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// Yegetation l (istory and Archaeobotany. 17 (5). fali U . 20(17. Lxca\ aliinih m the ruins of Vastseliina Caslle and on Ihe hillfons o f Urvasle and Hmniala n Aheoloogilised valitfld Ecstis. Archaeological fieldwork m Estonia 20%. Tallinn.

Fig l . Distributton of chamber graves on cejnelery in Pie (after Drozd. Janowski, Poliski, 2009. ryt. 3 ] a bucket, *-bronze bowl, c -clay vessel, rf- wooden scoop, e-\e,f- semi-precious beads, g glass beads, h - silver chain, j - si!ver bead.y - neckles clasp, k - bell-shaped pendant. / - kaptorga-amulet conlainer, m tempiering,n - ear-ring, a - elay whorl.p - knife, q - whelslone, r- corical holder, s - textile, l - different. axe"s surtace showed strongly mineralized fragments of fabric (a robe or a shroud) and

A. Janowstd From the North-Eastern to Central Europ. Silver-inlayed Axe from the Early Medieval Chamber Grave in Pie on the Chemno Land (Poland)1Pie is a smali village on the River Yistula siluated in the western part of li** Chemno Land. The research catried out at a cemetery (site 9} sice 2005 enabled for 8* discovery of eight early medieval chamber graves (Drozd, Janowski, Poliski, 20001 (fig. 1). Amongthem, ofparticularinterestto us isGrave.N2 15 in which a matur (nuf nm) ma was buried. His body lies on a bier placed inside a 3,40 x 1,90 m oalc, lid-co^ered chamber (fig. 2). The dead lies supine with ihe head directed towards the east. 1*rnerous objects havc been found in the gravc. Namely, behind his feet, a bronze bowl W* a wooden dipper and a fragment of another wooden object (a pite?) were placed; bes"T 1 Ihe body a wooden bucket fitted with five iron bands lingered. On the dead's left ha* side, near the hip a siat whetstone and an iron knife rested. Below the skeleton, on i*J righl hand side and near the shank an iron axe with the cast-iron directed outwards W' The way this axe was posited near the body suggests that the dcad held it in his hand 1*

Descriptitinofthefind.The axe is considcrably torroded. Its blade is slightly raised and euipped with the beard at the end of which, on the axe's inside a smail hooked ledge is visible. The damaged, clcarly isolated from the rest of Ihe find, set is oval in shape on the inside, whereas on the outside it resembles a multilateral structure with rounded edges and a little cap at its cnding. Its parameters ar the following: total length 12,7 cm; the blade's greatest *idth 6,3 cm; the bladc's thickness 0,8-1,2 cm; the set's height 2,9 cm; the set's width (reconstructed) 4,2 cm, Ihe set's long diamctcr (preserved) 2,4 cm; the neck's smallcst ^idih 2.5 cni; the cap's height 3,9 cm. The axe's weight after conscrvation amounts to 183 g. On the surfacc of one the axe's sides in the blade's upper part and on the set traces ar e visiblc of the ornamentation in the form of inlaid sheet stripes mad probably of silVer . l h x-ray analysis demonstrated that both surfaces of the axe's iron part were omame nted. In Ihe b!ade's upper and lower part there ar two parallel streaks of the width nim each separated from one another with the 5-6 mm wide spacc; the spacc that is "lled with the ornamentation composed of four pairs of obtuse-angled triangles (their as es ar l O mm long each) pointing with their vertexes towards the centre so ihat a mo1111

'i^tliiin tbrmerly preparcd grooves aie filled wilh noble metals or olher raw maienal-, liiiiii iti_tiiiiqui".

"'is aniele refer 10 the appropriale omamenlalion meihods (t.f. KyjiasOB, 1998).

165

A. Jar wski Fig. 2. Pie. Plan of chamber grave 15: a - axe, b wooderi hucket with iron fitlings. c - bronce bowl; d- iron knife and siat whetslone (after Drcrai, Janowski, 2007. ry. I).

[.roin the North-Eastern to Central Europ.

tif of hourglasses with rhombuses in between is created1. From the side of the axe's head the ornamentation is crowned with an obtuse-angled triangle whose vertex points towards ihe head. The blade's front part is ornamcnted with two parallel streaks 2 mm wide each bctween which there is an individual motif composed of eight triangles. The blade's central pan is occupicd hy a pattern mad of an unornamented space in the shape of a cross whose each arm is topped with a reversed E letter. The x-ray showed that the axe's head was ornamenied, too; yet, the character of this ornamentation could not been defined. It can only be conjured that triangles constitute this ornamenlation's leilmotif. It must also be assumed that the ornamentations on both sides of Ihe blade ar analogical (fig. 3,4). Typologie a l analysis. The poor state of presewation of the Pie axe makes its classifkation difficult. Owing to the presence of the beard, this axe can be ciassified, according to type V by A. Nadolski, whereas the presence of the cap suggesis that the axe in question bclongs into the subtype "a," or "b." The set is damaged at the point in which the wings could have been attached, what makcs them difficult to interpret; yet, both the way the set is shaped and its proportions ar characteristic for the subtype "a" axcs, what would suggest the Pie specirnen belongs in Ihe same category. There ar 52 specimens of type Va axes found within the Polish territories (afler Kotowicz, 2008, 170; Borowczak, 2008, kat. 11, 48, 126, 141), particularly in the regions of Great Poland, Central Poland, Little Poland and Mazovia, whereas such axes ar lacking among the discoveries from Pomerania {witkiewicz, 2002, 18), Warmia and Masuria (Kittel, 2002, 178-180; Rybka, 2005, 90-91) as well as from Silesia (Sarnowska, 1962) (fig. 5). Therefore, apart from Smolug, Pie comprises the northmost site to have conccaled a specimen of the type in question. Outside Poland, numerous discoveries of this sort of weapon can be found in Russia, particularly from Old Ladoga, Great Novgorod and Jaroslavl (KnpnnHHHKOB, 1966, 36-37, puc. 7-9), and in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia (Algazis, 1964, 115, att. 3.5-8; Yolkaite-Kulikauskiene, 1964, 108-110; Selirand, 1974,o Dr. Marek Kolyszko of the

i)0-91; 1980, 210; Tonisson, 1974, 110). In the remaining part of Europ ,uch axes occur only incidentally iPaulsen, 1956, 27-33; LehtosaloHilander, 1982, 53; Heindel, 1992, 44: HOTOB, 2004; Kotowicz, witek, 2006). The origin of the axe that is equipped with the beard, the cap and sjpposed that it had taken its shape within the Balto-Slavic territories, jnce of the Yiking axe of Type III (Paulsen, 1956, Abb. 6, cf. Nadolski, 1954, 46, 50). This hypothesis does not however seem justified. particularly in the light of the fact that such a.\cs only sporadically occur in Scana - pholo of the axe. b - X-ray picture of ihe axe dmavian sites (Paulsen, 1956, 27, (after Drozd, Janowski, 2007, ry. 2-3). 30), and if they do, they ar not induded in J. Petersen's classification (Petersen, 1919, 36J7). With the present state of knowledge in mind, \su should but reject the hypothesis m ucstion and treat the discovered specimens as imports. In the A.N. Kirpichnikov's classification ases with the beard, wings and cap arc dcpicted as Type IV. The considerable number of Russian finds (144 specimens in 1966) and their, relatively early, dironology (the oldest of them has been dated for the l O"1 century) within this area prompted l| ie researcher to clairn that the mentioned form must have been invented by Russian craftsmen and began to spread towards the neighbouring territories in the l C" century IKupriH-rmiKOB, 1966, 36-37). In (h literatur on the subject the view has been accepted Practically without reservations (see Ruttkay, 1976, 309; Lehtosalo-Hilander, 1982, 53; HOTOB, 2004, 99-100)' the mor so that it was formerly confirmed by the research carried ut wilh refcrence to the finds from Poland and Latvia where the moment when the weap() n in question appeared was dated for the 11 lh century (Nadolski, 1954, 45; Atgazis, 1964, 1 12-115, att. 3.5-8)- Still, the discoveries mad in the lasttwenty years in the Czech ReOn ihe basis of numerous Estonia finds. J. Selirand (19BO, 210-211) conjured Ihut a part of all ihe found pcciinonsi-ouldbeof local ongin. Accordiny to J Peeis (200_i. 268-269), a\es wilh ihe beard could be mad on mass scalc in Visby. Greal Noigorod. Pskh centur i-1 '"' ^~ ' y (Ktowicz, witek, 2006, 126J( ""g- Kotowicz, 2008, 172). Even older than these is the axe fram Grave 17 found in Vc1 l^.i uunca. Croatia, sice it is dated for the early 9" century (Hrvati.... 106). Theabove tioncd axes ar therefore nearly a hundred years older than the oldest Russian specimen d it is probable thai pattems of the idea that led to the hwention of such types of ns an ould be searched for within the Zakarpailia territories. In the light of the presented s sn j ws and contrary to those views that dominate in the literatur on the subject we must v c lak into sonsideration ihe fact that Typc Va axes appeared in the Polish territories as early as in the 21"1 half of 9'" or the early l O* century. Finds of incrusted axes with the beard from Europ. The finds of inerusted and inlaid axes ar not numerous; specimens decorated with either an engraved, or stamped ornament occur far mor frequently (see Paulsen. 1956, 69-99; Latvijas..., tabiila 47: 22-23,- 51: 15; 54. iO\ ApreMben, 1994, pwc. 2; 3: /; 4). Only four specimens of so ornamented axes come from Poland. They ar the axes found in Lubo (Kara, 1991, 109), Gubin and aga (Biermann, 2002), and in Ostrw Lednicki (Tokarski, 2000, 93, X& 18) (fig. 9b). Still, they represent types different from the discussed axe kind. Apan from the Pie axe, we know ofoniy 12 mor Va type specimens of this sort of weapon decorated, according to Nadolski 1 , in an untypical way (dala after Paulsen, 1956, 146-155, Abb. 78-82; KHpnHiHHKOB, 1966, 106-107, Jfe Kar. 94, ta6. XX.2; c. 116-117, XE Kar. 274, 289; Kop3yxiiHa, 1966; MaKapoa, 1988; 1992, puc. 2; KyjiaKOB, 1990. Ta6. XLIV; 2004, pwc. 85. l)' (fig. 6). The majority of these axes were found in Russia (Irzekapinis, Kovrovo, Lukovec, Nikolskoe, Grcat Novgorod, Tutaev, Ugly), two in Latvia (Taleni, Turaida-Puteli) and one in Germany (Helmstedl), one in Sweden (Solleftea) and one in Byelorussia (Kovarovo). Apart from the shape, the way it is ornamented and the prescnce of the suspension, the feature of the axe thai seem common for the entire group isalso its parameiers3; theaxe's lengthoscillatesbetween l O-13 cm, whereas theblade's higgest width amount to 6-9 cm. With reference to its omamentation, the axc can be furIhcr subdivided into two groups: a - axes decorated with the "fish scaies" motiP and b Apart from those presenled in !he ailitlc, a group o ixes ofType V exisls, according lu A. Nadolski. ^ liich, owing lo iheir zoomoiphic omamentations. 15 subject of these divagations (Ky.naKOB. CKEOpiioB. 2000; Biermaiin, 2002). l h article does no! consider ihe axe from Bolgar on the River Yolga that, accordmg to P. Paulsen (1956, 146) and G.F. Korzukhina (KopiyxMHa, 1966. 92} was si lver-inerusted. The latesl v,ork on Ihe weapunry from the part of Bugaria siluated on the River Volga laek any infoimation on the omamentcd specimen (see HiMafijioB. 1997, 94). In the Figur 2.14 from an article by A.V. K.udriashov and A.N. Bashenkin (KyapanioH, EauicHbKHH, 1999) the Lukovecaxe can be seen that, judgiug from its shapc and omamentations. seems to be the same ase as the one N.A. Makarov (MaKapon, 1992) presents in the Figur 2.3 as originated in Vaganicha. According to the seale in the picturc from the article by A.V. Kudnashov and A.N. Bashenkin. this axe is 18.5 cm long and iis blade'5 biggest width amount to 12,5 cm, whereas according lo Ihe scal from N.A. Makarovs artielc. these parameters amount to 12 cm and 8 cm respeclively.:

Fig. 5 Htfkd., ot - , , , Va , A. >,,,!, in Polmd , , ,

VI. Kulakov (KynaKOB, 1993, 121) refers to his ornament as the sprouting bud" morif.169

FromUic North-Easlern to Central Europc. Silver-inlavl Au

axes decorated wilh the "checker" motif. The first of thesc groups is numerous and comprises six specitnens from the following places: Irzekapinis. (fig. 7:/), Lukovec (fig. 7: c), Nikolskoe III (fig. 7: b), Great Novgorod, (fig. 7: e), Solleftea (fig. 7: d), and Ugly (fig! 7: a) (Paulsen, 1956, 146-148, Abb. 78; Kop3yxnHa, 1966, c. 91, pnc. 2: 3-4; Kynaras, 1990, ra6. XLIV; MaKapOB, 1988, c. 455-456; 1992, puc. 2: 3). The second group in question includes four specitnens from; Helmstedt (fig. 8: c), Kovrovo (fig. 8: d), Taleni (fig. 8: a)andTuraida-Puteli (fig- 8: b) (Paulsen, 1956,149-155, Abb. 79, 81,82; KyjiaKOB, 2004, pac. 85:1). In the case of two relics, Information of their ornamentation is laconic indeed, for fhe Tutaev axe is decorated with a floral ornamentation (Kop3yxHHa, 1966, c. 92), whereas of the Kovsarovo axe we only know that Jt was copper-incrusted (KHpniiHHKOB, 1966, c. 116-117, N Kar. 289; Kop3yxnwa, 1966, c. 91). According to G.F. Korzukhina (Kop3yxnna, 1966, 93), incrusted axes were mad m the Latvia territories, whereas N.A. Makarov (MaKapoe, 1988, c. 457^58) and A.R. Artemiev (ApTeMbee, 1994, 164) ar of the opinion that such axes could be produced by Russian craftsmen, yel most probably they come from Baltic arcas. It seems that the numerous specimens of the "fish scales" - ornamented axc ihat occurred within the northern and north-castcrn Russia. particularly around Beloozero suggesl this area rather than the Baltic to have been the cradle of such a srylistic solution. The finds of other objects (e.g. combs - see Pa6nHHH, 1992, puc. 2: /; 2: 5) or axes of different types yet iikewise omamcnled thal come from the areas in qucstion can constitute fine evidence supporting the discussed hypothesis j . In the case of "cheeker"-decorated axes, due to the singularity of the finds and their vast Kuropean dcployment, it is difficult to indicatc a region that bore such sfylistic solutions. According to P. Paulsen (1957), ihe mentioncd ornament emuSates Viking banners, and so decorated axes do not originaie in Russia bul in Lithuania. Dating the Pie axe. The majority of the Type V axes - incrusted and intaid - were discovered at the cemeteries (Trzekapinis, Kovorovo, Nikolskoe, Taleni, Turaida-Puteli, Tutaev, Ugly), three come from the arc h aeo log i ca l sites in KovSarovo, Lukovec, Great Novgorod, whereas the actual place of discovering the Helmstedt and Solleftea bas becn unknown. s Excepl for the axe from Great Novgorod thal was found in the layer dated for the l 'hatf 01 of 12 century (ApreMteB, 1994, c. 164), the chronology of the remaining specimens has been deiined, for different rcasons, for the 1 1 ^ century. The chronological definition of the above mentioned finds was the easiest in the case of the grave finds from Nikolskoe and Irzekapinis. With regard to Ihe first of these towns, the axe was discovered in a barrow (.Na 35), and so were four denars, of which the eaHiest was minted by Saxon Duke Omulf (1059-1086). Considering the fact that the remaining coins discovered in ihis barrow 1 were from the second half of the 1l" century Ihe latest, we ar therefore allowed to be able to dat the cemetery and the burial in uestion for this same period (PaajiHHa, 1988, c. 27-30; MaKapoB, BCJIHKOB, 1989, c. 82-83). On the other hand, the fact thal the Irzekapinis axe was discovered in Grave 16 together with a set of numerous mititary objects (a sword with scabbard chapc, two spcarhcads. two spurs and a set of stirrups) allowed for1 1

1

ig. 7. Ases type Va by A. N. t do!ski u u h ..fisli scalcs" omamenl: a - Ugly [after Kop-iyxiiHa. 1966, pwc. 2: 4], Siknlskne III (aftcr MaKapoB. 198S. L- -l?6). t- - LukUM:L {afer MasapoE, 1992, puc. 2: 3), d- Solleftea i aftcr Pauiscn 1956. Abb. 78). t- Great Novgorod (aftcr ApreMbes, 1994, pHC, J: 2), f Irzekapinis (after Kyjianon, 1990, Ta6. XLIV).

P. Paulsen (1957, 1.25)refi The Muromskue(Paulsen, 1956, Abb. 87: a) (fig. 9: o) and Nefedevo (MaHapou, i=.i..le on one Polish auc (Ostmw Lednitki (t>g-")- *). Tokarski, 2000, (Warder(fig. 9: c), Heindcl, 1992, Abb. 23g).

H g. 8. Axes type Va by A. Nadolski wilh checker" oraai >> - Turaida-Puleli (after Pauisen, 1956, Abb. 79), c - Heli rovo (after KynaKOB, 20

\ the Norlh-Eastern la Cen Jl Europ. S i h t r - i n h i u - d

Fig. 9. Diffcrcm Lypjs of iixes w i t h ..fisli scales" ornar b - Ostrw U-dnkki (alkr Tokarski. 2000. tablic;

- Muromskoc (alk-r PaliKcn. 1956, Abb. 87: at , c- Warder (after Heindel, 1992. Abb. 23g).

spccifying the axe's chronology for the early li" 1 century (KyjiaicoB, 1990, c. 74-75, Ta6. 44). In Lhe case ofthe Pie axe the daling bascd on othcr clements of equipment (the bronze bowl, the little bucket, the knife and the whetstone) is mor diflicult; yet, taking into consideration both the find's contcxt, its accoinpanying objects and the rcsults of IJC analyses of the ncighbouring burials, we can dat the axe for the period between the 2"" 11 lh half of 10 ' - and Ihe beginning of l l century (Drozd, Janowski, Poliriski, 2009, 355). Tool, weapon or power symbol. In the early Middle Ages tn axe comprised both a tool and a kind of weapon. This is best evidenced by the scenes from the Bayeux tapestry in which axes ar being used m both ofthe above mentioned ways (see Rud, 1992). The uestion ofthe critcna for differentiating battle axes from labour axes seems problematic. The majority of weaponry experts assume the axe's weight and size to be such criteria. According to M. Atgazis (1964, 123), the weight of battle specimens amounts to 200-400 g, whcreas of labour axes: 600-700 g. In the opinion of A.N, Kirpichnikov (KjipniiiHHKOB, 1966, c. 28-29), battle axes ar rnost often 10-12 cm long and weigh up to 450 g, whereas labour axes ar 15-22 cm long and ofthe weight amounting to 600-800 g.1 In the light of these assumplions the Pie axe and the remainmg above mentioned Type Va axe specimens as A. Nadolski dcfines them (incrusted and inlaid) must be dassined as battle axes, for their length oscillates between 10-13 cm, and Ihe weight amount to c.a. 200 g (170 g - Nikolskoe; 183 g - Pie). Still, considering the prcsence on these axes of ornamentations as well as1

ilu; technique with the use of which they were mad it is doubtful that they could be weapns. A stronger blow could cause ihe disjoining of the silver shect from the rest of the axc, O ;hich, in tum, would result in the axe's losing in its aesthetic va!ue. It was frequently w nphasized in the literatur on the subject that smali size, incrusted axes comprised mor el social status, or power symbol rather than any weapon (Paulsen, 1956, 155; Jankuhn, a ]973, 566; Trotzig, 1985; Nasman, 1991; Pedersen, 1997, 130; 2002, 30; KyjiaKoa, CKBOPUOB, 2000)'. At ihis point atteniion the axe's symbolic function needs to be emphasized, for these objects fulfilled a significant apotropeic role of a good luck charm already in the ancient times (Jankuhn, 1973; Bbel, 1980; Peets, 2003, 199; Kurasiski, 2005, 212-213; Mantyla, 2005, 120)z. Early medieval suspensions m the form of miniatur axes (up to 7cm long) must also be mentioned herc, for sorne of them - Type t according to N.A. Makarov's standards - ar similar in shape to their real life counterparts of Type Va as depicted by A. Nadolski (ManapoB, 1992, c. 43-44, puc. 1,2; Panasiewicz, Woloszyn. 2002; Wotoszyn, 2006, 596-597). Such finds come mainly from Russia, Scandinavia and Ihe Baltic counlries as wcll as from Poland (some of them) (fig. 4). Their function has not been explained yet, and the numerous conjectures on the uestion of the mentioned function include those which relate it to the cult of Perun (east European literatur), St. Olaf (Scandinavian lilerature) or Perkun (Latvian literaturc) (Panasiewicz. Wooszyn, 2002. 261 -263). Having considered both the suspensions' chronology (the 11"1 century, so imrnediately after Russia's official baptism) and the place they were found (mainly fortified cenires and, in the case of necropolic finds, peasants' graves). N.A. Makarov formulated. on the other hand, a hypothesis (hat miniatur axes had been symbols of affiliation with an old Russian troop and they were given to boys-warriors' sons on the occasion of their hair-curting at the ag of seven (MaKapOB, 1992, 48-51; Panasiewicz, Woloszyn, 2002, 262-263). Archaeological research has provided us with a large number of early tnedieval axes that have been considered weapons; a fact interesting for belying the poor, according to few existing mentions on axes in written records state, medieval status quo as regards such axes (Nadolski, 1954, 36-37). The only Polish source which mentions using an axe in battle is Wincenty Kadubek's Chronicie. There is a not in this chronicie stating that in Miecaw's army fighting the squads of King Kazimierz Odnowiciel there existed troops of bipennatibus. According to J. Szymczak (2001, 92), they must have been axe fighters. Only two mentions on axes can be found in the Russian sourccs. The first comprises a rclation by Ibn-Fadlan describing, under the dat of 922, the weapons Russian merchants used near the River Kama and the River Volga's mouth. Each of these merchanls was to have been equipped with an axe, a sword and a knife (Lewicka-Rajewska, 2004, 1581 59). The second mention is The Story of Bygone Years, a text in which an axe was used to crack down wizards (pagan priests) near Lak White in 1071 (Powie..., 138). According to A. Nowakowski (l 991, 70), a smali number of such menlions m narrative and iconographic sources evidences the Iow position of the axe in the hierarchy of early rnedieval weaponry in which the axe was treated as a kind of weapon unbecoming of a knight. Foreign sources pro v id us with a slightly mor numerous number of data on the a xe; for example, we learn from these sources thal the Yarangian troops in the service ofilso Mantyla, 2005; Dobat, 2006. :. 12I|, incrustedaxes were used by priests such a far-leiched interprelation.

These Matements ar not conclusive. We kno* of 14 Russian graves referrcd to as burials ofwarriors, in whidi alDTi" vsiili nther woaponry accessories axos willi Ihe beard hnw b.-ai IOIITI ili;i>. jccording 10 ihe parameters, must be classified as labour (see KupniiiHHHOB, 1966. 36: Kotowicz, witek, 2006). 772

-JTO^ By/antine emperors were armed wilh such axes; they served as both the manifestatiot^ a warrior's affiliation with the troop and as (heir own Iribal symbol (D'Amato, 2005, 43. Wooszyn, 2004, 252; 2006, 598-600)'. It is nol impossible that the Russian merclian^ mentioned by Ibn-Fadian were aclually Yarangians, too. The popularity of ihis sort ry weapon among northern peoples has been confinned by numerous sepulchral finds ftom the l O"1 - 11' h century Scandinavia. In many cases the axe conslituted the only element of burial equipment and it is assumed that such burials must be ones of ordinary warrion The higher status of Ibe buried is assumed only in the case of discovering graves wftjj incrusted axes (NSsman, 1991, 170; Pedersen, 2002, 30)!.BIBL10GRAPHYAtgzis M., l 964. Ulga|u 9.-12. gs. ciryji // Arheologija un etnografija. I. 6. Bbel.!.. 1980. Kuli topora w neolicie ziem polskich // Wiadomoci Archeologiczne, l. 45, f. ]. Biermani F., 2002. Mitlelalterliche KriegerausrUsIuni; mit der Ddrstellung eines gehomten Tieres, Waffen u* Kostiimkundi- " / e i l s d n i f Tur WafTen- und Kkidungsgeschichle. Bd. 44, H. I. Bofowczak B.R., 2008. Topory wojw piastowskich. Bitwa o Ostrw Lednicki. Szczecin. D'ftmalo R., 2005. A Prtospatharios, Magistros, and Stralegos Autokrator of l l t h cent.: the equipneM *f

rn tli* Noith-Estern to Central Europ. SUver-inlVif A ...

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HoBiopoacKaii 3eMj, BUH. 8. Hoaropca Hwaiuue H.JI., 1997. BoopyweHHe H BoeHHoe neno HacejieHHfl BO/IUCCKOH Eyjiiap X Haiajia XIII B. Kalau b - Marajran. Huame B., 2004. Bi>opi.*eHHeTO n cHapniKeHHeio OT (hjirapcKOTO cnenHoaeiaiflHe VII~XI BCK. Sapn. HH. CAH, BUR. E l-36, M. / JI. ^"pn.-niHa r.it>., \ 966. JlanoCKHH TonopMK // Kynbiypa ^peanea PycM. M. kypxuioeA.B-, BouieHbKUH A.H., 1999. JlyKOBeu - iaronjieHKbiKflpesHepyccKHfiropoa//Tpyau VI MexaykyttiKog *V KIKOS KyioKoa Ky-oioM B.M., 1990.ffpeBHOCIMnpyccos Vl-Xlll BB. CAH, aun. Tl-09. M. B.M.. 1993. KyfibTOHoe opy*iie 6ajnoB H CJiaBHH X XII BB. // Slavia Antiqua, t. 33. B.M., 1998. Silberlauschierte Artefakle OslpreuBens aus der Wikingerzeit // Tolkemita-Tente. J6 54. B.H., 2004. aoJuibnaftM-KoBpoBO. HccjteaoBaHMB 1879 r. Prussia Antiqua. T. 2. MHHCK.

axe, and only later with a shieUf and a spear (Solberg, 1985, 69).2

One exception eould have been ases with a wide, fun-like blade - Type M according to J. Petersen - Mantyla, 2005, 118-119.

174

Ky.itiKae 8.M., CKnoplloa K.lf., 2000, 'IbiiopiiK m Bapji_-u (pannmin: (ipyiMEi: [IUL-JILMHIIS Hii.iiHHKOB E //SlaviaAntiqua, l, 41. Mampiia f/.A., 1988. JleKopaThiBliue rouopMKU m Ecjii>U'pi,//llaMSTiiiiKhi Kyjitiypu. HOBUC oTKpu MaKaposH.A . 1992. JIpeBfiepyccKiieaMyjierbi-uiiiopHh-H .'/ PA.Jfs 2. Maitapoe H.4., Bemnaiii A.C.. 1989. KeMCKiiii HCKjionojif. B CeuepwM Bejioscpte // KCHA. BUR. 198. faeduHa T.B.. 1988. llmpc&cmM X -XI BB. t MOHeraMH na icppinopnii ,'ipi:uiii.'ii P>vn. Karajior, M.

HHOBCKH A. II i ceaepHOH Espoiibi B ueHTpaJibnyio. MiiKpycTMpoBaHHbiii cepefipOM ronop n i KaMepHoro iioiium-imu B Morii.ibHHice llt-in. (iionm XcjMIKI, n o.i t ma). fTenb ?TO .jepeBHJt na p. BHCjia B 3anaaHoii vaciH Xe.iMeHCKoro noBflra (KyjiBCKOfloMOpcKoe BoeBoacTBo). B O.UHOM m OTKPWTWX 3jecb K3MepHbix Morwn, aarHpoBaHbiK Biopoii no.iOBHHoii X - Hana^ow XJ a., Haii^eH HeojibUJOH we^esuwM Toiiop, yKpaiiienHbtM cepeSpoM (puc. l -4). Ero MOJKHO OTHCCTH K ny Va no A. HancuibcKOMy. B riojii,me ao CKX nop nafliieHO 52 3K3eMJiJipa noxownx ronopOB (pwc. 5), HO 6e3 aerapa. B Eapone MaBCCTuo 12 yKpauieHHbibix aoeMruijjpcm inna Va. H3 HHX 7 HaiijieHo B PocCHH, asa B JlaTBim, no oziHOMy B FepMaHHH, IllBeuHH H EenopycciiH (puc. 6). fIofle;iHT MOJKHO HX na .aae OCHOBHLIC rpynnu: A - yKpameHHwe MOTHBOM ptiSteft "iemyii" (Hp3eKanHHnc, JlywoBeu, HiiKontcKoe [II, BeJiHKiifi HoBropoa, Solleftea, Ymu) (pwc. 7) H B - yKpaiiieHHbie MOTHBOM ujaxMaTHOH ^OCKH" (Helmsiedt, Kosposo, Taleni H TuraidaPuteli)(pnc. 8). 3rn Tonopbi BOIHMKJIH npe^nojioKHTejibHO Ha npn6ajmiHCKOM npocTpaHCTBe (ceronHfliiiHaa JTursa n JTaTBHs H.IH cesepnan H cesepo-BOCTOiHaa POCCWH). Ha 3to yKaswBaroT Haxo4KH apyrnx npeflMeros c noaoSHWM aerapOM n ronopoB flpyrHx THFIOB, yKpa[UeHHbiX 3THMH MOTHB3MH (pHC. 9). B paMHCM cpeflHeseKOBbe jonop SbiJi KSK paSo^HM HHCTpyMenTOM, raK H opyacHCM. ^CKOpMpOBaHHWH 3K3eMnJIHp H3 MOrtiJlbHHKa FICHb H 6My noXO*ne - 3TO, BCpOSiTHO,

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