaluri habitusi, rac Semdgomi periodis


169

antikuri xanis avtorebs (magaliTad, polibiossa da posidonioss)

mkafiod xvdebodaT TvalSi.

$3. Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis problema

istoriografiaSi Zveli germanelebis “eTnogenezad” saxeldebuli

problemis gadasaWrelad, pirvel rigSi, sakiTxis istoriografiaSi

unda gaverkveT.

daviwyoT imis aRniSvniT, rom paradigmulma cvlilebebma,

romlebic XX saukunis meore naxevris lingvistikaSi, arqeologiaSi,

istoriasa da fizikur anTropologiaSi moxda Zveli germanelebis

eTnogenezis problemasac mniSvnelovani daRi daasva. XIX saukunis

meore da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi am sakiTxis mkvlevari

mecnierebi aqtiurad ganixilavdnen “indoevropeistikisTvis” aqtualur

iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa, germanikul enebze mosaubre xalxebis

winaresamSoblos problema,AwerilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli tomebis

(magaliTad bastarnebisa da skirebis) eTnikuri kuTvnileba da sxva. am

tipis diskusiebi, xSirad, politikur mniSnelobasac ki iZenda.

Sesabamisad, sakiTxebis istoriografiaSi Seiqmna didZali

literatura, romelSic es daskursia asaxuli. Tuki mas odnav

ganvazogadebT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi Zveli germanelebis eTno-lingvisturi sinamdvilis

asakis daZvelebis tendencia igrZnoboda. am mxriv SedarebiT `zomieri”

Teoriebis mixedviT iTvleboda, rom Zveli germanelebi Zv. w. III

aTaswleulSi lendenis erTeuli samarxebisa da “sabrZolo culebis”

arqeologiuri kulturis Semqmneli xalxebis sinTezis Sedegad

Camoyalibdnen (126, 33). ufro `Tamami” mosazrebebis safuZvelze ki

CrdiloeT germania indoevropelebis winaresamSoblod ganixileboda

(126, 40)48.

48aqve unda iTqvas, rom germanelebis avtoqtonobas Tavisi momxreebi dRemde hyavs

magaliTad l. kiliani (126, 123-178), Tumca maTi argumentacia XIX da XX saukunis I

naxevris istoriografiisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli paradigmul SekiTxvebs eyrdnoba.

es ukanaskneli ZiriTadad arqeologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiT amtkicebs, rom

mezoliTis xanidan CrdiloeT germaniis teritoriaze mniSvnelovan migraciebs adgili


170

Zveli germanulebis kvalis ase Soreul warsulSi Ziebis

tendencia dRes didad gaziarebuli ar aris. arqeologebisa da

lingvistebis absoluturi umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom gacilebiT

realuria maTi eTnogenezi rkinis xanas, kerZod iastorfis

arqeologiur kulturas davukavSiroT, romelic Zv.w. I aTaswleulis

dasawyisSi Camoyalibda. `protogermanikuli enis” asakic mniSvnelovnad

`gaaxalgazrdavda”. dRes TiTqmis aRaravin aTariRebs mas Zv.w. III

aTaswleuliT. rogorc zemoT (III Tavis pirvel paragrafSi) aRvniSneT,

cnobili dialeqtologebi e. Svarci da f. maureri misi formirebis

TariRad Zv.w. II aTaswleulis miwuruls asaxeleben (184, 102-109). e.

makaevs es TariRi sulac Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze

gadaaqvs (259, 89), Tumca lingvistTa didi umravlesoba misi Zv.w. I

aTaswleulis Sua xanebiT daTariRebisken ixreba (219, 37).

“protogermanikulisa” da Tavad Zveli germanelebi

“gaaxalgazrdavebis” mizezi, ra Tqma unda, mxolod lingvistikis

ganviTareba ar aris. Asaqme isaa, rom rom XX saukunis II naxevarSi

Zalian Seicvala eTnogenetikuri kvlevis tendenciebi. Seiqmna saetapo

mniSvnelobis naSromebi, romlebmac Zveli germanelebis siZveleebis

kvlevaSi Zireuli gardatexa Seitana. aseTTa Soris, pirvel rigSi unda

movixsenioT r. haxmanis, g. kunisa da h. behagelis cnobili wigni

`germanelebsa da keltebs Soris mcxovrebi xalxebi,” romelSic

damtkicebulia, rom rainsa da vezers Soris mdebare miwebi Zv.w. I

aTaswleulSi sulac ar iyo Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis

sacxovrisi (218, 33-34). daaxloebiT imave periodSi (anu XX saukunis 60-

ian wlebSi) Camoayaliba Tavisi koncefcia r. venskusma, romlis

naSromebmac Zveli germanelebis Sesaxeb sruliad axal diskurss daudo

saTave. misi mosazrebebi mogvianebiT ganavrces h. volframma, v.

gofartma, v. polma, i. vudma da sxva avtorebma.

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebs naklebad ainteresebT

“protoindoevropuli siZveleebi”. isini mTel yuradRebas imis analizs

ar hqonia. es mosazreba ubralod agrZlebs im avtoqtonistur tendenciebs, romlebsac

safuZveli XX saukunis II naxevarSi Caeyara.


171

uTmoben, Tu rogor xdeboda antikuri xanis “barbarikumSi” identobis

saSualebebis konstruireba. Sesabamisad, Zvel germanelebs, romlebis

Sesaxebac isini saubroben mxolod nawilobriv aqvT saerTo im

“barbaros xalxebTan”, romlebsac XX saukunis pirveli naxevris

arqeologebi da lingvistebi swavlobdnen. maT TxzulebebSi termini

eTnogenezic friad gansxvavebul konotacias iZens. YzogierTi

Tanamedrove mkvlevari (magaliTad, p. geri) iqamdes ki midis, antikuri

xanis germanias romaul fiqcias uwodebs (46, 76).

sakiTxis mimarT gansxvavebuli midgomebis arseboba, bunebrivia,

kvlevas ufro sainteresos xdis, Tumca, kvlevis organizebis

TvalsazrisiT bevr problemasac warmoSobs.

vfiqrobT, am sirTuleebs aviridebT, Tuki Tanmimdevrulad

ganvixilavT zemoT dasmul sakvlev SekiTxvebs. vfiqrobT, rom isini

Zveli germanelebis Sesaxeb yvela droSi arsebuli samecniero

diskursebis gaerTianebis saSualebas mogvcemen.

1) rodis gamoCndnen evropaSiZveli germanelebis winaprebi? ra

saerTo aqvT maT “protoindoevropelebTan”? – socialuri da

humanitaruli mecnierebebis ganviTerebis Tanamedrove etapze, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom Zveli germanelebis “eTnogenezze” msjelobisas

“protoindoevropul” siZveleebs namdvilad ar aqvs gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba. saqme isaa, rom “protogermanikuli” enis formireba iseT

periodSi da sivrceSi moxda, romelic evropis “indoevropeizaciis”

sqemebis TvalsazrisiT did yuradRebas ar imsaxurebs.

kerZod, evropis indoevropeizaciaze msjelobisas unda iTqvas,

rom indoevropul enebze mosaubre “balto-slavur-germanikuli”

erTobis warmomadgenlebi CrdiloeT evropaSi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis

meore naxevarSi, “sabrZolo culebis” arqeologiuri kulturis

paralelurad movidnen. lingvistebis mier rekonstruqtirebuli

“protogermanukuli” namdvilad ar aris is ena, romelzec Zv.w. III, an

Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi saubrobdnen. vinaidan, “protogermanikuli” enis

Camoyalibeba da CrdiloeT evropis indoevropeizacia paraleluri

procesebi ar aris, SegviZlia Zv.w. III da II aTaswleuls saerTod ar

SevexoT, rodesac Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezze vsaubrobT. SeiZleba


172

mxolod vTqvaT, rom “protogermanikuli” im kolo-kavebis safuZvelze

Camoyalibda, romlebic CrdiloeT evropaSi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis II

naxevarSi gamoCndnen. homogenuri “protogermanikuli ena” mxolod

mogvianebiT im istoriul procesebis Sedegad gaCnda, romlebic qvemoT

iqneba aRwerili.

* * * * * *

germanelebis pirvel moxseniebas wyaroebSi Zv. w. II saukunis

miwuruls posidoniusTan vxvdebiT. antikur literaturaSi misi farTod

damkvidreba ki iulius keisris saxels ukavSirdeba. aqve isic unda

gavixsenoT, rom germaneli istorikosis, f. Sletes azriT, termin

germaniis iulius keisarze ufro adrindeli yvela moxsenieba mxolod

mermindeli Canamatia (202, 134). msgavsi msjelobis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi

(romelic namdvilad ar aris logikas moklebuli), mogviwevs vifiqroT,

rom germanelebis Sesaxeb antikurma samyarom kidev ufro gvian, anu Zv.

w. I saukunis Sua xanebSi Seityo. ra SeiZleba iyos wyaroebSi maTi ase

“nagvianevad” gamoCenis mizezi? vfiqrobT, rom amas sami axsna SeiZleba

hqondes:

1) germanelebi Zv.w. II saukunis miwurulamde rainispireTSi ar

cxovrobdnen;

2) antikuri xanis avtorebma mxolod am droisTvis SeniSnes, rom

keltebi da germanelebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul istoriul

sinamdviles warmoadgendnen;

3) Zv.w. I saukunemde germanelebi jer kidev ar arsebobdnen; maTi

eTnogenezi mxolod Semdgom periodSi moxda.

Tavdapirvelad (anu iulius keisris epoqaSi) germania eTnikurze

metad geografiuli Sinaarsis termins warmoadgenda. iulius keisars,

romelic sxva SemTxvevebSi eTnikuri istoriis sakiTxebSi sakmaod

kargad Cans gacnobierebuli, aSkarad surs mdinare raini germanelebsa

da keltebs Soris eTnikur wyalgamyofad warmoaCinos. amitom igi

rainis marjvena napirze mcxovreb tomebs germanelebs uwodebs, Tumca

dRes ukve sadiskusio ar aris, rom rkinis xanaSi raini eTnikuri


173

wyalgamyofi arasodes yofila. amasTan, Tanamedrove kvlevebi imasac

aCvenebs, rom keisris epoqaSi mdinaris aRm. nawili sulac ar qmnida

raime tipis homogenur erTobas da ramdenime sxvadasxva eTnikuri

jgufis dislokaciis adgils warmoadgenda. kerZod, h. behagelma

daamtkica, rom arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT rainisa da vezeris

mTianeTSi mcxovrebi xalxebi, romelTa aq yofnis uwyvetobac

urnasamarxebis droidan SeimCneva, germanelebi sulac ar iyvnen (109, 122).

r. haxmanis, g. kosakisa da g. kunis cnobil wignSi „germanelebsa da

keltebs Soris mcxovrebi tomebi“ ki msgavsi daskvnebi rainsa da vezers

Soris CrdiloeTis zRvis sanapiroebze mcxovrebi xalxebis Sesaxebaa

gakeTebuli, romlebsac avtorebi `Crdilo-dasavleTis bloks” uwodeben

(218, 33-34). amasTan, Cvens xelTaa tacitusis cnoba, romelic gvarwmunebs,

rom terminiT germaneli Tavdapirvelad mxolod erTi tomi, tungrebi,

aRiniSneboda da rom igi mxolod mogvianebiT iqca ufro farTo

mniSvnelobis terminad (10, 39).

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom tacitusis germania misi `winaprisgan”

(anu keisris germaniisgan) ukve metad gansxvavebuli, sakmaod homogenuri,

erTobaa. amas adasturebs is, rom:

a) tacitusTan dadasturebulia udavod germanuli sinamdvilidan

momavali miTi RmerT tuistonis, manisa da misi Svilebis Sesaxeb,

romelSic dasavleT germanikul dialeqtebze mosaubre eTnikuri

jgufebis saerTo warmomavlobazea saubari (10, 39);

b) igive tacitusi saubrobs saerTo germanul siwmindeebze (10, 40);

g) tacitusi da pliniusi gvTavazoben germaneli tomebis

klasifikaciis sistemas;

d) welTaRricxvis mijnaze romaelebsa da germanelebs Soris

mimdinare samxedro konfliqtis analizi dasvleT germaneli

“tomebis”erTian suliskveTebas gviCvenebs;

e) vfiqrobT, rom igives migvaniSnebs arminiusisa da morobodis

brZolis peripetiebic.

ras niSnavs es? imas xom ara, rom Zv.w. I saukunis I naxevarSi

antikuri xanis germanias istoriuli Sesatyvisoba ar gaaCnda da igi

mxolod xmelTaSuazRvispireli avtorebis naSromebSi arsebobda?


174

mogvianebiT ki (savaraudod, welTaRricxvis mijnaze) aq mcxovrebma

tomebma TviTidentifikaciis saSualebad miiRes romauli warmoSobis

terminebi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xom ar moxda Zveli germanuli

istoriul sinamdvilis formireba swored Zveli da axali

welTaRricxvis mijnaze.

amgvari suraTi savsebiT Seesabameba Zv.w. I da ax.w. I saukuneebis

istoriuli realobas. vfiqrobT Zalian logikuria davuSvaT, rom

romaelebTan gmiruli sabrZolo epopeis fonze49 Zvel germanelebis

zogierT “toms” erTianobis gancda Camouyalibda da tacitusTan

aRwerili realobis (saerTogermanuli wminda salocavebi, miTi genezisi

Sesaxeb da sxva) genezisis mizezic swored es gaxda. “eTnogenezis”

amgvari modeli kargad Seesabameba kvlevis Tanamedrove tendenciebis

Teoriul safuZvlebs. magaliTad, h. volframis, r. haxmanisa da v.

gofartis TxzulebebSi swored aseT stilSia (anu romi/bizantiis

imperiaSi damkvidrebuli identobis saSualebebis translaciis gzebis

analiziT) ganxiluli goTebis warmomavlobis problema.

Aam hipoTezis sasargeblod TiTqos arqeologiuri da

lingvisturi argumentebic metyvelebs. arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT

mniSvnelovania is, rom ax.w. I – II saukuneebis germania (Zv.w. II-I

saukuneebis germaniisgan gansxvavebiT) sakmaod homogenuri realobaa. L

lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT ki xazi unda gavusvaT erT saintereso

faqts. ingveonuri, istveonuri da ermionuli dialeqtebi did siaxloves

amJRavneben erTmaneTTan. lingvistebi ar daoben imis Sesaxeb, rom am

siaxlovis warmoSobis mizezi maTi meoradi konvergaciaa da ara

“protodasavleTgermanikulifuZeenis” arseboba (ix. III Tavis pirveli

paragrafi). yovelive amis fonze, Tuki gavixsenebT, rom tacitusis mier

aRwerili germania swored dasavleT (da ara aRmosavleT, an CrdiloeT)

germanikuli enebis gavrcelebis areals emTxveva, vfiqrobT, Cndeba

49 Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi, magaliTad n. roumansi, arminiusis ajanyebis arsis interpretirebas tradiciulisgan gansxvavebulad axdenen. aRiqvamen ra mas ufro metad romauli legionebis amboxad vidre erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobad (180, 45-89), Tumca, rogoradac ar unda gadawydes es sakiTxi, faqtia, rom kvintilius varusis legionebTan dapirispirebam udaod mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa Zveli germanelebis eTnikur istoriaSi.


175

kiTxva? xom ar iyo ax.w. I da ax.w. I saukuneebis germania is geografiuli

areali, sadac istveonur, ingveonur da ermionul dialeqtebze mosaubre

eTnikuri jgufebi erTmaneTs dauaxlovda, ramac asaxva zemoT

CamoTvlili dialeqtebis meorad konvergaciaSi hpova.

erTi SexedviT, vfiqrobT, movlenaTa aseTi logika savsebiT

damajerebeli Cans daa kvlevis Tanamdrove tendenciebis adekvaturadac

gamoiyureba.

Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi kontrargumenti SeiZleba iyos is, rom

zemoT Camoyalibebul konstruqciaSi odnav bundovania

`protogermanuli” enis adgili. zemoT Cven davrwmundiT, rom misi saxiT

saqme sakmaod homogenur `fuZeenasTan” gvaqvs. misi CamoyalibebiTvis

saWiro garemod ki verc keisris epoqis eTnikurad da lingvisturad

Wrel germanias (ufro sworad, rain-vezerispireTs) CavTvliT da verc

Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnas, romelic zemoT mxolod

ingveonuri, istveonuri da ermionuli dialeqtebis konvergaciis zonad

gamovacxadeT. miT ufro, rom lingvistebi `protogermanikulis”

formirebis TariRis Sesaxeb msjelobisas lingvistebi da

dialeqtologebi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebs Tvlian da araZveli

da axali welTaRricxvis mijnas.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sakuTriv germanikul toponimebs

mxolod md. vezeris CrdiloeT da Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi vxvdebiT,

maSin, roca ufro samxreTiT Sereul hidro-toponimikasTan gvaqvs saqme.

am argumentze dayrdnobiT istoriografiaSi didi xania damkvidrda

mosazreba, rom germanikuli enebis formireba sadRac germaniis

CrdiloeT da skandinavia-iutlandiis samxreT nawilebSi moxda (111. 187).

aqve Cndeba eTnologiuri Sinaarsis kontrargumentic. kerZod,

ibadeba kiTxva ramdenad realuria dasavleT germanikuli enebis

gavrcelebis mTel arealSi erTian TviTidentifikaciis saSualebebs

earseba?

Tumca, vfiqrobT, rom es ukanaskneli SekiTxva CvenTvis

dabrkolebas ar warmoadgns, radgan “barbarikumSi” mimdinare eTno-

socialuri procesebis Cvens mier zemoT Camoyalibebuli modelis

mixedviT eTnikuri tradiciebis mTavar matareblad meomarTa elitebs


176

(da ara mosaxlebis farTo masebs) miviCnevT, romlebic mobilurobiT

xasiaTdebodnen.

“protogermanikuli” ki, vfiqrobT, Zveli germanelebis samyaros

istoriis ufro Zvel etaps warmoadgens, romelsac gansxvavebuli

interpretacia sWirdeba.

saamisod, saWiroa, erTmaneTs davaciloT germanelebisa da im

eTno-lingvisturi jgufebis saxelebi, romlebic Zv.w. II – I saukuneebSi

rain-vezerispireTSi iwyeben SemoWras. germanelebi, CvenTvis im “elituri

jgufebis” bazaze Seqmnili “xalxia”, romlebis genezisic Zveli da

axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze romaelebTan samxedro dapirispirebis

fonze moxda. maT, naSromSi, pirobiTad, “tacitusis germanelebi”

SegviZlia vuwodoT. im jgufebs ki, romlebic Zv.w. II-I saukuneebis rain-

vezerispireTSi vrceldebian da sakmaod homogenuli

“protogermanikuli” enidan momdinareoben istoriografiaSi

gavrcelebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad “kosinas germanelebad” movixseniebT.

“kosinas germanelebSi”, Cveulebriv `protogermanuli” fesvebidan

momdinare germanikuli tomebi igulisxmeba, romlebis siZveleebis

SeswavlaSic germanel arqeolog g. kosinas marTlac didi Rvawli

miuZRvis. maT sapirispirod istorikosebi iyeneben termins

`alternatiuli germnelebi”, romelic im eTno-lingvisturi jgufebs

gulisxmobs, romlebic keisrisa da misi memkvidreebis mier germaniad

saxeldebul teritoriaze cxovrobdnen, magram `protogermanul”

enobriv erTobaSi ar Sediodnen. maTi ena, SesaZloa, araindoevropuli

warmomavlobis an indoevropuli enobrivi ojaxis romelime ufro Zveli

(`protogermanulisgan” gansxvavebuli) masivis naSTi yofiliyo.

Tanamedrove istoriografiaSi ufro meore azria gavrcelebuli, Tumca

momxreebi pirvel mosazrebasac moepoveba.

maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zv.w. I – ax.w. I-II saukuneebis

antikur wyaroebSi damkvidrebul termin “germaniis” qveS sul cota sami

sinamdvile (eTno-lingvisturi jgufebi) mainc moiazreba, romlebsac

Cven pirobiTi terminebiT: “kosinas germanelebi”, “alternatiuli

germanelebi” da “tacitusis germanelebi” aRvniSnavT.


177

Zv. w. I saukunis (anu keisris epoqis) rain-vezerispireTi

`protogermanuli” sinamdvilis formirebis adgili ki ara -

geografiuli areali iyo, sadac Zv.w. II-I saukuneebSi “kosinas

germanelebi” gavrceldnen; aqve cxovrobdnen e.w. `alternatiuli

germanelebic”; mogvianebiT ki, maT bazaze, „tacitusis germanelebi”

Camoyalibdnen.

amgvari logikis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva:

saidan da rodis movidnen (Tuki isini aq marTlac mosulebi arian)

`kosinas germanelebi” Zv. w. I saukunis rain-vezerispireTSi? (es kiTxva

daaxloebiT emTxveva `protogermanelebis” winaresamSoblos

geografiuli mdebareobis sakiTxs);

am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad kidev erTxel unda davubrundeT

istoriuli TvalsazrisiT “protogermanikuli enis” sakiTxs. ras

warmoadgenda `protogermanikuli” sinamdvile? sad da rodis

Camoyalibda igi?

„protogermanikuli“ lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT homogenur

enobrivi sinamdvilea, romlis wiaRSic minimaluri dialeqturi

gansxvavebebi arsebobda. es ki safuZvels gvaZlevs igi

(„protokelturisgan“ gansxvavebiT) istoriuli TvalsazrisiT savsebiT

avTentur realobad ganvixiloT. saamisod, pirvel rigSi, Tanamedrove

enaTmecnierebaSi lingvisturi da istoriuli realobebis

urTierTmimarTebis problemas unda davubrundeT.

„protogermanuli“ realobis formirebaze msjelobisas yuradReba,

pirvel rigSi, misi qronologiisa da geografiuli lokalizaciis

problemebs unda mivapyroT.

amis gansazRvraSi hidronimika-toponimikis monacemebi gvexmareba.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sakuTriv germanikuli toponimika

“protogermanikuli realobis” md. vezeris CrdiloeT nawilSi

arsebobaze migviTiTebs. gacilebiT ufro Zneli saTqmelia, Tu ra

qronologiur CarCoebSi unda vawarmooT Zieba. saqme isaa, rom

lingvistikaSi, romlis monacemebsac `protogermanuli” sinamdvilis

postulireba emyareba, dro arqeologiaze kidev ufro metad pirobiTi

cnebaa. amis gamoa, rom aq, rogorc zemoT (III Tavis meore paragrafSi)


178

aRvniSneT “protogermanuli” enis Sesaxeb erTmaneTisgan radikalurad

gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli. Tuki e. makaevs misi

diferenciaciis sawyis etapad Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis miwuruli

esaxeba, e. Svarcs es TariRi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi gadaaqvs.

lingvistebis didi umravlesoba ki mis qronologiur lokalizebas Zv.

w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi cdilobs. vfiqrobT, Zneli misaxvedri ar

aris, Tu ramdenad arafrismTqmelia msgavsi TariRebi, roca eTnikur

istoriaze vsaubrobT. mis ganmavlobaSi mraval arqeologiur kulturas

SeiZleba earseba. ufro konkretuli markeris mocema ki enaTmecnierebas

ar SeuZlia. es garemoeba gvaiZulebs daxmarebisTvis arapirdapir

lingvistur da arqeologiur hipoTezebs mivmarToT.

germanikul enebSi Zalze kargad aris Semonaxuli indoevropuli

enis arqauli formebi. es ki lingvistebs avaraudebinebs, rom am enebs

(an maT winapar lingvistur erTobebs) didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sxva

indoevropuli enebisgan izolirebul garemoSi unda earsebaT. aseT

geografiul arealad ki xSirad skandinavias miiCneven. marTlac, Tuki

evropis CrdiloeTi da gansakuTrebiT, centraluri nawilis (anu im

teritoriis, sadac, savaraudod `pregermanelebs” SeeZloT ecxovraT)

arqeologiur masalebs gadavxedavT, davinaxavT, rom Zv. w. III

aTaswleulis II naxevris Semdgom periodSi es teritoria Znelad Tu

gamodgeba amgvari “lingvisturi izolaciisTvis” xelsayrel garemod.

brinjaosa da rkinis xanaSi aq xalxTa farTo migracia Tu ara,

sxva regionebis arqeologiur kulturebTan xSiri kontaqtebi mainc

dasturdeba, rac “protoindoevropuli” arqaizmebis SenarCunebas

naklebad Seuwyobda xels. skandinaviis “aqciebi” am mxriv marTlac

ufro Zvirad fasobs.

Tumca, skandinaviis `protogermanikulis” winaresamSoblod

gamocxadebis xels ramdenime garemoeba uSlis:

1) arqeolgiuri TvalsazrisiT, Zveli germanelebis istoriuli

gansaxlebis arealTan CrdiloeT germanias gacilebiT meti

kavSirebi uCans, vidre skandinavias, romelic Zv. w. III-II-I

saukuneebSi, faqtobrivad, dacarielebuli iyo;


179

2) arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom `protogermanikuls”, arqaizmebTan

erTad `Zvelevropul” enebTan bevri saerToc axasiaTebs,

romlebis gamoc igi e. w. enaTa `Zvelevropul” erTobaSic ki

SehyavT. misi (e. i. `Zvelevropuli”) izoglasebis genezisisTvs ki

skandinaviaSi arcTu xelsayreli garemo arsebobda.

ra daxmareba SeuZlia gagviwios zemoxsenebulma msjelobam

`protogermanikuli” enis Camoyalibebis droze msjelobisas? vfiqrobT,

logikas ar iqneba moklebuli Tu vivaraudebT, rom “protogermanikuli”

CrdiloeT germaniaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mcxovrebi da

skandinaviidan gadmosaxlebuli elementis sinTezis Sedegad

Camoyalibda.

es msjeloba SesaZloa hipoTeturi iyos, magram mas erTob

realuri elferi miecema, Tuki CrdiloeT evropis Zv w. I aTaswleulis

arqeologiur situacias gadavxedavT. saqme isaa, rom Zv. w. IV-III

saukuneebSi skandinaviaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi SeiniSneba.

naxevarkunZuli TiTqmis carieldeba da misi mcxovreblebi germaniis

CrdiloeT nawilSi saxldebian. xom ar SeiZleba xalxTa es migracia

skandinaviidan `protoindoevropuli” arqaizmebis kontinentze

gadmonacvlebad indikatorad miviCnioT? aseT SemTxvevaSi

`protoindoevropulis” formirebis TariRad SegviZlia Zv.w. IV-III

saukune CavTvaloT. maSasadame, `protogermanelebis” arqeologiuri

ekvivalentebic am periodis arqeologiuri Zeglebis wiaRSi unda

veZeboT.

movlenaTa aseTi logikis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT,

germanelTa eTnogenezis savsebiT realuri suraTi ikveTeba, romelsac

sakmaod kargad esadageba Cvens xelT arsebuli yvela istoriuli faqti

da movlena.

kerZod, gamodis, rom Zv.w IV-UIII saukuneebSi samxreT

skandinaviidan mosaxleobis masobrivi migracia daiwyo, ramac am

periodSi skandinaviis am nawilis TiTqmis sruli dacarieleba

gamoiwvia. SesaZloa, swored aseTi procesebis sixSiris gamo uwodebs

iordane skandinavias `xalxTa akvans”. ar gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT,

rom am periodSi aq kimbrebisa da tevtonebis msgavsi `urdoebis”


180

moZraobasTan gvqonda saqme. ufro logikuri, ra Tqma unda, mcire

gaerTianebebis xSiri gadaadgilebis Teoria Cans. savaraudod, am

migraciebma CrdiloeT evropas sakmaod mniSvnelovani kvali daaCnia, ris

Sesaxebac dRes mxolod arqeologiis monacemebze dayrdnobiT

SegviZlia msjeloba.

kerZod, am periodSi baltikidan karpatebamde, dnepramde da

dunaimde teritoriaze axali tipis arqeologiuri kulturebis mTeli

qseli Camoyalibda. kerZod, iastorfis kultura ripdorfis stadiaSi

gadavida, rasac axali - bodenbax-podmoklisa da gubinskis - jgufebis

formireba mohyva. ufro aRmosavleTiT ki pSemoruli, oksivuri,

zarubineckisa da poianeSti – lukaSevos kulturebi Camoyalibda (204-

156). es kulturebi erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavdeba, Tumca maT

keramikis warmoebisa da damarxrvis wesebis TvalsazrisiT bevri

saerToc aqvT. am saerTo elementebiT isini mkafiod “emijnebian”

mezobel keltebs, dako-getebs, sarmatebsa da skviTebs (204 – 160).

`protogermanikuli” enis formireba, rogorc Cans, skandinaviidan

wamosuli jgufebis iastorfis arqeologiuri kulturis zonaSi

infiltraciam gamoiwvia, ramac am arqeologiuri kulturis ripdorfis

stadiaSi gadasvla ganapiroba. “protogermanikulis” homogenuri buneba

gvafiqrebinebs, rom misi genezisi swored aseT lokalur sivrceSi

moxda, saidanac yvela Semdgomi periodis germanikuli “kilo-kavi”

gavrcelda iRebs saTaves. rom ara es faqtori (anu “protogermanikulis

homogenuroba”), bunebrivia, SegveZlo am periodis yvela axali tipis

arqeologiuri kulturis gavrcelebis areali gamogvecxadebina

`protogermanikulis” formirebis zonad.

maSasadame, `protogermanikulis” saxiT konkretuli istoriuli

erTobis arsebobas vvaraudobT. rogorc Cans, iastorfis kulturis

zonidan ukve Zv.w. III-II saukuneebSive daiwyo sxvadasxva klanebis

sivrcobrivi gavrceleba, rasac germanikuli dialeqtebis evropaSi

ganfena mohyva. unda vivaraudoT, rom „protogermanikul“ enaze mosaubre

klanebis evropaSi gavrcelebasTan erTad TandaTan ikveTeboda

gansxvavebebi Crdlogermanikul, aRmosavleTgermanikul (romlebic,

rogorc zemoT davrwmundiT, avtonomiur `protoerTobas“ aseve


181

arasodes qmnidnen), ingveonur da ermionul dialeqtebs Soris.

isgveonuri ki, albaT, ermionuls da ingveonurs odnav mogvianebiT

gamoeyo.

antikuri xanis wyaroebSi mravali “eTnomini” ixsenieba, romlebis

eTnikuri kuTvnilebac didi xania farTo diskusiis obieqtia. maT Soris

SegviZlia gamovyoT bastarnebi, skirebi, kimbrebi, tevtonebi, svebebi,

uzupitebi, tankrerebi da sxva, romlebic Zv.w. III – I saukuneebSi met-

naklebad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen. bunebrivia ismis kiTxva:

ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli vTqvaT romeli maTgani warmoadgens

“alternatiul -” da romeli “kosinas germanelebs”.

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, pirvel rigSi, unda davazustod,

rom bastarnebSi, skirebSi, svebebSi (miT ufro kimbrebsa da tevtonebSi)

Cven ar vgulisxmobT klasikuri gagebiT tomebs, romlebic met-naklebad

egalitaruli principebis safuZvelze organizebuli gvarovnuli

Temebis gaerTianebas warmoadgenen. isini, albaT, meomarTa arc Tu

mravalricxovan klanebs warmoadgenen, romlebic galiasa da rain-

vezerispireTSi resursebis gakontrolebas cdiloben (sakiTxis Sesaxeb

ufro dawvrilebiT III Tavis mesame paragrafSia msjeloba).

eTnikuri identoba antikuri xanis “barbarikumSi” savaraudod ver

iqneboda identobis mTavari markeri. rainis aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebTa

absoluturi umravlesobisTvis, ra Tqma unda, umTavresi gvarovnuli

Temisa da kultisadmi mikuTvnebulobis gancda iyo. bastarnebis,

svebebis, skirebisa da sxva msgavsi dajgufebebis wevrebi, savaraudod,

gvarovnul Tems sxvadasxva mizeziT mowyvetili adamianebi xdebodnen. am

jgufebis birTvs (r. venskusis terminebiT rom vTqvaT “tradiciebis

birTvis” matarebels), Tavdapirvelad, albaT mcire zomis gvarovnuli

Temi warmoadgenda, romelis raodenobac TandaTan izrdeboda mis

garSemo sxvadasxva mizeziT Semokrebili “druJinebis” xarjze.

pirvel etapze terminebi svebebi, skirebi da sxva, albaT, “elituri

meomrebis” am tipis dajgugebas aRniSnavda; berZen da romael avtorebs,

bunebrivia, TvalSi swored aseTi aqtiuri jgufebi xvdebodaT.

Sesabamisad, isini garkveul teritoriebs maT saxelebTan aigivebdnen

(miuxedavad imisa, rom iq bevri sxva xalxic cxovrobda, romlebsac


182

identobis sxva markerebi hqondaT). antikuri xanis “barbarikumSi”

identobis am tipis saSualebebis konstruireba da dekonstruirebac

Zalze iolad da swrafad xdeboda. Tumca, TandaTan, sxvadasxva

mizezebis gamo, zogierTi maTgani identobis myar markerad iqceoda.

magaliTad, rogorc Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze

romaelebTan samxedro dapirispirebam aqcia termini “germaneli”

sakmaod homogenuli da mravalricxovani dajgufebis saxelad.

*****

maSasadame, saboloo daskvnebi Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis

Sesaxeb, vfiqrobT, Semdegi saxiT unda CamovayaliboT. maTi “eTnikuri

istoria” calsaxad CrdiloeT germaniasa da samxreT skandinavias

ukavSirdeba. qveynis am nawilSi indoevropul enebze mosaubre xalxebi

pirvelad Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi gamoCndnen. isini indoevropuli ojaxis

baltiur-slavur-germanikuli jgufs (gnebavT `protobalto-slavur-

germanikuls”) warmoadgendnen. maT saxels aq zonriani keramikis (imave

sabrZolo culebis) kulturis Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba. es

arqeologiuri kultura CrdiloeT germaniaSic ki uamravi lokaluri

variantis saxiT iyo warmodgenili.

termini `protogermanikuli”, ra Tqma unda, am epoqis realobas ar

asaxavs. vfiqrobT, am drois CrdiloeT germaniis arqeologiuri

kulturebis saxiT ubralod unda warmovadginoT geografiuli areali,

romelSic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi indoevropuli ojaxis erT-erTi

msxvili frTis (anu `baltiur-slavur-germanikulis) Taviseburebebi

yalibdeboda. CrdiloeT evropa arqeologiurad sakmaod mdored

viTardeba. aman ki Taviseburi niSan-Tvisebebi SeumuSava enebs (da

eTnikur jgufebs), romlebis Camoyalibebac am regions ukavSirdeba. aseT

`xalxebs” SedarebiT gviandel periodSi warmoadgendnen slavebi da


183

baltielebi. SesaZloa, Tralielebi da dako-getebic50. Tumca, maTi

eTnogenezi, ra Tqma unda, damoukidebeli kvlevis obieqtia.

amave arealSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo `protogermanikuli”

erTobac, romelic sakmaod mkveTrad gamoxatul realobas

warmoadgenda. misi saxiT saubari gviwevs ara `protoindoevropulisa”

da `protoitaliur-kelturis” an `protobaltiur – slavur -

germanikulis” msgavs realobaze, romelic mxolod lingvisturi

masalis klasifikaciisTvis Tu gamodgeba, aramed savsebiT konkretul

enobriv erTobaze, romelis wiaRSic, albaT, mniSvnelovani dialeqturi

gansxvavebebic arsebebda.

`protogermanikulis” CamoyalibebaSi, vfiqrobT, monawileoba unda

mieRo, erTi mxriv, skandinaviidan mosul elements, romlis enaSic

kargad iqneboda SenarCunebuli `protoindoevropuli” arqaizmebi, meore

mxriv ki - enobriv jgufebs, romlebic `Zvelevropuli” masivis

mniSvnelovan gavlenas ganicdidnen. arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT

pirvel maTgans, vfiqrobT, Zv. w. aRricxviT III saukuneSi skandinaviidan

SemoWrili tomebi Seesatyviseba, meores ki - iastofis kulturis

matareblebi, romlebis eTnikur istoriaSic am movlenebs ripdorfis

stadia Seesatyviseba. maSasadame, `protogermanikuli” enis gavrcelebisa

da Camoyalibebis arealad iastofis kulturis ripdorfis stadias

miviCnevT.

Sesabamisi periodis TviTidentifikaciis `protogermanikul”

saSualebebze sasaubrod, samwuxarod, mwiri cnobebi mogvepoveba. aseTTa

Soris SegviZlia mxolod movixsenioT tacitusisa da keisris

Txzulebebis pasaJebi, sadanac senonebis teritoriisadmi

gansakuTrebuli mokrZaleba ikveTeba. senonebi ki swored vezersa da

oders Soris, anu Cven mier zemoT Semoxazul arealSi cxovrobdnen.

SeiZleba aseve gamoiTqvas frTxili varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom

“protogermanikuli” samyarosTvis (misi erT-erTi msxvili nawilisTvis

mainc) sityva “svebi /svebebi” TviTsaxels warmoadgenda.

50vfiqrobT, ufro metad TavSekavebuli unda viyoT ilirielebisa da e.w. Crdilo-dasavleTis blokze saubrisas, radgan lingvistebs jer kidev sabolood ar daudgeniaT maTi enebis gansakuTrebuli siaxlove swored germanikul-balto-slavur lingvistur frTasTan.


184

CvenTvis aseve Zneli gansasazRvria, Tu antikuri istoriis romel

epizodebSi iRebdnen monawileobas e.w. `kosinas germanelebi” (anu

sakuTric germanikul enebze mosaubre “tomebi”). Tumca, rogoradac unda

gadawydes rain-vezerispireTis calkeuli “tomebis” eTnikuri

kuTvnilebis sakiTxi, faqtia, rom keisris epoqis germania eTno-

lingvisturad Wreli regionia, rasac ver vityviT daaxloebiT erTi

saukunis Semdeg pliniusisa da tacitusis aRwerili germaniis Sesaxeb.

rogorc Cans, romaelebis agresiam es mxare mniSvnelovnad Secvala. am

periodSi aq axali kulturul-istoriuli realoba Camoyalibda,

romelmac romauli termini germania identobis saSualebad miiRo.

yovelive es mxolod dasavleTis germanelebs exeba. ax.w. I – II

saukuneebSi CrdiloeTisa da aRmosavleTis jgufebze termini

“germaneli” ar vrceldeboda.

rodesac Zveli germanelebis identobis saSualebebze vmsjelobT,

maTi matareblis rolSi mmarTvel klanebs moviazrebT. calkeuli

tomebis sacxovrisSic ubralod am klanebis Zalauflebis gavrcelebis

areals vgulisxmobT. Aam SemTxvevaSi Cven Zvelgermanuli sazogadoebis

struqturis Sesaxeb r. venskusis, r. haxmanisa da v. polis mosazrebebs

viziarebT.

maSasadame, pasuxi kiTxvaze: vin iyvnen Zveli germanelebi? sakmaod

rTuli da mravalwaxnagovania. gamodis, rom Zv.w I – ax.w. I-II saukuneebSi

antikuri xanis avtorebis TxzulebebSi damkvidrebuli termini

“germaneli” erTi saxelis qveS sam erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul

realobas aerTianebs:

a) erTi mxriv aq igulisxmeba e.w. “kosinas germanelebi”, romlebic

“protoindoevropuli” fesvebidan momdinareoben; isini rain-

vezerispireTiSi Zv.w. II-I saukuneebSi iwyeben gavrcelebas;

b) meore mxriv “tomebi”, romlebsac keisris gavleniT germanelebs

mxolod imitom uwodeben, rom rainis aRmosaveTiT cxovroben;

g) e.w. dasavleTgermanikul enebze mosaubre tomebi, romlebmac

Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze romaelebTan samxedro

dapirispirebis pirobebSi Zlieri gaerTianeba Seqmnes da romauli

termini Ggermania TviTidentifikaciis saSualebad miiRes.


185

ax. w. III saukunidan terminma „germania” Tavisi mniSvneloba ukve

dakarga. misi adgili „barbarosul” samyaroSi frankma, goTma, saqsma,

alemanma da sxva „eTnonimebma” daikaves, Tumca istoriul

misamarTdakarguli cnebis saxiT romaelebi mas Semdgom periodSic

iyenebdnen. Aax.w. III saukuneSi warmoqmnil zemoTCamoTvlil tomebs

identobis erTiani saSualebebi aRar hqondaT. am gaerTianebebis

“eTnogenezisis” kvleva ki winamdebare gamokvlevis interesis farglebs

scildeba.


186

d a s k v n a

gamokvlevis daskvniT nawilSi saWiroa aRnusxuli saxiT

warmovadginoT is debulebebi, romlebis safuZvelzec zemoT Zveli

germanelebis da keltebis eTnogenezisis problema iqna gaSuqebuli.

sadisertacio naSromi miznad isaxavs gansazRvros:



miRma;


formireba;





dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad naSromSi, sakvlevi SekiTxvebis

saxiT, Camoyalibebulia Semdegi amocanebi:


formireba;






aqve unda iTqvas, rom naSromi mowodebulia wvlili Seitanos im

samecniero paradigmis gadasinjvaSi, romlis safuZvelzec XIX saukunis

meore da XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Zveli germanelebisa da

keltebis eTnogenezisa da eTnikuri istoriis sakiTxebi Seiswavleboda.

Temis Sesaval nawilSi dasabuTebulia sakvlevi Temis aqtualoba.

gansazRvrulia naSromis miznebi da amocanebi. ganxilulia sakiTxisTvis


187

mniSvnelovani wyaroebi da literatura. gaanalizebulia kvlevis

meTodebi, romlebsac avtori iyenebs.

pirvel TavSi (Zveli germanelebis da keltebis eTnogenezis

preistoriuli foni) msjeloba evropaSi indoevropul enebze mosaubre

xalxebis gavrcelebis sakiTxebs exeba. aq, Camoyalibebulia mosazreba

imis Sesaxeb, rom maTi pirvelsacxovrisi samxreT Sua aziisa da

CrdiloeT iranis teritoriaze mdebareobda. indoevropelTa evropaSi

gavrcelebis Taobaze mosazrebebi ki T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanovis

divergaciis sqemisa da evropuli arqeologiuri Zeglebis

urTierTSejerebis safuZvelzea gakeTebuli.

mis mixedviT ivaraudeba, rom germanul–baltiur–slavur

„protoenaze“ mosaubre xalxebi evropaSi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis II

naxevarSi zonriani keramikis arqeologiuri kulturis kvaldakval

gavrceldnen. italiur-keltur-iliriuli enobrivi masivis

warmomadgenlebi ki Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi volga–uralis stepebSi

cxovrobdnen. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis II naxevarSi maT Zeluri da e.w.

„kimeriuli“ arqeologiuri kulturebis kvaldakval CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTis da samxreT ruseTis stepebisken gadmoinacvles.

centralur da dasavleT evropaSi maTi gavrceleba ki Zv.w. I

aTaswleulSi halStatis arqeologiuri kulturis Camoyalibebis mizezi

gaxda.

gamokvlevis meore da mesame TavebSi erTmaneTisgan

izolirebuladaa ganxiluli antikuri xanis keltebisa da Zveli

germanelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxisaTvis mniSvnelovani enaTmecnieruli,

arqeologiuri da istoriul-eTnografiuli problemebi.

gaziarebulia mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom:

1) “protokelturi’’ ena monaTesave enebis ubralo kavSirs

warmoadgenda da ara “fuZeenas’’;

2) arasodes arsebobda “protokeltur-italiuri” erToba;

3) keltur enebs bevri saerTo aqvT e. w. “Zvelevropul’’ enebTan;


188

4) keltur enebSi, ariuli enebis msgavsad, kargad aris

SemorCenili samarTlebrivi da religiuri terminologiis amsaxveli

“protoindoevropuli’’ leqsika;

5) irlandiuri ena SesaZloa “substratuli” araindoevropuli

enebis garkveul gavlenas ganicdides.

6) indoevropuli enobrivi ojaxis keltur-italiur-iliriuli

frTis warmomadgenlebi Zv.w. III aTaswlulis meore naxevarSi

poltavinos arqeologiuri kulturis saxiT iyvnen warmodgenili; Zv.w. II

aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi maT Zeluri arqeologiuri kultura

warmoadgens; Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi ki CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis - e.w.

kimeriuli arqeologiuri kulturebi;

7) sakuTriv keltebis winaprebis kvali halStatis arqeologiuri

kulturis dasavleT nawilis lokalur variantebSia saZiebeli,

romlebis safuZvelzeclatenis arqeologiuri kultura Camoyalibda;

8) halStatis arqeologiuri kulturis formirebaSi gadamwyveti

roli CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTidan meomarTa elitebis saxiT mosulma

eTno-lingvisturma elementma Seasrula;

9) halStati sakmaod “heterogenuli’’, lateni ki sakmaod

“homogenuri” arqeologiuri realobaa.

10) termini kelti, Zv.w. VI – V saukuneebSi, mxolod georafiuli

Sinaarsis mqone sityvas warmoadgenda; Sesabamisad, igi ar gamoxatavda

“barbarikumSi” mcxovrebi xalxebis eTnikuri identobis markers;

11) Zv.w. IV – III saukuneebSi sityva “kelti”

terminebis“galati”,“galisgan” gansxvavebul istoriul realobas

asaxavs;

12) sityvebi “gali” da “galati” sakmaod mkafiod gamokveTil

istoriul realobas asaxaven, romlis matareblebsac identobis saerTo

saSualebebi hqondaT.;

13) galatebis Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis adgili safrangeTis

CrdiloeT da Sveicariis dasavleT nawilSia saZiebeli.

*****


189

1) “protogermanuli,” “protokelturisgan’’ gansxvavebiT, “fuZeenas”

warmoadgenda, romlis wiaRSic umniSvnelo dialeqturi gansxvavebebi

arsebobda;

2) “protogermanikulis” umTavari lingvisturi maxasiaTeblebi Zv.w.

I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi, an kidev ufro mogviano periodSi

Camoyalibda;

3) germanikul enebSi daculi arqaizmebi lingvistebs

avaraudebinebs, rom isini (ufro swored maTi winapari enebi da

dialeqtebi), didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, sxva indoevropuli enebisgan

izolirebul garemoSi viTardebodnen;

4) “protogermanikuli’’ slavurisa da sxva “Zvelevropuli” enebis

mniSvnelovan gavlenas ganicdida;

5) sakuTriv germanul toponimebs mdinare vezeris CrdiloeT da

Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilebSi vxvdebiT. maSin, roca ufro samxreT

raionebSi Sereul hidro- -toponimikasTan gvaqvs saqme;

6) arasodes arsebobda „protodasavleTgermanuli“, anu

ingveonuri, istveonuri da ermionuli dialeqtebisaTvis arqetipuli ena.

maT Soris arsebuli enobrivi msgavsebebi mermindeli konvergaciis

Sedegs warmoadgens;

7) arasodes arsebobda “goTur-skandinavuri”, anu CrdiloeT da

aRmosavleT germanuli masivebisTvis arqetipuli “protoena”.

8) indo-evropuli enobrivi ojaxis “protobaltiur-slavur-

germanikuli” frTis warmomadgenlebi, anu is eTno-lingvisturi

jgufebi, romlebis safuZvelzec, mogvianebiT, germanuli, baltiuri da

slavuri istoriuli erTobebi Camoyalibda evropis CrdiloeT nawilSi

Zv. w. III aTaswleulis II naxevarSi, sabrZolo culebis arqeologiuri

kulturis kvaldakval gamoCndnen;

9) Zveli germanelebis kvali CrdiloeT evropis e. w.

latenizirebuli kulturebis wiaRSi unda veZeboT;

10) arqeologiuri monacemebi adasturebs, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi

md. rainis aRmosavleT nawilSi mravali gansxvavebuli warmoSobis mqone

arqeologiuri kultura arsebobda;


190

11) Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi CrdiloeT evropaSi xalxTa masiuri

migraciebi mimdinareobs, romelic mniSvnelovnad cvlis qveynis am

nawilis eTnosocialur suraTs.

12) iulius keisris epoqis germania geografiuli Sinaarsis

terminia; am periodSi sityva “germaneli” ar warmoadgens rainis

aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi xalxebis eTnikuri identobis markers;

13) tacitusis epoqis germania mkafiod gamokveTili eTno–

kulturulrealobaa; termini germaneli ki – “barbarikumSi” mcxovrebi

xalxebis TviTiidentifikaciis saSualebaa.

naSromis meoTxe TavSi ki mwyobradaa Camoyalibebuli antikuri

xanis keltebis istoriuli sinamdvilis raobisa da genezisis problemis

Sesaxeb avtoriseuli mosazrebebi. Ees mosazrebebi Tanamedrove

keltologiaSi popularuli kvlevis tendenciebis analizis fonzea

warmodgenili. kerZod, mocemulia mcdeloba pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas “vin

iyvnen antikuri xanis keltebi?”, romelic XX saukunis 70-iani da

Semdgomi periodis keltologiaSi aqtiurad ganixileba.

avtoris azriT, aq sakiTxis sxvagvarad dasmaa saWiro. marTebulia

ara holisturi pasuxis Zieba kiTxvaze “vin iyvnen keltebi?, aramed -

“ras warmoadgenda eTnologiuri TvalsazrisiT antikuri xanis keltika

Zv.w. VI-V; Zv.w. IV – III da kidev ufro Semdgom saukuneebSi (romlebic

gamokvlevis farglebs scildeba). igi Tvlis, rom im transformaciebis

Cveneba, romelic Zv.w. VI – III saukuneebis kelturma samyarom ganicada

kargad warmoaCens antikuri xanis “barbarikumis” eTno-socialuri

istoriis Taviseburebebs.

a) Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebis antikuri xanis avtorebis mier aRwerili

keltika halStatis arqeologiuri kulturis dasavleT zonasa da e.w.

“protokelturi” enis formirebis areals emTxveva. termini kelti,

kelturi enebis fondidan momdinareobs (savaraudod, igi pirvelad

masaliis siaxloves mcxovreb erT-erT jgufs aRniSnavda), Tumca, am

periodSi igi calsaxad geografiuli terminia. Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi ar

arsebobs zogadkelturi (endoeTnonimebis msgavsi) identobis

saSualebebi; arc keltur kulturas aqvs imdenad gamokveTili saxe, rom

mis originalur habitusze vimsjeloT.


191

miuxedavad amisa, am periodSi mainc SeimCneva aqtiuri eTno-

socialuri procesebi, romlebic centralur da dasavleT evropaSi

axali (CrdiloeT SavizRvispiruli) elementis, kimerielebis, gamoCenam

gamoiwvia. swored kimerielebis wyalobiT, halStatis arqeologiuri

kulturis formirebis paralelur reJimSi, moxda evropis centralur

da dasavleT nawilSi “keltur-italiur-iliriuli enebis” gavrceleba.

igive kimerielebis migraciebma (romlebic evropas agresiuli

“superstratis” saxiT moevlinen) gamowivia dasavleT halStatur zonaSi

axali tipis sakomunikacio kavSirebis Seqmna, ramac lingvisturi

TvalsazrisiT “protokelturi” enis CamoyalibebaSi hpova asaxva.

“protokelturi” enis ukan SeuZlebelia davinaxoT gamokveTili

istoriuli realoba, Tumca, aseve Secdomaa qronologiuri da

georafiuli TvalsazrisiT misi Camoyalibebis met-naklebad lokaluri

arealis arsebobis uaryofa. aseT areals (anu kelturi enebis

winaresamSoblos) bohemia, Sveicaria, samxreT germaniis teritoria

warmoadgenda.

b) Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis antikuri xanis avtorebis mier aRwerili

keltika latenis arqeologiur kulturas Seesabameba. Tavisi

winamorbedisgan (anu Zv.w. VI – V saukuneebis kelturi samyarosgan)

gansxvavebiT, mis mcxovreblebs hqondaT erTianobis gancda. rogorc

Cans, isini sakuTar identobas sityviT “galati” gamoxatavdnen.

Sesabamisad, terminebi “kelti” da “galati”, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul

realobas warmoadgenen.

galatebis samyarosa da latenis arqeologiuri kulturis

Camoyalibeba, rogorc Cans, dasavleT halStatur zonaSi mimdinare

mwvave eTno-socialurma procesebma gamoiwvia, romelsac zogjer

arqeologebi “latenur revolucias” uwodeben. igive procesebi unda

gamxdariyo axali tipis “samxedro aristokratiis” formirebisa da misi

evropis sxvadaxva mxareebSi (apenini, balkaneTi da sxva) gavrcelebis

mizezi. gavrcelebis am procesma werilobiT wyaroebSi kelturi

agresiuli migraciebis aRwerilobaSi hpova asaxva. arqeologiuri

TvalsazrisiT ki mas latenis arqeologiuri kulturis farTod

gavrceleba mohyva.


192

identobis zogadkelturi saSualebebi, romlebic am periodSi

Camoyalibda, Zv.w. II da I saukunisTvis ukve dakarguli unda yofiliyo,

Tumca, am periodis (anu Zv.w. II – I saukuneebis) kelturma samyarom mainc

SeinarCuna kulturis originaluri habitusi, rac Semdgomi periodis

antikuri xanis avtorebs (magaliTad polibiossa da posidonioss)

mkafiod xvdebodaT TvalSi.

*****

Zveli germanelebis eTnikuri istoria CrdiloeT germaniasa da

samxreT skandinavias ukavSirdeba. qveynis am nawilSi indoevropul

enebze mosaubre xalxebi pirvelad Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi gamoCndnen.

isini indoevropuli ojaxis baltiur-slavur-germanikul frTas

warmoadgendnen. maT saxels zonriani keramikis kulturis Seqmna

ukavSirdeba, romelic aq mravali lokaluri variantis saxiTaa

warmodgenili. Tumca avtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom miuReblad

eCveneba ase Soreul warsulSi Zvel germanelebze an

`protogermanikul” enaze saubari. `protobaltiur-slavur-germanikuli”

erToba misTvis mxolod faqtebis lingvisturi konstruqciaa, romelsac

istoriuli Sesatyvisoba arasodes gaaCnda. zonriani keramikis

kulturis Crdilour variantebSi igi mxolod geografiul areals

gulisxmobs, romelSic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda enobrivi

izoglasebi, romlebic istoriul periodSi indoevropuli ojaxis

germanikul-baltiur-slavur frTas axasiaTebs; anu es lingvisturi

Taviseburebebi SemorCa sxvadasxva periodis enebsa da eTnikur jgufebs,

romlebis genezisic CrdiloeT evropas ukavSirdeba. aseT eTno-

lingvistur jgufebad avtors Zveli germanelebi, slavebi, baltielebi,

Trakielebi da dako-getebi miaCnia. maSin roca ilirielebze, venetebsa

da e.w. Crdilo-dasavleTis blokis warmomadgenlebze igi ufro meti

TavSekavebiT saubrobs.

sakuTriv Zveli germanelebis eTnogenezis problemaze msjelobas

avtori `protogermanikuli” enis maxasiaTeblebis analiziT iwyebs. igi

Tvlis, rom `protogermanikuli” `protoindoevropulis,”

`protoitaliur-kelturis” an `protobaltiur–germanikul-

slavurisgan” gansxvavebiT savsebiT konkretul enobriv erTobaa,


193

romlis wiaRSic dialeqturi gansxvavebebi arsebobda. mis

CamoyalibebaSi monawileoba, erTi mxriv, skandinaviidan mosul elements

unda mieRo, romelSic kargad iqneboda SenarCunebuli

`protoindoevropuli” arqaizmebi, meore mxriv ki enas, romelic enaTa

`Zvelevropuli” masivis mniSvnelovan gavlenas ganicdida.

arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT pirvel maTgans Zv. w. III saukuneSi

skandinaviidan SemoWrili tomebi warmoadgendnen, meores ki - iastofis

kulturis matareblebi. Zveli germanelebisa da `protogermanikuli”

enis formireba, Sesabamisad, iastorfis arqeologiuri kulturis

ripdorfis stadiaSi unda momxdariyo.

avtori Tvlis, rom ar SeiZleba “protogermanikulis” enis

antikuri xanis Zvel germanelebTan gaigiveba, radgan Zv.w I – ax.w. I-II

saukuneebSi antikuri xanis avtorebis TxzulebebSi damkvidrebuli

termini “germaneli” erTi saxelis qveS sam erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul

realobas aerTianebs:

a) erTi mxriv aq igulisxmeba e.w. “kosinas germanelebi”, romlebic

“protoindoevropuli” fesvebidan momdinareoben; isini rain-

vezerispireTiSi Zv.w. II-I saukuneebSi iwyeben gavrcelebas;

b) meore mxriv “tomebi”, romlebsac keisris gavleniT germanelebs

mxolod imitom uwodeben, rom rainis aRmosaveTiT cxovroben;

g) e.w. dasavleTgermanikul enebze mosaubre tomebi, romlebmac

Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze romaelebTan samxedro

dapirispirebis pirobebSi Zlieri gaerTianeba Seqmnes da romauli

termini Ggermania TviTidentifikaciis saSualebad miiRes.

avtori iziarebs mosazrebas, rom keisris epoqis germania,

romelSic, pirvel rigSi, rainsa da vezers Soris mdebare teritoria

igulisxmeba, eTnikurad sakmaod Wreli erTeulia; masSi

`protogermanelebTan” erTad sxva indoevropuli (da, SesaZloa,

araindoevropuli) tomebic cxovrobdnen. Tumca miiCnevs, rom germaniis

mimarT romaelebis agresiam es mxare mniSvnelovnad Secvala. amis

argumentad mas tacitusisa da plinius ufrosis Txzulebebi miaCnia,

sadac Zvel germanul erTobas ukve gamokveTili saxe aqvs. saerTo

warmomavlobis miTic axasiaTebs da homogenuri tradiciebic.


194

avtori am daskvnebs mxolod enaTa dasavleTgermanikul jgufze

(anu ingeonur, ermionul da istveonir jgufebze) avrcelebs da ara

zogadad “protogermanikulze”. amgvari msjelobis lingvistur

argumentad avtori ermionuli, ingveonuri da istveonuri dialeqtebis

siaxloves Tvlis. igi ar cnobs dasavleTgermanikuli fuZeenis

arsebobis faqts. am dialeqtebis erTmaneTTan daaxloebis mizezad ki

Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze germanikuli klanebis Serwymis

Sedegad axali erTobis warmoqmna miaCnia.

avtori iziarebs Zveli germanelebis Sesaxeb r. venskusis,

h.volframisa da v. polis Sexedulebebs. Sesabamisad, igi Zvel germanul

sianmdvileSi `superstratul” klanebs gulisxmobs, romlebic eTnikuri

maxasiaTeblebis mTavar matareblebs warmoadgendnen.

daskvnis saxiT avtori aRniSnavs, rom Zveli germanelebis

eTnogenezis problemaze msjeloba or nawilad unda gaiyos:

1) roca saqme `protogermanikuli” erTobis Camoyalibebas exeba;

2) roca dasavleTgermanuli enobrivi sinamdvilis (anu ingveonuri,

ermionuli da istveonuli dialeqtebis) bazaze axali erToba

Camoyalibda, romelmac romauli termini germania identobis saSualebad

miiRo.

ax. w. III saukunidan terminma „germania” Tavisi mniSvneloba ukve

dakarga. misi adgili „barbarosul” samyaroSi frankma, goTma, saqsma,

alemanma da sxva „eTnonimebma” daikaves, romlebsac TviTidentifikaciis

saerTo saSualebebi aRar hqondaT. Tumca, romaelebi am termins

SemdgomSic iyenebdnen.

*****

vfiqrobT aqve, daskvnis saxiT, unda iTqvas Tanamedrove

keltologiis, germanistikisa da “eTnogenezologiisTvis” winamdebare

sadiseratacio naSromis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

naSromSi ganxilulia im samecniero paradigmebis susti mxareebi,

romlebis safuZvelzec sxvadasxva periodSi Zveli germanelebisa da

keltebis eTnogenezis problema Seiswavleboda. Camoyalibebulia

antikuri xanis “barbarukumSi” mimdinare eTno-socialuri problemebis


195

SeswavlisTvis saWiro met-naklebad originaluri Teoriuli modeli,

romlis farglebSic axleburad xdeba Zveli germanelebisa da keltebis

eTnogenezis sakiTxebis Seswavla.

sadisertacio naSromSi saboloo daskvnebi imgvaradaa

Camoyalibebuli, rom aq aqtualobas inarCunebs rogor XIX saukunis

meore da XX saukunis pirveli naxevris istoriografiisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli sakvlevi SekiTxvebi, ise kvlevis Tanamedrove

tendenciebis safuZvelze ganviTarebuli samecniero diskursebi.

vfiqrobT, naSromi daxmarebas gauwevs rogorc uSualod antikuri

xanis eTnosocialuri istoriis mkvlevrebs, ise zogadad

eTnogenetikuri kvlevebiT dainteresebul mecnierebs.


196

bibliografia

wyaroebi51:

1. Авиен Руф, Описание Морского берега. Пер. С. П. Кондратиева, ВДИ, 1939,

№2;

2. Аппиан Александрийский, Римская история, Пер. с греч. и комментарии С.П.

Кондратьева— М.: ООО "Издательство АСТ", "Ладомир" 2002;

3. Веллей Патеркул, «Римская история» Веллея Патеркула, Перевод и

комментарии А.И. Немировского, А.И., Дашкова М.Ф. — Воронеж: Изд-во

Воронеж. ун-та, 1985;

laTinuri teqsti xelmisawvdomia saitze:

http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vell.html

4. Гай Валерий Катулл Веронски, Книга стихотворений, АН СССР

(Литературные памятники). М., «Наука», 1986;

5. Геродот., История в девяти книгах, Книга II, Евтерпа, Перевод и примечания

Г. А. Стратановского, под общей редакцией С. Л. Утченко. Редактор

перевода Н. А. Мещерский Изд-во «Наука», Ленинград, 1972;

6. Гесиод, Каталог Женшин, Перевод О.П. Цыбенко по изданию: Hesiodea. Ed. R.

Merkelbach et M.L. West, Oxford, 1967 «Эллинские поэты VIII—III вв. до н.э.»,

М., Ладомир, 1999;

7. Диодор Сицилийский, Историческая Библиотека,

Книга IV, Перевод сдревнегреческого по изданию: Diodori Sicili Bibliotheca

Historica, Recognovit Fr Vogel. Vol. I. Lipsiae, 1888,

Перевод, статья, комментарии и указатель О. П. Цыбенко, Греческая

мифология (Историческая библиотека). М., Лабиринт, 2000;

51 http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/home.html http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/index.html


http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vell.html

http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/home.html

http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/index.html

197

8. Корнелий Тацит, Сочинения в двух томах, Том I. «Анналы. Малые

произведения». Перевод и комментарий осуществлены А. С. Бобовичем

(редакторы переводов — Я. М. Боровский и М. Е. Сергеенко). Общая редакция

издания — С. Л. Утченко. Науч.-изд. центр «Ладомир», М., 1993;

laTinuri teqsti (analebi) xelmisawvdomia saitze:

http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/tac.html

laTinuri teqsti (germania) xelmisawvdomia saitze:

http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/tacitus/tac.ger.shtml

laTinuri teqsti (istoria) xelmisawvdomia saitze:


9. Ксенофонт Афинский. Греческая история, Перевод, вступительная статья и

комментарий С. Лурье, Отв. ред. О. Крюгер. Тех. ред. Л. Вакуленко Пер. С.

Лурье. ОГИЗ Соцэкгиз — Ленинградское отделение, Ленинград, 1935

10. Ливий Тит, Иcтория Рима от основания города, Перевод М.Е. Сергеенко.

Комментарий В.М. Смирина, Г.П. Чистякова. Редактор перевода и

комментариев — В.М. Смирин. Ответственный редактор — Е.С. Голубцова,

Изд-во «Наука» М., 1991;


http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liv.html

11. Павсаний. Описание Эллады, Перевод С. П. Кондратьева под редакцией Е. В.

Никитюк, Ответственный редактор проф. Э. Д. Фролов, СПб, Изд-во

«Алетейя», 1996;

12. Плиний Старший, Эстественная история,Перевод с лат., комментарии

и предисловие Б. А. СтаростинаВопросы истории естествознания и техники.

№ 3. Москва, 2007;

laTinuri teqsti (naturalistika) xelmisawvdomia saitze:

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html



http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/tacitus/tac.ger.shtml


http://www.ancientrome.ru/antlitr/livi/index.htm

http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liv.html

http://ancientrome.ru/publik/article.htm?a=1330692176

198

13. Плутарх, Гай Марий, Сравнительные жизнеописания в двух томах, Перевод

С.А. Ошерова, обработка перевода для настоящего переиздания С.С.

Аверинцева, примечания М.Л. Гаспарова, Издание подготовили С.С.

Аверинцев, М.Л. Гаспаров, С.П. Маркиш М.: Издательство «Наука», 1994;

14. Полибий, Всеобщая история в сороках книгах, Т III:Кн. XXVI – XL, Пер. с

греч., предисл., примеч., указ., карты Ф. Г. Мищенко,СПб., Ювента, СПб.,

Наука, 1995

15. Саллюстий Крисп Гай, Сочинения, Пер., статья, коммент. В. О. Горенштейна,

Наука 1981;

laTinuri teqsti (katilinas SeTqmuleba) xelmisawvdomia

saitze:http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/sallust/catilina.html

16. Страбон, География:в 17 книгах, Пер., вступит. ст., коммент. Г. А.

Стратановского, отв. ред. С. Л. Утченко, ред. перевода О. О. Крюгер, М.,

Ладомир,1994;

17. Флор Луций Анней, Вде книга эпитом римской истори обо всех Войнах за

семьсот лет, - в кн. Луций Анней флор - историк древнего рима, Воронеж,

1977;


http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/home.html

18. Фронтин Юлий, Стратегемы, Военные хитрости, пер. А. Рановича, В.Д.И.,

1946, №1;


http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/ho

me.html

19. Цезарь Гай Юлий, Записки Юлия Цезаря и его продолжателей о Галльской

войне, Перевод и прим. М. М. Покровского, Научно-издательский центр

«Ладомир» — «Наука», Москва, 1993;

ლათინური ტექსტი ხელმისაწვდომია საიტზე:

http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/caes.html


http://www.ancientrome.ru/antlitr/plutarch/index-sgo.htm

http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/sallust/catilina.html

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/home.html

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/home.html

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/home.html

http://ancientrome.ru/antlitr/caesar/index.htm



199

20. Юстин, Эпитома Сочинений Потпея Трога "История Филиппа", пер. М.

Рижского и А. Деконского - В.Д.И., - 1954, №2-4;


http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/justin.html

literatura:

21. gamyreliZe T., kiknaZe z., Saduri., Sengelia n., Teoriuli

enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tbilisi 2003;

22. losaberiZe d., qarTvelur enebze moqmedi ucxo enobrivi

garemos sakiTxisaTvis, Tbilisi 1992;

23. meliqiSvili b., saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli

aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tbilisi

1965;

24. meliqiSvili i., enaTa kontaqtebis Teoria da qarTvelur-

indoevropuli genetikuri naTesaobis sakiTxi. qarTveli xalxis

eTnogenezi. Tbilisi 2002;

25. qurdiani m., saerToqarTveluri TviTsaxelwodebis Sesaxeb,

mesxeTi axalcixe 2000;

26. jafariZe o., qarTveli tomebis eTno-kulturuli istoriisaTvis

Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi, Tbilisi 1998;

27. jafariZe o., qarTvel tomTa eTnikuri istoriisaTvis Zv.w. III

aTaswleulSi arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, Tbilisi1994;

28. Albright W. F., Lambdin T.O., The Evidence of Language, The Cambridge Ancient

History, Thierd Edition, Volume I, Part 1, Ed. I. Edvards E.S., Gand C.J., Hamond

N. G. L., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008;

29. Alinei M., An alternative model for the origins of European peoples and

languages: the continuity theory, «Quaderni di Semantica» 21

2000;

30. Aldhouse-Green M., An Archaeology of Images, Iconology and cosmology in Iron

Age and Roman Europe, Routledge,London and New York, Routledge 2004;

31. Alfoldi G., Noricum, London 1974;

32. Allen S., Lords of Battle, The worlds of Celtic Warrior, Oxford, Osprey Publishing

LTD 2007;


http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/justin.html

200

33. Amory P., People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy 489-554, Cambridge,

Cambridge University Press 1997;

34. Ammerman, A.,Cavalli-Sforza L., The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of

Populations in Europe.N.J. 1984;

35. Anthony D. W., The Horse the Wheel and Language, Princeton University Press

Princeton and Oxford 2007;

36. Ash R., Fission and fusion: shifting Roman identities in the Histories, The

Cambridge Companion to Tacitus, Ed. Woodman A. J., Cambridge, Cambridge

university press 2009;

37. Bailey D. W., Balkan Prehistory, Exclusion, incorporation and identity, London and

New York, Routledge 2000;

38. Bancel P. J., The millennial persistence of Indo-European and Eurasiatic pronouns

and the origin of nominal, In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory, Essays in the

four fields of anthropology In honor of Harold Crane Fleming, Ed. Bengtson J.D.,

Amsterdam / Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company 2008;

39. Bauschatz P. C., The well and the tree, World and Time in Early Germanic Culture,

Amherst, The University of Massachusetts Press 1982;

40. Bazelmans J., The early-medieval use of ethnic names from classical antiquity. The

case of the Frisians, Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity, Ed. Derks T. Roymans N.,

Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press 2009;

41. Bomhard A. R., Indo-European and the Nostratic Hypothesis. Charleston 1996;

42. Bomhard A. R., Recent Trends in Nostratic Comparative Linguistics Charleston,

SC, USA (Presented by Academy Member Th.V. Gamkrelidze). საქართველოს

მეცნიერებათა ეროვნული აკადემიის მოამბე, ტომი 2. #4;

43. Bomhard A. R., Some thoughts on the Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers, In

Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory, Essays in the four fields of anthropology In

honor of Harold Crane Fleming, Ed. Bengtson J.D., Amsterdam / Philadelphia, John

Benjamins Publishing Company 2008;

44. Bradley G., Ancient Umbria, State, culture, and identity in central Italy from the

Iron Age to the Augustan era, Oxford , Oxford University Press 2000;

45. Bradley R., The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland, Cambridge, Cambridge

University Press 2007;


201

46. Brather S., Acculturation and Ethnogenesis Along the Frontier: Rome and the

Ancient Germans in an Archaelogical Perspective, Borders, Barriers, and

Ethnogenesis, Ed.By Curta F., Volume 12, Brepols, Brepols Publishers N.V.,

Turnhout 2005;

47. Briant E., The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture The Indo-Aryan Migration

Debate, Oxford, Oxford University Press 2001;

48. Bridgman T. P., Hyperboreans Myth and History in Celtic-Hellenic Contacts, New

York & London, Routledge 2005;

49. Brink S., People and Land in Early Scandinavia, Franks, Northmen, and Slavs:

Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europeedited by Garipzanov I. H.

Geary P. J. and Przemysław U., Brepols, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout 2008;

50. Burroughs W. J., Climate Change in Prehistory, The End of the Reign of Chaos,

Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2005;

51. Cameron A.,, Remaking the Past, Interpreting Late Antiquity, Ed. Essays on the

Postclassical World, Bowersock G. W., Brown P. Grabar O., Cambridge,

Massachusetts, and London, England, The Belknap Press of Harvard University

Press 2001;

52. Cavalli-Sforza L., Genes Peuples et Langues. Paris 1996;

53. Chadwick N.K., The Celts, London 1970;

54. Chapman M., The Construction of a Myth, London, St. Martin’s Press 1992;

55. Child V. G., The Aryans, A Study of Indo-European Origins, London, Stephen

Austin & Sone, LTD 1926;

56. Conte F., Les slaves, Paris, 1996,

57. Corcoran W.P., Preface - Chadwick N. The celts London, 1970,

58. Cossind G., Ursprund und verbeitung der Germanen in vor - und

fruhgeschichtlichenzeit. Leipzig, 1929,

59. Courelle P., Histore litteraire des grandes invasions germaniques, Paris, 1964,

60. Croke B., Late Antique Historiography, 250–650 CE, A Companion to Greek and

Roman Historiography, Volume I, Edited by Marincola J., Blackwell Publishing

2007;

61. Crumley C.I., Celtic Secial structure. Michigan, 1974,

62. Cunliffe B., Introduction, The oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Ed. Cunliffe

B., Oxford New York, Oxford University Press 1994;


202

63. Cunliffe B., Iron Age Societies in Western Europe and Beyond, 800-140 BC, The

oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Ed. Cunliffe B., Oxford New York, Oxford


64. Cunliffe B., The Ancient Celts, London, Penguin Books 1997;

65. Cunliffe B., The Impact of Rome on Barbarian Society, 140 BC-AD 300, The

oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Ed. Cunliffe B., Oxford New York, Oxford


66. Curta F, Introduction, Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis, Ed.By Curta F., Volume

12, Brepols, Brepols Publishers N.V., Turnhout 2005;

67. Curta F., The Making of the Slavs, History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube

Region, c. 500–700, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2001;

68. Curta F., Frontier Ethnogenesis in Late Antiquity, The Danube, The Tervingi, And

The Slavs, Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis, Ed.By Curta F., Volume 12,

Brepols, Brepols Publishers N.V., Turnhout 2005;

69. Darden B., On the question of the Anatolian origin of Indo-Hittite. Greater Anatolia

and The Indo-Hittite Language Family. Ed. Drews R.

2001;

70. Davies J., The Celts, London, Cassell Go 2000;

71. Demoule J.-P., Realite des indo-europeens: Les diverses Apories du Modele

Arborescent.Vol. 208. Paris 1991;

72. Dench E., Ethnography and History, A Companion to Greek and Roman

Historiography, Volume I, Edited by Marincola J., Blackwell Publishing 2007;

73. Derks T., Roymans N., Introduction, Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity, Ed. Derks T.

Roymans N., Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press 2009;

74. Derks T., Ethnic identity in the Roman frontier. The epigraphy of Batavi and other

Lower Rhine tribes, Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity, Ed. Derks T. Roymans N.,


75. Dillon M., Chadwick N.K., The Celtic Relms. New Your, 1967;

76. Dolgopolsky A., The Nostratic Hypothesis and Linguistic Paleontology. Cambridge

1989;

77. Drews R., The End of the Bronze Age, Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe CA.

1200 B.C, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press 1993;

78. Dumezil G., Mythe et Epopee. Muthe et epopee, Paris, 1995;


203

79. Dzino D., The Celts in Illyricum – Whoever they may Be: The Hybridization and

Construction of Identities in Southeastern Europe in the Fourth and Third Centuries

BC, Pregledni članak / Review paper Rukopis prihvaćen: 2008;

80. Dyson S. L., The Creation of the Roman Frontier, Princeton, NJ, 1985;

81. Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture Ed. Mallory J., Adams D. London Chicago

1997;

82. Engels J., Geography and History, A Companion to Greek and Roman

Historiography, Volume I, Edited by Marincola J., Blackwell Publishing 2007;

83. Eska J. F., Continental Celtic, Language in ancient Europe: an introduction, The

Ancient Languages of Europe, Ed. Woodard R. D., Cambridge, Cambridge


84. Eska J. F., Evans D. E., Continental Celtic, The Celtic Languages, 2nd edition,

Edited by Martin J. Ball and Nicole Müller, London and New York, Routledge

1993;

85. Eska J. F., The emergence of the Celtic languages, The Celtic Languages, 2nd

edition, Edited by Martin J. Ball and Nicole Müller, London and New York,

Routledge 1993;

86. Faarlund J. T., Ancient Nordic, Language in ancient Europe: an introduction, The



87. Fife J., Typological aspects of the Celtic languages, The Celtic Languages, 2nd

edition, Edited by Martin J. Ball and Nicole Müller, London and New York,

Routledge 1993;

88. Finkelberg M., Greeks and Pre-Greeks, Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic

Tradition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2005;

89. Forsythe G., A Critical History of Early Rome, From Prehistory to the First Punic

War, Berkeley Los Angeles London, University of California Press 2005;

90. Friedrich P., Proto-Indo-European Trees, The Arboreal System of a Prehistoric

People, Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press 1970;

91. Funari P.P.A., Hall M., and Jones S., Introduction: archaeology in history, Historical

Archaeology, Back from the edge, Edited by Funari P.P.A., Hall M., and Jones S.,

London and New York, Routledge 1999;


204

92. Gajda A., Tacitus and political thought in early modern Europe, c. 1530–c. 1640,

The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus, Ed. Woodman A. J., Cambridge, Cambridge

university press 2009;

93. Galloway P., Material Culture and Text: Exploring the Spaces Within and Between,

Historical Archaeology, Ed. By Martin Hall M., and Silliman S. W., Oxford,

Blackwell Publishing 2006;

94. Gamble C., Origins and Revolutions, Human Identity in Earliest Prehistory,

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007;

95. Garipzanov I. H. Geary P. J. and Przemysław U., Introduction: Gentes, Gentile

Identity, and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe, Franks, Northmen, and

Slavs: Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europeedited by

Garipzanov I. H. Geary P. J. and Przemysław U., Brepols, Brepols Publishers n.v.,

Turnhout 2008;

96. Gathercole P.,, Childe’s Revolutions, Archaeology The Key Concepts, Ed. By

RenfrewC. and Bahn P., London and New York, Routledge 2005;

97. Geary P. J., Barbarians and Ethnicity, Interpreting Late Antiquity, Ed. Essays on the

Postclassical World, Bowersock G. W., Brown P. Grabar O., Cambridge,

Massachusetts, and London, England, The Belknap Press of Harvard University

Press 2001;

98. Gimbutas M., Bronze age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe, Mouton, 1965,

99. Gimbutas M., The Balts, London, Tames and Hudson 1963;

100. Giot P.R., Stabilite au instabilite des populations dans le nord ouest de la Gaule

Celtique. Les mouvements celtique du Ve au Ier Siecle avante notre ere, Paris, 1979 ;

101. Gofart W., Barbarians and Romans AD 418-584. The Technique of

Accomodation, Princeston, NJ, 1980;

102. Goffart W., Does the distant past impinge on the invasion age Germans?, From

Roman Provinces To Medieval Kingdoms, Edited byNoble T. F.X., London and

New York, Routledge 2006;

103. Goffart W., The barbarians in late antiquity and how they were accommodated

in the West, From Roman Provinces To Medieval Kingdoms, Edited byNoble T.

F.X., London and New York, Routledge 2006;

104. Gowing A. M., The Imperial Republic of Velleius Paterculus, A Companion to

Greek and Roman Historiography, Volume I, Edited by Marincola J., Blackwell

Publishing 2007;


205

105. Gray R. D., Atkinson Q. D., Language-tree divergence times support the

Anatolian theory

106. Greenberg J.H., Genetic Linguistics, Essays on Theory and Method, Ed. with an

introduction and bibliography by Croft W., Oxford, Oxford University Press 2005;

107. Griffin M. T., Tacitus as a historian,The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus, Ed.

Woodman A. J., Cambridge, Cambridge university press 2009;

108. Hachmann R., Kossack G., Kuhn. Volker zwischen Germanen und Kelten,

Neumunster 1962 ;

109. Hachmann R., The Germanic Peoples, London 1974;

110. Halsall G., Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450–900, London and

New York Routledge 2003;

111. Harbert W., The Germanic Languages, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press

2007;

112. Harding A., Reformation in Barbarian Europe, 1300-600 BC, The oxford

Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Ed. Cunliffe B., Oxford New York, Oxford


113. Harding D.W., The Iron Age in Northern Britain, Celts and Romans, natives and

invaders, London and New York, Routledge 2004;

114. Harke H., Archaeologists and migrations: a problem of attitude? From Roman

Provinces To Medieval Kingdoms, Edited byNoble T. F.X., London and New York,

Routledge 2006;

115. Harmand J., Les Celtes du second age du Fer, Paris, 1970 ;

116. Haywood J., The Celts Bronze Age to New Age, Harlow, Pearson Education

limited 2004;

117. Heather P. J., Ethnicity, Group Identity, and Social Status in the Migration

Period, Franks, Northmen, and Slavs: Identities and State Formation in Early

Medieval Europeedited by Garipzanov I. H. Geary P. J. and Przemysław U.,

Brepols, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout 2008;

118. Henderson J. C., The Atlantic Iron Age Settlement and identity in the first

millennium BC, London and New York Routledge 2007;

119. Henning J., Civilization Versus Barbarians? Fortifications Techniques and

Politics in Carolingian and Ottonian Borderlands, Borders, Barriers, and


206

Ethnogenesis, Ed.By Curta F., Volume 12, Brepols, Brepols Publishers N.V.,

Turnhout 2005;

120. Hubert H., Les Celtes et l'Expansion Celtique Jusqua l'epoque de la Tene, Paris,

1932 ;

121. Janhunen J.A., Some Old World experience of linguistic dating, In Hot Pursuit

of Language in Prehistory, Essays in the four fields of anthropology In honor of

Harold Crane Fleming, Ed. Bengtson J.D., Amsterdam / Philadelphia, John

Benjamins Publishing Company 2008;

122. Jasanoff J. H., Gothic, Language in ancient Europe: an introduction, The



123. Johnson M. H., Rethinking historical archaeology, Historical Archaeology, Back

from the edge, Edited by Funari P.P.A., Hall M., and Jones S., London and New

York, Routledge 1999;

124. Jones S., The Archaeology of Ethnicity, Constructing identities in the past and

present, London and New York, Routledge 1997;

125. Kerns J., Indo-European Prehistory. Cambridge

1985;

126. Kilian L., De l'origine des Indo-Européens. Paris

2000;

127. King J., Kingdoms of the Celts, A History and the Guide, Blandford, Cassell

&Co 2000;

128. Kortlandt F., Italo-Celtic origins and prehistoric development of the Irish

language, Amsterdam - New York, Rodopi 2007;

129. koryakova L., Epimakhov A. V., The Ureals and Western Siberia in the Bronze

and Iron Ages, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2007;

130. Kos M. S., Peoples on The Northern Fringes of The Greek World: Illyria As

Seeb By Strabo, L’Illyrie Meridionale et L’Epire dans L’Antiquite - V, Par

Lamboley J. L., Castiglioni M., P., Paris, le CRHIPA 2008;

131. Kraus, C. S., Caesar’s Account of the Battle of Massilia (BC 1.34–2.22): Some

Historiographical and Narratological Approaches, A Companion to Greek and


2007;


207

132. Krebs C. B., A dangerous book: the reception of the Germania, The Cambridge

Companion to Tacitus, Ed. Woodman A. J., Cambridge, Cambridge university press

2009;

133. Kulikowski M., Rome’s Gothic Wars, from the third century to Alaric,

Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2007;

134. Kulikowsky M., Ethnicity, Rulership, and Early Medieval Frontiers, Borders,

Barriers, and Ethnogenesis, Ed.By Curta F., Volume 12, Brepols, Brepols

Publishers N.V., Turnhout 2005;

135. Kuzmina E. E., Origins of Pastoralism in the Eurasian Steppes, Prehistoric

steppe adaptation and the horse, Ed. Levine M., Renfrew C., Boyle K., Cambridge,

McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 2003;

136. Kuzmina E. E., The Origin of the Indo-Iranians, Leiden – Boston, Brill 2007;

137. Lass R. , Historical linguistics and language changes, Cambridge university

press, 1997 ;

138. Levene D. S., Roman Historiography in the Late Republic, A Companion to


Publishing 2007;

139. Lindow J., Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs,

Oxford New York, Oxford University Press 2002;

140. Lot F., la Gaule: les fondements ethniques, Sociadux et politiques de la nation

fransaise, Paris, 1947;

141. Mallory J. P., Adams D. Q., Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London

and Chicago, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers 1997;

142. Mallory J. P., Adams D. Q., The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European

and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford, Oxford University Press 2006;

143. Mallory J.P., In search of the Indo – Europeans, Language, Archaeology and

myth, London, Thames and Hudson 1989;

144. Martin R. H., From manuscript to print, The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus,

Ed. Woodman A. J., Cambridge, Cambridge university press 2009;

145. Mashkour M., Equids in the Northern Part of the Iranian Central Plateau from

the Neolithic to Iron Age: New Zoogeographic Evidence, Prehistoric steppe

adaptation and the horse, Ed. Levine M., Renfrew C., Boyle K., Cambridge,



208

146. Matasović R., A Reader in Comparative Indo-European Mythology, Zagreb,

University of Zagreb 2009;

147. Matyushin G. Problems of Inhabiting Central Eurasia: Mesolithic–Eneolithic

Exploitation of the Central Eurasian Steppes . Prehistoric steppe adaptation and

the horse. Ed.by Levine M., Renfrew C., Boyle K, 2003;

148. Maurer F., Nordgermanen und Alemanen , München, 1972;

149. Megow J.V.S., Art of the European Age. A Study of the Elusive image.

Somepset, 1970;

150. Meier-Brugger M., Indo-European Linguistics, In cooperation with Matthias

Fritz M.and Mayrhofer M., Translated by Gertmenian C.. Waiter, Berlin' New York,

Waiter de Gruyter 2003;

151. Melyukova A.I., Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, Ed. By

Davis-Kimball J., Bashilov V.A., Yablonsky L.T., Zinat Press Berkeley, CA 1995;

152. Melyukova A.I., Scythians of Southeastern Europe, Nomads of the Eurasian

Steppes in the Early Iron Age, Ed. By Davis-Kimball J., Bashilov V.A., Yablonsky

L.T., Zinat Press Berkeley, CA 1995;

153. Mithen S. J., The Mesolitic Age, The oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe,

Ed. Cunliffe B., Oxford New York, Oxford University Press 1994;

154. Moshkova M. G., A Brief Review of the History of the Sauromatian and

Sarmatian Tribes, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, Ed. By

Davis-Kimball J., Bashilov V.A., Yablonsky L.T., Zinat Press Berkeley, CA 1995;

155. Moshkova M. G., History of the Studies of the Sauromatian and Sarmatian

Tribes, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, Ed. By Davis-

Kimball J., Bashilov V.A., Yablonsky L.T., Zinat Press Berkeley, CA 1995;

156. Murray A. C.,Germanic Kinship Structure, Studies in Law and Society in

Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Pontifical Institute ofMediaev Al Atudies

1983;

157. Musset L., Les invasions: Les vagues germanique Paris, 1969 ;

158. Neckel G., Germanen und Kelten Heidelberg, 1929;

159. Nichols J., The Epicentre of the Indo-European Linguistic Spread.

Archaeology and Language. Ed. R. Blench and M. Spriggs. London.

1997;


209

160. Noble T. F. X., Introduction: Romans, barbarians, and the transformation of the

Roman impire, To From Roman Provinces To Medieval Kingdoms, Edited by

Noble T. F.X., London and New York, Routledge 2006;

161. Norton Taylor D., Die kelten: Von der vorgeschichtebis zum Normanneneinfall.

Munchen, 1983;

162. Palus M. M., Leone M. P., and Cochran M. D., Critical Archaeology: Politics

Past and Present, Historical Archaeology, Ed. By Martin Hall M., and Silliman S.

W., Oxford, Blackwell Publishing 2006;

163. Patton M., Islands in Time, Island sociogeography and Mediterranean

prehistory, London and New York, Routledge 1996;

164. Piggott S., The Druids. New York, 1968;

165. Pitcher L. V., Characterization in Ancient Historiography, A Companion to


Publishing 2007;

166. Pohl W., Frontiers and Ethnic Identities: Some Final Considerations, Borders,

Barriers, and Ethnogenesis, Ed.By Curta F., Volume 12, Brepols, Brepols

Publishers N.V., Turnhout 2005;

167. Pohl W., Gender and ethnicity in the early middle ages, From Roman Provinces

To Medieval Kingdoms, Edited by Noble T. F.X., London and New York,

Routledge 2006;

168. Pohl W., Telling the difference: signs of ethnic identity, From Roman Provinces

Medieval Kingdoms, Edited byNoble T. F.X., London and New York, Routledge

2006;

169. Pohl W., Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies, Debating the

Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, Ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein,

Blackwell Publishers, 1998;

170. Popman M., The Collapse of Aegean Civilization at the End of the Late Bronze

Age, The oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Ed. Cunliffe B., Oxford New

York, Oxford University Press 1994;

171. Powell T. G.E., The Celts. London, 1958;

172. Rankin D., Celts and the Classical World, London and New York, Routledge

2003;

173. Renfrew C., Archaelogy and language. The puzzle of indo - European origins.

1989;


210

174. Renfrew C., Archaeogenetics, Archaeology The Key Concepts, Ed. By


175. Renfrew C., Before Civilizaiton. New York, 1973;

176. Renfrew C., Cognitive Archaeology, Archaeology The Key Concepts, Ed. By


177. Ringe D., From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford, Oxford


178. Robiou F., Histoire des Caulois d'orinet par Frlix Robiou. Paris, 1946 ;

179. Roymans N., Hercules and the construction of a Batavian identity in the context

of the Roman empire, Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity, Ed. Derks T. Roymans N.,


180. Roymans N., Tribal Societies in Northern Gaul, Amsterdam 1990;

181. Rundkvist M., Barshalder 2, Studies of Late Iron Age Gotland, Stockholm,

Elanders Gotab 2003;

182. Schmidt L., Geschichte der deutschen Stammen bis zum Ausgang der Volker

wanderung. Munchen, 1934,

183. Schwantes G., Jastorf und Latene, Berlin, 1955,

184. Schwarz E., Coten Nordgermanen, Angelsachsen. Studien zur Ausgliederung

der germanischen sprachen. Bern - Munchen, 1951;

185. Schwarz E., Germanische Sprachgeshichte und Sprachgeographie - "Zeitschrift

fur Mundartforshung" jhg 21, 1953;

186. Schwarz E., Germanische stammeskunde, Heidelberg, 1956;

187. Shennan S., Cultural Evolution, Archaeology The Key Concepts, Ed. By


188. Sherratt A., The Horse and the Wheel: the Dialectics of Change in the Circum-

Pontic Region and Adjacent Areas, 4500–1500 BC 233, Prehistoric steppe

adaptation and the horse, Ed. Levine M., Renfrew C., Boyle K., Cambridge,


189. Sherratt A., The Emergence of Elites: Earlier Bronze Age Europe, 2500-1300

BC, The oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Ed. Cunliffe B., Oxford New York,

Oxford University Press 1994;


211

190. Sherratt A., The Transformation of Early Agrarian Europe: The Later Neolithic

and Copper Ages, 4500 – 2500 BC, The oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Ed.

Cunliffe B., Oxford New York, Oxford University Press 1994;

191. Small D. B., The tyranny of the text: lost social strategies in current historical

period archaeology in the classical Mediterranean, Historical Archaeology, Back

from the edge, Edited by Funari P.P.A., Hall M., and Jones S., London and New

York, Routledge 1999;

192. Speidel M. P., Ancient Germanic Warriors, London and New York, Routledge

2004;

193. Stifter D., Early Irish, The Celtic Languages, 2nd edition, Edited by Martin J.

Ball and Nicole Müller, London and New York, Routledge 1993;

194. Stone L., F. Lurquin P. F., A Genetic and Cultural Odyssey, New York,

Colimbia University Press, 2005;

195. Strobel K., The Galatians in the Roman Empire. Historical tradition and ethnic

identity in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor, Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity, Ed.

Derks T. Roymans N., Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press 2009;

196. Stroheker K.F., Germanentum und Spätantike, Zurich, 1965;

197. Tainter J. A., “Dark Ages” in Archaeology / Systems Collapse, Archaeology

The Key Concepts, Ed. By RenfrewC. and Bahn P., London and New York,

Routledge 2005;

198. Taylor T., Thracians, Scythians, and Dacians, 800 BC – AD 300, The oxford

Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Ed. Cunliffe B., Oxford New York, Oxford


199. Theuws F., Grave goods, ethnicity, and the rhetoric of burial rites in Late

Antique Northern Gaul, Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity, Ed. Derks T. Roymans N.,


200. Thomas R. F., The Germania as literary text, The Cambridge Companion to

Tacitus, Ed. Woodman A. J., Cambridge, Cambridge university press 2009;

201. Thompson E.A., Romans and Barbarians, Madison, Wisc, 1982;

202. Thompson E.A., The Early Germans, oxford 1965;

203. Tierney J.J., Celtic Ethnography of Posidonius - proccedings of the royal Irish

academy. Vol 60. N4 - 5, Dublin 1965;

204. Todd M., Barbarian Europe, AD 300 – 700, The oxford Illustrated Prehistory of

Europe, Ed. Cunliffe B., Oxford New York, Oxford University Press 1994;


212

205. Todd M., The Early Germans, Second Edition, Blackwell, Blackwell Publishing

2004;

206. Turner D., Making Prehistory, Historical Science and the Scientific Realism

Debate, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2007;

207. Vattuone R., Western Greek Historiography, A Companion to Greek and


2007;

208. Wallace R. E., Sabellian languages, Language in ancient Europe: an

introduction, The Ancient Languages of Europe, Ed. Woodard R. D., Cambridge,

Cambridge University Press 2008;

209. Wallace R. E., Venetic, Language in ancient Europe: an introduction, The



210. Wells P.S., The Barbarian Speak, How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman

Europe, Prineton and Oxford, Prineton University Press 1999;

211. Wenskus R., Stammesbildung und verfassung, Koln-graz, 1961;

212. Werner K.F., Des Origines a la Gaule romaine., Paris, 1984 ;

213. West M. L., Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, Oxford University Press

2007;

214. Whittle A., The First Farmers, The oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Ed.

Cunliffe B., Oxford New York, Oxford University Press 1994;

215. Williams J. H. C., Beyond the Rubicon Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy,

Oxford New York, Oxford University Press 2001;

216. Willis D., Old and Middle Welsh, The Celtic Languages, 2nd edition, Edited by

Martin J. Ball and Nicole Müller, London and New York, Routledge 1993;

217. Winter H. E., A History of the Celts, Sussex, The Book Guild LTD 2004;

218. Wolfram H., Origo et religio: ethnic traditions and literature in early medieval

texts, From Roman Provinces To Medieval Kingdoms, Edited byNoble T. F.X.,

London and New York, Routledge 2006;

219. Wolfraum H., Geschichte der Goten., Munchen, 1979;

220. Wood I., Defining the Franks: Frankish origins in early medieval historiography,

From Roman Provinces To Medieval Kingdoms, Edited byNoble T. F.X., London

and New York, Routledge 2006;


213

221. Woodard R. D., Language in ancient Europe: an introduction, Language in

ancient Europe: an introduction, The Ancient Languages of Europe, Ed. Woodard

R. D., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2008;

222. Woodman A. J., Introduction of The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus, Ed.

Woodman A. J., Cambridge, Cambridge university press 2009;

223. Woodman A. J., Tacitus and the contemporary scene, The Cambridge

Companion to Tacitus, Ed. Woodman A. J., Cambridge, Cambridge university press

2009;

224. Woolf G., Cruptorix and his kind. Talking ethnicity on the middle ground,

Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity, Ed. Derks T. Roymans N., Amsterdam, Amsterdam


225. Wurst L., A Class All Its Own: Explorations of Class Formation and Conflict,

Historical Archaeology, Ed. By Martin Hall M., and Silliman S. W., Oxford,

Blackwell Publishing 2006;

226. Zvelebil M., Indo-European origins and the agricultural transition in

Europe.Journal of European Archaeology 2002;

227. Аврусин Д.А., Археология СССР, Москва 1977;

228. Алексеев В.П., Историческая Антропология и этногенез, Москва 1989;

229. Алексеев В.П., Этногенез, Москва 1986;

230. Алёкшин В.А., Культурные контакты друвных племен средней Азии, -

Взаимодействие кочевых культур и древных цивилизации, отв. ред. В.А.

Массон, Алма-Ата 1989;

231. Арутинов С.А., Народы и культуры, Москва 1989;

232. Бикова О.И., Сафонова О.Е., Ушакова Ю.В. История германских языков и

письменности, Воронеж 1982;

233. Будагов Р.А., Борьба идей и направлений в языковании нашего времени,

Москва 1978;

234. Буданова В.П., Готы в эпоху великого пересселения народов, Москва,

1990;

235. Вайнраих У., О Совместимости генеалогического родства и

конвергентного развития, Перевод Шеглова Ю.К. – «Новая в лингвистике»,

Москва, 1978;

236. Вессен Э., Скандинавские языки, Перевод со шведского С.С. Масловой –

Лашанской, Москва, 1949;


214

237. Вильсон Д.М., Англосаксы, Покорители кельтской братании, пер. с

английского П.В. Тимофеева, Москва, 2004;

238. Гавранек Б., К проблематике смещения языков, пер. Зенина Р.В. – Новое в

лингвистике, Москва, 1978;

239. Гамкрелидзе Т.,Иванов В., Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы.

Тбилиси 1984;

240. Георгиев В., Исследования по сравнительно – историческому

языкознанию, Москва, 1958;

241. Горнунг Б.В., Вопросу ояразований индоевропейской языковой общности,

Москва, 1954;

242. Гордезиани Р., Кавказ и проблемы древнейших среднеземноморсих

языковых и культурных взаимоотношений. Тбилиси.

1975;

243. Грагов Б.Н., Ранний жедезный век, Москва, 1977;

244. Грагов Б.Н., Моравский С.П. Неусыхин И.А. Древные германцы, Москва,

1937;

245. Десницкая А.В., К изучению исторических проблем кельтологии – Теория

языка Англистика кельтология, Отв. ред. М.П. Алексеев, Москва, 1976;

246. Дьяконов И. М., Языковые контакты на кавказе и ближнем востоке,

Орджоникидзе, 1989;

247. Жирмкнский В.М., Введение в сравнительно – историческое изучение

германских языков, Москва, 1964;

248. Жирмкнский В.М., Сушествовал ли “Протогерманский” Язик, Вопросы

Язикознания 1971;

249. Исмагилов Р. Б., О некоторых тенденциях развития современной

отечественной скифологии, - «Взаимодействие кочевых культур и древных

цивилизаций» Отв. ред. В.М. Массон, Алма – Ата, 1989;

250. Калыгин В.П., Язык древнейшей ирландской поэзии, Москва, 1985;

251. Калыгин В.П., Королев А.А. Ввеление в культскую филологию, Москва,

1989;

252. Климов Г.А., О праязыковой реальности, - «Актульные вопросы

сравнительного языкознания», под. ред. А.В. Десницкая, Ленинград, 1989;

253. Королев А.А., Древнейшие памятники ирландского языка, Москва, 1984;


215

254. Корсунский А.Р., Гюнтер Р. У., Упадок и гибель западной Римской

империи и возникновение германских королевств (до середине VI в), Москва,

1984,

255. Кузьменко Ю.К., Фонологическая эволюция германских языков,

Ленинград, 1991;

256. Кухаренко Ю.В., Археология Польши, Москва, 1969;

257. Люис Г., Педерсен Х., Краткая сравнительная граматика кельтских языков,

Пер. с английского А.А. Смирнова, Москва, 1954;

258. Макаев Э.А., Структуры слова в индо-европейских и германских языках,

Москва, 1970;

259. Макаев Э.А., Язык древнейших рунических надписей, Москва, 1965;

260. Мартине А., Распрастранение языка и структурная лингвистика, пер.

Зенина Р.В. – Новое в лингвистике, Москва, 1978;

261. Мартынов А.И., Археология СССР. Москва, 1982;

262. Мартынов В.В., Славяно германское лексическое взаимодействие

древнейшей поры, Минск, 1963;

263. Мартынов В.В., Лингвистические методы обоснования гипотезы о Висло –

Одрской прародине славян, Минск, 1963;

264. Мачинский А.Д., Кельты на землях к востоку от карпат, - Кельты и

кельтские языки. отв. ред. В.Н. Ярцева, Москва, 1974;

265. Массон В., Средняя Азия и древный восток, Москва и Ленинград

1964;

266. Массон В., Поселение Джеитун, Ленинград

1971;

267. Мейе А., Основные особенности германской группы языков, Москва, 1952;

268. Монгайт А.А., Археология западной европы. Бронзовий и железний век,

Москва, 1974;

269. Несыхин А.И., Обшественный строй древных германсцев, Москва, 1929;

270. Низе Б., Очерк римской истории и источниковедения, пер. с немецкого

под. ред. М.И. Ростовцова, Санкт – Перербург, 1910;

271. Никонов И.Е., Культуры эпохи раннего железа, Москва, 1977;

272. Новиков М.Н., Ранные этапы этнической истории швеицарии, - Романия и

барбария, отв. ред. С.А. Арутинов, Москва, 1989;

273. Порциг В., Членение индоевровейской языковой облости, Москва, 1964;


216

274. Ременников А.М., Борьба племена северного причерноморья с Римом в III

веке, Москва, 1954;

275. Решина М.И., Происхождение и расселение фризов, - Романия и барбария

под. ред. С.А. Арутинов, Москва, 1989;

276. Сафронов В.А., Индоевропейские прародины, Горкий 1989,

277. Стеблин – Каменский М.И., История скандинавских языков, Москва –

Ленинград, 1953,

278. Титов В.С., Древнейшие земледельцы в Европе, - Археология старого и

нового света, под. ред. Н.Я. Мерперт, П.М. Кожин, Москва, 1966;

279. Тиханова М.А., Кельтская проблема в современной археологии – Кельты и

кельсткие языки, отв. ред. Ярцева В.Н., Москва, 1974;

280. Филип Я., Кельтская цивилизация и ее наследие, Перевод с чешского

Можанской Л.П. и Тарабрина Е.В., Прага, Издательство Чехословацкой Наук

и АРТИЯ 1961;

281. Фисенко В.А., Племена ямной культуры юго – восточной Европы, Саратов,

1970;

282. Хлебникова И.Б., Введение в германскую филологию и историю

английского языка, Калинин, 1975;

283. Хлопин И., Энеолит южных областей Средней Азии. часть 1, Москва –

Ленинград 1963;

284. Цалкин В., Древнейшие домашние животные Восточной Европы. Москва

1970;

285. Широкова Н.С., Древные кельты на рубеже старой и новой эры,

Ленинград, 1989;

286. Шкунаев С.В., Обшина и обшество западных культов, Москва, 1989;

287. Чайлд Г., Прогресс и археология. Москва

1949;

288. Эккерт Р., К вопросу германо – балто – славянских соответствий –

«Проблемы общего и германского языкознания», ред. кол. Медникова Э.М.,

Филичева Н.И., Широкова А.Г. Москва, 1978;

289. Энеолит СССР. отв. ред. Массон В.М., Мерперт Н.Я., Москва, 1982;


217

290. Эпоха бронзы лесной полосы СССР. отв. ред. Бадер О.Н., Крайнов Д.А.,

Косарев, Москва, 1987;

291. Юсупов Х., Страницы истории Туркменистана. С древнеиших времен до

арабского завоевания, Москва 1997.


ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis tbilisis saxelmwifo...

Documents