kalim project report

8/7/2019 kalim project report

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INTRODUCTION

Child means a person who has not completed his fourteen years of age. Any such person

engaged for wages whether in cash or kind, is a child worker. Child labor refers to the

employment of children at regular and sustained labor. This practice is considered exploitative

by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries. Child labor was utilized tovarying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the advent of universal

schooling, with changes in working conditions during the industrial revolution, and with the

emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights. Child labor is a hazard to a Childs

mental, physical, social, educational, emotional and spiritual development.

The problem of child labor in the developing world has drawn considerable attention recently.

The international labor organization estimates the number of working children in the world in the

age group of 5-14 years to be 250 million with most of them being in the developing countries.

The child labor is most prevalent in Asia, with India as one of the main contributors. India is

obviously a good case to study the problem of child labor.

CHILD LABOR IN INDIA-

Child labor in India is a human right issue for the whole world. It is a serious and extensive

problem, with many children under the age of fourteen working in carpet making factories, glass

blowing units and making fireworks with bare little hands. According to the statistics given by

Indian government there are 20 million child laborers in the country, while other agencies claim

that it is 50 million. The situation of child laborers in India is desperate. Children work for eight

hours at a stretch with only a small break for meals. The meals are also frugal and the children

are ill nourished. Most of the migrant children, who cannot go home, sleep at their work place,which is very bad for their health and development. Seventy five percent of Indian population

still resides in rural areas and are very poor. Children in rural families who are ailing with

poverty perceive their children as an income generating resource to supplement the family

income. Parents sacrifice their childrens education to the growing needs of their younger

siblings in such families and view them as wage earners for the entire clan.

Child labor is a conspicuous problem in India. Its prevalence is evident in the child work

participation rate, which is more than that of other developing countries. Poverty is the reason for

child labor in India. The meager income of child laborers is also absorbed by their families. The

paucity of organized banking in the rural areas creates a void in taking facilities, forcing poor

families to push their children in harsh labor, the harshest being bonded labor.

In India mainly following sectors are involved in child labor-

Beedi Manufacture-

In India the large number of child labor are employed in the beedi factories where the much

exploitation are done in all forms, more than 30% of the workers that are employed in beedi


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industries are child, and after that survey import of beedis from that particular factory were

banned.

Diamond Industry-

Child labor is highly prevalent in the Indian diamond industry, as child laborers constitute nearly3% of the total workforce and the percentage of child laborers is as high as 25% in the diamond

industry of Surat. Workers are often paid only a fraction of 1% of the value of the stones they

cut.The economic growth in Western India was associated with an increase in the number of

child workers over the last 15 years and that children work at simple repetitive manual tasks that

do not require long years of training or experience in low-paying hazardous works that involves

drudgery and forecloses the option of school education for most children. The use of child labor

in Indias diamond processing industry has been reduced from 0.55% in 1998 to 0.31% in 2005.

Firework Manufacture-

Fireworks manufacturers had long been criticised for their use of child labor. Although the

manufacturers declare that child labor is no longer used, estimates suggest that at least 3,000

children still work at every stage of the manufacturing process. Child labor taints fireworks

industry at Sivakasi publisher with wages as low as Rs 20 per day. Thousands of children die

each year in the fireworks business.

Domestic Labor-

Now a days large number of children from poor families are employed in domestic labor in some

or other forms for earning their one time meals. The Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act

had banned the employment of children as domestic workers and as workers in restaurants,dhabas, hotels, spas and resorts effective from October 10, 2006.

Bonded Child labor In India-

The most inhuman and onerous form of child exploitation is the age old practice of bonded labor

in India. In this, the child is sold to the loaner like a commodity for a certain period of time. His

labor is treated like security or collateral security and cunning rich men procure them for small

sums at exorbitant interest rates.The practice of bonded child labor is prevalent in many parts of

rural India, but is very conspicuously in the Vellore district of Tamil Nadu. Here the bonded

child is allowed to reside with his parents, if he presents himself for work at 8 a.m. every day.

The practice of child bonded labor persists like a scourge to humanity in spite of many laws

against it. These laws although stringent and providing for imprisonment and imposition of huge

fines on those who are found guilty are literally non- functional in terms of implementation.


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Hazardous And Harmful Effect Of Child Labor-

Children can be found in almost any economic sector. However, at a global level, most of them

are in agriculture (70%). Some hazards in agriculture are the exposure to pesticides, the use of

dangerous machinery or tools (like knives), carrying heavy loads, the presence of snakes, and so

on. Children working in agriculture are the ones suffering most injuries. For children working asdomestic laborers, the hazards are sometimes not that obvious. Here, it can be the psychological

hazards, like isolation, abuse, exploitation that make this form dangerous. Domestic labor is

often called hidden and it is often difficult to find those children. Other sectors where children

are working (although not in large proportion) are mining (1%) and construction (2%). The work

done is generally very dangerous for children.

Occupational hazards cause not only short-term health effects (mainly injuries, skin problems,

etc), but most effects are long-term and will only become evident in adulthood. Therefore, they

are difficult to measure and to quantify. Cancer, infertility, chronic back pain and IQ reduction

are some of the expected long-term outcomes.

Children who begin work at an early age have many more years to develop illness than an adultdoing the same work. A household survey of child laborers in India found that a high proportion

(greater than 90%) of children in both urban and rural areas of the country reported non-use ofprotective equipment.

Prenatal exposure to toxic substances can lead to neurocognitive and other congenital changes to

the fetus. Some children begin life with an elevated lead body burden reflecting the lead bodyburden of the mother.2 Thus, the development of children born to exposed mothers can be

affected, leading to a cycle of susceptibility. The intergenerational effects of child labor may

extend to lead exposure if maternal exposure to lead occurs during pregnancy. While notspecifically addressed here, this exposure may take place via several routes: mothers workingwhile pregnant, airborne contamination, and contamination of food and water.

Future Perspective-

Today, 72.2% of the Indian population lives in rural areas, that is, around 750 millions of people

with respect to the 2001 Census. Although it is obvious that the Millennium Development Goalsregarding education wont be achieved in overall India and more especially in the rural segments

of this country, one notes since more than two decades a strong and increasing willingness of theIndian government to improve the access to its schooling system, especially to its elementary

education. This is achieved by a constantly growing mobilization of resources and the successionof important and original initiatives such as the Mid-Day meal Scheme, for instance. However,

Indian society and even more rural Indian society are still heavily characterized by specificfeatures such as castes, religion, gender asymmetries, household organization, and so on.


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LITERATURE REVIEW

1) By Nielsen And Dubey (2002)-In an empirical micro-economic analysis that allows individual heterogeneity, are testedon four main hypothesis on the basis of recent micro-economic literature on child labor:the substitution, subsistence, capital market and parental education hypothesis. Using

four Indian data sets, they found that at most, two-thirds of the increase in schoolenrolment from 1983 to 1999-2000 is explained by an increase in both household

incomes and in parental education. Hence, one third of them is left unexplained, whichleaves room for explanation related to other factors such as access to schools or traditions

and norms, an increase in the need for and value of substituting children for workinghousehold heads exerts a small counteracting effects.

The main finding of this paper are that low household expenditure and lack of parental

human capital are the two main factors responsible for child labor and non-enrolment ofthe children in schools. Hence, the reduction in child labor or rather non-enrolment from

1983 to 1999-2000 is closely associated with the increase in household incomes andeducation. A small counteracting effect comes from an increse in the need for and value

of substituting children for working household heads. However, about one-third of thechanges are still left unexplained.

2) By Dowling Moreton And Wright-This literature review was conducted by Home Office researchers and independently peer

reviewed by two external experts. This report is a summary of a longer and more detailed

review.

Aims and objectives of the review-

The aims of the review were threefold.

1. To identify what is known about trafficking to the India for the purposes of laborexploitation (supplementing this information with international data where necessary and

available).2 .To identify knowledge gaps in this area.

3. To make recommendations, where appropriate, as to how to address any knowledgegaps.

The above aims will contribute to improving the evidence base and policy in this area,

both in relation to the prevention, detection and prosecution of offenders, and in the appropriateidentification and treatment of victims. Findings are intended to be of use to policy makers

and operational staff who are involved with tackling trafficking and assisting victims, as well asresearchers and academics with an interest in this area. This review does not aim to outline

or evaluate the legislation and policy changes that have been made or are currently being


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formulated within Government. It will simply present the findings from current publishedliterature, which does not necessarily reflect current Home Office or Government thinking.

Findings from the reviewed literature are separated here into, first, adult victims and, second,child victims. There is similarity between some of the issues discussed for both types of

victim, but differences in relation to some specific findings and recommendations drawn from

the research.

3) BY Joseph Anthony And Gathia-Materials from Joint Womens Programme were examined to understand the thrust and

arguments with regard to child prostitution. Surprisingly Gram Niyojan Kendra hasproduced very little material for mass awareness. As they are leading research group on

prostitution they are in better position to do so.

The material on campaign against child prostitution draws the picture of small childrenbeing sought out and exploited by the foreign tourists. The NGO literature available in

India though not necessarily produced by the Indian NGOs virtually does not refer to theacademic literature. The common themes which run in the NGO literature is that the

small girls are being sought by the foreigners for sexual exploitation. The age distinctionis not clear and they often use word minor which may means girls below 18 years but

not necessarily below 16 years of age. The literature also lacks distinction betweenvarious age groups. There may be small number of foreign tourists seeking sexual

pleasure with tender age girls/boys but the exploitation cannot sustain without localcustomers. The NGO literature is silent the local customers.

Religious prostitution is practiced in various parts of India. Devadasi like cults are found

in Southern India and also practiced in other parts of the country. Pre puberty girls agedbetween 5 to 9 years, from poor, low-caste homes are dedicated by an initiation to the

deity in the temple during full moon. After a girl is married to the deity by the tali rite,she is branded with hot iron on both shoulders and her breast. She is then employed by

the temple priest. Sometimes even before menarche she is auctioned for her virginity.

y Estimated Minor prostitutes (30% of the total) are 270,000.

Estimated number 900,000 Transiction 37000 crores

Number Rs. One Day Days In A Year Total

400,000 50 20,000,000 200 4,000,000,000

300,000 100 30,000,000 200 6,000,000,000

100,000 200 20,000,000 200 4,000,000,000

50,000 500 25,000,000 200 5,000,000,000

40,000 1000 40,000,000 200 8,000,000,000

10,000 5000 50,000,000 200 10,000,000,000

900,000 185,000,000 37,000,000,000


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DATA ANALYSIS

State 1971 % ofTotal 1981 % ofTotal 1991 % ofTotal 2001 %

Andhra Pradesh 1627492 15.13385038 1951312 14.304894 1661940 14.72652729 1363339 1

Assam 239349 2.225677272 0 0 327598 2.902861046 351416 2

Bihar 1059359 9.850850638 1101764 8.0769335 942245 8.349276571 1117500 8

Gujarat 518061 4.817386299 616913 4.5225341 523585 4.639510927 485530 3

Haryana 137826 1.281627229 194189 1.4235822 109691 0.97197703 253491 2

Himachal Pradesh 71384 0.663791143 99624 0.7303346 56438 0.500099731 107774 0

Jammu & Kashmir 70489 0.655468647 258437 1.8945786 0 0 175630 1

Karnataka 808719 7.520179729 1131530 8.2951454 976247 8.650569867 822615 6

Kerala 111801 1.039623916 92854 0.6807044 34800 0.308364411 26156 0

Madhya Pradesh 1112319 10.34331924 1698597 12.452263 1352563 11.98512337 1065259 8

Maharashtra 988357 9.190611666 1557756 11.41977 1068427 9.467381115 764075 6

Chhattisgarh 0 0 0 0 0 0 364572 2

Manipur 16380 0.15231563 20217 0.148209 16493 0.146145237 28836 0

Meghalaya 30440 0.283057862 44916 0.3292752 34633 0.306884617 53940 0

Jharkhand 0 0 0 0 0 0 407200 3

Uttaranchal 0 0 0 0 0 0 70183 0

Nagaland 13726 0.127636406 16235 0.1190173 16467 0.145914849 45874 0

Orissa 492477 4.579483791 702293 5.1484473 452394 4.00868418 377594 2

Punjab 232774 2.164537146 216939 1.5903604 142868 1.265959963 177268 1

Rajasthan 587389 5.462058948 819605 6.0084511 774199 6.860213184 1262570 9

Sikkim 15661 0.145629736 8561 0.0627599 5598 0.049604137 16457 0

Tamil Nadu 713305 6.632936535 975055 7.1480411 578889 5.129562232 418801 3

Tripura 17490 0.162637385 24204 0.1774374 16478 0.146012321 21756 0

Uttar Pradesh 1326726 12.33706389 1434675 10.517474 1410086 12.49483733 1927997 1

West Bengal 511443 4.755846321 605263 4.437129 711691 6.306326902 857087 6

Andaman &

Nicobar island 572 0.005318959 1309 0.0095962 1265 0.011209224 1960 0

A.P. 17925 0.166682397 17950 0.1315898 12395 0.109832669 18482 0

Chandigarh 1086 0.010098582 1986 0.0145592 1870 0.016570157 3779 0

Dadra & Nagar

Haveli 3102 0.028845121 3615 0.0265012 4416 0.03913038 4274 0

Delhi 17120 0.1591968 25717 0.188529 27351 0.242358477 41899 0

Damanand Diu 7391 0.068728011 9378 0.0687493 941 0.008338245 729 0

Goa 0 0 0 0 4656 0.041257032 4138 0

Lakshadweep 97 0.000901991 56 0.0004105 34 0.000301276 27 0

Mizoram 0 0 6314 0.0462874 16411 0.145418631 26265 0

Pondicherry 3725 0.034638322 3606 0.0264353 2680 0.023747604 1904 0

Total 10753985 13640870 11285349 12666377


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GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

For the year 1971-

Pie graph representation of percentage of child labor in the different parts of

India-

By doing our analysis we found that the highest percentage of child labor exists in

Andhra Pradesh which is calculated as 15% for the year 1971 and Kerala has the

lowest percentage of child labor which is calculated as 1%.

1

15% 2

2%

3

10%

4

5%

5

1%6

1%7

1%

8

8%

9

1%

10

10%

11

9%

12

0%

13

0%14

0%15

0%

16

0%

17

0%

18

5%

19

2%

20

5%

21

0%

22

7%

23

0%

24

12%

25

5%

26

0%

27

0% 28

0%

29

0%

30

0%

31

0%

32

0%33

0%

34

0%35

0%

% of Total


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For the year 1981-


India-


Andhra Pradesh which is calculated as 14% for the year 1981 but there is a decrease

of 1% from the previous decade which shows that suitable measures have been takenby the government against the child labor, and Kerala has the lowest percentage of

child labor which is calculated as 1% that is constant.

1

14%2

0%

3

8%

4

5%

5

1%6

1%

7

2%8

8%

9

1%

10

12%

11

11%

12

0%

13

0%14

0%

15

0%

16

0%

17

0%

18

5%

19

2%

20

6%

21

0%

22

7%

23

0%

24

11%

25

4%

26

0%

27

0%

28

0%

29

0%

30

0%

31

0%32

0%

33

0%34

0%

35

0%

% of Total


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For the year 1991-


India-


Andhra Pradesh which is calculated as 14% for the year 1991 and Himachal pradesh

has the lowest percentage of child labor which is calculated as 1%.

1

15%2

3%

3

8%

4

5%

5

1%

6

1%7

0%

8

9%

9

0%

10

12%

11

9%

12

0%

13

0%14

0%

15

0%

16

0%

17

0%

18

4%

19

1%

20

7%

21

0%

22

5%

23

0%

24

12%

25

6%

26

0%27

0%

28

0% 29

0%

30

0%

31

0%

32

0%33

0%34

0%35

0%

% of Total


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For the year 2001-


India-


Uttar Pradesh which is calculated as 15% and the child labor figure in Andhra

Pradesh has decreased by a considerable margin of 5% for the year 2001 and Jammu

Kashmir has the lowest percentage of child labor which is calculated as 1%.

1

11%

2

3%

3

9%

4

4%

5

2%6

1%7

1%8

6%

9

0%

10

8%11

6%

12

3%

13

0%14

0%

15

3%

161%17

0%

18

3%

19

1%

20

10%

21

0%

22

3%

23

0%

24

15%

25

7%

26

0%27

0%

28

0% 29

0%

30

0%

31

0%

32

0%

33

0%

34

0%35

0%

% of Total

kalim project report

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