Kaunas

Dvidesimt trecioji pamoka

Lesson 23

KAUNE

Petras if Gediminas pasieke Kaunq vakare. Kadimgi jie buvo labai pavafg~, tai tuojau nuvyko i viesbutL pavalge vakarien~ if nuejo mieg6ti.

Anksti rytc! jie pradejo apziiirineti KaiinC!. Kaunas yd. senas miestas, jo namai beveik visi miiriniai, jame daug senft miiriniq baznyciq . :Zm6nes eina pesti cementiniais saligatviais arba va­Ziuoja autobusais. Musq pusbroliai pirmiausia apZiiirejo istorinius pastatus: Kauno pilies griuvesius Nemuno if Neries santakoje, paskui vadinamuosius Perkuno namus, kurie buvo pastatyti pries daiig simtft metq.

Netoli nuo pilies griuvesiq jie aplanke didziojo Lietuvos po­eto Mair6nio namus, kuriuose jis gyveno. Dabaf tuose dideliuose miiriniuose namuose yra Mair6nio muziejus.

Pietus Petras if Gediminas pavalge studentq valgykloje prie universiteto. IS ten jie autobusu nuvaziavo i Vytauto Didziojo Kulturos Muziejq, kuriame kabo Laisves Vafpas. Ji padovan6jo Lietuvai Amerikos lietuviai. Varpe yra irasas:

o skambink per amZius Vaikams Lietuvos,

Ktid lciisves nevertas, Ktis negina jos.

Is ten jie autobusu ·nuvaziavo i Ciurli6nio Dail~s Muziejq, kuriame Petras pirmC! kaftc! pamate Ciurli6nio paveikslus. Jam jie padare gilq jspiidi.

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Vytauto Didiiojo Kulturos Muziejus

The Vytautas The Great Museum of Culture

Vakare Petras if Gediminas buvo teatre. Teatre jie mate lie­tuviskC! operC!. Nors Petras if Cikagoje buvo mat~s kelias operas , bet 5i lietuviSka opera jam labai patiko.

VOCABULARY pasiekti (pasieidu, pasiekia, pasieke,

pasieks) - to r each vakare - in the evening kadangi - because pava rg~ - tired (see Lesson 26; in-

finitive pava rgti 'to get tired') tai - (here) so tuojau - right away nuvykti (nuvyko, nuvyks) irreg.: nu­

vyk stil, nuvykstl, nuvyksta; nu­vykstame, nuvykstate, nuvyksta­to get (somewhere)

viesbutis -cio (1) - hotel nuejo mieg6ti - went to sleep anksti - ear ly ryt'! - in the morning pradeti (pradedu, pradeda, pradejo,

prades ) irreg.: (see deti , Lith. -English Vocab.) to begin

pescias, -ci a (plural : pesti, pescios) (3) - on foot

jis eina pescias - he goes on foot, etc.

cementinis, -e (2) -- concrete, made of cement

saligatvis -io ( 1) - side\valk pirmiilUsia - in the first place, first istorinis, -e ( 1) - l,is toric pastatas (3b) - building griuvesiai (2) (plural only ) - ruins santaka (1) - cOluluence vadinamuosius - so called Perkuno namai - the Perkiinas house

( Perkunas 'Thunder' was one of the chief gods of the pagan L ithu­anians. Perkuno namai is consider­ed to be one of the oldest buildings preserved in Kaunas)

buvo pastatyti - were built (see Les­son 33)

pries (prep. w ith accusative) - be­fore, in front of ; with time expres­sion s: . .. ago (Cf. German: 'VOl' zwei Wochen')

pries dauq simtQ metlJ - many hun­drem of years ago

didziojo - (of the) great (see L es­son '28)

poetas (2) - poet Mair6nis -i o - Mair6nis (Rt. R ev.

J6nas Maciillis, pseudonym Mair6-nis, 1862 - 1932, the national poet laureate of Lithuania)

rumai ( 1 ) (usually plura l only) - big house ; palace, chamber

muziejus (2) - museum valgykla (2) - restaurant, 'diner' nuvaziuoti (nuvaziuoju, nuvaziuoja,

nuvaziiivo, nuvaziuos) - to go, to get, to betake oneself (somewher e, in a vehicle)

Vytauto Didziojo KultOros Muziejus - The Vytautas the Great Museum of Culture

kuriame - in which (see Lesson 21 and 36)

kab6ti (kabaO, kiibo, kab6jo, kabos) - to hang (intransitive)

Uiisves Va f pas - Liberty Bell irasas (1) - insc ription skambinti (skan1binu, skambina,

skarhbino, skarhbins) - to ring, toll

per amzius - for ever (lit.: through ages)

nevertas (with gen.) - not v/orth la isve ( 1) - freedom, liberty kas - (here) he who, whoever (see

L esson 36 ) ginti (ginil , gina, g)llle*, gins) - to

defend ciurli6nio Dailes Muz iej us - Ciurlio­

nis Art Museum (Ciurli6nis : Mika­lojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis, 1887-1911, the foremost Lithuanian paint­er. H e start ed symbolism and ab­stractionism in painting even be­fore Kandinsky. Also a noted com­poser.)

pirm'l kart'! - (for ) the first time paveikslas ( 1) - picture, painting gilus, -i (4) - deep jspudis -dzio ( 1 ) - impression n6rs - although

• For the change of i= y see the Lith.-English Vocabulary.

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GRAMMAR

23.1 The Plural of the Third Declension Adjectives.

Masculine

'golden' 'wooden ' 'artificial' N . auksiniai mediniai dirbtiniai -iai G. auksiniq mediniq dirbtiniq -iq D . auksiniams mediniams dirbtiniams -iams A. auksinius medinius dirbtinius -ius I. auksiniais mediniais dirbtin iais -iais L. auksiniuose mediniuose dirbtin iuose -iuose

F e minine

N. auksines medines dirbtines -es G . auksiniq mediniq dirbtiniq -iq D . auksinems medinems dirbtinems -ems A. auksines medines dirbtines -es I. auksinemis medinemis dirbtinemis -emis L. auksinese medinese dirbtinese -ese

23.2 The adjectives belong to anyone of four different stress patterns just as the nouns . All of the adjectives listed above be­long to stress pattern No.2 . Illustrations of adjectival stress pat­terns are given in the appendix . The short sketch of nominal stress classes is in Lesson 5.

23.3 Use of the Instrumental Case.

23 .3,1 The instrumental case may denote the means with which something is done. Examples :

1) As vaziuoju i universitetq autobusl~ . - I ride to the univer­sity by bus.

2) Jis raso pidtuku. - He writes with a pencil. 3) Jis pakele iikmeni luzda. - He lifted up the stone with a stick.

In place of the instrumental case by itself , one may also use the preposit ion su with the instrumental. 4 ) Jis pakiile iikmeni su lazda. - He lifted up the stone with a

stick.

23.3,2 The instrumental may be used to indicate the place along which or through which something (or somebody ) is moving.

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Examples:

1) Autobusas vaziuoja gatve . - The bus goes along the street. 2 ) Jis eina keliu. - He walks along the road. 3 ) Ji palydejo broli lauku. - She accompanied (her) brother

through the field .

23 .3 ,3 It may also be used in certain expressions of time , d. 32.7.

Examples:

1 ) Jau senais laikais Lietuva p1"ekiiivo giiitaru. - Already in ancient times Lithuania traded in amber.

2) Vakarais jie visuomet daimioja. - In the evenings they al­ways sing.

Many fossilized expressions of time are actually old instru­mental case forms:

1) siuo metil. - this time, at this time, nowadays (from sis me­tas - th is time )

2) tuo tarpu - at this moment (from tus tarpas - that span of time)

Frequently these expressions were shortened into adverbs of time:

1 ) kartais - sometimes (from kartas - time, occurence) 2) kuomet - when (from kuo metu - at what time ) 3) tuomet - then , at that time (from tuo metu - at that time ) 4 ) anuomet - once, formerly (from anu[o] metu - at that time ) 5 ) visuomet - always (from visu[o7 metu - at all times )

23 .3,4 Certain verbs require a direct object or an indirect com­plement in the instrumental case. Examples:

1) Lietuva prekiiivo giiitaru. - Lithuania traded in amber. 2 ) Jis biwo isrinktas prezidentll. . - He was elected president. 3 ) As ji paskyriau kuopos vadit.. - I appointed him company

commander. 4 ) J is buvo paskirtas kuopos Vad1'1.. - He was appointed com­

pany commander. 5) Jie jl apsauke kvailiu. - They called him a fool. 6 ) Studeiitai jl vadina ti1iginiu. - The students call him a lazy­

bones,

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7) Jis mane isvadino kvailht . - He called me a fool. 8) Jie issiriiiko Jonq, prezidentu. - They chose John as their

president.

23 .3,5 The instrumental case may denote the condition or pro­fession of an individual. Such constructions might be found with the verbs virsti 'to turn into , to become', detis ' to pretend to be ', laikyti 'to consider . . . as ', skirti ' to name , to appoint', gimti ' to be born' , augti 'to grow (into )', tarnauti ' to serve (as )', mokytis 'to study (to be )', tapti 'to become'. Examples:

1) Okininkas tapo karaliumi . - The farmer became a king. 2) Broliai pavirto juodvarniais. - The brothers turned into ra­

vens. 3 ) Mes ji laikome vadu. -- We consider him as (our ) leader. 4 ) Jonq, paskyre mokytoju. - They appointed J ohn (Jonas ) a

teacher.

As a predicate the instrumental may be used with the verb buti 'to be ' , especially when it is close in meaning to tapti 'to be­come'. Generally the nominative denotes a constant, (sometimes immutable) characteristic of the subject , whereas the instrument­al denotes an accidental or temporary condition. The nominative is used to denote something which is always true of the noun , whereas the instrumental is used for an accidental attribute. In the sentence : Varna yra paukstis - 'The crow is a bird' , the nominative is used because the crow is always a bird and will never be anything else. But in the sentence: Broliai dienq, lakste juodvarniais - 'During the day the brothers flew about as ravens', the instrumental juodvarniais 'like ravens ' is used because the brothers were ravens for only a certain length of time .

Therefore, as predicate of the verb buti ' to be ' the nominative is most common, whereas with the other verbs mentioned above the predicate is in the instrumental. But the instrumental may be used as the predicate of buti when it means approximately the same as tapti 'to become'. Examples :

1) Jis buv o prezidentlt or Jis buvo prezidefitas . - He was presi­dent.

2) Jis bus virsininku or Jis biLs virsininkas . - He will be the boss.

3) Jis norejo buti gydytoju or Jis norejo buti gydytojas. - He wanted to be a physician.

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23.3,6 The instrumental case may be used as the object of certain prepositions, e .g. su 'with' , sulig 'up to, as far as', ties 'opposite'. Examples :

1) Tevas su sunumi iSvaziiivo. - The father departed with (his) son.

2 ) Valgo duonq su sviestu. - (He ) eats bread and (with) butter.

3 ) Medis buvo sulig namu aukstumo. - The tree was as high as a house (literally: up to a house in height ).

4 ) Jis stovejo ties langu. - He stood opposite the window.

23.4 Nouns Used Only in Plural.

Certain nouns used in the plural denote objects which speak­ers of English generally consider to be singular. Examples :

kelnes (1 ) '(pair of) trousers' akecios (1 ) 'harrow' lasiniai (3h ) 'bacon' piimaldos (3h ) '(religious) ser-akiniai (3h ) 'glasses , spectacles' vice' metai (2 ) 'year' pabaigtuves (1 ) 'feast (celebra-vartai ( 2 ) 'gate ' ting the completion of some Ztrkles ( 1) 'pair of scissors ' task)' marSkiniai (3a ) 'shirt ' pietus (4 ) 'dinner' baltiniai (3 a ) 'underwear' vestuves (2 ) 'wedding ' pusryciai ( 1 ) 'breakfast' (al- sukaktuves (2 ) 'anniversary'

though the singular pl/,srytis is also used sometimes)

Special numerals which are used with these nouns are listed in 24.5.

EXERCISES

A. Questions. 1. Kada Petras ir Gediminas pasieke Kaunq? 2. Kodel jie tuojau nuejo miegoti ? 3. Kokie namai yra Kaune? 4. KUQ vaziuoja zmones Kaune? 5. Kur yra Kauno pilis ? 6. Kas yra Maironis? 7. Kas padovanoj 0 Lietuvai Laisves Varpq? 8. KUQ abu (both ) pusbroliai nuvaZiavo i Ciurlionio Dailes Muziej4 ? 9. Koki ispudi padare Ciurlionio paveikslai Petrui ? 10. Kokiq operq jie mate teatre?

B. Decline. in the singular and in plural: medinis namas , murinis namas , auksinis laikrodis, istorinis pastatas.

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c. Use the instrumental case: 1. As rasau laiSkq (with a pencil ). 2. Studentai vaziuoja i universitetq (by bus) . 3. Jie plauke (by a steamer). 4. Jis atejo su savo (cousin). 5. Mieste mes ei­name (on the side-walks ). 6. Autobusai vaziuoja (on the wide streets ). 7. Jis nori buti (a teacher). 8. As nenoriu buti (a teacher) . 9. As buvaii teatre (with students). 10. As jus supazindinsiu su (Dr. Vitkus ).

D. Translate into Lithuanian: 1. The new buses run along the new streets. 2. I like only old brick houses. 3. My brother has many (daug plus genitive ) golden watches. 4. Wooden houses are not as (ne t6kie) good as brick houses. 5. The historical buildings in Kaunas are very old. 6. Petras and Gediminas will see many (see No. 3 above ) historical buildings in Vilnius . 7. In Kaunas , there are many brick churches. 8. She lives in a large brick pal­ace. 9. She went to the theatre with her (own-suvo) parents. 10. Our teacher likes to talk about the old historical buildings.

CONVERSA TION

DU PUSBROLIAI

Gediminas: 1.

Petras : 2.

Gediminas : 3. Petras: 4.

Gediminas: 5. Petras: 6.

Gediminas: 7. Petras : 8.

Gediminas : 9. Petras: 10.

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Kaip tu zinai , as esu buv~s Amerikoje, bet labai trumpq laikq. Sakyk, ar visi namai ten miiriniai?

Ne visi. Dideliuose miestuose visi namai yra mu­riniai miesto centre, bet prfemiesciuose yra daug mediniq nami!. o kaip Cikagoje? Cikagoje, ypac priemiesciuose, yra daiig mediniq nami!. o koks jusq namas Cikagoje?

Musq namas yra miirinis. Mes gyvename, kaip tu jau zinai, priemiestyje.

Tai tim reikia toli vaziuoti i universitetq. As turiu vaziuoti traukiniu, paskui autobusu ar­ba tramvajumi.

Ar tu gali nuvaziuoti automobiliu? Taip, galiu. Tetis mane kartais nuveza automo­biliu , bet man dar neduoda automobilio i univer-sitetq vazineti, nors as ir gerai moku vairuoti.

THE TWO COUSINS

Gediminas : 1.

Petras: 2.

Gediminas: 3. Petras: 4.

Gediminas: 5.

As you know, I have been in America, but only for a very short time. Tell me, are all houses there brick homes? Not all. In the big cities, all the houses are brick houses in the center of the city, but there are many wooden houses in the suburbs. And how is it in Chicago? In Chicago, especially in the suburbs, there are many wooden houses. And what kind of a house is your house in Chi­cago?

Petras: 6. Our house is of brick. We live, as you already know, in a suburb.

Gediminas: 7. Thus, you have a long way to travel to the uni-versity.

Petras: 8. I have to go by train, then by . bus, or streetcar. Gediminas: 9. Can you go by car to the university?

Petras: 10. Yes, I can. My father sometimes takes me by car, but he does not give me the car to commute to the university, although I am a good driver.

NOTES:

1. ar - untransla table particle which begins a question without an inter­rogative word. If it begins an indirect question, then it can be r endered into English as 'if' or 'whether'.

5. namas - means both 'house' and 'home' . For the latter meaning, how­ever, namai, plural of namas is norma lly used with the m eaning 'home': Jis neturi namQ - 'He has no home (H e is homeless)'.

7. tai - here it means 'thus, so, and so' . 8. tramvajus - a borrowing from English 'tramway'. 9. a~ gerai m6ku vairuoti (automobili) - literal meaning : '1 know well

(how) to drive (a car)'.

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