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Journal of Cleaner Production 151 (2017) 546e577

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Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate/ jc lepro

“Eco-tool-seeker”: A new and unique business guide for choosingecodesign tools

Patrick Rousseaux a, *, C�ecile Gremy-Gros b, Marie Bonnin b, Catherine Henriel-Ricordel c,Pierrick Bernard d, L�ea Floury e, Gwena€elle Staigre f, Philippe Vincent g

a Universit�e de Poitiers, Institut Pprime, CNRS UPR 3346, IRIAF, 11 rue Archim�ede, 79000, Niort, Franceb Universit�e d'Angers, Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ing�enierie des Syst�emes (EA 7315), 62, Avenue Notre Dame du Lac, 49000, Angers, Francec Ecole des M�etiers de l’Environnement, Campus de Ker Lann, 35170, Bruz, Franced Eco Engineering, 104 avenue G�en�eral Leclerc, 6100, Alençon, Francee Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Bretagne, Enterprise Europe Network, Direction Innovation, 19 avenue Charles Tillon, 35000, Rennes, Francef Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Pays de la Loire, Enterprise Europe Network, Direction Innovation, 16 quai Ernest Renaud, 44100, Nantes, Franceg ADEME, Direction r�egionale des pays de la Loire, 5, Boulevard Vincent Gache, BP 90302, 44203, Nantes Cedex 2, France

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 8 July 2016Received in revised form10 March 2017Accepted 14 March 2017

Keywords:Design for environmentEcodesign thinkingEcoSDInformation systemSMETaxonomy

* Corresponding author.E-mail address: patrick.rousseaux@univ-poitiers.fr

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.0890959-6526/© 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

a b s t r a c t

Environmental sustainability has emerged as a key issue amongst governments, policymakers, re-searchers, companies and the general public. In Europe, governments are trying to encourage companiesto integrate ecodesign into their processes. A great variety of ecodesign tools exists but the actualimplementation level of such tools remains limited or not successfully integrated throughout thedifferent company processes. Having identified the main barriers to ecodesign implementation, thisarticle provides a literature review of the existing tools that can be used in various company de-partments. From this review, 629 tools were found and characterized. Taxonomy was established toclassify these tools into 22 categories of ecodesign tools and 5 departments in companies. These tools areclassified as normative or non-normative which can be generic or sectorial as well as “environmental” or“improvement”. A guide (or information system) has been then developed to help companies to chooseecodesign tools for three targets: production, management or communication. The proposed guide canalso be useful for researchers, teachers, and trainers. In order to facilitate these choices, a freecomputerized version of this guide, called “Eco-tool-seeker”, has been developed.

© 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction

Environmental protection as defined today, was first formalizedat the international level in 1902 with a convention signed in Parisby nine countries aiming to protect “birds useful for agriculture”(IEA, 1902). Another convention, the International Conference forthe Protection of Fauna and Flora, was adopted in 1933 in London,to protect species threatened with extinction and to recognizeprotected areas such as national parks. However it was not beforethe 1972 Stockholm Conference that the current legal frameworkfor environmental protection was first drawn up (UN, 1972). Sincethen, an international conference on the subject has been heldevery ten years or so.

(P. Rousseaux).

Such recognition from international institutions is concomitantwith the increasing attention paid by civil and scientific societies(IPCC, 2007, 2013; 2014): global warming, depleting of resources,pollution of all sorts, climatic and technological catastrophes aswell as their collateral economic and public health consequenceshave slowly made non-governmental organizations, associations,political representatives and the general public more and moreaware of the necessity to protect and preserve the environment. Inaddition, numerous scientific reports, among the most recent(Adua et al., 2015; Speirs et al., 2015; Awasthi et al., 2016; Cai et al.,2016; Malik et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2016; Xie et al.,2016), have made it clear that human activities, if they have notcreated, have at least quickened and aggravated environmentalproblems and therefore political, legal and jurisdictional measuresshould be taken d both at global and local scale d in order toreduce, stop and perhaps compensate the violations to the envi-ronment made by mankind.

List of acronyms

ADEME French acronym for French Environment & EnergyManagement Agency

EDT EcoDesign ToolsEU European UnionISO International Organization for StandardizationLCA Life Cycle AssessmentNGT Normative Generic ToolsNNGT Non Normative Generic ToolsNNST Non Normative Sectorial ToolsNST Normative Sectorial ToolsQSE Quality, Safety, EnvironmentREACH Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of

CHemicalsRENO French acronym for Ecodesign Northwest NetworkSD Sustainable DevelopmentSLCA Streamlined LCASME Small and Medium-sized EnterpriseSWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

1 The European Commission published its Green Paper which outlined therationale for developing product-related environmental policies; the Commissionfinally adopted its long-awaited communication on IPP opting for a more voluntaryapproach to greener products. IPP seeks to minimize environmental degradationcaused by products throughout their whole life-cycle.

2 The European Commission applies an integrated environmental approach tothe regulation of industrial and agricultural activities with a high pollutionpotential.

3 Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency establishes a default coefficient of 2.5which may be applied by Member States when transforming electricity savings into

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The recent growing mobilization of politicians and publicopinions into public debates, demonstrations and events hasshown a real and pioneering will to protect the environment inalmost every layer of Western society. Nevertheless, that positiveinvolvement seems to be difficult to convert into concrete solutionswithin the industrial sector with little time and resources to allo-cate to environmental approaches (Van Hemel and Cramer, 2002).Thereupon it is becoming crucial to provide ways and techniques toallow every company to develop new behaviors which are morerespectful and less destructive of the environment.

One solution is called ecodesign or design for environment,which has been evolving since the 1990s in Europe (Roy, 1994; VanHemel and Brezet, 1997). Indeed, the idea of thinking about aproduct and its whole life cycle from design to destruction, focusingon reducing its impacts on the environment, is well accepted andeven recognized and prescribed by European regulations(European Communities, 2001).

Today, the literature on ecodesign is relatively abundant butfocuses on the scientific concepts and technical tools (Rossi et al.,2016). According to Brones et al. (2014), there is very littleresearch on the applicability and practical implementation of thesetools within companies, while the purpose of research in ecodesignis precisely to apply them in companies. For examples: Brones et al.(2014) proposed to include environmental aspects in projectmanagement procedures in order to develop ecodesign in com-panies; Andrae et al. (2016) presented and applied a practicalmethod based on PDCA (PlaneDoeCheckeAct) and different Eco-metrics to eco-design electronics devices. PDCA, also known asthe Deming wheel, is an iterative four-step management methodused in quality department for the control and continualimprovement of processes and products.

More than being an intellectual approach, ecodesign should be astate of mind or a reflection of its profitability for business. Ideally,the environment should be integrated into the daily routines ofcompanies, and even then, it would still be necessary to ensureecodesign tool accessibility so that companies would be able tomake their own EDT. The main purpose of this manuscript is toprovide a guide to help companies to choose the most appropriateEDT according to their needs. This guide does not only apply toindustrial and engineering designers, but also to company

stakeholders, regardless of company type; so that it can helpintegrate ecodesign as an operating principle in the functions (ordepartments) of a company. Its successful adoption requires easyaccess to different types of EDT.

2. Background

As proposed by Bansal and Roth (2000), three arguments shouldmotivate companies to think of environmental initiatives:

1. Legitimization, or the wish to improve the suitability of acompany's actions within an established set of regulations,standards, and values: Regarding product specifications andwaste management, additional regulations have been intro-duced at the European level. Such legislative measures notablyinclude:� Directive 2000/53/EC - the “ELV Directive” for recycling andrecovery of End of Life Vehicles (2000);

� Directive 2005/64/EC on the type-approval of motor-vehicleswith regards to their reusability, recyclability and recover-ability (2005);

� REACH Regulation for the safe use of chemical substances(2006);

� Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous SubstancesDirective (2002 and revised 2012) regarding the ban of haz-ardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment;

� Directive 2002/96/EC Waste management of Electrical andElectronic Equipment (2002 and revised 2012).

Different pro-environmental political measures have also beenintroduced at European and international levels, including:� Extended Producer Responsibility concept introduced byLindhqvist and Lidgren (1990) and adopted by the OECD(2001);

� Integrated Product Policy (2001)1;� Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (2008)2;� Primary Energy Factor (2012).3

2. Competitiveness, or the wish to improve the potential forprofitability: Systematic consideration and integration of envi-ronmental aspects during product development can be consid-ered essential in order to achieve overall environmentalperformance which could be improved by an approach knownas ecodesign. Economic profits that may be earned whenimproving the environmental performance of products andprocesses can be considered as an additional lever (beyondregulation, market competition and consumer demand) forcompanies moving towards sustainable practices and develop-ment (Baumann et al., 2002; Bey et al., 2013).

3. Moral responsibility, or the wish, as a functional entity withinmacro-economic, social and natural environments, to meet so-cial obligations: According to Boks (2006) and Brones et al.(2014), it can be acknowledged that there is a rising pressureon companies to act in a more responsible and sustainable wayregarding their products and production processes, to assess

primary energy savings.

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their overall impact on the environment and to provide moreenvironmentally friendly goods and services.

A great number of “EDT” has been developed with the aim offulfilling these wishes. The concepts of ecodesign were interna-tionally installed in 2003 with the publication of ISO/TR 14062(AFNOR Ed., 2003). It states that the ecodesign aims to “integrateenvironmental aspects into product design and developmentproducts”.

Subsequently, in 2009, Directive 2009/125/EC specifies re-quirements ecodesign and sets ecodesign as “the integration ofenvironmental aspects into product design to improve productenvironmental performance throughout its life cycle” (EuropeanParliament, 2009). In 2002, more than 150 tools were identifiedby Baumann et al. (2002) and thirteen years later, with the sametool definition, Pigosso et al. (2015) listed 350 of them. Despite themany existing EDT, their use in companies is still limited as origi-nally highlighted by Baumann et al. (2002). Except for some largemultinational companies (particularly in the fields of electrical andelectronic goods, packaging and motor vehicles) ecodesign plays asmall role in our economy, particularly considering SMEs, whichmake up the vast majority of businesses (within the EU, theyrepresent 90% of all businesses) (European Commission, 2016). It isalso often and widely quoted that SMEs probably contribute up to70% of all industrial pollution (Groundwork, 1995).

In 2010, a survey of 373 companies commissioned by theADEME, investigated the level of integration of ecodesign in Frenchcompanies (Appendix A). Its conclusions show that most com-panies were not feeling concerned about ecodesign, either becausethey had no interest in it (22%) or because they did not design theirproducts themselves (16%).

At least twenty-five reasons exist for the low implementationand integration of EDT (De Araujo, 2001; Hillary, 2004; Lindahl,2005, 2006; Lofthouse, 2006; Le Pochat et al., 2007; Seidel et al.,2008; Bovea and P�erez-Belis, 2012; Bey et al., 2013; Vallet et al.,2013; Zhang et al., 2013; Poulikidou et al., 2014). Rossi et al.(2016) classified these reasons into 5 categories: 1-Lack of re-sources (time, economic, staff) for companies, 2-Great qualitativeand quantitative variety of EDT, 3-Lack of multi-objective analysisin ecodesign, 4-Lack of ecodesign interest visibility for the marketsand the customers, 5-Faulty environmental legislation. Experienceshows that the main reasons are (at least in France), the greatnumber of available tools associated with a lack of procedures forsupporting the assessment and selection of tools, low knowledgeabout them, lack of specialized or trained staff, company size (SMEshave limited financial and staff resources) and low cooperationand/or communication between company departments.

However, as stated in a communication of the EuropeanCommission (2011), resource scarcity, critical raw materials and acircular economy are key issues and ecodesign is seen as a prom-ising instrument in European policies. As for the worldwide level,two international phenomena could soon allow ecodesign to have awider and deeper perspective: world overpopulation and climatechange.

Considering the upcoming increase in world population (þ30%by 2050 to reach 9 billion people) (PRB, 2016), the pressures on theenvironment will rise, especially on resources increasingly covetedand used, such as raw materials (fuels, minerals, and metals), food,soil, water, and biomass. However, as stated in the Millenniumecosystem assessment (2005), natural resources are essential tothe economy and highly contribute to quality of life.

It is therefore necessary to secure now, the reduction of rawmaterial consumption thanks to ecodesign.

In the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties in Paris (COP21, 2015), governments agreed to keep the increase of global

average temperature well below 2 �C above pre-industrial levelsand to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 �C. EDT will be part of thesolution by providing ways to reduce inter alia emissions ofgreenhouse gases.

In France in 2011, the General Directorate for Competitiveness,Industry & Services and the Environmental Association, “Or�ee”,created five interregional networks of expertise in ecodesignthroughout the French territory. The objectives were to:

� Federate existing stakeholder ecodesign networks;� Harmonize skills and EDT;� Develop and disseminate ecodesign initiatives and practices at anational level.

The entities mobilized in the regional networks are, amongstothers, the ADEME (national and regional agencies), Chambers ofCommerce and Industry, Associations, Regional Councils, Clusters,Companies, Associations of companies, Consultancies, Universities,Engineering schools and Research Laboratories. One of thoseinterregional networks, called “RENO”, set up a working group in2014 with the aim of producing an easy to use ecodesign tool guideeasily usable for companies. Relying on the different skills andexperience of its members, the working group has developed “Eco-tool-seeker”. In order to help companies overcome some of thebarriers they face and to pursue ecodesign challenges (Dekonincket al., 2016), this study aims mainly to present the construction,the use and the analysis of “Eco-tool-seeker”, a business guide forselecting EDT.

3. Materials and methods

To give structure to the guide, two theoretical frameworks andone method were used or developed: terminology (x3.1.1), EDTtaxonomy (x3.1.2), and literature review of EDT (x3.2).

3.1. Theoretical frameworks

3.1.1. Terminology3.1.1.1. Definition of company. The term company (or enterprise) ishere considered in its broadest definition: “A company is an insti-tutional unit in its capacity as a producer of goods and services. Acompany may be a corporation, a quasi-corporation, a non-profitinstitution, or an unincorporated enterprise. A company is aneconomic actor with autonomy in respect of financial and invest-ment decision-making, as well as authority and responsibility forallocating resources for the production of goods and services”(OECD, 1993).

For the success of an ecodesign project, different departments ofa company need to be represented into the team project (Cluzelet al., 2016). The departments will need different type of tools toparticipate into ecodesign project. The considered departmentsinto this study are:

� Purchasing,� R&D and Product development,� QSE, Management and SD,� Production and Manufacturing,� Legal, Sales, Marketing, and Communication.

3.1.1.2. Definition of ecodesign. There are many definitions of eco-design most having evolved over time and through feedback. Thisstudy refers to the most general definition which is as follows: “Asystematic integration of environmental aspects in the design anddevelopment of products (goods, services, and systems) with the

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aim of reducing the negative environmental impacts throughouttheir life cycle to render equivalent or better service. This approachfrom the upstream design process aims to find the best balancebetween requirements, environmental, social, technical and eco-nomic in design, and product development” (AFNOR Ed., 2013).

Ecodesign was initially considered applicable only to physicalproducts (AFNOR Ed., 2003), while, more recently, its scope hasbeen expanded to include services and systems (AFNOR Ed., 2013).In many cases, ecodesign is confined to the product developmentprocess, where it earns great results, but is unfortunately not usedenough to run the rest of company development causing missedopportunities. To increase the environmental performance ofbusiness, ecodesign and its results should be integrated into oper-ations of enterprises (Producing goods, Management, andCommunication) and subsequently disseminated to the relevantfunctions or departments within companies. Those business oper-ations, in turn, are embedded in product life cycle and everythingmust be assessed in accordance with the three dimensions (Eco-nomic, Environmental, and Social) of SD.

3.1.1.3. Definition of ecodesign tool. To our knowledge, the term“ecodesign tool” is not defined in any standard or regulation. In theliterature, ecodesign tool is defined case by case, in the context of apublication. For example, in Baumann et al. (2002), ecodesign toolstands for “any systematic means clustering for dealing withenvironmental issues during the product development process”.

Considering the foregoing definition of ecodesign, an ecodesigntool is considered here as any rational method or procedure aimingto integrate the environment into the design of a system (product,services, industrial site). The results of this integration should becontemplated considering the incorporation of ecodesign bias inthe various functions or departments of companies. These toolsmay include laws, standards, scientific methods, computer basedtools, communication guidelines, and so on. They are adapted to

Fig. 1. Taxonom

operational research, decision theory, environmental and man-agement sciences, communication expertise, and other applica-tions. To avoid the transfers of pollution, it is admitted to take intoaccount the life cycle concept and to consider all environmentalimpacts and, in some cases, several complementary EDT will haveto be used.

This new definition of ecodesign tool opens up for tools thatusually are outside the realm of designers but could neverthelessfacilitate the integration of ecodesign in companies.

3.1.2. Taxonomy of EDT

3.1.2.1. Proposal for a taxonomy. Some authors have proposed aclassification of tools. For example, Janin (2000) determined twomain categories: environmental assessment categories (comprisingquantitative ones and qualitative ones) and improvement cate-gories, while Charter and Tischner (2001) proposed four categories:analysis (assessment), prioritization of improvement, aid for crea-tivity, and aid for decision-making. Baumann et al. (2002) classifiedeco-tools in six categories: frameworks, checklists and guidelines,rating and ranking tools, “environmental” tools, software andexpert systems and organizing tools, whereas Knight and Jenkins(2009) chose only three categories: guidelines, checklists and“environmental” tools. In a more recent work, Hernandez-Pardoet al. (2011) proposed a use-oriented classification of eco-tools.This classification was created according to three properties:complexity, type, and main function. Finally, Brones and deCarvalho (2015) proposed a conceptual framework which con-nects three systemic levels (macro, meso, and micro). These clas-sifications are hardly linkable to the various functions of a company.All these classifications are generally intended for engineers anddesigners to help them in their search for ecodesign solutions.

Taking into account the above definitions and trying to be morecomprehensive and complete, the article proposes here differentcategories of tools at different levels shown in Fig. 1.

y of EDT.

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At the first level are regulatory and non-regulatory tools.Regulatory tools can be mandatory or voluntary, whereas non-regulatory tools can be normative or non-normative. Thisdefines a second level. While mandatory and voluntary areexplicit enough adjectives; the boundary between normativeand non-normative needs to be clarified: normative toolsinclude texts of standards (for instance, if a company wants acertification or applicable rules, it will use normative tools toreach its wish or strategy); non-normative tools encompass allother type of texts or methods that can be needed for devel-oping ecodesign.

Normative and non-normative tools can be generic or sectorial;this is the third level. Generic tools are applicable to all sectors, toany type of company, regardless of its size, nature, field of activity orlocation. Although they apply to all sectors of activity, they do notalways provide a response directly applicable to a specific company.Sectorial tools are tools focused on special sector applications andprovide more operational responses.

For the fourth level, generic and sectorial tools are classifiedbetween “environmental” and “improvement”. “Environ-mental” tools provide environmental analysis and/or result in anassessment of environmental impacts and/or assist in the identifi-cation of specific properties of a system (product, service, industrialsite) that need to be optimized. “Improvement” tools provideguidance and generic recommendations on aspects that need to beconsidered during system design and development.

The fifth level, analyzes only “environmental” tools which arequalitative or quantitative tools.

Finally the sixth level examines “environmental” and“improvement” tools to determine if they are computerized ornon-computerized. Computerized tools or computer based tools(software and expert systems) are similar to the methods and toolsthat have been presented regarding their principles and objectivesbut they handle enormous amounts of environmental informationand are also quicker to use than non-computerized tools.

At this stage, it is important to note the possible issues con-cerning the classification of the tools. The difficulty here is born ofthe discrepancies in semantics observed between enterprise func-tions (or departments), tool fields and business sectors, withoutmentioning cultural differences. For example, legal and technicalunits would not reference the same tools inside the “normative”category. That is why “normative” has been used in accordancewith AFNOR Ed. (2007) in order to include all references quoted inthe article and not only standards. Choices and compromises had tobe made while respecting a classification sometimes already cho-sen by a tool's creator while trying to stay clear and relevant for asmany situations as possible.

Obviously, this classification doesn't consider what can be called“families of tools” which are linked to the very nature of the toolsand are often claimed by the tools' authors (each family regroupsany type of tools in their title and/or description). These familiesare: ecodesign manuals, guidelines, frameworks, checklists,monitoring, exclusion lists, complete LCA (i.e. following ISO14044), SLCA, single-criterion approaches, matrix methods,software and expert systems.

In this guide, families are used as filters to sort the results as wellas types of standards (international, European, national), businesssectors (automotive, chemical, food products, etc) and companyfunctions/departments (Purchasing, R&D and Product develop-ment, QSE, Management and SD, Production and Manufacturing,Legal, Sales, Marketing, and Communication).

It has been observed that a tool might be a combination of morethan one type of tool, or can regroup tools from different families,

sectors and/or services.

3.1.2.2. Using the categories of tools in businesses operations.Previously stated, the aim of this article is to guide them in theirresearch using an entry point they can easily identify: businessoperations (or activity areas) within their company. Thus, whenusing the guide, they first choose between three operations: Pro-ducing goods (Products & processes), Environmental management,and Environmental communication.

3.1.2.2.1. Producing goods. Two types of tools are found for thatoperation: “environmental” tools and “improvement” tools. Even ifthey have been characterized earlier, it is appropriate to study themmore from a “products and processes” perspective (INP Grenoble,2012; Poulikidou, 2012).

A variety of “Environmental” tools exist; they can be qualitative,quantitative or both, easy or more complex to implement, etc.Consequently, the optimal implementation stage may also varydepending on the complexity and data requirements of the toolused. It has been observed that the tools listed under these typesmay also vary a lot in terms of data and time requirements, type ofinput and output data, etc. Moreover, many of them consist only ofan evaluation process in order for the impacts to be defined and insome cases quantified, while others provide weighting and priori-tization of the identified impacts in order for the user to screen themost important issues that need to be considered.

The main “environmental” tools are:

- Complete LCA: This “gold standard”, following an internationallyaccepted LCA methodology, is indisputable from a theoreticalpoint of view. It is most effectively used for existing productsand processes and for policy related questions. However, itseems difficult to use for SMEs, as it requires much time andexpertise. It is an expert's tool above everything else, and its useconcerns essentially research issues (academic research, R&D).

- SLCA: Formost of the time based on the use of generic databases,SLCA proposes results expressed as an eco-indicator. Very sim-ple assessments can be used to identify areas of focus in inno-vation and to suggest directions to explore. It considerablyreduces the time necessary to acquire data for assessment. Onthe other hand, understanding the eco-indicator requires a solidknowledge base and interpreting it is the preserve of environ-mental specialists.

- Single-criterion approaches: These tools differ from others by thefact that they consider only one environmental impact, forexample, climate change. This single-criterion approach is not inline with the principle of SD which generally considers allenvironmental impacts given the state of scientific knowledge.

- Matrix methods: These tools may be quantitative or semi-qualitative. The outlook of these simplified assessment tools isto limit the data collection by the user. Data are generally limitedto physical dimensions such as the mass of the materialsconstituting the product or energy consumption. Each cell in thematrix is filled in using a series of questions designed to beanswered with a simple yes or no, and scored on a scale fromgood to bad. The outcome of a matrix method can also be aquantitative indicator that is, however, estimated based onqualitative data or users' assumptions. The completed matrix isused to focus attention on areas for improvement. The benefit ofthese matrices lies in their ease of use. However, they must behandled by an expert on environmental issues.

“Improvement” tools combine the general principles of eco-design and the basic rules for completing a product development

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project while integrating an environmental dimension. Albeitsimple to use, these tools have to be handled by people havingthe minimum environmental knowledge required, and above allmust be supported by a system to choose the correct EDT. Severalfamilies can be found amongst “improvement” tools such asEcodesign manuals, guidelines, frameworks: Such “improvement”tools are usually prescriptive and consist of generic strategiesand recommendations of aspects that need to be considered inorder to minimize the impact of products on the environment.Despite being very useful at the early stages of product planning,such tools do not identify and evaluate the real problems asso-ciated with a product and cannot suggest product specificsolutions.

Checklists, monitoring and exclusion lists are tools providingguidance to engineers and designers by highlighting parametersand strategies to consider, avoid, not miss, etc. They can be quiteeasy to understand, however the actual implementation processcan be more complicated since they may require detailed andsystematic data gathering as well as continuous updates andincreased integration into the overall product design process.Checklists can be very similar to guidelines and are usuallyqualitative or semi-quantitative. The complexity level of suchlists can vary from being short and generic to long and detailed.These checklists can be quite long, with many issues to consider:product performance (e.g. energy consumption), product parts(e.g. disassembly time), the function of the product, etc. Ratingand ranking tools are generally relatively simple and quantita-tive. Proponents for this type of tools find that checklists are notsufficient for engineers and managers to communicate effec-tively, and they emphasize that “environmental” tools areneeded.

3.1.2.2.2. Environmental management. This operation usestools called “Environmental Management Systems”. The USEnvironmental Protection Agency defines such tools as: “a set ofprocesses and practices that enable an organization to reduce itsenvironmental impacts and increase its operating efficiency”(EPA, 2016). They are part of a larger management system andincorporate interrelated or interacting elements that companiesuse to implement their environmental policy, achieve theirenvironmental objectives, meet their environmental complianceobligations, address their environmental aspects and risks, and tomanage their environmental threats and opportunities. Theseenvironmental management systems are both “environmental”and “improvement” tools. For example, according to ISO 14001,the main goals of an environmental management system are theidentification of significant impaired environmental aspects anda proposal of actions to remedy them. The peculiarity of “envi-ronmental” tools in these management systems is the inclusionof the local environmental context in impacts assessment. From ascientific and methodological point of view, nothing prevents useof the same “environmental” and “improvement” tools in Pro-ducing and Management operations except that the Producingtools take into account all the life cycle while the Managementtools only apply to a single stage of a life cycle. It should be notedthat the latest version of ISO 14001 (2015) e the internationalstandard on Environmental management systems e recommendsconsidering the notion of life cycle in environmental manage-ment which may contribute to the adoption of an ecodesignstrategy by companies.

3.1.2.2.3. Environmental communication. This latter operationuses tools that exploit the results of “environmental” and“improvement” tools. These tools have two purposes: internal andexternal communications. According to IACACT (2016):

- Internal communication uses tools with “pragmatic purposesbecause it helps companies to accomplish their goals; forexample educating, alerting, persuading and collaborating”;

- External communication uses tools with “constitutive meansbecause it helps to shape people's understandings about envi-ronmental issues; for example values, attitudes, and ideologiesto take into account in order to face environmental issues andproblems”.

Overall, these tools are reference systems and are usually toogeneral to be used in SMEs, because they are not practical enough(Hillary, 2004; Seidel et al., 2008). As previously stated, many cat-egorizations of EDT exist. Those are complementary, often supple-mental and form a complex matrix difficult to understand and touse especially for companies and SMEs.

The originality of this guide is to create an easy way to navigatethose categorizations to rapidly find the tools needed withoutmissing the benefits of one or more classification.

3.2. Literature review of EDT

The literature search was organized so that the field of ecode-signwas covered from the perspective of three targets: production,environmental management, and environmental communication.As each target works more or less with its own literature and da-tabases, the data collection was organized accordingly.

The literature search was conducted in three steps:

1. Screening of databases, journals, conference proceedings, books,doctoral dissertations, official texts, web sites, etc., to find ref-erences of EDT. The searched terms used during the investiga-tion process were: Design for the environment, Ecodesign,Environmental assessment, Environmental communication,Environmental design, Environmentally friendly productdesign, Environmental management, Environmental productdevelopment, Environmental Green product design, Life cycleassessment, Life cycle design, and Sustainable product design.Fourteen databases were mainly used (Siegenthaler et al., 2005;Pons, 2008; Bellini and Janin, 2011; Lehtinen et al., 2011;Schiesser, 2011; INP Grenoble, 2012; Poulikidou, 2012; Lindahland Ekermann, 2013; Tonnelier and Bertoluci, 2013; EuropeanCommission, 2015; AFNOR, 2008, 2017a, 2017b; Pigosso et al.,2015). The existence of the tools provided by the literatureand websites has been checked but this research does not assessnor judge the quality of the tools.

2. Classification of the tools referenced by a simplified taxonomy.The first taxonomy (Fig. 1) aims to be comprehensive, full anddetailed but may be too sophisticated for businesses. However,it rationalizes said classification and comes up with a secondmore understandable classification which is easily exploitableby companies. This new additional classification is based on fourmain categories of tools: NGT, NST, NNGT, and NNST. Thissimplified taxonomy will allow evolving more easily in the EDTbox of the guide. In NGT and NST categories, it is important tonote that feedback from companies shows that a standardizedtool is more credible and a sectorial one is easier to understand.For these categories, due to technical means, research has beenlimited to international standards and draft standards (ISO) aswell as American, English, French and German national stan-dards. However, this limitation shouldn't undermine thecompleteness of the review. Indeed, all standards named NF ENXX or NF EN ISO XX in this article are European standards notonly available in French but also in all European languages

Table 1Categorization of tools in “Eco-tool-seeker”.

Normative tools Non-normative tools %

Generic tools 82 220 48.0%Sectorial tools 148 179 52.0%% 36.6% 63.4% 100%

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including English. Some ISO standards have been published inthe European standards collection, sometimes in their inte-grality and sometimes partially. Therefore, the portion of na-tional standards only available in non-English languagerepresents about a quarter of all normative tools quoted. Theguidewould have stayed relevant without them but they remainin its international version since their content and the keywordsthey propose can be interesting to the research of correspondinglocal tools. In the category NNGT, EU regulations, “improve-ment” and “environmental” tools as defined above are found. Inthe category NNST, tools are classified only according to the typeof sector.

3. Encoding of the selected tools is as follows: “Tool number”. “Toolname”, if it exists, or “Statutory or normative reference”, (“Year ofcreation or update for a computer tool”, if it is known). “Biblio-graphic reference” and/or, if available, the “Website address”withthe name of the authors or the body.

4. Results

After studying the founded tools (x4.1), developing a protocol tochoose EDT (x4.2), “Eco-tool-seeker” has been designed and drawnto finally be methodologically validated (x4.3).

4.1. Typological and sectorial analysis of the founded tools

According to the typology of Grant and Booth (2009), the liter-ary review presented here can be considered as:

Table 2Distribution of “Eco-tool-seeker” tools in the list of United Nations economic sectors and

Economic activities sections of the United Nations

A: Agriculture, forestry and fishingB: Mining and quarryingC: ManufacturingD: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supplyE: Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activitiesF: ConstructionG: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcyclesH: Transportation and storageI: Accommodation and food service activitiesJ: Information and communicationK: Financial and insurance activitiesL: Real estate activitiesM: Professional, scientific and technical activitiesN: Administrative and support service activitiesO: Public administration and defense; compulsory social securityP: EducationQ: Human health and social work activitiesR: Arts, entertainment and recreationS: Other service activitiesT: Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and

services-producing activities of households for own useU: Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies

a www.iso.org/iso/fr:ghg_climate-change.pdf.

� “Mapping review/systematic map” since it categorizes existingliterature on a particular topic, EDT. It is a valuable tool offeringpolicymakers, practitioners and researchers an explicit andtransparent medium to identify narrower policy and practice-relevant review questions, even if it does not usually include aquality assessment process;

� “State-of-the-art review” because it may provide new perspec-tives on an issue or highlight an area in need of further research;

� “Systematic review” because it seeks to draw together all knownknowledge on a topic area, i.e. EDT.

This literature review provides a compilation of 629 (six hundredtwenty-nine) EDT (Appendix B). Considering all the tools identifiedin the review, the following typological distributions are observed:

� Product/Process Ecodesign: 78% (“environmental” tools: 64%and “improvement” tools: 36%);

� Managerial Ecodesign: 12.5%;� Ecodesign Communication: 9.5%.

Throughout ecodesign's history, a large majority of the toolsidentified have been linked to “Product/Process Ecodesign”most ofwhich are “environmental” tools. Managerial Ecodesign and Eco-design communications suffer from a lack of tools, which needs tobe rectified.

Globally, the numbers of generic and sectorial tools are equiv-alent and a little less than two-thirds of all these tools are non-normative (Table 1).

In order to ensure the relevance of the guide from a sectorialpoint of view, the list of economic sectors covered in this study hasbeen cross-checked with the assumed complete list of the UnitedNations (ISIC, 2008). Moreover, following the remark in x2 stressingthat COP 21 should help ecodesign development, the contributionto climate change by these sectors also has been looked into andcompared using available tools in the sectors (Table 2).

Considering the list of the United Nations, all sectors producing

contribution of these sectors to climate change.

Tools number in guide (%; Rank) Main contribution to the climatechangea %; Rank

3 (0.92%; 10) 22.6%; 21 (0.31%; 11) e

191 (58.37%; 1) 16.8%; 315 (4.59%; 4) 32.6%; 19 (2.76%; 7) 3.4%; 546 (14.07%; 2) e

0 e

22 (6.73%; 3) 14%; 41 (0.31%; 11) e

15 (4.59%; 5) e

0 e

0 e

0 e

1 (0.31%; 11) e

0 e

0 e

4 (1.22%; 8) e

13 (3.98%; 7) e

1 (0.31%; 11) e

0 e

5 (1.53%; 8) e

Table 3Potential users of protocol to choose EDT.

Quality of potential users Professional functions of potential users

� Scientist: Environmental Sciences & Engineering Sciences � Academic: Teaching & Research� Corporate: R&D and Product development,

QSE management and SD, Production and manufacturing� Consultancy

� No-scientist: Law, Communication & Management � Academic: Teaching & Research� Corporate: Purchasing, QSE management and SD,

Legal, Sales, Marketing and Communication� Consultancy

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material goods or energy, are endowed with at least one tool, and astrong heterogeneousness is observed. A major part of the toolscovered (58.4%) concern the manufacturing sector, followed by“construction” with 14.1%, “transportation” with 6.7%, “Electricity,gas, steam and air conditioning supply” and “information &communication” with 4.6%. Let us note the surprising “Arts,entertainment and recreation”, sector with 4%, which is explainableby a relatively important number of American standards relative tothis sector. There is also a strong heterogeneousness regarding in-dustry branches. The best endowed sub-sectors are: “Electrical/electronic equipment” with 37% of the tools, “Packaging” with 10%,“Mechanical” with 8.5%, and “Automotive” with 6.3%.

It is also apparent from Table 2 that the four main sectorscontributing the most to climate change are primary energy (sec-tion D), Agriculture (section A), Manufacturing (section C), andTransportation (section H). Given recent political decisions (x2), it isno longer enough to worry about releases of greenhouse gasemissions downstream. “Ecodesign era” solutions such as usingelectric motors in place of gas motors must be found upstream.Given the number and the nature of sectorial ecodesign toolsavailable, it seems sensible to develop some tools primarily for“Agriculture” and “Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning”.

4.2. Protocol to choose EDT

In existing literature reviews and guides, selection criteria aretechnical, methodological and scientific (Handfield et al., 2001;Lindahl, 2005; Lofthouse, 2006) and generally, linked to the qual-ity of the tool: usability, suitability, effectiveness, relevance, use-fulness, clarity, scientific strength, function, performance inrelation to the objective sought and facilitated use (Le Pochat et al.,2007). Furthermore Lindahl and Ekermann (2013) presented astructure for how various ecodesign methods and tools can becategorized. Selection criteria and structure are not always easilyunderstood by everybody because they are technical and scientificand intended for industrial designers and engineering designers.

To facilitate the selection and make it feasible for all companies,this protocol is based on a more managerial approach. Two criteriaare retained:

� The company functions (Purchasing, R&D and Product develop-ment, QSE management and SD, Production and Manufacturing,Legal, Sales, Marketing, and Communication); all business func-tions have been considered, except functions of Chief ExecutiveOfficer, Human resources and Finance,which directly or indirectlymanage all other functions. According to BusinessDictionary(2016), “Product development” is included in “R&D”.

� The business operation (or ecodesign target), i.e. Production orEnvironmental management or Environmental communication.Within production, tools are separated into two main

categories: “environmental” tools (where to act?) or “improve-ment” tools (how to act?) (x3.1.2). As the guide will be used bycompany employees working within different functions insidethe company, each identified tool must be associated with thecorresponding service(s).

Given the broad definition of EDT proposed (x3.1) and theintegration of different businesses functions and operations, thenumber of potential users is very wide as shown in the followingTable 3.

Given the RENO objectives (x2), the main intended users arecompanies and in particular for SMEs with poor and/or insufficientawareness of environmental issues.

Based on the literature, the above mentioned criteria and tooltypes, ecodesign tool categories can be defined, called “Ei”. Thechoice of “Ei” was made by following a collaborative spreadsheetshown in Fig. 2. For example, if an engineer, designing a new pro-cess, wants to knowwhere to act, thanks to a qualitative, preferablynormative, tool, our tree will lead him towards tools classified inthe category E01 (Fig. 2).

Each tool was classified in one or more “Ei” and to one or moredepartment(s) (Purchasing, R&D and Product development, QSEmanagement and SD, Production, Legal, Sales, Marketing andCommunication). The composition of Ei then depends on thefunction (or department) studied. For NST and NNST, tools are alsoclassified by sector. This composition was made based on theknowledge, skills, and experiences shared amongst the authors ofthis study. This knowledge includes environmental sciences, law,communication, and management. These skills are research,teaching and training, engineering, ecodesign, standardization,regulation, consulting and business. The experience is based on ourrelationships with companies within our respective professionalbodies i.e. universities and engineering schools, consulting firms,chambers of commerce and industry, and ADEME. Each member ofthe group made an educated proposal for composition of “Ei” and aconsensus was found through debate. Admittedly, this multidisci-plinary and empirical expertise includes some degree of subjec-tivity and the proposed classification could possibly be revisedbased on feedback from users (offering feedback, especially onmissing ormisplaced tools, is one of the functionalities of the onlineversion, see link below).

The composition of these “Ei” is presented in Appendix C. Foreach business function studied (1- “Purchasing”, 2- “R&D andProduct development”, 3- “Quality, Safety and Environment man-agement and Sustainable development”, 4-“Production andManufacturing” and 5- “Legal, Sales, Marketing and Communica-tion”) and for each “Ei”, this table lists the corresponding tools,referenced in our list in the appendix B. A tool may be found inseveral “Ei” but, in the list, a tool belongs to a single category. Forinstance, if you are looking for a tool that will help you in the design

Fig. 2. Tree for choosing EDT.

P. Rousseaux et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 151 (2017) 546e577554

of a process, and if youwant to know how to act according to a NNSTthat is computerized, the tree in Fig. 2 will lead you to category E16.Then, if you want to work more specifically on Production andManufacturing, as you can see in Appendix C, only one tool has beenreferred: tool No. 357, i.e. in the appendix B, “eToolLCD. Available onhttp://etoolglobal.com/”. Then, inside of each “Ei”, the selection ofthe most appropriate tool depends, on many parameters, such as theproduct itself (components and processes involved), user prefer-ences, experience and intended evaluation level as well as otherparameters related to scientific and technical knowledge, availabilityof data, information, and resources.

4.3. Design, development and validation of guide

This guide has been designed as an “Information system”. Ac-cording to Reix et al. (2011), an “Information system” is an “orga-nized set of resources (EDT) allowing to acquire, to handle, to storeinformation (references of EDT) into and between organizations(corporate functions)”. This information system consists of

Fig. 3. Information system

interconnected modules, which are acquisition and restitutionmeans, processing and storing information dedicated to processingEDT. Concretely, these modules are theoretical frameworks,methods, database, and software (Fig. 3).

Modules 1, 2 and 3 respectively were described in x3.1.1, x3.1.2,x3.2. Module 4, the literature review (x3.3), provides a compilationof 629 (six hundred twenty-nine) EDT, which are listed in themodule 5 (appendix B). These tools may vary significantly in termsof type, objectives, complexity of the application process, data, timerequirements and more. Omissions may exist; this list is by nomeans exhaustive. Module 6 was established according to theprevious chapter, x4.2. To facilitate the use of this guide module 7has been developed using Google Forms. This computer applicationis called “Eco-tool-seeker”, this “ready to use” tool is a user-friendlyway to present the results of the guide. The method used to aidselection of EDT is based on the decision tree of Fig. 2. Thus, theapplication “Eco-tool-seeker” offers a quick questionnaire and auser-friendly interface. A free version is available in English and inFrench on the Internet: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/

of “Eco-tool-seeker”.

Table 4Characteristics of the information system, inspired from Reix et al. (2011).

Functionality Correspondingprocesses

Modules number of“Eco-tool-seeker” (Fig. 3)

Management ofknowledge

Capture 4Store 5 & 7Make available 7

Representation ofknowledge

Make understandable 1,2 & 3Adapt (to business) 6

Interaction ofcommunication

Manipulate 6 & 7Update 4, 5, 6 & 7

Communication Disseminate 7Exchange 6 & 7

P. Rousseaux et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 151 (2017) 546e577 555

10tfunuXbChhxjUx2EEfoMWz0K4fp5JOUoBoUjTuc0yQ/viewform.To validate technically “Eco-tool-seeker”, it is necessary to verify

that it meets the criteria of an information system. According toReix et al. (2011), an information system should have four func-tionalities that perform a number of processes as shown in Table 4.This table also lists the modules of “Eco-tool-seeker” allowing toobtain the characteristics required for an information system.

As shown by Table 4, module 7 (the Internet interface) illus-trates most of the processes of an information system: since it isaccessible with a simple internet connection, it allows easy avail-ability, manipulation, dissemination, and exchange of contents ofthe guide.

To further verify these four processes, module 7 was tested on asample (not representative) of 20 professionals of the RENOnetwork, representing Universities, consulting firms, large andsmall businesses, Chambers of commerce and industry, trade as-sociations, and ADEME. After an oral presentation of the purposeand principle of the guide, the audience was asked individually totry the online version of the “Eco-tool-seeker” and to answer thefollowing questions:

� What do you think of the ergonomics of the guide?� What do you think its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, andthreats are?

� Do you have suggestions for tools to bring into this guide?� What do you think of its applicability in your business?

Table 5SWOT matrix.

Strengths

� Information system for ecodesign� Can be used by many users� A strong overview of existing tools� A comprehensive guide for organizations to discover,

create awareness of, and implement ecodesign� Available online� Collaborative interdisciplinary teamwork� Consideration of typical organizations

specific departments� Free, easy and quick to acquire� Flexibility� Complementary to other ecodesign guides

Opportunities

� Strong basis to be completed(international cooperation: UNEP, etc.)

� Ready for diffusion to organizations� Potential for sectorial specialization� Can be used to define an ecodesign

training programfor every function of the company

� Can be used to identify sectorialgaps to define a research topic (x 4.1)

Post-it® notes have been used in a particular form of brain-storming. Participants wrote their responses on Post-it® notes andthen stuck them on a paper-board. It has been then possible togroup them by theme and also in direct exchange for technicalaspects.

Most of the testers were interested by “Eco-tool-seeker” anddiscover unknown tools. They found “Eco-tool-seeker” rapid andsimple to use. They suggested some modifications, such as:

� The correction of some typographical errors;� The formulation of the different propositions;� The addition of twenty missing tools. The database wascomposed of 423 tools upon this test;

� The addition of return function (“make a new search”) inside theresults pages;

� The addition of communication functions (“Give/correct infor-mation about a tool”) inside the results pages;

� The addition of search function.

This experiment helped to improve the formulation of the “Eco-tool-seeker” questionnaire, to settle computing points, to use ourtools box, to create new applications (e.g. the possibility to reportmissing or misplaced tools), making the “Eco-tool-seeker” a trulycollaborative and living guide for companies and experts mindful ofenvironmental issues. The only suggestion we were unable to takeinto account with the actual format of “Eco-tool-seeker”, was theaddition of a search function. Their answers also helped us tocomplete the strategic analysis presented in x5.1.

Module 7 combinedwithmodule 6, enables an adaptation of theinformation for businesses since the guide has been set up ac-cording to a logical network tree classification (Fig. 2). This meansthe tool provides guidance for choosing the appropriate ecodesigntool according to:

1. The department within the company,2. The type of business operation or ecodesign target (product/

process or management or communication),3. The aim, and hence the corresponding type of tool,4. The characteristics of the tool (normative, sectorial, etc), and if

necessary,

Weaknesses

� Completeness of references is difficult to assess� Exhaustiveness is not possible� Requires regular updates� Implementing tools from the guide requires significant organizational and

operational changes in the company� The use of the guide especially for SMEs requires an environmental specialist

assistance� The cost of computerized tools

Threats

� Updating references� Financial support to update and improve� Business user's interpretation could be biased� Secrecy (no promotion support currently)

P. Rousseaux et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 151 (2017) 546e577556

5. The nature of the tool (computerized or not).

For example, a QSE manager looking for a Product/ProcessEcodesign tool in order to perform a quantitative environmentaldiagnosis using normative generic tools, would be suggested, in five“clicks” on the computer screen, to refer to a list of tools E05(Appendix C), which are referenced in the appendix B by thefollowing numbers: 4, 5, 7, 8, [20e23], 26, 28, 59, 60, 66, 67, 71, 72,81.

Module 7 also contains a “back office” section (not available tothe public since it would only complicate the user's experience)that is used to store the guide (the results and the methodologyused to reach them) as well as update it.

The processes “Update”, “Disseminate”, and “Exchange”, will bebetter fulfilled if a relevant actor manages module 7. For that pur-pose, negotiations with national and international bodies havebeen engaged for the development as well as for the disseminationand the promotion within companies of “Eco-tool-seeker” whilemaking sure it remains free.

5. Discussion

In order to better describe the guide's coverage and interest, astrategic analysis (x5.1) has been carried out. Finally a value-addedanalysis (x5.2) aimed at describing the value of this paper in rela-tion to state-of-the-art.

5.1. Strategic analysis

Classical analysis of Pros/Cons is presented here in a morecomprehensive way through a SWOT analysis which determinesstrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the guide.SWOT is a marketing analysis tool commonly used in businessallowing to get an overview of the “Eco-tool-seeker” guide and todraw its strategic diagnosis. This analysis is conducted consideringpotential users of the guide. The synthesis obtained through theSWOT matrix (Table 5) can identify:

� The strengths and opportunities of the guide, in order tomaximize them by the company;

� The weaknesses and threats of the guide in order to take theminto account before using the guide so the company can over-come them.

It can be said that a large number of tools offered by “Eco-tool-seeker” is a barrier to ecodesign uptake, and would be counter-productive. This is less the case than before because “Eco-tool-seeker” establishes the composition of Ei according to the filters ofbusiness operation, corporate function, and activity sector sofacilitating the choice and the appropriation of the tool by the user.

Most internal strengths therefore provide external opportu-nities in terms of diffusion and communication. On the other hand,weaknesses such as updating references and the risk of biasedinterpretation for neophytes could become an obstacle to wideradoption, especially in the absence of promotion. However, secto-rial or functional specialization could offer potential to specificusers for appropriation and customization. Likewise online sharedaccess could in any case ease the updating process and cross-sectorbenchmarking.

It has to be noted, that the majority of computerized tools arenot free; thus, the user needs to pay a certain amount of money inorder to get the license and access to use the tool. Consequently, theinformation on such tools and their methodological processesprovided by this guide can sometimes be limited.

5.2. Value-added analysis

5.2.1. Classification of EDTThere is no hierarchical relationship between the categories of

classifications proposed by the literature (x3.1.2), meaning it con-tains typologies but no taxonomies. As explained by Sauv�e (1993), ataxonomy is a systematic and hierarchical classification system.

The classification proposed here is a taxonomy, which appearsto be the first one in the field of the ecodesign.

Most authors do not give much information about the meth-odology which they used to develop their typology. A number ofthem proceeded in a rather inductive way, by leaving out the pur-pose e.g. “Assessment”, “Prioritization”, “Creativity” and “Decision”for Charter and Tischner (2001), the objective e.g. “Environmental”and “Improvement” for Janin (2000) and of the type of tool e.g.“Framework”, “Checklist”, etc. for Baumann et al. (2002). Othersproceeded the opposite waydstarting from a theoretical modeld,they offer a typology, for example, “use-oriented” typology from aframework to characterizing both ecodesign projects and EDT(Hernandez-Pardo et al., 2011), and typology from conceptualframework connected with several systemic levels (macro, meso,and micro scales) (Brones and de Carvalho, 2015).

To establish the taxonomy, the followed methodologicalapproach lies in an empirical classification based on a multi-variated analysis in several sizes which correspond to the variouslevels presented in Fig. 1. The widening of the scope of ecodesign(x3.1) allow the elaboration of a taxonomy as complete as possible.In the proposed taxonomy EDT are included in class (or taxon)according to their similarities from the classification algorithmpresented in Fig. 2.

The typology classes, as currently presented in the literature,include EDT with the same studied characteristics. The classesproposed here share a large number of common characteristics.Concretely, a class in this taxonomy is a branch of the tree pre-sented in Fig. 1. One of the biggest advantages of the proposedtaxonomy lies in its capacity to handle a large number of entries bytaking into account their interactions and by generating relativelyhomogeneous groups of EDT based on a strong internal coherence.This characteristic is important considering the number of tools -orentries- listed here that is 2e4 times bigger than in reviews realizedso far (x2) for the guides proceeds from a widened scope of eco-design (x3.1).

In conclusion, the classification the EDT provided by this studypresents an educational potential and represents an interest for theorganizational research.

5.2.2. Guide to choose EDTGuides proposed by the literature (x4.2) are technical systems,

which consider only scientific and methodological criteria andaddress primarily engineering designers.

“Eco-tool-seeker” is a managerial or socio-technical systemotherwise named Information system. The social sub-system con-siders the organizational structure of the company and the peoplewho work on it (x4.2). The technical sub-system considers pro-cesses concerned by the information system and the computingtechnologies (software) and the equipment of communication(Internet) (x4.3).

The technical purpose of the guides already present within theliterature is to give engineering designers the scientific and tech-nical help they need to design, in a given context, “ecoproducts”offering a service comparable to the already present products onthe market (quality, feature, accessibility, safety, etc.) whilelowering their environmental impacts.

The purpose of “Eco-tool-seeker” is double:

P. Rousseaux et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 151 (2017) 546e577 557

- A functional purpose: it is a tool of communication and coordi-nation between the various departments of the company pre-sented in x4.2; therefore, its audience is wider. It produces anddisseminates information about EDT necessary for the opera-tions (described in x3.1.2) on one hand and in the strategic andtactical choices on the other. It helps tool selection by anycompany regardless of size or economic sector; andmakes themunderstandable, not only to designers, but also to all the actorsof the company. It aims to be exhaustive since it points out toolsrelevant for industrial branches existing within companies aswell as tools applicable at the level of the various departmentsthey include, whether they are concerned directly or indirectlyby the environment. Therefore, it allows non-professionals ofecodesign to be able to take ownership of the relevant notionseasily and quickly in order to implement them to their functionwithin the company. To facilitate the selection of EDT, anaccessible free guide is offered on the Internet.

- A social purpose: It increases the “green” knowledge of thecompany and the understanding of related strategic choices bythe entire staff. Furthermore, it allows the development of an“entrepreneurial spirit” amongst the employees facilitating thebroadcasting of “ecocompany” culture.

The idea that ecodesign results should be incorporated into thevarious functions of the company does not provide, from a scientificpoint of view, new conceptual elements for Ecodesign, but this ideashould facilitate communication between services and stimulate asynergy capable of promoting the development of ecodesign incompanies.

Finally, “Eco-tool-seeker” appears as the first information sys-tem in the field of the ecodesign and is complementary to thetechnical guides proposed so far by the literature.

The elaboration of this taxonomy and “Eco-tool-seeker” couldnot be achieved without interdisciplinary research. Even thoughinterdisciplinary research carries an epistemological risk related tothe compartmentalization of thought and knowledge, it proposesan original approach to ecodesign. Interdisciplinary research is,unfortunately, very rare in academic research, although it is un-avoidable considering the principle of SD.

6. Conclusion

As the number of EDT increases, the choice of tools becomesmore difficult for companies. This paper is a novel contributionwhich classifies EDT by taxonomy. This classification integratesdifferent types of EDT: 36.6% normative tools and 63.4% non-

20%

13%

29%

38%

normative tools. These tools can be classified as generic (48%) orsectorial (52%) as well as “environmental” or “improvement” tools.Six hundred twenty-nine EDT are listed after a review of the liter-ature of these tools. The sectorial tools concern largely industrialsectors, in particular “Electrical/electronic equipment”, “Pack-aging”, “Automotive” and “Mechanical”.

The potential of this guide is found in the increase of its use andeffectiveness in practice and in company context, regardless of thesize or sector of a company. Its originality resides in helping anycompany to choose the most relevant EDT based on their applica-bility to the various company departments which are directly orindirectly concerned by the environment. This new guide has beendesigned as an information system, namely a managerial or socio-technical system. The name of computer application is “Eco-tool-seeker”.

This guide can be used by someone with a good understandingof their company, its needs and its concerns. It carries great benefitsin terms of time savings, money savings and empowerment of thecompanies leading towards the democratization of ecodesign.Furthermore, the guide can also be used by experts and allow themto increase their knowledge with new tools and/or new applica-tions and areas of expertise.

Such an expansion of the use of tools will also coincide with thedemocratization of ecodesign. “Eco-tool-seeker” is a collaborativeguide. Access to the computerized version of the guide “Eco-tool-seeker” is currently free and its perspectives of developmentconcern essentially the update of its tool box.

Finally, an academic prospect of this study would be consideredin economic and social dimensions of SD. Tools for these two di-mensions would partially or fully consider the life cycle and thedifferent corresponding impacts to limit socio-economic povertytransfers. For the economic dimension, these impacts are thedifferent internal and external costs; “Life Cycle Costing” is thereference tool (Woodward, 1997). For the social dimension, six“impact categories” have been proposed by UNEP et al. (2009):Human rights, Working Conditions, Health & safety, Cultural heri-tage, Governance, and Socio-economic repercussions. This aca-demic prospect would identify, classify, and make available tobusinesses socio-economic design tools like “Eco-tool-seeker” forEDT.

Appendix A. Integration of ecodesign in French companies(BVA, ADEME, 2010)

Companies incorporing a systematic approach to eco-design

Companies just starting the process

Companies being interested, but nottaking action due to lack oforganizational, financial and technicalmeans (tools, data)Companies being not interested or feeling not concerned as not carrying out the design of their products

Appendix B. Ecodesign tools list

NORMATIVE GENERIC TOOLSInternational standards1. NF EN ISO 14021, (2001). AFNOR Editions, Environmental labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims (Type II environmental labelling), 2001, 34 p.2. NF EN ISO 14024, (2001). AFNOR Editions, Environmental labels and declarations - Type I environmental labelling - Principles and procedures. NF EN ISO 14024, 2001, 17 p.3. NF EN ISO 14020, (2002). AFNOR Editions, Environmental labels and declarations - General principles. NF EN ISO 14020, 2002, 12 p.4. XP ISO/TS 14048, (2003). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Data documentation format. XP ISO/TS 14048, 2003, 53 p.5. XP ISO/TR 14062, (2003). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Integrating environmental aspects into product design and development. XP ISO/TR 14062, 2003, 34 p.6. NF EN ISO 14001, (2004). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use. NF EN ISO 14001, 2004. 45 p.7. NF EN ISO 14040, (2006). AFNOR Editions. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework. NF EN ISO 14040, 2006, 33 p.8. NF EN ISO 14044, (2006). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines. NF EN ISO 14044, 2006, 59 p.9. ISO Guide 64:2008, (2008). ISO Editions, Guide for addressing environmental issues in product standards, ISO Guide 64:2008, 2008, 36 p.10. NF EN ISO 14004, (2010). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management systems - General guidelines on principles, systems and support techniques. NF EN ISO 14004, 2010, 56 p.11. ISO 14005:2010, (2010). ISO Editions, Environmental management systems – Guidelines for the phased implementation of an environmental management system, including the use of environmental performance

evaluation. ISO 14005:2010, 2010, 70 p.12. NF EN ISO 14015, (2010). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Environmental assessment of sites and organizations (EASO) NF EN ISO 14015, 2010, 30 p.13. NF EN ISO 14025, (2010). AFNOR Editions, Environmental labels and declarations - Type III environmental declarations - Principles and procedures. NF EN ISO 14025, 2010, 36 p.14. NF EN ISO 14050, (2010). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Vocabulary - Management environnemental. NF EN ISO 14050, 2010, 184 p.15. NF EN ISO 14063, (2010). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Environmental communications - Guidelines and examples. NF EN ISO 14063, 2010, 39 p.16. NF ISO 26000, (2010). AFNOR Editions, guidance on social responsibility. NF ISO 26000, 2010, 145 p.17. NF EN ISO 14006, (2011). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management systems - Guidelines for incorporating ecodesign. NF EN ISO 14006, 2011, 43 p.18. NF EN ISO 14021/A1, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Environmental labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims (Type II environmental labelling) - Amendment 1. NF EN ISO 14021/A1, 2012, 13 p.19. XP ISO/TS 14033, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Quantitative environmental information - Guidelines and examples XD ISO/TS 14033, 2012, 47 p.20. NF EN ISO 14045, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Eco-efficiency assessment of product systems - Principles, requirements and guidelines. NF EN ISO 14045, 2012, 51 p.21. FD ISO/TR 14047, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO 14044 to impact assessment situations. FD ISO/TR 14047, 2012, 95 p.22. FD ISO/TR 14049, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO 14044 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis. FD ISO/TR 14049, 2012,

58 p.23. NF EN ISO 14051, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Material flow cost accounting - General framework. NF EN ISO 14051, 2012, 49 p.24. NF EN ISO 19011, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Guidelines for auditing management systems. NF EN ISO 19011, 2012, 57 p.25. NF EN ISO 14031, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management - Environmental performance evaluation - Guidelines. NF EN ISO 14031, 2013, 51 p.26. XP ISO/TS 14067, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Greehouse gases - Carbon footprint of products - Requirements and guidelines for quantification and communication. XP ISO/TS 14067, 2013, 64 p.27. PR NF EN ISO 14001, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use. NF EN ISO 14001, 2014. 92 p.28. XP ISO/TS 14071:2014, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Critical review processes and reviewer competencies: Additional requirements and guidelines to ISO 14044:2006. ISO/

TS 14071:2014, 2014, 21 p.29. CWA 16768, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Framework for Sustainable Value Creation in Manufacturing Network. CWA 16768, 2014, 41 p.30. PR NF EN ISO 14004, (2015). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management systems - General guidelines on principles, systems and support techniques. PR NF EN ISO 14004, 2015, 141 p.31. NF ISO 14046, (2015). AFNOR Editions - Environmental management - Water footprint - Principles, requirements and guidelines, 2015, 44 p.32. VDI 4050, (2001). AFNOR Editions, Operational indices for environmental management e Guidelines for development, implementation and use e Betriebliche Kennzahlen für das Umweltmanagement e Leitfaden zu

Aufbau, Einführung und Nutzung. VDI 4050, 2001, 25 p.33. VDI 4090/F1, (2005). AFNOR Editions, Systems engineering methodology for design and control of environmental relevant processes in the operational area e General basics e Systemtechnische Methodik zur Planung und

Steuerung umweltrelevanter Prozesse in der betrieblichen Praxis e Grundlagen und Allgemeines. VDI 4070/F1, 2005, 16 p.34. VDI 4070/F1, (2006). AFNOR Editions, Sustainable management in small and medium-sized enterprises e «improvement” notes for sustainable management e Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften in kleinen und mittelst€andischen

Unternehmen e Anleitung zum Nachhaltigen Wirtschaften. VDI 4070/F1, 2006, 18 p.35. ASTM D 6008, (1996). AFNOR Editions, Standard Practice for Conducting Environmental Baseline Surveys/Note: Approved 2005. ASTM D 6008, 1996 22 p.36. ASTM E 1848, (1996). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Selecting and Using Ecological Endpoints for Contaminated Sites/Note: Approved 2008, 2003. ASTM E 1848, 1996, 11 p.37. ASTM E 2020A, (1999). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Data and Information Options for Conducting an Ecological Risk Assessment at Contaminated Sites/Note: 2. Revision 1999@Approved 2004. ASTM E 2020A, 1999,

7 p.38. ASTM G 166, (2000). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Statistical Analysis of Service Life Data/Note: Approved 2005. ASTM G 166, 2000, 8 p.39. ASTM E 2205, (2002). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action for Protection of Ecological Resources. ASTM E 2205, 2002, 61 p.40. ASTM D 7048, (2004). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring Programs. ASTM D 7048, 2004, 17 p.41. ASTM E 1527, (2005). AFNOR Editions, Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process. ASTM E 1527, 2005, 35 p.42. ASTM E 2435, (2005). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties. ASTM E 2435, 2005, 34 p.43. ASTM D 7209, (2006). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Waste Reduction, Resource Recovery, and Use of Recycled Polymeric Materials and Products. ASTM D 7209, 2006, 6 p.44. ASTM E 1528, (2006). AFNOR Editions, Standard Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen Process. ASTM E 1528, 2006, 26 p.45. ASTM E 2107, (2006). AFNOR Editions, Standard Practice for Environmental Regulatory Compliance Audits. ASTM E 2107, 2006, 5 p.46. ASTM E 2137, (2006). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Estimating Monetary Costs and Liabilities for Environmental Matters. ASTM E 2137, 2006, 11 p.47. ASTM E 2348, (2006). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Framework for a Consensus-based Environmental Decision-making Process. ASTM E 2348, 2006, 8 p.48. ASTM E 2173, (2007). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Disclosure of Environmental Liabilities. ASTM E 2173, 2007, 7p.

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49. ASTM E 2247, (2008). AFNOR Editions, Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process for Forestland or Rural Property. ASTM E 2247, 2008, 43 p.50. ASTM E 1903, (2011). AFNOR Editions, Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Process. ASTM E 1903, 2011, 21 p.51. ASTM E 2091, (2011). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations, Including Institutional and Engineering Controls. ASTM E 2091, 2011, 36 p.52. ASTM E 2790, (2011). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Identifying and Complying With Continuing Obligations. ASTM E 2790, 2011, 50 p.53. ASTM E 2637, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Utilizing the Environmental Cost Element Structure Presented by Classification E2150. ASTM E 2637, 2013, 10 p.54. ASTM F 2576, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Standard Terminology Relating to Declarable Substances in Materials. ASTM F 2576, 2013, 3 p.55. ASTM E 2365, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Standard Guide for Environmental Compliance Performance Assessment. ASTM E 2365, 2014, 24 p.56. BS 8555:2003, (2003). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management systems. Guide to the phased implementation of an environmental management system including the use of environmental performance evaluation. BS

8555:2003, 76 p.57. BS 8904:2011, (2011). AFNOR Editions, «improvement” for community sustainable development. BS 8904:2011, 2011, 30 p.58. PAS 198:2012, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Specification for managing environmental conditions for cultural collections. PAS 198:2012, 67 p.

59. AFNOR Ref. 3213062, (2005). AFNOR Editions, Management environnemental des produits e �Eco-conception e Analyse du cyle de vie e �Etiquetage environnemental e Certification �ecologique des produits. AFNOR. LaPlaine Saint Denis: AFNOR, 2005, 520 p. Collection of standards AFNOR, Ref. 3213062, ISBN: 978-2-12-213063-6.

60. AFNOR Ref. 3213811, (2008). AFNOR Editions, Marquages et d�eclarations environnementaux. AFNOR. La Plaine Saint Denis: AFNOR, 2008, 395 p. Collection of standards AFNOR, Ref. 3213811, ISBN: 978-2-12-213811-3.61. AFNOR Ref. 3086111, (2009). AFNOR Editions, Ecoconception. AFNOR. La Plaine Saint Denis: AFNOR, 2009, 848 p, Collection of standards AFNOR, Ref. 3086111, ISBN: 978-2-12-086111-2.62. AFNOR Ref. 3213081, (2009). AFNOR Editions, Syst�eme de management de l'environnement e Sites et organismes. AFNOR. La Plaine Saint Denis: AFNOR, 2009, 448 p. Collection of standards AFNOR, Ref. 3213081, ISBN:

978-2-12-213081-0.63. AFNOR Ref. 3465170, (2009). AFNOR Editions, Analyse environnementale e Les cl�es de la r�eussite. AFNOR. La Plaine Saint Denis: AFNOR, 2009, 344 p. Collection of standard AFNOR, Ref. 3465170, ISBN: 978-2-12-465170-2.64. XP X30-027, (2010). AFNOR Editions, D�eveloppement durable e Responsabilit�e soci�etale e Rendre cr�edible une d�emarche de responsabilit�e soci�etale bas�ee sur l’ISO 26000. XP X30-027, 2010, 12 p.

65. XP X30-600, (2010). AFNOR Editions. �Eco-Entreprise e Terminologie e Eco-Entreprise. XP X30-600, 2010, 7 p.66. BP X30-323-0, (2011). AFNOR Editions, Principes g�en�eraux pour l'affichage environnemental des produits de grande consommation e Partie 0: principes g�en�eraux et cadre m�ethodologique, BP X30-323-0, 2011, 38 p.67. NF EN 16247-1, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Energy audits - Part 1: general requirements. NF EN 16247-1, 2012, 14 p.68. NF X50-135-2, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Purchasing function - Substainable purchasing - Guide for the use of ISO 26000 - Part 2: operational deployment - Fonction achats. NF X50-135-2, 2012, 35 p.

69. AFNOR Ref. 3213063, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Management environnemental et soci�etal des produits e �Eco-efficience e RSE e ACV e �Etiquetage environnemental e Certification. AFNOR. La Plaine Saint Denis: AFNOR,2012, 602 p. Collection of standards AFNOR, Ref. 3213063, ISBN: 978-2-12-213063-6.

70. AFNOR Ref. 3243311CD, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Logistique durable e Pour une Supply Chain verte et responsable. AFNOR. La Plaine Saint Denis: AFNOR, 2012. Ref. 3243311CD, Collection of standards AFNOR, ISBN: 978-2-12-243311-9, CD.

71. AFNOR Ref. 3245411, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Analyse du cycle de vie e La s�erie des normes ISO 14040. AFNOR. La Plaine Saint Denis: AFNOR, 2012, 380 p, Collection of standards AFNOR, Ref. 3245411, ISBN: 978-2-12-245411-4.

72. AFNOR Ref. 3465393, (2012). AFNOR Editions, 100 questions pour comprendre et agir - L'�ecoconception. AFNOR. La Plaine Saint Denis: AFNOR, 2012, Ref. 3465393, 237 p., ISBN: 978-2-12-465393-5.73. NF P14-010-1, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Am�enagement durablee Quartiers d'affairese Partie 1: cadre g�en�eral IWA 9:2011 Août 2011e Guide pour la gestion du d�eveloppement durable dans les quartiers d'affaires. NF P14-

010-1, 2013, 20 p.74. FD P99-801, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Territoires et Am�enagements durables e Cadre strat�egique outill�e �a l'intention des �elus, des habitants et des entreprises des territoires pour penser globalement le d�eveloppement

durable et agir localement. FD P99-801, 2013, 25 p.75. XP X30-029, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Responsabilit�e soci�etale e D�eterminer la priorit�e des domaines d'action de l’ISO 26000. XP X30-029, 2013, 25 p.76. FD X30-031, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Responsabilit�e soci�etale e Gouvernance et responsabilit�e soci�etale e ISO 26000. FD X30-031, 2013, 26 p.77. NF X30-205, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Syst�emes de management environnemental e Guide pour la mise en place par �etapes d'un syst�eme de management environnemental. NF X30-205, 2013, 53 p.78. NF X30-264, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Management environnemental e Aide �a la mise en place d'une d�emarche d’�eco-conception. NF X30-264, 2013, 44 p.79. AC X30-077, (2014). AFNOR, Guide de responsabilit�e soci�etale pour les acteurs d'un territoire. AC X30-077, 2014, 44 p.80. FD X50-273, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Management de l'innovation e Int�egration du d�eveloppement durable dans le management de l'innovation. FD X50-273, 2014, 26 p.81. SATR 14049:2014, (2014). - Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Illustrative examples on how to apply ISO 14044 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis, 2014, 55 p.82. Regulation (EC) N�1221/2009, (2009). Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme

(EMAS), repealing Regulation (EC) N�761/2001 and Commission Decisions 2001/681/EC and 2006/193/EC, JO L 342 du 22.12.2009, 1e45NORMATIVE SECTORIAL TOOLSAgriculture & FoodFrench standards/Reference document for good practices83. NF V01-007, (2004). AFNOR Editions, Quality and environmental management system for agricultural activities - Model for the control of reciprocal commitments between producers and an organized agricultural

production structure. NF V01-007, 2004, 25 p.84. AC X30-121, (2009). AFNOR Editions, Energy - Energy diagnoses within industry - Experimentation within the agrofood industries of Britanny (France). AC X30-121, 2009, 36 p.85. AC X30-030, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Sustainable development and social responsibility - Guide for using ISO 26000:2010 in the agri-food sector. AC X30-030, 2012, 48 p.86. BP X30-323-15, (2012). AFNOR editions, General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products - Part 15: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of food products. BP X30-323-

15, 2012, 28 p.Collection of French standards87. AFNOR R�ef. 3253111, (2013). AFNOR, Affichage environnemental e Produits alimentaires. AFNOR. La Plaine Saint Denis: AFNOR, 2013, 240 p, Recueil de Normes françaises AFNOR, R�ef. 3253111, ISBN: 978-2-12-253111-2.AluminumFrench standards88. NF EN 15530, (2008). AFNOR Editions, Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Environmental aspects of aluminium products - General guidelines for their inclusion in standards. NF EN 15530, 2008, 25 p.

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FurnishingFrench standards/Reference document for good practices89. BP X30-323-4, (2011). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products - Part 4: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of wood furnitures. BP X30-323-

4, 2011, 30 p.90. BP X30-323-10, (2011). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products - Part 10: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of bedding. BP X30-323-10,

2011, 28 p.91. BP X30-323-6, (2013). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication onmass market products - Part 6: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of upholstered seats. BP X30-323,

2013, 32 p.Reference document for good practices92. BP X30-323-18, (2014). AFNOR Editions - General principles for an environmental communication onmass market products - Part 18: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of articles of bedding, BP X30-

323-18, 2014, 26 p.Sporting GoodsFrench standards/Reference document for good practices93. BP X30-323-3, (2011). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products - Part 3: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of backpacks for sports. BP X30-

323-3, 2011, 14 p.94. BP X30-323-7, (2011). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication onmass market products - Part 7: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of sports equipment racquets. BP

X30-323-7, 2011, 22 p.95. BP X30-323-12, (2012). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products - Part 12: balls (tennis, squash and padel). BP X30-323-12, 2012, 22 p.96. BP X30-323-13, (2012). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products - Part 13: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of badminton shuttlecocks. BP

X30-323-13, 2012, 20 p.97. BP X30-323-14, (2012). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products - Part 14: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of balls. BP X30-323-14, 2012,

24 p.98. BP X30-323-17, (2013). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication onmassmarket products - Part 17:methodology for an environmental impact assessment of bicycles. BP X30-323-17, 2013,

32 p.Collection of French standards99. AFNOR R�ef. 3253011, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Affichage environnemental e Articles de sport. AFNOR. La Plaine Saint Denis: AFNOR, 2013, 192 p, Collection of French standards AFNOR, R�ef. 3253011, ISBN: 978-2-12-

253011-5.Building & ConstructionInternational standards100. CEN/TR 16208, (2011). CEN Editions, Biobased products - Overview of standards. CEN/TR 16208, 2011, 65 p.101. ISO 13315-1, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management for concrete and concrete structures - Part 1: General principles. ISO 13315-1:2012, 2012, 14 p.102. ISO 13315-2, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management for concrete and concrete structures - Part 2: System boundary and inventory data. ISO 13315-2:2014, 2014, 28 p.French standards103. GA P01-030, (2003). AFNOR Editions, Environmental quality of buildings - Environmental management system for the contracting authority: construction activities, adaptation or administration of buildings - Framework

for design and implementation of HQE approach. GA P01-030, 2003, 22 p.104. FD P01-015, (2006). AFNOR Editions, Environmental quality of construction products - Energy and transport data sheet. FD P01-015, 2006, 37 p.105. NF ISO 16813, (2007). AFNOR Editions, Building environment design - Indoor environment - General principles e NF ISO 16813, 2007, 21 p.106. NF EN 15978, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Sustainability of construction works - Assessment of environmental performance of buildings - Calculation method, NF EN 15978, 2012, 61 p.Practical Guide107. AFNOR R�ef. 3465369, (2012). AFNOR, 100 questions pour comprendre et agir - Construction et habitats durables, 2012, 320 p., Collection of french standards AFNOR, R�ef. 3465369French standards108. NF EN 15804þA1, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products, NF EN 15804þA1, 2014, 66 p.109. NF EN 15804/IN1, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products, 2014, 19 p.110. NF EN 16247-2, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Energy audits - Part 2: buildings. NF EN 16247-2, 2014, 47 p.111. NF EN 16485, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Round and sawn timber - Environmental Product Declarations - Product category rules for wood and wood-based products for use in construction. NF EN 16485, 2014, 30 p.112. NF EN 16575, (2014). AFNOR Editions - Bio-based products - Vocabulary, 2014, 13p.113. PR NF EN 16760, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Bio-based products - Life Cycle Assessment. PR NF EN 16760, 2014, 69 p.115. XP P01-064/CN, (2014). AFNOR, Contribution des ouvrages de construction au d�eveloppement durable e D�eclarations environnementales sur les produits e R�egles r�egissant les cat�egories de produits de construction e

Compl�ement national �a la NF EN 15804þA1. XP P01-064/CN, 2014, 80 p.ShipyardFrench standards116. FD P01-015, (2006). AFNOR Editions, Environmental quality of construction products - Energy and transport data sheet. FD P01-015, 2006, 37 p.ShoesFrench standards/Reference document for good practices117. BP X30-323-1, (2010). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication onmassmarket products - Part 1: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of shoes. BP X30-323-1, 2010, 18

p.118. NF EN 14602, (2012). AFNOR Editions. Footwear - Test methods for the assessment of ecological criteria. NF EN 14602, 2012, 14 p.

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Local authoritiesInternational standards119. ISO 37120, (2014). ISO Editions, Sustainable development of communities - Indicators for city services and quality of life. ISO 37120: 2014, 2014, 75p.French standards120. GA X30-550, (2003). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management systems - Guide of application of ISO 14001 to territorial authorities - Recommendations for implementation within a territorial authority or one of its

services and approach to the implementation over a territory. GA X30-550, 2003, 74 p.121. AC X30-022, (2006). AFNOR Editions, Sustainable development and corporate social responsability - SD 21000 for local government - Guide for the taking into account of the stakes of sustainable development in territorial

authorities strategies and management. AC X30-022, 2006, 50 p.Communication122. FD X30-028, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Social responsibility - Guide for using ISO 26000 in the communication sector. FD X30-028, 2012, 48 p.WastesFrench standards French standards123. GA X30-460, (2003). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management systems - Guide for the application of ISO 14001 to landfills. GA X30-460, 2003, 50 p.124. GA X30-471, (2003). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management systems - ISO 14001 implementation guide for severage. GA X30-471, 2003, 56 p.Potable waterInternational standards125. FD CEN/TR 16470, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Environmental aspects of ductile iron pipe systems for water and sewerage application. FD CEN/TR 16470, 2013, 12 p.French standards126. GA X30-470, (2003). AFNOR Editions, Environmental management systems - ISO 14001 implementation guide for drinking water sector. GA X30-470, 2003, 64 p.PackagingInternational standards127. NF EN ISO 11607-2, (2006). AFNOR Editions, Packaging for terminally sterilized medical devices - Part 2: validation requirements for forming, sealing and assembly processes, 2006, 23 p.128. NF EN ISO 11607-1, (2009). AFNOR Editions, Packaging for terminally sterilized medical devices - Part 1: requirements for materials, sterile barrier systems and packaging systems, 2009, 38 p.129. FD CEN/TR 13910, (2010). AFNOR Editions, Packaging - Report on criteria and methodologies for life cycle analysis of packaging. FD CEN/TR 13910, 2010, 27 p.130. ISO 18601, (2013). ISO Editions, Packaging and the environment - General requirements for the use of ISO standards in the field of packaging and the environment. ISO 18601, 2013, 9 p.131. ISO 18602, (2013). ISO Editions, Packaging and the environment - Optimization of the packaging system. ISO 18602, 2013, 27p.132. NF EN ISO 11607-1/A1, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Packaging for terminally sterilized medical devices - Part 1: requirements for materials, sterile barrier systems and packaging systems - Amendment 1, 2014, 29 p.133. NF EN ISO 11607-2/A1, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Packaging for terminally sterilized medical devices - Part 2: validation requirements for forming, sealing and assembly processes - Amendment 1, 2014, 12 p.American standards134. ASTM D 7887, (2013). ASTM Editions, Standard Guide for Selection of Substitute, Non-hazardous, Liquid Filling Substances for Packagings Subjected to the United Nations Performance Tests. ASTM D 7887, 2013, 5 p.French standards135. FD CR 12340, (1996). AFNOR Editions, Packaging. Recommendations for conducting life-cycle inventory analysis of packaging systems. FD CR 12340, 1996, 18 p.136. NF EN 13432, (2000). AFNOR Editions, Packaging - Requirements for packaging recoverable through compositing and biodegradation - Test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging. NF EN

13432, 2000, 24 p.137. NF EN 13437, (2003). AFNOR Editions, Packaging and material recycling - Criteria for recycling methods - Description of recycling processes and flow chart. NF EN 13437, 2003, 34 p.138. NF EN 13439, (2003). AFNOR Editions, Packaging - Rate of energy recovery - Definition and method of calculation. NF EN 13437, 2003, 10 p.139. NF EN 13427, (2004). AFNOR Editions, Packaging - Requirements for the use of European Standards in the field of packaging and packaging waste. NF EN 13427, 2004, 16 p.140. NF EN 13428, (2004). AFNOR Editions, Packaging - Requirements specific to manufacturing and composition - Prevention by source reduction. NF EN 13428, 2004, 28 p.141. NF EN 13429, (2004). AFNOR Editions, Packaging - Reuse. NF EN 13429, 2004, 22 p.142. NF EN 13430, (2004). AFNOR Editions, Packaging - Requirements for packaging recoverable by material recycling. BS EN 13430, 2004, 25 p.143. NF EN 13431, (2004). AFNOR Editions, Packaging - Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy recovery, including specification of minimum inferior calorific value. NF EN 13431, 2004, 21 p.EnergyInternational standards144. NF EN ISO 50001, (2011). AFNOR Editions, Energy management systems - Requirements with guidance for use. NF EN ISO 50001, 2011, 31 p.French standards145. NF EN 16214-1, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Sustainability criteria for the production of biofuels and bioliquids for energy applications - Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers - Part 1: terminology. NF EN 16214-1, 2012,

31 p.146. NF EN 16214-3, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Sustainability criteria for the production of biofuels and bioliquids for energy applications - Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers - Part 3: biodiversity and environmental

aspects related to nature protection purposes. NF EN 16214-3, 2012, 24 p.147. NF EN 16231, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Energy efficiency benchmarking methodology. NF EN 16231, 2012, 23 p.148. NF EN 16214-4, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Sustainability criteria for the production of biofuels and bioliquids for energy applications - Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers - Part 4: calculation methods of the

greenhouse gas emission balance using a life cycle analysis approach. NF EN 16214-4, 2013, 45 p.149. PR NF EN 16214-2, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Sustainably produced biomass for energy applications - Principles, criteria, indicators and verifiers for biofuels and bioliquids - Part 2: conformity assessment including chain of

custody and mass balance. PR NF EN 16214-2, 39 p.150. NF EN 16247-3, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Energy audits - Part 3: processes. NF EN 16247-3, 2014, 23 p.151. NF EN 16247-4, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Energy audits - Part 4: transport. NF EN 16247-4, 2014, 18 p.152. PR NF EN 16247-5, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Energy audits - Part 5: competence of Energy auditors. PR NF EN 16247-5, 2014, 33 p.

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Audio/video for information technology and communicationInternational standards153. ECMA-370, (2009). ECMA Editions, « The Eco Declaration » e 4 th Edition. ECMA-370, 2009, 54 p.154. ECMA-370, Annex A, (2009). ECMA Editions, TED e The ECO Declaration; Annex A: Company environmental profile. ECMA-370 Annex A, 2009, 2 p.155. ECMA-370, Annex B, (2009). ECMA Editions, ED e The ECO Declaration; Annex B: Product environmental attributes eThe ECO Declaration; ECMA-370 Annex B, 2009, 6 p.156. ECMA-341, (2010). ECMA Editions, «Environmental Design Considerations for ICT & CE Products» e 4th Edition. ECMA-341, 2010, 44 p.157. ECMA-370, Annex B AMD, (2010). ECMA, ED e TED - The ECO Declaration; Annex B: Product environmental attributes; Amended; ECMA-370 Annex B AMD, 2010, 6 p.626. ETSI ES 203 199 V1.3.1 (2015). ETSI Standard (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). ”Environmental Engineering (EE); Methodology for environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) goods, networks and services. Available on http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_es/203100_203199/203199/01.03.01_60/es_203199v010301p.pdfAmerican national standards158. ASTM F 2926, (2012). ASTM Editions, Standard Guide for Selection and Operation of Vessel-mounted Camera Systems. ASTM F 2926, 2012, 6 p.French standards159. NF EN 62075, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment - Environmentally conscious design. NF EN 62075 2013, 43 p.Electrical & electronic equipmentInternational standards114. XP C08-100-1, (2014). AFNOR, D�eclarations environnementales relatives aux �equipements �electriques, �electroniques et de g�enie climatique destin�es �a un usage dans les ouvrages de batiment e R�egles d’�elaboration

communes e D�eclarations environnementales relatives aux �equipements �electriques, �electroniques et de g�enie climatique destin�es �a un usage dans les ouvrages de batiment e R�egles d’�elaboration communes. XP C08-100-1, 2014, 55 p.

160. IEC/GUIDE 114, (2005). IEC Editions, Environmentally conscious design e Integrating environmental aspects into design and development of electro-technical products. IEC/GUIDE 114, 2005, 45 p.161. UTE TR 62125, (2008). UTE Editions, Environmental statement specific to CENELEC TC 20 - Electric cables. UTE TR 62125, 2008, 16 p.162. IEC/PAS 62545, (2008). IEC editions, Environmental Information on Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EIEEE). IEC/PAS 62545, 2008, 19 p.163. IEC/GUIDE 109, (2012). IEC Editions, Environmental aspects - Inclusion in electro-technical product standards. IEC/GUIDE 109, 2012, 33 p.164. IEC/TR 62635, (2012). IEC Editions, Guidelines for end-of-life information provided by manufacturers and recyclers and for recyclability rate calculation of electrical and electronic equipment, CEI/TR 62635, 2012, 32 p.165. IEC 62542, (2013). IEC Editions, Environmental standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems - Standardization of environmental aspects - Glossary of terms. CEI 62542, 2013, 37 p.166. IEC/TC111 Work Program, (2014). IEC Editions, « Environmental standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems », », downloadable on http://www.iec.ch/(viewed the 6th of june 2015).German standards167. VDE 0570-20, (2014). DIN Editions - Ecodesign requirements for small power transformers, VDE 0570-20, 2014, 8 p.American standards168. IEEE 1680, (2009). IEEE Editions, Environmental assessment of electronic products. IEEE 1680, 2009, 16 p.169. IEEE 1680.1, (2009). IEEE Editions, Environmental assessment of personal computer products, including notebook personal computers, desktop personal computers, and personal computer displays. IEEE 1680.1, 2009, 43

p.170. IEEE 1680.2, (2012). IEEE Editions, IEEE Standard for Environmental Assessment of Imaging Equipment. IEEE 1680.2, 2012, 71 p.171. IEEE 1680.3, (2012). IEEE Editions, IEEE Standard for Environmental Assessment of Televisions. IEEE 1680.3, 2012, 61 p.English standards172. PD IEC/TR 62476, (2010). IEC, guidance for evaluation of products with respect to substance-use restrictions in electrical and electronic products. PD IEC/TR 62476, 2010, 19 p.French standards/Reference document for good practices173. NF EN 61429/A11, (2001). AFNOR Editions, Marking of secondary cells and batteries with the international recycling symbol ISO 7000-1135 and indications regarding Directives 93/86/EEC and 91/157/EEC. NF EN 61429/

A11, 2001, 9 p.174. NF EN 62430, (2009). AFNOR Editions, Environmentally conscious design for electrical and electronic products. NF EN 62430, 2009, 31 p.175. BP X30-323-9, (2011). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products - Part 9: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of television. BP X30-323-9,

2011, 26 p.176. NF EN 62474, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Material declaration for products of and for the electro-technical industry. NF EN 62474, 2012, 65 p.177. AFNOR R�ef. 3244011, (2013). AFNOR, Affichage environnemental e Ameublement et t�el�eviseurs. AFNOR. La Plaine Saint Denis: AFNOR, 2013, 218 p, Collection of French standards AFNOR, R�ef. 3244011, ISBN: 978-2-12-

244011-7.178. NF EN 60601-1-9/A1, (2014). AFNOR Editions - Medical electrical equipment - Part 1e9: general requirements for basic safety and essential performance - Collateral Standard: requirements for environmentally conscious

design - IEC 60601-1-9/AMD1, 2013, 9 p.179. NF EN 62040-4, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) - Part 4: environmental aspects - Requirements and reporting e NF EN 62040-4, 2014, 23 p.180. NF EN 62542, (2014). AFNOR Editions - Environmental standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems - Glossary of terms. NF EN 62542, 2014, 24 p.181. PD IEC/TR 62726, (2014). IEC Editions - guidance on quantifying greenhouse gas emission reductions from the baseline for electrical and electronic products and systems, PD IEC/TR 62726, 2014, 54 p.182. NF EN 50598-1, (2015). AFNOR Editions e Ecodesign for power drive systems, motor starters, power electronics & their driven applications - Part 1: general requirements for setting energy efficiency standards for power

driven equipment using the extended product approach (EPA), and semi analytic model (SAM), 2015, 31 p.183. NF EN 50598-2, (2015). AFNOR Editions e Ecodesign for power drive systems, motor starters, power electronics and their driven applications - Part 2: energy efficiency indicators for power drive systems and motor

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184. NF EN 50598-3, (2015). AFNOR, �Eco-conception des entraînements �electriques de puissance, des d�emarreurs de moteur, de l'�electronique de puissance et de leurs applications entraîn�ees - Partie 3: approche quantitatived'�ecoconception par l'�evaluation du cycle de vie, comprenant les r�egles relatives aux cat�egories de produits et le contenu des d�eclarations environnementales. NF EN 50598-3, 2015, 58 p.

Meetings, Events & Trade ShowsAmerican standards185. ASTM E 2741, (2011). ASTM Editions, Standard Specification for Evaluation and Selection of Destinations for Environmentally Sustainable Meetings, Events, Trade Shows, and Conferences. ASTM E 2741, 2011, 10 p.

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186. ASTM E 2742, (2011). ASTM Editions, Standard Specification for Evaluation and Selection of Exhibits for Environmentally Sustainable Meetings, Events, Trade Shows, and Conferences. ASTM E 2742, 2011, 9 p.187. ASTM E 2743, (2011). ASTM Editions, Standard Specification for Evaluation and Selection of Transportation for Environmentally Sustainable Meetings, Events, Trade Shows, and Conferences. ASTM E 2743, 2011, 8 p.188. ASTM E 2745, (2011). ASTM Editions, Standard Specification for Evaluation and Selection of Audio Visual (AV) and Production for Environmentally Sustainable Meetings, Events, Trade Shows, and Conferences. ASTM E

2745, 2011, 8 p.189. ASTM E 2746, (2011). ASTM Editions, Standard Specification for Evaluation and Selection of Communication and Marketing Materials for Environmentally Sustainable Meetings, Events, Trade Shows, and Conferences.

ASTM E 2746, 2011, 11 p.190. ASTM E 2747, (2011). ASTM Editions, Standard Specification for Evaluation and Selection of Onsite Offices for Environmentally Sustainable Meetings, Events, Trade Shows, and Conferences. ASTM E 2747, 2011, 7 p.191. ASTM E 2773, (2011). ASTM Editions, Standard Specification for Evaluation and Selection of Food and Beverage for Environmentally Sustainable Meetings, Events, Trade Shows, and Conferences. ASTM E 2773, 2011, 11 p.192. ASTM E 2774, (2011). ASTM Editions, Standard Specification for Evaluation and Selection of Venues for Environmentally Sustainable Meetings, Events, Trade Shows, and Conferences. ASTM E 2774, 2011, 12 p.International standards193. NF ISO 20121, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Event sustainability management systems - Requirements with guidance for use. NF ISO 20121, 2012, 52 p.French standards194. FD X50-148, (2013). AFNOR Editions, Responsible event-management - Guide for the implementation of ISO 20121. FD X50-148, 2013, 35 p.Printing & Graphics TechnologyInternational standards195. ISO 16759, (2013). ISO Editions, Graphic technology e Quantification and communication for calculating the carbon footprint of print media products. ISO 16759, 2013, 41 p.French standards196. BP X30-206-1, (2007). AFNOR Editions, Good practices for the stepwise introduction of a management system intended for the printing profession. Part 1: stepwise introduction of an environmental management system.

BP X30-206-1, 2007, 70 p.197. BP X30-323-16, (2013). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products - Part 16: methodology for the environmental impacts assessment of print products. BP X30-

323-16, 2013, 26 p.MaterialsTechnical report198. FD CEN/TR 16721, (2014). AFNOR Editions - Bio-based products - Overview of methods to determine the bio-based content, FD CEN/TR 16721, 2014, 30 p.MechanicalInternational standards199. NF ISO 14955-1, (2014). AFNOR Editions - Machine tools - Environmental evaluation of machine tools - Part 1: design methodology for energy-efficient machine tools, NF ISO 14955-1, 2014, 57 p.French standards200. XP E01-006, (2011). UNM Editions, Mechanical products - Environmental performance - Assessment and declaration. XP E01-006, 2011, 40 p.201. NF EN 378-1þA2, (2012). AFNOR Editions - Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements - Part 1: basic requirements, definitions, classification and selection criteria. NF EN 378-1þA2,

2012, 63 p.202. NF EN 16297-1, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Pumps - Rotodynamic pumps - Glandless circulators - Part 1: general requirements and procedures for testing and calculation of energy efficiency index (EEI). NF EN 16297-1, 2012,

22 p.203. NF EN 16297-2, (2012). AFNOR Editions, Pumps - Rotodynamic pumps - Glandless circulators - Part 2: calculation of energy efficiency index (EEI) for standalone circulators. NF EN 16297-2, 2012, 9 p.204. NF EN 16297-3, (2012). AFNOR Editions e Pumps - Rotodynamic pumps - Glandless circulators - Part 3: energy efficiency index (EEI) for circulators integrated in products. NF EN 16297-3, 2012, 9 p.205. NF E01-005, (2013). dans AFNOR, Produits m�ecaniques e M�ethodologie de r�eduction des impacts environnementaux �a la conception et au d�eveloppement des produits. NF E01-005, 2013, 70 p.Technical report206. FD E01-008, (2014). AFNOR - Produits m�ecaniques - Donn�ees environnementales, FD E01-008, 2014, 182 p.French standards207. PR NF EN 378-1, (2014). AFNOR Editions - Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements - Part 1: basic requirements, definitions, classification and selection criteria. PR NF EN 378-1,

2014, 68 p.208. NF ISO 14955-1, (2014). AFNOR Editions, Machine tools - Environmental evaluation of machine tools - Part 1: design methodology for energy-efficient machine tools. NF ISO 14955-1, 2014, 57 p.Collection of French standards

209. AFNOR R�ef. 3253311, (2014). AFNOR, �Eco-conception des produits m�ecaniques, Collection of french standards AFNOR, 2014, 432 p.PlasticsInternational standards210. ISO 17422, (2002). ISO Editions, Plastics - Environmental aspects - General guidelines for their inclusion in standards. ISO 17422, 2002, 12 p.English standards211. BS 7982, (2001). BS Editions, guidance on the environmental impact of large-scale fires involving plastics materials. BS 7982, 2001, 42 p.Hygiene productsReference document for good practices212. BP X30-323-8, (2011). AFNOR Editions, General principles for an environmental communication on mass market products - Part 8: methodology for the environmental impact assessment of toilet paper. BP X30-323-8,

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Appendix C. Composition of Ei sets by function within a company

Purchasing R&D and Product development QSE management and Sustainable Dev. Production and manufacturing Legal, Sales, Marketing andCommunication

E01 72 [1e3],5,9,13,18,53,54,72 [1e3],5,9,13,18,53,54,72 [1e3],5,9,13,18,53,54,72 [1e3],5,9,13,18,53,54,72E02 e 101,105,112,134,136,145,

146,160,162,165,167,180,182,199, 201, 207,[209e211],225,434

101,105,112,134,136,145,146,160,162,165,180, 182, 199,201,207,[209e211],225,434

101,105,112,134,136,145,146,160,162,165, 180,182,201,207,210,211,225

101,105,112,134,136,145,146,160,162,165, 180,182,201,207,209,210,211,225

E03 305,308,548 230,277,279,[292e308],[310e313],438,449,459,465,473,474,478, 484,491,492,540,548

230,277,279,[292e308],[310e313],438,459,465,473, 474,548

230,305,308,548 277,303,548

E04 568,571 329,351,402,433,558,566,568,571,573,574,625

329,351,402,558,568,571 558,568,571 e

E05 72 4,5,7,8,[20e23],26,28,59,60,66,67,71,72,81

4,5,7,8,[20e23],26,28,59,60,66,67,71,72,81

4,5,7,8,[20e23],26,28,59,60,66,67,71,72,81

4,5,7,8,[20e23],26,28,59,60,66,67,71,72,81

E06 e [86e91],[93e100],102,104,106,[108e111],[113e118],125,[129e131],135,137,[147e151],158,159,161,163,166,[168e173],[175e179],181,[183e188],195,[197e200],[202e204],206,[208e210],[212e215],217, 219,220,224,226,227,626

[86e91],[93e100],102,104,106,[108e111],[113e118],125,[129e131],135,137,[147e151],158,159, 161,163,166,[168e173],[175e179],181,[183e188], 195,[197e200],[202e204],206,[208e210],[212e215],217,219,220,224,226,227,626

[86e91],[93e100],102,104,106,[108e111], [113e118],125,[129e131],135,137,[147e151],158,159,161,163,166,[168e173],[175e179], [183e188],195,197,198,200,[202e204],208,210,[212e215],217,219,220,224,226,227, 626

[86e91],[93e100],102,104,106,[108e111],[113e118],125,[129e131],135,137,[147e151],158,159,161,163,166,[168e173],[175e177],179, [183e188],195,197,200,[202e204],[208e210], [212e215],224,226,227,626

E07 e 229,233,244,271,272,274,275,[286e291],446,451,454,464,468, 474,480,481,483,486,497,498,503,519,[544e546]

229,233,244,271,[286e291],446,451,454,474, 544

233,280 e

E08 494,495 [234e243],[245e270],273,276,277,[281e285],309,[314e322],436, 441,442,445,465,466,472,482,485,488,490,491,494,495,499, 501,533,542,550, 628

[234e243],[245e265],[267e270],273,[276e278], [281e285],[314e322],436,441,442,465,466,472, 476,477, 494,495,[499e501],529,542,550

278,494,495 266,276,277,494,495

E09 e 334,338,341,349,350,405,406,419,420,448,555,560,567,618

334,338,349,350,405,406,419,420,555,608,610, 611

333 419,560

E10 357 [330e332],340,[342e348],[352e361],[366e370],374,375,384,401, 404,[413e415],421,424,[426e430],432,433,552,553,561,563,564, 570,575,576,580,[582e584],596,598,599,602,605,609,613

331,332,340,[342e348],352,353,[355e361],[366e370],374,375,384,404,[413e415],421,424,426, 427,429,[430e433],553,554,557,563,564,580, 582,583,585,598,600,[603e606],609,613

357,605 354,357,428,563,598

E11 72 33,61,69,72 72 33,61,69,72 72E12 e 88,100,101,[127e133],[136e143],

156,159,164,166,167,174,[177e179],[185e188],[190e194],199,205,208,209,217,[219e221],434

178,199,209,217,219,220,434 88,100,101,[127e133],[136e143],156,159,164, 166,174,[177e179],[185e188],[190e194],205,208,217,[219e221]

209

E13 305,308,439, 548 233,274,275,305,308,435,439,443,444,452,453,[455e458],[460e463],471,474,475,479,489,496,502,[507e518],[520e528],531,[534e539],541,543,[547e549],551,627

233,305,308,439,443,452,455,460,474,496,513, 518,548,549,627

233,280,305,308,439,513,548 435,439,513,548

E14 e 277,309,467,469,470,487,493,515,532

277,493 493 e

(continued on next page)

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ofCleaner

Production151

(2017)546

e577

575

(con

tinu

ed)

Purchasing

R&D

andProd

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E15

622,

623

329,[335

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7],339

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,[362

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3],[3

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,[407

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9],411

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,[416

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8],

422,42

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0],5

65,

569,[577

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,[586

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5],

597,60

1,60

7,61

2,[614

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8],

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329,55

8,57

7,60

1,60

7,61

2,62

0,62

2,62

333

3,55

8,62

2,62

356

0,60

1,62

0,62

2,62

3

E16

357

330,35

7,37

0,38

4,40

1,42

7,55

2,56

3,56

435

7,43

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4,61

935

735

7,56

3,61

9

E17

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67,70,

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[29e

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0,[62e

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7,70

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2

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0e14

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],24,25

,27,[29

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],60,[62e

65],6

7,70

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[1e3],6,[1

0e14

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E18

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6,14

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2,22

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[83e

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19e12

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,[152

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5],157

,196

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,218

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629

231,51

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1,45

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571

410,57

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8,62

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E22

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72,86,87

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9,18

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9,19

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9,[212

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,232

,233

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3,32

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4,40

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72,86,87

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9,19

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9,19

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277,30

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3,32

4,40

6,41

0,43

7,44

8,50

6

P. Rousseaux et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 151 (2017) 546e577576

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