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    Udpronuiheh`hty Ica``dbkds hbUdsdaric Tshbk Bobcumab Wrhmatds

    Fdjjrdy Uokdrs, Wc.N.

    Cumab Kdbomd Ydqudbihbk IdbtdrEay`or Io``dkd oj Mdnhihbd

    http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/
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    Jaitors iobtrheuthbk to hrrdpronuiheh`hty

    Wue`hiathob ehas Joius ob poshthvd rdsu`ts

    Joius ob surprhshbk rdsu`ts

    Hbsujjhihdbt samp`d shzds

    Woor ndsirhpthob/noiumdbtathoboj mdtcons

    Otcdrs

    http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/
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    Bobcumab prhmatds provhnd ubhqud abnhbnhspdbshe`d mond`s oj cumab eho`okyabn nhsdasd

    Hbjdithous nhsdasds abn otcdr patcokdbs

    Bduroeho`oky abn edcavhor

    Dbnoirhbo`oky abn mdtaeo`hsm

    Udpronuithvd eho`oky

    Otcdr jhd`ns oj stuny

    9

    http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/
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    Koa`s oj prhmatd rdsdaric

    Tsd bobcumab prhmatds to provhnd

    ubhqud hbjormathob aeout cumab

    nhsdasd abn hts trdatmdbt Tsd bobcumab prhmatds to ubndrstabn

    jubnamdbta` aspdits oj cumab eho`oky

    Hbvdsthkatd prhmatd eho`oky hb tcdsdrvhid oj eashi prhmato`oky abn

    iobsdrvathob

    http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/
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    Zarhous jaitors hbj`udbid

    rdpronuiheh`hty hb prhmatd rdsdaric

    Nhjjdrdbids hb mdtcons abnprotoio`s aiross `aeoratorhds

    Yma`` samp`d shzds

    Kdbdthi nhjjdrdbids amobk stunysuefdits

    http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/
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    Zarhous jaitors hbj`udbid

    rdpronuiheh`hty hb prhmatd rdsdaric

    Nhjjdrdbids hb mdtcons abnprotoio`s aiross `aeoratorhds

    Yma`` samp`d shzds

    Kdbdthi nhjjdrdbids amobk stunysuefdits

    http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/
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    Nrhvdrs oj samp`d shzd hb prhmatd

    rdsdaric

    Wrhmatd rdsdaric hs dxpdbshvd

    Ytunhds ard ndshkbdn iardju``y

    Yamp`d shzds ard ojtdb ldpt quhtd sma``

    Ichmpabzdd stunhds oj

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    Nrhvdrs oj samp`d shzd hb prhmatd

    rdsdaric

    Wrhmatd rdsdaric hs dxpdbshvd

    Ytunhds ard ndshkbdn iardju``y

    Yamp`d shzds ard ojtdb ldpt quhtd sma``

    Ichmpabzdd stunhds

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    Nrhvdrs oj samp`d shzd hb prhmatd

    rdsdaric

    Wrhmatd rdsdaric hs dxpdbshvd

    Ytunhds ard ndshkbdn iardju``y

    Yamp`d shzds ard ojtdb ldpt quhtd sma``

    Ichmpabzdd stunhds oj b=1

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    Zarhous jaitors hbj`udbid

    rdpronuiheh`hty hb prhmatd rdsdaric

    Nhjjdrdbids hb mdtcons abnprotoio`s aiross `aeoratorhds

    Yma`` samp`d shzds

    Kdbdthi nhjjdrdbids amobk stunysuefdits

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    Kdbdthi nhjjdrdbids amobk stuny

    suefdits

    Nhjjdrdbids amobk spdihds

    Nhjjdrdbids amobk popu`athobs whtchb

    a spdihds

    Nhjjdrdbids amobk hbnhvhnua`s whtchba popu`athob

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    Mafor prhmatd spdihds usdn hb rdsdaric

    Ucdsus maiaqud

    Iybomo`kus maiaqud

    Eaeoob

    Marmosdt

    Whktah maiaqud

    Ajrhiab krddb mobldy

    Otcdrs

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    Nhjjdrdbids amobk prhmatd spdihds

    Wrostatd eho`oky oj O`n [or`n

    mobldys vs Bdw [or`n mobldys

    Eaeoobs (iobthbuous erddndrs) vs.

    rcdsus maiaquds (sdasoba` erddndrs)

    Marmosdts abn ichmdrhsm

    p>47 kdbds abn pcarmaiokdbdthis

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    Ytrddt dt a` (577;)

    EMI Kdbomhis 36>37

    Ucdsus maiaqud

    Iybomo`kus maiaqud

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    Kdbdthi nhjjdrdbids amobk

    popu`athobs whtchb a spdihds

    Hbnhab vs Ichbdsd rcdsus maiaquds

    AHNY1:61>38 (5775)

    Ndv Wsyicoeho`916>8 (188;)

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    Ytrddt dt a` (577;)

    EMI Kdbomhis 36>37

    Ucdsus maiaqud

    Iybomo`kus maiaqud

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    Kdbdthi nhjjdrdbids amobk

    popu`athobs whtchb a spdihds

    Maurhthab vs. Hbnobdshab iybomo`kus maiaquds

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    Kdbdthi nhjjdrdbids amobk

    popu`athobs whtchb a spdihds

    Maurhthab vs. Hbnobdshab iybomo`kus maiaquds

    Udk ^ox Wcarm:96981 (5715)

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    Kdbomd Uds5161;>: (5711)

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    Kdbdthi nhjjdrdbids amobk eaeoob

    popu`athobs

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    Kdbdthi nhjjdrdbids amobk

    popu`athobs whtchb a spdihds

    Wrovhnd va`uae`d nhvdrshty as somd

    popu`athobs whtchb a spdihds ard edttdr

    mond`s oj spdihjhi qudsthobs tcab otcdr

    popu`athobs (Hbnhab vs. Ichbdsd rcdsus)

    Wrovhnd potdbtha` proe`dms hb tdrms oj

    rdpronuiheh`hty hj orhkhb oj stuny abhma`s

    hs bot hndbthjhdn abn rdportdn

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    Cow muic kdbdthi varhathob hs tcdrd

    whtchb rdsdaric io`obhds oj

    rcdsus maiaquds ?

    59

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    YBW Nhsiovdry hb Ucdsus Maiaquds

    b = 145 rcdsus maiaqud wco`d kdbomd

    sdqudbids

    1>> Hbnhab-orhkhb, 3 Ichbdsd-orhkhb

    b = 38 at 54-97x iovdrakd

    b = :9 at :-3x iovdrakd

    YBWs ia``dn ushbk YBW^oo`s (J. Xu< I. Sud)

    54

    http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/
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    YBW Nhsiovdry hb Ucdsus Maiaquds

    b = 145 rcdsus maiaqud wco`d kdbomd

    sdqudbids

    1>> Hbnhab-orhkhb = >4.4 mh``hob YBWs

    3 Ichbdsd-orhkhb = 4.84 mh``hob YBWs

    5:

    http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/
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    YBW Nhsiovdry hb Ucdsus Maiaquds

    b = 145 rcdsus maiaqud wco`d kdbomd

    sdqudbids

    1>> Hbnhab-orhkhb = >4.4 mh``hob YBWs

    3 Ichbdsd-orhkhb = 4.84 mh``hob YBWs

    1777Kdbomds6 1785 cumabs = 93.7 mh``hob

    5;

    http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/
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    7

    4777777

    17777777

    14777777

    57777777

    54777777

    97777777

    7 17 57 97 >7 47 :7

    Bumedrojbovd`YBZs

    Bumedr oj samp`ds

    Cumab1777 kdbomds Wh`ot 1 abn Hbnhab orhkhb rcdsus samp`ds

    Ucdsus :S XUH Wh`ot 1 IDT Wh`ot 1

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    Abbotathobs oj rcdsus [KY YBWs

    Bob-sybobymous YBWs 541,;;5

    Ytop ionob kahbdn >,::3

    Ytop ionob `ost 5;5 Ytart ionob varhabt :51

    Yp`hid aiidptor varhabt 1,>41

    Yp`hid nobor varhabt 1,;8>

    ota` oj a`` YBWs 41,>18,78>

    Abbotathobs ushbk ZDW abn UcdsuseasdA`ab Carrhs

    97

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    Abbotathobs oj rcdsus [KY YBWs

    Bob-sybobymous YBWs 541,;;5

    Ytop ionob kahbdn >,::3

    Ytop ionob `ost 5;5 Ytart ionob varhabt :51

    Yp`hid aiidptor varhabt 1,>41

    Yp`hid nobor varhabt 1,;8>

    ota` oj a`` YBWs 41,>18,78>

    Abbotathobs ushbk ZDW abn UcdsuseasdA`ab Carrhs

    91

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    Kdbds whtc stop ionob varhabts

    hb rcdsus maiaquds

    Cumab Nhsdasd Assoihathob

    WUNM4, IAWB17 NhaedtdsYEJ5 Icariot-Marhd-^ootc

    IAIBA1 Bduroe`astoma

    [NU9: K`auioma

    INL57 Jabiobh abdmha

    KAL Warlhbsobs nhsdasd

    WLN1@5 Wo`yiysthi lhnbdy nhsdasd

    MXO14A Ndajbdss

    A`ab CarrhsCumab assoi. jrom OMHM 95

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    FAYWDU prdnhithobs

    ^cdrd ard 111,:>; rcdsus YBWs tcat ja`` hbto

    DBIOND trabsirhpthob jaitor ehbnhbk mothjs

    Ucdsus varhabts `hld`y to rdnuid ehbnhbk Tshbk poshthob wdhkct siords oj 0-7.1, wd jhbn

    53,31: YBWs prdnhitdn to ndirdasd ^J ehbnhbk

    Ucdsus varhabts `hld`y to hbirdasd ehbnhbk

    Tshbk siords oj 27.1, wd jhbn 5,>4> rcdsus YBWs

    prdnhitdn to hmprovd ^J ehbnhbk

    Yhmob [chtd

    99

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    Iobi`ushobs

    Ucdsus maiaquds dxcheht chkc `dvd`soj kdbdthi varhathob eotc whtchb abnedtwddb popu`athobs

    Iybomo`kus maiaquds a`so nhsp`ayshkbhjhiabt `dvd`s oj kdbdthi varhathobwhtchb abn edtwddb popu`athobs

    ^chs varhaeh`hty whtchb abn edtwddbpopu`athobs iab abn nods hbj`udbidrdsdaric rdsu`ts

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    Opportubhthds

    [d bow cavd tcd opportubhty to icaraitdrhzd

    kdbdthi varhathob amobk hbnhvhnua` bobcumab

    prhmatds hb rdsdaric io`obhds

    Udsdaricdrs iab hb prhbihp`d sd`dit rdsdaric

    suefdits easdn ob kdbotypds jor spdihjhi

    jubithoba``y shkbhjhiabt po`ymorpchsms

    Hj nobd routhbd`y, tchs wou`n prdsumae`y

    hmprovd rdpronuiheh`hty oj prhmatd stunhds

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    eut wd must sth`` iobshndr abn aiioubt jor tcd

    sdkrdkathbk varhathob hb tcd ojjsprhbk oj

    kdbdthia``y dbkhbddrdn prhmatds

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    Hmp`hiathobs abn Edst Wraithids

    jor Udpronuiheh`hty

    Udsdaricdrs must

    Dva`uatd tcd eailkroubn abn kdbdthis

    oj tcdhr stuny abhma`s

    Icoosd popu`athobs abn hbnhvhnua`s

    approprhatd to tcdhr rdsdaric qudsthob

    Matic ob kdbotypd or rabnomhzd tcd kdbdthis ?

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    98Wcoto irdnht6 F. Iamdrob

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    p = 7.71> p = 7.71;

    Yamp`d Yhzd b = 59:p-va`uds anfustdn jor mu`thp`d tdsthbk

    Uokdrs dt a`. Mo`. Wsyic. 136 ;77-; (5719) >7

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    >1

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    Ordkob prhmatd idbtdr rcdsus maiaquds

    Jawidtt, Ndttmdr, Uyab, Iamdrob, Uokdrs

    -:

    ->

    -5

    7

    5

    >

    AA AI II

    YBW>374

    @atdbiy to @davd Motcdr

    ->

    -9

    -5

    -1

    7

    1

    5

    9

    AA AI II

    YBW>374

    Dsiapd Edcavhor

    b=4>9

    p va`uds aiioubt jor tdsthbk mu`thp`d YBWs

    Udp`hiathob oj IUCU1 djjdit obmaiaqud abxhous tdmpdramdbt

    p = 7.77: p = 7.773

    >5

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    Kdbdthi varhathob hb bobcumab

    prhmatds usdn jor rdsdaric

    Kdbdthi nhjjdrdbids iab ed BOHYD tcat musted mabakdn abn iobtro``dn

    or

    Kdbdthi nhjjdrdbids iab ed YHKBA@ tcat iabed usdn to abswdr hmportabt qudsthobs oj

    kdbdthi iausds abn mdicabhsms

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    Wotdbtha` Bdar-tdrm Koa`s

    tcat wh`` Edbdjht Udpronuiheh`hty

    Ndjhbd tcd kdbdthi iomposhthob oj tcd

    most hmportabt rdsdaric prhmatds Edttdr wco`d kdbomd assdme`hds abn

    abbotathobs

    Edttdr hbjormathob aeout kdbdthi varhathob

    abn kdbd dxprdsshob amobk spdihds,

    popu`athobs abn hbnhvhnua`s

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    Wotdbtha` Bdar-tdrm Koa`s

    tcat wh`` Edbdjht Udpronuiheh`hty

    Ndvd`op spdihjhi abn ndtah`dn hbjormathobaeout jubithoba` kdbdthi varhathob tcat

    ajjdits rdsdaric outiomds Udsdaricdrs may icoosd to sd`dit abhma`s tcat

    scard tcd samd a``d`ds jor jubithoba``y shkbhjhiabtkdbds (to rdmovd varhathob)

    Hb otcdr ihriumstabids, tcd hbi`ushob oj abhma`swhtc varhous kdbotypds wh`` provhnd rdsu`ts tcatard roeust to tcd djjdits oj suic varhathob

    A l ` n t

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    Ailbow`dnkmdbts

    Eay`or Io``dkd oj Mdnhihbd

    K`orha Jawidtt

    Mutcuswamy Uavddbnrab

    Navhn Uho Ndhros

    Ju`h Xu

    Icdbk Sud

    A`ab Carrhs

    Yhmob [chtd

    Mhld Nacnou`h

    Ybdla Uavddbnrab

    Nobba Muzby

    Uhicarn Khees

    [aschbktob Tbhv.

    Fhm Icdvdrun

    Tbhv. oj Whttseurkc

    Funy Iamdrob

    Tbhv. oj [hsiobshb

    Navhn OIobbor

    Anam Drhisdb

    Uokdr [hsdmab

    Bdn La`hb

    Fobatcab O`dr

    Abnrdw Jox

    Uhicarn Navhnsob

    Tbhv. oj dxas - Coustob

    Shaomhbk @hu

    Jubnhbk

    BHC-Nhv. Iomp. Mdnhihbd (OUHW)

    BHC-BHMC

    BHC-BCKUH

    Eay`or Io``dkd oj Mdnhihbd >:

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