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The Janamsakhis (Punjabi: janamskh), literally birth stories, are writings which profess to be biographies of the first Sikh guru, Guru Nanak. These compositionshave been written at various stages after the death of the first guru.

OverviewAll the Janamsakhis record miraculous acts and supernatural conversations. Manyof them contradict each other on material points and some have obviously been touched up to advance the claims of one or the other branches of the Guru's family, or to exaggerate the roles of certain disciples. Macauliffe compares the manipulation of janamsakhs to the way gospels were also in early Christian Church:

"Vast numbers of spurious writings bearing the names of apostles and their followers, and claiming more or less direct apostolic authority, were in circulationin the early Church - Gospels according to Peter, to Thomas, to James, to Judas,according to the Apostles, or according to the Twelve, to Barnabas, to Matthias, to Nicodemus, & co.; and ecclesiastical writers bear abundant testimony to theearly and rapid growth of apocryphal literature. - Supernatural Religion, vol.i, p.292.

The falsification of old or the composition of new Janamsakhis were the result of three great schisms of the Sikh religion: The Udasis, the Minas and the Handalis.

Though from the point of view of a historian the janamsakhis may be inadequate,

they cannot be wholly discarded because they were based on legend and traditionwhich had grown up around the Guru in the years following his physical passing away, and furnish useful material to augment the bare but proved facts of his life. The main janamsakhis which scholars over the years have referred to are as follows:

Main JanamsakhisBhai Bala JanamsakhiThis is probably the most popular and well known Janamsakhi, in that most Sikhsand their Janamsakhi knowledge comes from this document. This work claims to bea contemporary account written by one Bala Sandhu in the Sambat year 1592 at theinstance of the second Guru, Guru Angad. According to the author, he was a close companion of Guru Nanak and accompanied him on many of his travels. There are

good reasons to doubt this contention:

Guru Angad, who is said to have commissioned the work and was also a close companion of the Guru in his later years, was, according to Bala's own admission,ignorant of the existence of Bala.

Bhai Gurdas, who has listed all Guru Nanak's prominent disciples whose nameswere handed down, does not mention the name of Bhai Bala Sandhu. (This may be an oversight, for he does not mention Rai Bular either.)

Bhai Mani Singh's Bhagat Ratanwali, which contains essentially the same listas that by Bhai Gurdas, but with more detail, also does not mention Bala Sandhu.

It is only in the heretic janamsakhis of the Minas that we find first mention of Bhai Bala.

The language used in this janamsakhi was not spoken at the time of Guru Nanak or Guru Angad, but was developed at least a hundred years later.

Some of the hymns ascribed to Nanak are not his but those of the second andfifth Gurus.

At several places expressions which gained currency only during the lifetimeof the last Guru, Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708), are used e.g. Waheguru ji ki Fateh. Bala's janamsakhi is certainly not a contemporary account; at best it waswritten in the early part of the 18th Century.

This janamsakhi has had an immense influence over determining what is generally

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accepted as the authoritative account of Guru Nanak Dev Jis life. Throughout thenineteenth century the authority of the Bala version was unchallenged. An important work based on the Bahi Bala janam-sakhi is Santokh Singhs Gur Nanak Purkash commonly known as Nanak Parkash. Its lengthy sequel, Suraj Parkash carries the account up to the tenth Guru and contains a higher proportion of historical fact,this was completed in 1844.

In the first journey or udasi Guru Nanak Dev Ji left Sultanpur towards eastern India and included, in the following sequence : Panipat (Sheikh Sharaf), Delhi (Sultan Ibrahim Lodi), Hardwar, Allahbad, Banaras, Nanakmata, Kauru, Kamrup in Assam (Nur Shah), Talvandi (twelve years after leaving Sultanpur), Pak Pattan (Sheikh Ibrahim), Goindval, Lahore and Kartarpur.

The Second udasi was to the south of India with companion Bhai Mardana. Delhi, Ayodhya, Jagannath Puri, Rameswaram, Sri Lanka, Vindhya mountains, Narabad River,Ujjain, Saurashtra and Mathura

The third udasi was to the north : Kashmir, Mount Sumeru and Achal

The fourth udasi was to the west. Afghanistan, Persia, Mecca, Madina and Baghdad

Vilayat Vali JanamsakhiIn the year 1883 a copy of a janamasakhi was dispatched by the India Office Library in London for the use of Dr.Trumpp and the Sikh scholars assisting him. (It

had been given to the library by an Englishman called Colebrook; it came to be known as the Vilayat Vali or the foreign janamsakhi.) This janamsakhi was the basis of the accounts written by Trumpp, Macauliffe, and most Sikh scholars. It issaid to have been written in 1588 AD by one Sewa Das.

Hafizabad Vali JanamsakhiA renowned Sikh scholar, Gurmukh Singh of the Oriental College, Lahore, found another janamsakhi at Hafizabad which was very similar to that found by Colebrook.Gurmukh Singh who was collaborating with Mr. Macauliffe in his research on Sikhreligion, made it available to the Englishman, who had it published in November1885. This biography agrees entirely with the India Office janamsakhi.

Bhai Mani Singhs Janam-sakhi or Gyan-ratanavali.

The fourth and evidently the latest is the Gyan-ratanavali attributed to Bhai Mani Singh who wrote it with the express intention of correcting heretical accounts of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Bhai Mani Singh was a Sikh of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. He was approached by some Sikhs with a request that he should prepare an authentic account of Guru Nanak Dev Jis life. This they assured him was essential as the Minas were circulating objectionable things in their version. Bhai Mani Singh referred them to the Var of Bhai Gurdas Ji, but this, they maintained was too brief and a longer more fuller account was needed. Bhai Mani Singh writes :

Just as swimmers fix reeds in the river so that those who do not know the way may also cross, so I shall take Bhai Gurdass var as my basis and in accordance withit, and with the accounts that I have heard at the court of the tenth Master, Ishall relate to you whatever commentary issues from my humble mind. At the end

of the Janam-sakhi there is an epilogue in which it is stated that the completedwork was taken to Guru Gobind Singh Ji for his seal of approval. Guru Sahib Jiduly signed it and commended it as a means of acquiring knowledge of Sikh belief.Other Janamsakhis

Many other janamsakhis have since been discovered. They follow the above two inall material points. The famous historian, Karam Singh, mentions half a dozen hecame across in his travels.

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The term Puratan janamsakhis means ancient janam-sakhis and is generally used with reference to the composite work which was compiled by Bhai Vir Singh and first published in 1926. Of the still existing copies of the Puratan Janam-sakhis the two most important were the Colebrooke and Hafizabad versions. The first of these was discovered in 1872, the manuscript had been donated to the library of the east India company by H.T. Colebrooke and is accordingly known as the Colebrooke or Vailaitwali Janamsakhi. Although there is no date on it the manuscript points to around 1635.

According to the Puratan Janamsakhi, Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in the month ofVaisakh, 1469. The date is given as the third day of the light half of the monthand the birth is said to have taken place during the last watch before dawn. His father Kalu was a khatri of the Bedi sub-cast and lived in a village Rai Bhoidi Talwandi; his mother's name is not given. When Guru Ji turned seven he was taken to a pundit to learn how to read. After only one day he gave up reading andwhen the pundit asked him why Guru Ji lapsed into silence and instructed him atlength on the vanity of worldly learning and the contrasting value of the DivineName of God. The child began to show disturbing signs of withdrawal from the world. He was sent to learn Persian at the age of nine but returned home and continued to sit in silence. Locals advised his father that Nanak should be married.This advice was taken and at the age of twelve a betrothal was arranged at the house of Mula of the Chona sub-caste. Sometime later Nanak moved to Sultanpur where his sister Nanaki was married. Here he took up employment with Daulat Khan. One day Nanak went to the river and while bathing messengers of God came and he w

as transported to the divine court. There he was given a cup of nectar (amrit) and with it came the command Nanak, this is the cup of My Name (Naam). Drink it. This he did and was charged to go into the world and preach the divine Name.

The Miharban Janam-sakhiOf all the manuscripts this is probably the most neglected as it has acquired adisagreeable reputation. Sodhi Miharban who gives his name to the janam-sakhi was closely associated to the Mina sect and the Minas were very hostile towards the Gurus around the period of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Minas were the followers ofPrithi Chand the eldest son of Guru Ram Das Ji. Prithi Chand's behaviour was evidently unsatisfactory as he was passed over in favour of his younger brother, (Guru) Arjan Dev, when his father chose a successor. The Minas were a robber tribeand in Punjabi the word has come to mean someone who conceals his true evil int

ent. The Minas were subsequently execrated by Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Sikhs were instructed to have no dealings with them. The sect is now extinct. It is saidthat it was due to this janam-sakhi and its hostility towards the Gurus that prompted Bhai Gurdas Jis account and the commission of the Gyan-ratanavali.

The first three sakhis recount the greatness of Raja Janak and describes an interview with God wherein Raja Janak is instructed that he is to return to the world once again to propagate His Name. Details of Guru Nanaks birth are given in thefourth sakhi and his father was Kalu, a Bedi and his mother Mata Tripta. The account of Guru Ji learning to read from the pundit is also recounted here. Afterthe interlude at Sultanpur Guru Nanak Dev Ji set out to Mount Sumeru. Climbing the mountain Guru Ji found all nine Siddhas seated there Gorakhnath, Mechhendranath, Isarnath, Charapatnath, Barangnath, Ghoracholi, Balgundai, Bharathari and Go

pichand. Gorakhnath asked the identity of the visitor and his disciple replied, This is Nanak Bedi, a pir and a bhagat who is a housholder. What follows is a lengthy discourse with the siddhas which ends with the siddhas asking what is happening in the evil age of Kali Yuga. Guru Ji responds with three sloks :

There is a famine of truth, falsehood prevails, and in the darkness of kaliyug men have become ghouls ..1The kaliyug is a knife, kings are butchers, dharama has taken wings and flown ..2Men give as charity the money they have acquired by sinful means .3