kavkasionta etnogenezi damatebebit -...

aleqsandre axatneli

Tbilisi

2013

kavkasionTa eTnogenezi

(mokle mimoxilva)

kavkasionis mkvidr eTnosTa istoria mxolod

nawilobriv Seswavlil problemebs ganekuTvneba.

iqac araerTi dauzustebeli an ara sworad

gaSuqebuli sakiTxia. Sesabamisad kvleva kidev

bevr saidumlos axdis fardas. mxolod am gziT

SeiZleba kavkasiuri erTobis taZrisaken winsvla.

winamdebare naSromi sakiTxebis warmoCenas

emsaxureba da maTi Rrma, yovelmxrii analizis

pretenzia ar gaaCnia. igi erTgvarad exmaureba da

agrZelebs adre gamocemul naSroms `qarTvelTa

eTnogenezi. mokle mimoxilva.~

redaqtori:

iulon toliaSvili.

damkabadonebeli:

koba bedoiZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:

qeTevan grZeliSili,maia bolqvaZe

©aleqsandre axatneli

avtori madlobas uxdis karg vaJkacs, anzor CubiniZes, romlis dax-

marebiTac qveyndeba naSromi;

avtori aseve afrTxilebs mkiTxvels, rom azris an faqtis ganmeoreba

mizanmimarTulad xdeba;

avtori madlierebis grZnobiT miiRebs yovel SeniSvnas, rCevas,

survils.

3

kavkasia da kavkasioni

brZnuli naTqvamia: yovel did saqmeSi, yvelaze rTuli da-

sawyisia.

`biblia~ gvaswavlis: ufali didxans dahqroda gaurkvevel

viTarebaSi. albad fiqrobda iseTi diadi wamowyebis Sesaxeb,

rogoricaa samyaros Seqmna. darwmunebiT Tqma Znelia, magram Tu

dedamiwis mowyobis maketi warmoedgina, es ueWvelad kavkasias

Seexeba.

Tavisi bunebiT, reliefiT, geologiuri monacemebiT, flo-

riT, fauniT aq marTlac yvelaferia patara sivrceSi Tavmoyrili.

siamis tyupebiviT ganuyrel erTobas qmnian vake-dablobebi da

mTagrexilebi, yvelaze maRali mwvervalebiT evropaSi, yvelaze

nestiani da uaRresad mSrali kontinenturi klimatiT, udabnoebiT

da jungliviT gauvali mcenareuliT. Zvirfas beWedSi Casmuli

TvaliviTaa Sav da kaspiis zRvebs, beber aziasa da axalgazrda

evropas Soris moqceuli kavkasia.

dRes kavkasiad Zalze vrcel midamos ganixilaven CrdiloeTis

ganedis 37,2 da 38,5 Soris. dainteresebul mkvlevarTa Soris

azrTa sxvaobacaa, misi farTi 440 aTasi km, Tu 468 aTasi km.

Cven SemTxvevaSi amas arsebiT mniSvneloba ara aqvs.

kavkasias oTx ZiriTad nawilad yofen: CrdiloeTis vrceli

dablobi; sakuTriv kavkasioni; kolxeTis, qarTl-kaxeTis, md.

4

kavkasionTa eTnogenezialeqsandre axatneli

mtkvar-araqsis dablobi; mcire kavkasiad wodebul aWara-mesxeTis,

masis-araratis mTebi, romlebic samxreTidan sazRvraven mTlianad

kavkasias.

kavkasiaSi sakuTriv kavkasionis mTagrexilia mudmivi interesis

obieqti. uZveles droSi mxolod mas eZaxdnen kavkasias.

mTagrexili uwyvet jaWvadaa gabmuli Savi zRvidan kaspiis

zRvamde. 1500 km. goliaTi arsad ar gadaikveTeba mdinaris xeobiT.

Tavad warmoadgens wyalgamyofs CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT daqa-

nebuli mdinareebisa. iwyeba igi dRevandeli md. yubanis zRvasTan

SesarTavTan da wydeba afSeronis naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTiT.

kavkasionis siganes saSualod 50-150 km. Soris angariSoben. miC-

neulia, rom igi kavkasiis 28-30% moicavs. ZiriTad mTagrexils

aqvs ganStoebebi: CrdiloeTiT andis, samxreTiT gagra-kodoris,

svaneT-leCxumis, raWis, qarTlis, kaxeTis. magram mTavari mainc

lixis mTagrexilia, romelic kavkasions mesxeTis mTebTan aer-

Tianebs da saqarTvelos or nawilad yofs.

kavkasionis dasavleTi nawili mudmivad TovliT dafarul

mwvervalTa erTian rigs qmnis. aqaa: uSba (4700 m), TeTnuldi (4855

m.), Sxara (5065 m.), dixTau (5204 m.), myinvarwveri (5035 m.) da

rac mTavaria ialbuzi (5642 m.). aRmosavleTi nawili ki SedarebiT

mokrZalebuli sididis mwvervalebiT xasiaTdeba, Tebulos (4493

m.) aRmosavleTiT mwvervalTa simaRle klebulobs da kaspiis

zRvasTan cnobil derbentis (adre albaneTis) karibWes qmnis.

kavkasions aqvs ramdenime uReltexili: jvris (2379 m.), mamiso-

nis (2819 m.), qluxoris (2813 m.), arxotis (2750 m.), bursaWiris

(2340 m.). amas garda bevria sacalfexo gadasasvleli bilikebi.

kavkasionis mTagrexilis sidiadem misca saTave gadmocemebis

simravles misi da misi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. esaa am SemTxvevaSi

ZiriTadi interesis sagani.

5

kavkasionTa eTnogenezi aleqsandre axatneli

kavkasielebi

kavkasioni kavkasiis mosaxleobas sam ZiriTad jgufad yofs:

CrdiloeTis macxovreblebi, kavkasionis macxovreblebi da samxreT

kavkasiis macxovreblebi. is eTnosebi, romlebic uSualod kavkasio-

nis midamos CasWidebian, maT CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT mobinadre

eTnosebi. mosaxleobis amgvarad dayofa am SemTxvevaSi garduvalia,

radgan sxvanairad mizani ver dakonkretdeba.

kavkasionis samxreTiT aseTad somxebi, borCaloelebi, TaliSebi

gvevlinebian. isini kavkasielebs miekuTvnebian, magram ara kavkasio-

nelebs. CrdiloeTiT kidev ufro rTuladaa saqme. iq mosaxleobis

umravlesobas slavebi warmoadgenen, magram kavkasielebad Tavs ara

Tvlian da arc sxvebi miiCneven maT aseTebad. piriqiT, slavebi

yvela kavkasiels aerTianeben, garkveul wilad aigiveben, kavkasieli

erovnebis saxeliT.

slavebis garda arc zogierTi sxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli

ar CaiTvleba kavkasielad. vTqvaT germanelebi, berZnebi, TaTrebi,

romelTa raodenoba aTeul aTasebs ametebs, ramdenad warmoadgenen

kavkasielebs? kavkasionelebad ki maT miCnevaze fiqric ar SeiZleba.

ramdenadac mTeli kavkasia ruseTis mier iyo dapyrobili da rusu-

li meTodebiT dayofili, iq mcxovreb eTnosebs saxelmwifoebrivi

gaerTianebis teritoria, forma, arsi Sesabamisi CamouyalibdaT.

amdenad, kavkasiel erebs bolo ori saukunis manZilze mainc, yofd-

nen CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasielebad. CrdiloeT kavkasielebi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdegac ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi rCe-

bian. samxreT kavkasielebma formalur damoukideblobas miaRwies.

6


samxreT kavkasiaSi sami ̀ damoukidebeli~ saxelmwifoa: azerbai-

jani, somxeTi da saqarTvelo. dRevandeli pirobebSi maT emateba

sami TviTaRiarebuli ̀ saxelmwifo~: afxazeTi, e.w. samxreT oseTi

da yarabaRi. rogor ganviTardeba maTi istoria, sxva problemaa,

magram am erTeulebidan kavkasionelebs arc sasomxeTi da arc

yarabaRi ar ganekuTvnebian.

ufro rTuladaa sakiTxi CrdiloeT kavkasiis eTnosebTan

mimarTebaSi. aRmosavleTiT daRestnis respublikaa. misgan dasav-

leTiTYvainaxebis ori e. w. CeCneTisa da inguSeTis respublikebi.

inguSebis dasavleTeli mezobelia istoriuli oseTi, romelsac

rusuli politizirebuli mecniereba CrdiloeT oseTs uwodebs.

oseTis dasavleTiT yabardoa da balyareTi, Semdeg aris yaraCaeTi

da CerqezeTi. kavkasielTa ukiduresi dasavleli warmomadgene-

lia adiRe, romelic ruseTis krasnodaris mxaris mcire nawils

Seadgens, mowyvetils danarCeni kavkasielebisagan, irgvliv Se-

mosazRvruls `rusuli~ teritoriebiT.

2002 w. monacemebiT, TviTeuli erTeulis saerTaSorisod

aRiarebuli teritoriuli da mosaxleobiTi monacemebi aseTia:

respublikateritoria aTas km²

mosaxleoba aTa-sebSi

somxeTi 29,8 3000

azerbaijani (yarabaRis

CaTvliT) 86,6 8300

saqarTvelo (afxazeT, e.w.

samx. oseTis CaTvliT) 69,7 4602

daRestani 50,3 2576

CeCeTi 17,0 627

ingSeTi 3,6 476

oeTi 8,0 710

yabardo-balyareTi 12,5 901

yaraCai-CeqezeTi, adiRe14,1

7,6

439

447

7


kavkasias ganekuTvneba aseve: stavropolis mxare 66,5 aTasi km.

da 2735 aTasi macxovrebliT; krasnodaris mxare 76 aTasi km²

da 5125 aTasi macxovrebliT. am mxareebis teritoriaa kavkasiis

nawili, mosaxleoba ki bolo saukuneebSi Camosaxlebuli ZiriTa-

dad arakavkasielia.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kavkasiuri respublikebis mosaxleo-

bac araa erTgvarovani, maSin sakiTxis kvlevac ufro rTuldeba.

vTqvaT TiTeul respublikaSi slavuri mosaxleoba Tu ara sWar-

bobs aborigenebs, bevrad ar Camouvardeba. am SemTxvevaSi daRestani

gamoitoveba garkveuli mosazrebiT. CeCneTis respublikaSi slavebi

mosaxleobis 53,8% Seadgenen; oseTSi _ 30%; yabardo-balyareTSi _

balyarebi mosaxleobis 10%-a, slavebi ki 30%; yaraCai-CerqezeTSi,

Cerqezebi macxovrebelTa 9,7% aRweven. slavebi-42%; adiReSi

aborigenebi 22% odenobiTaa, slavebi 67% odenobiT.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebSi aborigen eTnosTa mdgo-

mareoba sagangaSoa. ruseTis imperiuli zraxvebisa da politikis

codna naTelyofs adgilobrivTa uimedobas Tu Zireuli cvlile-

bebi ar ganxorcielda.

kavkasia mravalferovania Tavisi geografiul-klimatologiuri

pirobebiT da ufro metad mraval saxovani demografiul- eTnikuri

TvalTaxedviT. amas emateba enaTa da dialeqtTa siWrele da es

kidev ufro arTulebs kavkasielTa saerTo masisagan gamo- yofas

da saWirboroto sakiTxad aqcevs kavkasielTagan kavka- sionelTa

gancalkevebis problemas: vin arian kavkasionelebi?

8


kavkasionelebi

dRevandel pirobebSi dazustebasa da gansxvavebis dadgenas

saWiroebs terminebi: kavkasia da kavkasioni, kavkasieli da kavka-

sioneli. zogisTvis da sakiTxSi Cauxedavi adamianisaTvis SeiZleba

sxvaobac SeumCneveli iyos, magram am saukunis viTarebisaTvis mas

principuli mniSvneloba aqvs. saidumlos ar warmoadgens ru-

suli imperiuli mcdeloba gaTiSon, erTimeores daupirispiron

aq macxovrebeli eTnosebi, eTnosebs SigniT calkeul dialeqtze

metyveli tomebi da am gziT miaRwion saerTo morCilebas.

rom ar gavimeoroT 19s. mravalricxovani magaliTebi, sruli-

ad sakmarisia gavixsenoT, ufro zustad ar daviviwyoT, ruseTis

samsaxurebis mier Seqmnili da qarTvelebisaTvis dapirispirebuli

e. w. kavkasielTa konfederaciis `gmiruli~ moRvaweoba. arc z.

gamsaxurdias mier wamoweuli megrul-svanuri motivebi unda iqnes

daviwyebuli da naTeli gaxdeba problemis aqtualoba.

Sesabamisad, interess iZens kavkasionelobis sakiTxic. kavkasia

Zveli pelazgiur-berZnuli miTologiis ganuyreli nawilia. mas-

Tanaa dakavSirebuli pelazgiur RmerTebis brZolisa da TaobaTa

monacvleobis sakiTxi. masTan dakavSirebiT bevrs msjelobdnen

herodote, straboni da mravali cnobili istor- ikos, geograf,

literatori. sruliad sakmarisia esqiles da misi tragediebis

gaxseneba. amasTan, ver davamtkicebT, rom kavkasiis terminis SigniT

maT dRevandeli gagebis kavkasia esmodaT. ufro meti. kavkasionis

mwvervalebis iqiT maT qveynis dasasruli egonaT. kavkasias ki

xSirad axsenebdnen. saidan icnobdnen, ainteresebdaT da swerdnen

mis Sesaxeb? Zvelma berZnebma, rom kavkasiis Sesaxeb codna maTi

balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze damkvidrebis Semdeg SeiZines (Zv. w.

9


a. XIII_XII ss.) gasagebia, magram saidan hqondaT es cnoba Tavad

pelazgebs, es rTuli da saintereso sakiTia, romelsac pasuxi

unda gaeces.

pelazgebi da Zveli berZnebi kavkasias axsenebdnen Zv. w. a. III-II

aTaswleulebis mijnidan moyolebuli, rodesac RmerTebis TaobaTa

cvla ganxorcielda. usazRvro dronis RmerT kronis da misi

meuRle rea kibelas Taoba zevsisa da haeris qalRmerTis heras

Taobam Secvala. am didi brZolis dros zevss miexmara titani

(RmerTi) promeTe, magram damsaxureba ar daufases da ori mZime

`danaSaulisaTvis~ kavkasiaSi maRal kldes miajaWves. pirveli

`sisxlis samarTlis saqme~ iyo zevsis meomari qaliSvilis, aTenas

`motaceba~, xolo meore kunZul lemnosze, mosxos mTis wverze

RmerT hefestos samWedlodan cecxlis motaceba da adamianebi-

saTvis `gadacema~ Sesabamis `instruqciasTan~ erTad. saidan unda

scodnodaT pelazgebs kavkasiis Sesaxeb? aris saintereso cnoba

imis Sesaxeb, rom ulumbos (olimpos) mTis kalTebze Zveli tomi

kavkonebisa mosaxleobda. miTologia, samwuxarod, ar Sifravs vin

an saidan iyvnen kavkonebi. cnobili mxolod isaa, rom kavkonebis

raRac nawili mosaxleobda paflagoniaSi (mcire aziis dasavleT

nawilSi). gamodis jaWvi, balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli, dasavleTi

TurqeTi, kavkasia. kavkasiis, kavkasianebis, kavkonebis yvelaze

Zvel ambavs leonti mroveli aRwers. pirveli xsenebis pativi ki

`bibliis~ istoriul nawils ekuTvnis.

mkvlevarebs Soris azrTa dapirispirebas ar iwvevs is cnoba,

rom adamianTa modgmis adreul Taobebs Soris dasaxelebuli

Tubal-kaeni iberiul-kavkasiuri tomis saxelwodebaa. kaeni miwis

muSakia (miwaTmoqmedi) da amdenad Zlieri, mejoge-momTabareebTan

SedarebiT. Tubal-kaeni `bibliis~ mixedviT rvalisa da metalis

saWurvelTa mWedelia. igi miwaTmoqmedi da xelosania. amasTan

TeTri brinjaosa da pirveli rkina-foladis Semoqmedi.

ris safuZvelze askvnian, rom jer kidev ̀ warRvnamde~ moRvawe

Tubal-kaeni kavkasiasTanaa dakavSirebuli? iqneb sxva Tubali,

iafeTis Ze igulisxmeba? `bibliaSi~ xom or Tubalzea msjeloba.

pirveli lameqis Ze Tubal-kaenia: rvalisa da rkinis saWurvelTa

10


mWedeli~. meore ki iafetis Zea _ Tubali. Tan meore TubalTan

erTad meSeqi ixsenieba.

Tubalisa da meSeqis saxelebi, epoqebisa da momgonebeli

tomebis gamoTqmis mixedviT, icvleba. Tubali, Tabali, tabali,

iberi; meSeqi, muski, mosoqi, mosxoi, mesxi. I s. ebraeli istori-

kosi ioseb flaviusi miuTiTebs: Tubali axla iberad iwodeba,

xolo meSeqi kapadokielTa winaprado. Tavad kapadokia (sparsulad

cxenebis qveyana) gvian ewoda mesxebis samosaxlos.

cxadia, `bibliis~ yvela debuleba da saxeli, yvela TariRi da

faqti, ar SeiZleba kritikuli gansjis gareSe iqnes miRebuli. rom

araferi iTqvas misi wakiTxvis dros ̀ aRmoCenil~ uzustobaze, sakma-

risia mieTiTos im siZneleze, rasac noes winaparTa da STamomavalTa

asakobrivi gaangariSeba qmnis. rogor miviRoT ama Tu im pirovnebis

asaki? samocobiTi Tvlis wesiT Tu gvian miRebuli aTobiTi? mizani

araa ̀ bibliis~ av-kargianobis Sefaseba. mxolod miniSnebaa imaze, rom

saWiroa bevri da, am mxrivac, ufro metad CaRrmaveba.

am SemTxvevaSi Rirebulia is faqti, rom Aararat-masisis, vanisa

da urmiis tbebis, furaTusa da idignas (mdinareebis evfratisa

da tigrosi) midamoebidan moxda mosaxleobis sam ojaxad gayofa:

iafetidebad, qamitebad da semitebad (noes sami vaJis iafetis,

qamisa da semis mixedviT).

`bibliaSi~ noes STamomavlobis ori nusxaa mocemuli sruli

da arasruli. amasTan, niSandoblivia, rom saxelebi TiTqos

calkeuli pirovnebebisaa, magram arsebiTad tomTa saxels atarebs.

amitom mniSvnelovania miTiTeba: `...amaTgan ganifantnen zRvispira

xalxebi Tav-Tavis qveynebSi, TiToeuli Tavisi enis mixedviT, Ta-

visi tomis mixedviT...~ (biblia. Tb. 1989, gv 19).

ismis kiTxva, ratom unda gaCeniliyo ̀ bibliaSi~ ori Tubalis

xseneba? lameqis Ze Tubal-kaeni noemde cxovrobda. igi miwaT-

moqmedia da xelosani (mWedeli). iafetis Ze Tubali warRvnis

Semdegaa dabadebuli. maT Soris mTeli epoqaa. dasadgenia, `bib-

liaSi~ SemTxveviTaa moxvedrili ori Tubali Tu isini realobas

asaxaven? SeiZleba Tu ara davuSvaT, rom `biblia~ ara cdeba.

maSin ra gamodis? yofila ori Tubali, warRvnamde da warRvnis

11


Semdeg. Tu daveTanxmebiT, rom Tubal-kaeni, iseve rogorc Tubali

pirovnebas ki ara toms an tomTa gaerTianebas aRniSnavs, maSin

yvelaferi logikurad lagdeba. iyo tomi Tubalebisa, romelic

warRvnamde arsebobda da raRac mizezebiT warRvnas gadaurCa, ar

daiRupa da iafeTis modgmas miekuTvna, iafetidi gaxda. logikis

ZaliT rTuli araa imis daSveba, rom Tubalebi (Tubal-kaeni),

romelic kavkasiaSi saxlobda, warRvnas (stiqiur ubedurebas)

gadaurCa (kavkasioni ararat- masisis mTebze maRalia) da ganagrZo

arseboba. iafeTis dros ki momravlda, maT meSexebis tomi gamoeyo

da ase monaTesave tomebma axal pirobebSi ganagrZes arseboba. aris

am logikur xazSi raime SeuZlebeli da miuRebeli? ratom ar

SeiZleba msjeloba Zvel (warRvnamdel) Tubalebze da warRvnis

Semdeg momravlebul (gnebavT gaCenil) Tubalebze iseve, rogorc

aris cnoba mTis iberebisa da baris iberebis Sesaxeb. Targamosianel

qarTebs (iberebs) kavkasiaSi macxovrebeli tomebi (mTis iberebi)

daxvdenen da maTTan urTierTobis `garkvevis~ Semdeg miizoma qa-

rTlosma mamis mier `mikuTvnebuli~ samflobelo.

rodis unda momxdariyo ararat-SuamdinareTSi mosaxleobis

siWarbe da gayofis aucilebloba, amaze pirdapiri miTiTeba ar

aris. aris SesaZlebloba TariRebis dadgenisa SemovliTi gziT.

`biblia~ ar iZleva iafeTisa da qamis STamomavlobis srul

sias. gamonakliss Seadgens mesame Zmis, semis xazi.

iafeti (bibliis mixedviT iafeTi) saboloo angariSiT mkvi-

drdeba mamis (noes) mxareSi. aq amravlebs STamomavlobas. bibli-

uri Togarma (leonti mrovelis mixedviT – Targamosi) iafeTis

SviliSvilia. noedan. meoTxe Taobaa.

qami (saSualo Zma) gayris Semdeg samxreTiT wavida Tavisi

modgmiT. is jer qanaanSi (dRevandeli israelis teritoriaze)

daefuZna, Semdeg ki gadmocemis Tanaxmad, afrikaSi gadavida. qamis

STamomavalTa xazi asea: qami, quSi, nebroTi. `aman daiwyo Zalis

gamoCena qveyanaze~ (biblia. Tb. 1989, gv 19). gadmocema nebroTs

uZlieres pirovnebad, moZaladed da babilonis godolis Senebis

iniciatorad xatavs. nebroTic noedan meoTxe Taobaa da Sesabami-

sad Targamosis met-naklebad Tanatoli-Tanamedrove.

12


`biblia~ detalurad iZleva semis modgmis saxelsa da asaks.

(aq mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom ̀ bibliis~ am axal gamocemaSi

semis STamomavalTa saxelebi cota gansxvavebuladaa Targmnili).1

`bibliis~ Sefaseba am narkvevis mizans scildeba. aq mxolod

dananebiT unda aRiniSnos iseTi uzustobis Tu daukvirveblobis

Sedegi, rogoricaa: a. noes 90 wlisas eyola semi, qami da iafeTi;

b. noe 600 wlis iyo roca daiwyo warRvna; g. Sesabamisad, warRvnis

dros noes vaJebi iafeTi, qami da semi, sul mcire 500 wlisani

mainc iqnebodnen; d. kidobanSi iyvnen noe, semi, qami, iafeTi colebiT

(biblia, Tb. 1989, gv. 17-18). Sesabamisad noes vaJebs am period-

isaTvis an ar hyavdaT Svilebi, an isini kidobanSi ver moxvdnen

da daiRupnen; e. igive biblia gveubneba (gv. 20) `asi wlis iyo

semi, roca Sva arfaqSadi, warRvnidan ori wlis Semdeg~.2

am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa semis STamomavlebSi vin ramdeni

wlisam daudo samani momavals.3 semidan abraamamde rva Taoba

cxovrobda. miilia 390 weli. yovelgvari eWvis gareSe dadgeni-

lad iTvleba, rom ebraelTa mamamTavari abrami (abraami) daibada

Zv. w. a. 1813 w. Sesabamisad semidan abraamamde 390 weli gasula.

1813 w. mimatebuli 390 w. ki ukve Zveli welTaRricxvis

mesame aTaswleuls mianiSnebs. (Zv. w. a. 2203 w.).

ras gvaZlevs aseTi daangariSeba? umniSvnelovanes daskvnas:

iafeTi, qami da semi Zmebi iyvnen da erT periodSi cxovrobdnen.

Tundac ori, sami aTeuli weli iyos maT asakSi sxvaoba, mainc

erTi epoqaa.

vnaxoT ras azustebs da ras gveubneba am periodis Sesaxeb

sulmnaTi leonti mroveli. es miT ufro yuradsaRebia, rom aseT

Zvel periods sxva istorikosi ar Sexebia. kidev ufro mniS-

vnelovania, rom mrovelis monaTxrobi istoriul sinamdviles

misdevs da misi debulebebis uaryofis SemTxvevebi ar arsebobs.

1. Targmanis Tavisebureba sakiTxis arss ara cvlis.

2. ar SeiZleba mTargmnelebs yuradReba ar mieqciaT sruliad TvalsaCino uzus-

tobisaTvis.

3. semis STamomavalTa asakobrivi gaangariSeba, mocemulia wignSi: `qarTvelTa

eTnogenezi~ da aq ganmeoreba sakiTxs sicxades ver Sematebs.

13


ai, mrovelis naTqvami: ̀ pirvelad vaxsenoT ese, rameTu somexTa

da qarTvelTa, ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa, megrelTa

da kavkasianTa _ amaT TvisTa erTi iyo mama, saxeli Targamos. ese

Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafeTisi, Zisa noesi. da iyo ese

Targamos kaci gmiri~ (qarTlis cxovreba. Tb. 1955, t. 1, gv. 3).

aq sami azria dasamaxsovrebeli: 1: Zveli kavkasielebi iafet-

idebi arian da erTi mamamTavridan modian; 2. strabons Semoaqvs

termini kavkasielni. mroveli ambobs _ kavkasianTa, kavkasianni;

3. mroveli mkveTrad gamohyofs kavkasianTa modgmas danarCeni

kavkasielebisagan. kavkasianni arc somxebi arian, arc qarTvelebi,

arc albanelebi (ranTa da movaknelTa), arc herebi, lekebi an

megrelebi.

mrovelis es Tvalsazrisi unda iyos safuZveli kavkasionTa

raobis dadgenis dros.

Zalze mniSvnelovania mrovelis im naTqvamis gaazreba, rom-

lis mixedviT: `da wamovida ese Targamos naTesaviTurT misiT,

da daemkvidra orTa maT mTaTa Sua kac SeuvalTa, araratsa da

masissa~ (iqve. gv. 3.).

`biblia~ gadmogvcems, rom noe Tavisi saxlobiT da kidoba-

nis mgzavrebiT araratis mTas miadga, iq daesaxla da gamravlda.

misi STamomavloba sam Stod gaiyo: saSualo Ze qami, gayrisTanave

samxreTiT wavida. umcrosi _ semi jer aRmosavleTiT gaeSura,

Semdeg ki samxreTiT gadainacvla da bolos qamitebic gandevna

qanaanidan. ufrosi iafeti darCa mamis mamulSi, aq imravla da

aq daudo saTave iafetidebis tommraval modgmas. Targamosi iyo

TarSisis Ze, TarSisi Tavis mxriv iafetis Zis Ze da Sesabamisad,

papis mamulSi saidan unda misuliyo?

ori faqtia gasaTvaliswinebeli: 1. mroveli ar imeorebs bib-

liis monaTxrobs meqanikurad. igi azustebs bibliis siebis mo-

nacemebs da dabejiTebiT amtkicebs: iafetis Zis Ze aris TarSisi,

TarSisis Ze aris Targamosi; @. gadmocemis Tanaxmad qamis Ze quSs

hyavda Ze nebroTi, romelmac `daiwyo Zalis gamoCena qveyanaze~

swored nebriTi iTvleba babilonis godolis Senebis inicia-

torad. man aiZula sxva tomebi (maT Soris iafetidebi) mieRoT

14


monawileoba am grandiozul avantiuraSi. rodesac godoli

daingra, mSeneblebi qveynis zurgze gaifantnen. Targamosma Tavisi

modgmiT da momxreebiT sakuTar mxares miaSura da iq sabolood

damkvidrda.

Targamosis wilxvedri qveyana Zalze did teritorias moicav-

da. mroveli Segvaxsenebs: `xolo queyana igi, romeli wiliT

xdomoda, ese ars sazRvari queyanisa misisa: aRmosavleT zRua

gurgenisa, dasavliT zRua pontosa da samxreT zRua oreTisa, da

CrdiloT mTa kavkasia~ (iqve, gv. 4). gurgenis (kaspiis), pontos

(Savi) da oreTis (xmelTaSua) zRvebs Soris moqceuli terito-

ria marTlac Zalze didia. CrdiloeTiT ki sazRvrad kavkasiis

mTagrexili iTvleboda. amxela teritoriis mocva bevr toms da

did xalxmravlobas saWiroebda.

romeli tomebi saxlobdnen am mxareSi konkretulad daud-

genelia, magram ueWvelad igulisxmebian Tubal-tabali Tabal- ib-

eruli modgmisa. yovel SemTxvevaSi arqeologia am teritoriebze

uwyvet kulturul ganviTarebas afiqsirebs. gasaxsenebelia

`bibliis~ is debuleba, romelic Tubalebis gverdiT meSexebs

asaxelebs. mkvlevarTa azriT Tubalebi da meSexebi ueWvelad

monaTesave tomebia. Tu asea, maSin imis gansazRvrac aucilebeli

xdeba Tubalebis mezoblad romeli tomebi saxlobdnen. `biblia~

tomTa teritoriul sazRvrebs ar asaxelebs. sanacvlod Zveli

wyaroebi araerTgzis usvamen xazs meSexebis, aqedan muSqebis, mus-

kebis, mesxois, mosxebis tomTa simZlavresa da simravles. asuruli

warwera mogviTxrobs muskebis laSqrobis Sesaxeb xuTi mefis

sardlobiT, siriis dablobis dakavebis mizniT. amasTan laparakia

manamde daumarcxebel samxedro Zalaze, xuTi mefe ukve tomTa

simravleze miTiTebaa. ZvelberZnuli wyaroebi aseve asaxeleben

muSqebs, rogorc mcire aziis uZlieres da amave dros ganaTlebul

mosaxleobas. es maT gadmoiRes asoTi damwerloba finikielebisagan

da gaavrceles Zvel berZnebSi.

meSexTa STamomavlobaze bevri raimes Tqma SeiZleba. am SemTx-

vevaSi sainteresoa teritoriuli sazRvari TubalebTan. dasavleTi

15


mimarTulebiT TiTqos ase Tu ise naTelia. radgan isini asureTis

imperias ebrZodnen siriis CrdiloeT nawilSi, unda vivaraudoT,

rom maT hqondaT xmeleTis sazRvari siriasTan. Tu Targamosis

dros TubalTa sazRvari oreTis zRvamde midioda (xmelTaSua

zRvamde), ufro mogvianebiT periodSi meSexebs SeeZloT maTTvis

teritoriis nawili waerTvaT. es ar gamoiricxeba. sainteresoa

sxva cnoba. istoriuli wyaroebi araerTgzis asaxeleben meSexTa

Camomaval mesxur mosaxleobas kavkasionis dasavleT da Crdilo-

dasavleT nawilSi. ufro meti, TuSebs axlac mosoxebs (mesxebs)

uwodeben lekosianelebi. SeiZleba Tu ara daSveba imisa, rom

istoriis adreul periodebSi meSex-mesxuri mosaxleoba flobda

kavkasiis dasavleT nawils? Tu ara, maSin saWiro gaxdeba ax-

sna, saidan unda gaCeniliyo mesxurTan dakavSirebuli terminebi

dasavleT saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT-kavkasiis midamoebSi. arc

is unda iqnes mxedvelobidan gaSvebuli, rom `bibliis~ Tanaxmad

adamianTa didi masebi ararat-masisis mxareSi gamravldnen da aqe-

dan gaifantnen sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. SeiZleba imis daSvebac,

rom erT dros kavkasia iyo Tubalebisa da meSexebis, SemdegSi

tabalebisa da muSq-muskebis Tanacxovrebis, mezoblobis areali.

es maT Soris brZolas sasicocxlo arealisaTvis ar gamoricx-

avda. amitom moxda, rom mogvianebiT mTeli kavkasia Tubalebis

samflobelo gaxda. esac ar gamoricxavda meSex-mesxTa garkveuli

nawilis adgilze darCenisa da mosulebSi Serevis SesaZleblobas.

rac Seexeba meSexTa ZiriTad masas, isini mogvianebiT mcire aziis,

egeosis auzisa da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis cxovrebaSi iRebdnen

aqtiur monawileobas.

werilobiTi cnobebi sxva modgmis (warmomavlobis) tomebs

am arealSi (garda Tubal_meSexisa) ar asaxeleben. Sesabamisad,

rodesac arqeologia adasturebs am arealSi, e. w. mtkvar-araqsis

civilizaciis arsebobas Zvel welTa aRricxvis IV_III aTas-

wleulebSi, romel tomebs (xalxebs) unda SeeqmnaT igi? kiTxva

logikuria da aseTsave pasuxs saWiroebs.

16


Zveli civilizaciebi

Zveli civilizaciebis problema ar axalia, Zvelia. filosofos

platonidan moyolebuli maT aRwerasa da axsnas araerTi moazrovne

dasWidebia da daeWideba. Tvalsazrisi mravalia, dazustebuli

daskvna ar arsebobs. sabolood isac araa garkveuli, egviptis

piramidebi Zveli egviptelebis naxelavia Tu wina daTbobis dros

arsebuli civilizaciebis naSTi.

am SemTxvevaSi, maTi kvleva araa mizani. mxolod miTiTeba

imaze, rom Zveli civilizaciebis naSTebi ekvatoris axlo klima-

tur zonebSia SemorCenili, rac ar niSnavs sxva zonebSi maT ar

arsebobas. SeiZleba wina daTbobis dros sxva ganedebSi maRali

civilizaciac hyvaoda, magram gamyinvarebis dros, kilometriani

sisqis yinulis pirobebSi moispoboda. mxolod SedarebisaTvis:

dRes CrdiloeTis, iseve rogorc samxreTis qveynebi, mowinave

civilizaciis matareblebi arian. gamyinvarebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu

yinuli alpebis, kavkasiis, pamiris CrdiloeTs dafaravs, bunebrivia

iq macxovrebeli eTnosebi samxreTiT gadmoinacvleben, civili-

zacia ki ganadgurdeba. amitom Znelia mtkiceba imisa, ra iyo wina

daTbobis dros, ra ispoboda da ra rCeboda. (Tvalsazrisi amis

Sesaxeb ix. wignSi `qarTvelTa eTnogenezi~).

erTi ram udaoa. Targamosis kuTvnil mxareSi Zv. w. a. IV_III

aTaswleulSi maRal doneze iyo e. w. mtkvar_araqsis kultura.

mis garSemo ki iseTi cnobili civilizaciebi, rogoric iyo eg-

viptelebis, Sumerebis, finikielebis, kreta-mikenis. rac Seexeba

xeTebis saxelmwifos, igi nawilobriv Tubalebis da ZiriTadad

meSex-muski _ muSqebis arealSi mZlavrobda.

17


TiToeuli, am civilizaciis kerebidan, amyarebda kavSirebs

Soreul mxareebTan. miT ufro upriania vamtkicoT, rom mtkvar-

araqsis civilizacia mowyvetili, karCaketili ver iqneboda danar-

Ceni kulturis centrebisagan. Tubal-Tobal-tabalebi Tu uSualod

ar monawileobdnen Sumeruli civilizaciis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi,

misgan izolirebuli mainc ver darCebodnen.

kidev erTi faqtoria sayuradRebo. rodis daiwyo Zveli

civilizaciebis Camoyalibeba da intensiuri ganviTareba, ucnobia.

dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze Zv. w. a. VIII aTaswleu- lis

`qalaquri~ dasaxlebis keris aRmoCena, bevr damafiqrebel kiTxvas

badebs. civilizaciis ayvaveba IV aTaswleulSi uceb ar moxdeboda.

mas ueWvelad unda gaevlo ganviTarebis safexurebi. damatebiT

kidev erTi safiqrali. mtkvar-araqsis kultura III aTaswleulis

I naxevarSi dacemas ganicdis da TandaTan knindeba. sanacvlod am

kulturis nawilebi Cndeba Crdilo kavkasiaSi. CrdiloeT kavkasiis

rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT mxareebSi vrceldeba am kul-

turis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. amasTan dasavleT nawilSi ufro

kolxur kulturasTan miaxloebuli. amave periodSi etapobriv

cvlilebebs ganicdian sxva civilizaciebi. egvipteSi igi dinastiur

cvlilebebTanaa dakavSirebuli (mxolod dinastiuri?). Sumerul

kulturas akadiuri cvlis. sapelazgoSi RmerTebis TaobaTa cvlas-

Tan da masTadakavSirebul cvlilebebTanaa yovelive kavSirSi. yali-

bdeba xeTebis imperia da a. S. Zveli civilizaciebis xarisxobrivi

cvlilebebis met-naklebi erTdrouloba raRac saerTo mizeziT

xom ar iyo ganpirobebuli? aseTi `erTdrouloba~ SemTxveviT ar

moxdeboda. am problemasac didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba.

rac Seexeba mtkvar-araqsis kulturis dacemas da Semdgom

Crdilo kavkasiaSi misi elementebis damkvidrebas, es SeiZleba

iafetidTa (TargamosianelTa) migraciul procesebs ukavSird-

ebodes. yovel SemTxvevaSi leonti mroveli am problemis aseT

axsnas iZleva: Targamoss mravlad hyavda colebi da Svilebi. es

mxolod misi maxasiaTebeli araa. ̀ biblia~ gvamcnobs, rom iafetis

STamomavalni ise gamravldnen, rom maTgan warmoiSvnen ̀ zRvispira

xalxebi~. (gasarkvevia, romeli zRvispira xalxebi, romlebmac saT-

18


ave mraval eTnoss da qveyanas misces). Tavad semma kidev icocxla

`...arfaSqadis dabadebidan xuTasi weli da Sva Zeni da asulni.~

(biblia, Tb. 1989, gv. 20). semis memkvidreebis Taobebi aseve Sobdnen

uamrav Zens da asulebs. amitom gasakviri araa, rom Targamossac

mravlad hyavda Zeni da asulni. mTavaria, ambobs mroveli, rom

`...SvilTa Soris misTa gamoCndes kacni rvani, gmirni Zlierni da

saxelovanni...~ (qarTlis cxovreba, Tb. 1955, t. 1. gv. 3.).

mosaxleobis siWarbem, varaudiT sxva problemebTan erTad,

aiZula Targamosi gaetarebina radikaluri reformebi, dakav-

Sirebuli misi `gavlenis sferos~ teritoriul-administraci-

ul mowyobasTan. mroveli ase xsnis Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulis

aRniSnul reformas: `xolo verRara itevda queyana araratisa

da masisisa, ganuyo Targamos queyana da naTesavi Tvisi rvaTa

amaT gmirTa: naxevari naTesavisa misisa da naxevari da umjobesi

queyanisa misisa misca haoss, xolo SvidTa amaT misca xuedri

maTi arZangebisaebr1 maTisa.~ mroveli didi sizusTiT aRwers,

romel memkvidres ra sazRvrebSi gamouyo sazrunavi da daakisra

`naTesavTa~ e. i. Tanatomelebis xelmZRvaneloba.

`misca qarTloss da uCina sazRvari: aRmosavliT hereTi da

mdinare berdujisi;2 dasavliT zRua pontosi; samxriT mTa, rom-

eli mihyveba berdujis mdinaris Tavsa, da mTa, romeli mihyvebis

dasavliT kerZo, romlisa wyali gardmodis CrdiloT kerZo da

mierTvis mtkuarsa, romel mihyvebis mTa Soris klarjeTsa da taos

vidre zRuamdis; da CrdiloT sazRvari Rado, mTa mcire, romeli

gamovlis Stod kavkasisagan da mohkidavs wueri dasasrulsa

Radosa, romelsa aw hqvian lixi. da amaT sazRvarTa saSuad misca

yoveli qarTloss.~ (iqve, gv. 4).

1. arZangebisaebr-arZangi – sulxan-saba-orbelianis leqsikonSi (t. 1. Tb. 1991,

gv. 67. ganmartebulia, rogorc ~saxdomeli pativi~, rogorc pativi `...kacTaTvis

Rirsebisaebr maTisa~...

2. md. berduji _ `qarTvelTa eTnogenezi~_Si gaipara Scdoma. minaweri md.

berduji _ md. debedaa, Sevida wignSi `qarTlis cxovreba~ t. 1. Tb. 1955 gv. 4.

arSiaze minaweris mixedviT, mkvlevarebi fiqroben, rom sinamdvileSi md. berduji

bevrad aRmosavleTiTaa, azerbaijanis sazRvrebSi, SamqorTan erTvis mtkvars da

dRes mas md. kasims eZaxian.

19


qarTlosis wili qveyana mrovels gansakuTrebuli sizustiTa

aqvs aRwerili. SedarebiT sqematuradaa momdevno ori Zmis bar-

dosisa da movakanis samflobeloebi mocemuli. `xolo bardoss

misca mtkuars samxriT, berdujis mdinariTgan vidre sada Sekr-

bebian mtkuari da raxsi. aman bardos aRaSena qalaqi bardavi da

daeSena mun.

xolo movakans misca mtkuarsa CrdiloT, mcirisa alaznisa

SesarTaviTgan vidre zRuamde. da aman aRaSena qalaqi movakneTi,

da daemkvdra mun. (iqve. gv. 5).

Targamosma misi wili qveynis darCenili teritoria or Semdeg

Zmebs gaunawila: ̀ xolo heross misca queyana mtkurisa CrdiloT,

mcirisa alaznisa SesarTaviTgan vidre tyetbamde1, romelsa aw

hqvian gulgula. da aman heros aRaSena pirvelad qalaqi Ses-

akrebelTa Soris orTave alazanTasa, da uwoda saxeli Tvsi

hereTi. da mis gamo hqvian hereTsa hereTi. da aw mas adgilsa

hqvan xoranTa.~ (iqve. gv. 5.).

`xolo egross misca queyana zRvis yurisa, da uCina sazRvari:

aRmosavliT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hqvan lixi; dasavliT zRua;

CrdiloT mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa, sada warswuTebis wueri

kavkasisa. xolo aman egros aRaSena qalaqi da uwoda saxeli Tvsi

egrisi. aw mas adgilsa hqvan bedia~ (iqve. gv. 5).

amrigad Targamosis xvedri qveyana danawilda mis eqvs Ze-s

Soris. ara da kidev ori Ze hyavda, romelTa `dakmayofileba~ mis

mSobliur vals Seadgenda.

sadao araa is, rom TiToeuli Ze, sinamdvileSi tomTa gaer-

Tianebis, krebsiTi saxelis matarebelia. ufro meti, arsebul

farglebSi mosaxleobis simWidrove da siWarbe imdenad sagrZnobi

iyo, rom migraciuli procesebi gardauval amocanad idga.

mrovelis2 cnobebis mixedviT umamulod, magram mraval-

ricxovani tomebrivi mosaxleobis meTaurebi, darCnen `arZangebi-

1. tyetba _ istoriulad cnobilia xilxalas saxeliT. dRes es teritoria

mingeCauris wyalsacavma dafara.

2. mroveli _ leonti mroveli ruis-urbnisis saeklesio winamZRoli. leontis

msgavsad am eparqiis meTaurebs mrovelebs uwodebdnen.

20


saebr~ umcrosni, lekosi da kavkasosi.

kavkasosia interesebis obieqti. vin iyo is, vin iyvnen misi

mimdevari, mosaxele, erTguli, morCili Tu a. S. tomebi, esaa

mokle mikvlevis ZiriTadi mizani.

ras gadmogvcems am xaziT mroveli? igi ambobs: `xolo ka-

vkasiaTa CrdiloT ara iyo xuedri Targamosisi, aramed arca iyo

kaci kavkasiasa CrdiloT; da umkvidro iyo queyana igi kavkasiiTgan

vidre mdinaremde didad, romeli Sesdis zRuasa darubandisasa.

amisTvis gamoiyvanna mravalTa gmirTagan orni gmirni, lekan da

kavkasi. da misca lekans zRviTgan darubandisaT vidre mdinaremde

lomekisa1

, CrdiloT vidre mdinaremde didad xazareTisad, da

misca kavkasis lomekis mdinariTgan vidre dasasrulamde kavkasisa,

dasavliT~. (iqve, gv. 506).

Targamosis mier kuTvnili mxaris Svilebs Soris danawileba

ar iqneboda ubralod gadasawyveti problema. Tu reforma

Warbmosaxleobam ganapiroba, es imas niSnavs, rom kavkasionis

mTagrexilis samxreT teritoriebi mWidrod iyo dasaxlebuli.

aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianTa axali talRis gamoCena ukonfliq-

tod ar Caivlida. xom ar iyo ise, rom qarTloss miTiTebuli

teritoria sammarTvelod imitom gamoeyo, rom aq isedac qarTebi

cxovrobdnen, heross qarTlosis aRmosavleTi imitom misca, rom

iq isedac herebi saxlobdnen? maSin sakiTxavia: sad iyvnen lekosis

da kavkasosis mimdevari tomebi, ratom unda gadasuli- yvnen isini

mTebis CrdiloeTiT? aseve gasarkvevia: istoriulad cnobilia,

rom karduxebi, (qarTuxebi, qarTosis monaTesave tomebi) ukidures

samxreTSi cxovrobdnen bevrad gvian peri- odSic. samxreTidan

kavkasiis mTebamde teritoria maT ekavaT mudmivad? aseve herebi

vanisa da urmiis tbebs Soris sivrceSi mosaxleobdnen.iqidan

moyolebuli tyetbamde sul maTi iyo? Tu migraciuli procesebis

dros gadaadgildnen CrdiloeTiT? igive kiTxva ismis movaknelTa

misamarTiT. Tu mtkvars zeviT kavkasiamde teritoriebi maTi iyo,

sad saxlobdnen lekosebi, nebayoflobiT saidan unda ayriliyvnen,

gaevloT sxvaTa miwebi da ukacriel adgilas dasaxlebuliyvnen.

1. 1 md. lomekisa _ md. Tergi (md. dergi_misi Ziri).

21


ufro savaraudoa, rom kavkasosis da lekosis monaTesave tomebi

adre kavkasiis samxreTSi cxovrobdnen da axlac mosulTa Zliere-

bam aiZula ara mxolod mTebSi Sexiznuliyvnen, aramed CrdiloeTis

ukaco, dausaxlebeli sivrceebis aTvisebac daewyoT.

momxdurTa Zalas unda aeSala adgilobrivTa awyobili cxovre-

ba. SiSs unda aeZulebina lekosebi da kavkasosebi mi- etovebinaT

`samSoblo~ da TavSesafari ucxo mxareSi eZebnaT. logikuria

vivaraudoT, rom qarTebis moZalebis gamo kavkasian- ebi gaiyvnen,

gaifantnen da ZiriTadi masa Tu mTebs gadavida, garkveuli nawili

dasavleTiT wavida. ase moxda kavkasosis (kavkonebis) tomi jer

dasavleT mcire aziaSi (paflagoniaSi), xolo Semdeg balkaneTis

naxevarkunZulze, ulumbis (olimpos) mTis midamoebSi.

amrigad, kavkasioni mTagrexils ewoda misi ZiriTadi nawilis

kavkasianebis mier dakavebis gamo. rac Seexeba CrdiloeT nawils,

maT unda daekavebinaT teritoria lomekidan dasavleTiT zRvamde.

TavisTavad es maT mravalricxovnebasa da siZliereze miuTiTebs.

22


kavkasionebis areali

kavkasosis `kuTvnili~ tomebis gamoyofa da lokalizeba

kavkasionelebs Soris, ara mxolod istoriuli problemaa. igi

mwvaved dgas mTagrexils CaWidebul eTnosebs Soris. am mxaris

yoveli mrisxane dampyrobi, yovelTvis cdilobda maT gaTiSvas,

dapirispirebas da am gziT winaaRmdegobis unaris Sesustebas. Ta-

vis mxriv adgilobrivi eTnosebic cdilobdnen momxdurTa Zalis

gamoyenebiT mezoblebze gabatonebas.

Zvel istoriul faqtebs araerTi mkvlevari aSuqebda da am

SemTxvevaSi mxolod misi gameoreba SeiZleba. ruseTis imperiasTan

dakavSirebuli procesebic araerTxel gamxdara gamomzeurebis

sagani (maT Soris `revoluciuri aneqsia~ farTed exeba sabWoTa

kavSiris mamamTavris v. i. leninis Sesabamis Teoriasa da praqtikas).

aq mxolod im faqtzea miTiTeba, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Seqmnili

iyo specialuri sistema, romelic Semavali eTnosebis gaTiSvasa

da urTierTdapirispirebas emsaxureboda. mokled sistema: moskovSi

funqcionirebda sami specialuri komisia. 1. istoriis institutSi;

2. sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa akademiaSi; 3. marqsizm-leninizmis

institutSi;

komisiebi damoukideblad `swavlobdnen~ mSromelTa `inter-

nacionaluri~ aRzrdis sakiTxebs (sinamdvileSi, romeli eTnosi

visTvis SeiZleba daepirispirebinaT da ra dros) da rekomendacia-

daskvnas kompartiis centraluri komitetis agitacia-propagandis

seqtors gadascemdnen. ck-Si sami damoukidebeli wyaros monace-

mebs ajamebdnen da Sedegs cs-s mdivans acnobebdnen. ideologiis

dargSi ck-s mdivani politbiuros moaxsenebda. ase mzaddeboda

23


janyi afxazeTSi, Setakeba osebsa da inguSebs Soris, yarabaRis

sakiTxi. `Turqi-mesxebis~ Jletis sakiTxi da a. S. (avtoris

msgavsad, komisiaSi `staJirebaze~ moxvedrili adamianisaTvis

rTuli ar iyo kompartiis ̀ brZnuli politikis~ WeSmariti miznis

dadgena. sxva ambavia, rom respublikis `brZeni~ xelmZRvanelebi,

`siraqlemis pozicias~ iWerdnen oRond Tavi gadaerCinaT. zogjer

isedac xdeboda, rom Tavisdauneburad ersac emsaxurebodnen: e.

SevardnaZis politbiuros wevrad `arCevam~ da sabWoTa kavSiris

sagareo saqmeTa ministrad gadayvanam, saswrafod, `daamuxruWa~

afxazeTSi `agorebuli~ antiqarTuli moZraoba).

dRes imperiuli politikis wyalobiT, isea eTnosTa urT-

ierToba garTulebuli, rom mxolod brZnuli, urTierTkeTil-

mezobluri damokidebulebiT SeiZleba mravali saWirboroto-

sakamaTo sakiTxis mSvidobiani mogvareba. imperiuli politika da

politizirebuli `mecniereba~ aTasgvar bariers uqmnis am saqmes.

amasTan, imperiuli zraxvebis orbitaSi moqceulia ramdenime

eTnosi, romlebic erTguli samsaxuris sanacvlod bevr sasurvel

Sedegs aRweven da mets moelian. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi osi eTnosi

iyo da rCeba imperiis erTgul partniorad. samxreT kavkasiaSi es

`sapatio~ misia somxebs akisriaT. samwuxarod, maT Soris aRmoCnda

afxazbis nawili.

imisaTvis, raTa mizani miRweuli iqnes, saWiroa arsebuli

realobisa da sakmaod Soreuli warsulis urTierT-mimarTebis

kanonzomierebis gaTvaliswineba. am miznis gzaze aucilebelia

kavkasielTagan kavkasionelebis gancalkeveba. es pirvel rigSi.

ara nakleb saWirboroto saqmea kavkasionelebisagan kavkasosebis

gamoyofa. mxolod terminologiuli aRqmis siadvilisaTvis mi-

vmarTavT pelazgiur-Zvel berZnul saxelwodebas_ kavkonebi da

kavkasianelebs kavkonebis saxeliT ganvixilavT. miT umetes, rom

maTi mogvareebi mravlad iyvnen mcire aziaSic da balkaneTis nax-

evarkunZulzec da maTi identuroba eWvs ar iwvevs.

imisaTvis, raTa kavkasionelebisagan (Tavad kavkasioni sim-

ravlis aRmniSvnelia: kavkasioni, mxedrioni, mayrioni, mdedrioni

da a. S.) kavkasianni (kavkonebi-aRqmis siadvilisaTvis) gamovyoT,

24


pirvel rigSi Tavad kavkasianTa dadgena da uzogadesad dasaxi-

aTebaa saWiro. (kavkasiannic – simravlis matarebelia).

dRes mkvlevarebisaTvis kavkasionni garkveul mecnierul

safuZvelze da garkveulad sistematizirebulni arian. aseve da-

jgufebulni arian kavkasielebi.

kavkasiis macxovrebelTa genetikur-enobrivi dajgufeba aseTia:

1. kavkasiur-iberiuli; 2. iranuli; 3. Turquli; 4. indoevropuli.

kavkasiur-iberiuls Tavis mxriv sam jgufad yofen: qarT-

veluri; adiReuri; naxur-daRestnuri. adiReur jgufSi Sedian:

adiRevlebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi, abazinebi, afxazebis nawili.

naxur jgufSi: inguSebi, CeCnebi, bacbebi. yvelaze mravalricxovani

daRestnuri jgufia: lekebi, lakebi, avarebi, agulebi, buduRelebi,

darginebi, rutulebi, krizebi, tabasaranebi, caxurebi, xinalugebi.

maT miakuTvneben udebsac (udinebi).

iranul jgufs miekuTvnebian: azerbaijanelebi, balyarelebi,

yaraCaelebi, kumikebi, Turqmenebi, TaTrebi, noRaelebi.

indoevropelebi arian slavebi da somxebi.

kavkasionTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedian qarTveluri, adiReuri,

naxur-daRestnuri, iranuli, Turquli warmomavlobis tomebi.

amasTan, iranuli da Turquli mosaxleoba bevrad gvian mosulebad

iTvlebian. Sesabamisad SeiZleba msjeloba Zvel kavkasionelebze

da axal kavkasionelebze.

sicxadisaTvis mizanSewonilia TviTeuli maTganis mokle is-

toriuli daxasiaTeba.

geografiis mamamTavari straboni aRniSnavda, rom kavkasionis

mTagrexilis maRali nawili samxreTiTaa mimarTuli. mis kalTebze

mosaxleoben albanebi, iberebi, kolxebi da henioxebi. es aRwera

sruliad emTxveva leonti mrovelis mier gadmocemul suraTs

bardos-movakanisaTvis (albanebi), heros-qarTosisaTvis (iberebi),

egrosisaTvis (kolxebi-henioxebi) samamule miwebis ganawilebisa.

kavkasionis samxreTSi aTaswleulebis manZilze ZiriTadad igive

meordeba. cvlileba mxolod bardosisa da movakanis tomebs Seexo.

orive modgmis tomebi kavkasielebs miekuTvnebian da mrovelis

mixedviT Targamosidan (iafetidan) momdinareo- ben. iafetebi kavka-

25


siis uZvelesi da Soreuli mosaxleobaa. es faqti ar gamoricxavs

imas, rom bardosis mamuli da monaTesave tomebi, kavkasionelebad

ar CaiTvlebian. ̀ xolo bardoss misca mtkuars samxriT, berdujis

mdinariTgan vidre sada Sekrbebian mtkuari da raxsi~. (qarTlis

cxovreba. t. 1. Tb. 1955, gv. 5). kavkasionelad gvevlileba movakani,

romelsac ergo mamulebi ̀ ...mtkuarsa CrdiloT, mcirisa alaznisa

SesarTaviTgan vidre zRuamde~ (iqve).

bardosisa da movakanis monaTesave tomebad miCneuli arian:

kutiebi (utiebi, udinebi), lulubaelebi, xuritebi, kasitebi.

amasTan, Znelia yoveli tomis samosaxlo sazRvrebis zusti dad-

gena. kutiebi (utiebi, udinebi) istoriulad dafiqsirebuli arian

sevanis tbis midamoebSi, dRevandel ganjasa da sevans Soris teri-

toriaze, Zvel-qalaq gardmanis midamoebSi, kavkasionis mTebSi da

dRevandeli daRestnis midamoebSi. kutiebis mcire nawili (erTi

sofeli udinebis saxeliT) saqarTveloSic mosaxleobs. (aqve unda

mieTiTos, rom dRevandeli azerbaijaneli mkvlevarebis nawili

`SecdomiT~ albaneTis qalaq gardmans, saqarTvelos qalaq garda-

banTan aigivebs da miiCnevs rom albanelebis `memkvidre~ azerbai-

janelebs SeiZleba hqondeT istoriuli pretenziebi. es avtrebi,

rodesac somxebis pretenziebs pasuxoben md. mtkvarsa da araqss

Soris teritoriebis kuTvnilebaze, dabejiTebiT ey- rdnobian

leonti mrovelis cnobas am teritoriaze bardosis dafuZnebis

Sesaxeb, magram rogorc ki sakiTxi saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis saz-

Rvrebs Seexeba, mrovelic `icvleba~ da q. gardmanic q. gardabani

`xdeba~. q. gardmani q. ganjis samxreTiT mdobareobda, md. berdujis

aRmosavleTiT. q. gardabanTan bgeriTi siaxlove ar SeiZleba didi

Secdomisa da Tundac sityvieri pretenziis safuZveli gaxdes.

ase SeiZleba `pretenzia~ waeyenos evropis albaneTs, kavkasiis

albaneTTan saxelwodebis damTvevis gamo. cnobilia, rom romaeli

mark iunin iustini (II-III s.) kavkasiul albanebs italiis albaniis

mTas ukavSirebda. pompei _ am ideiT `moxibluli~ aRniSnavda,

rom kavkasiis albanelebi, pompeusis meomrebs Zmur-naTesaurad

`xvdebodneno.~ aseve didxans cdilobdnen qarTveli mkvlevarebi

kavkasieli da pirineis iberebis naTesaobis `damtkicebas~.

26


***

albanuri tomebis kavkasionis midamoebSi damkvidrebis uZve-

lesi periodis Sesaxeb cnobebi leonti mrovelTanaa dakav- Sire-

buli. ZiriTad cnobebs mose kalakatueli iZleva. misi naSromis

`albanTa istoria~, somxuri Targmani, SedarebiT gvian periods

exeba. aris informacia, rom albanelebs hqondaT Tavisi damwer-

loba, romelic albanuri mosaxleobisa da enis gaqrobis kvalobaze

arabuliT Seicvala.

dRevandeli Azerbaijanis teritoriaze, Zveli qvis xanidan

moyolebuli, mosaxleoba da misi kultura uwyvetobis niSans

atarebs. arqeologia adasturebs III-II aTaswleulebis manZilze

brinjaos iaraRebis farTe gavrcelebas. mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom

mtkvar-araqsis uZvelesi civilizacia am teritoriasac moicavda.

Tavis mxriv, SemorCenili asiriuli da Semdeg urar- tuli

warwerebi aRniSnaven aq mWidro dasaxlebebis arsebobas. qalaqebis

arseboba Tavis mxriv mianiSnebs miwaTmoqmedebisa da xelosnobis

maRal kulturaze.

albaneTi CarTuli iyo saerTo winaaziuri kulturuli

cxovrebis ferxulSi. amitom sakvirveli da gamonaklisi araa am

teritoriaze materialuli kulturis naSTebis arseboba.

arc is unda iyos gasakviri, rom kavkasiis uZveles tomebs

erTtipiuri genofondi hqondaT. antropologiuri kvlevis Sedegi

arc gakvirvebis da arc mcdari daskvnebis safuZvels ar unda

warmoadgendes. am mxriv zogierTi mkvlevari Zalze Sors midis

da aman SeiZleba barieri Seuqmnas ara mxolod istoriuli war-

suli Seswavlas, aramed eTnosTa urTierTobis daregulireba-

sac. kerZod, a. a. voronovis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba (wignSi “Антрпология и геногеография” 1974) kaxeTisa da dasavleT

Azerbaijanis mosaxleobis genetikuri erTtipiurobis Sesaxeb

ar unda iyos imis mamtkicebeli, rom kaxeT-hereTis teritoria

albanuri warmoSobis tomebis kuTvnileba iyo, aq erTi modgmis

xalxis cxovrobda da genuri kavSiric aqedan modis. jer erTi,

aravis daumtkicebia, rom albanelebi da azerbaijanelebi erTi da

27


igive eTnikuri warmoSobis xalxia. is faqti, rom albaneTis teri-

toriaze damkvidrebuli Turqul enovani tomebi, garkveul wilad

damxdur elementebs SeiTvisebdnen, ar iZleva imis safuZvels,

rom albanelebi da Turqebi (dRevandeli azerbaijanelebi) erTi

da igive eTnosad iqnan miCneuli. kvleva albanuri elementebis

da albaneTis istoriis sakiTebisa, saWiroa, daskvna identurobis

Sesaxeb naadrev – naCqarevi. meorec, saTuoa daskvna herebisa da

albanelebis igiveobis Sesaxeb. aravis uaryvia azri herosisa da

bardos-movakanis, maTi qarTis, egros lekos, kavkasosis axlob-

lobis Sesaxeb. leonti mroveli maTi da haosis Zmobis ideasac

xazs usvams, magram es arc maT Soris arsebul sxvaobas gamor-

icxavs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi msjeloba iqneboda ara Zmobasa

da naTesaobaze, aramed maT identurobaze. mesame, azri herebisa

da albanelebis igiveobis Sesaxeb, Seicavs safrTxes teritori-

uli pretenziebisa. miT ufro, rom aris mcdeloba ara mxolod

aR- mosavleT kaxeTi, aramed qarTlis samxreT-aRmosavleTic

albanur mxared gamocxaddes. am avtorebs aviwydebaT, rom Tavad

azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba iyofa eTnografiul-teritoriul

jgufebad: Sirvani, yuba-xazmiri, afSeroni, Crdilo-dasavleTi (e.

w. saingilo), lenqorani, astari, mtkvar-araqsis dablobi, yarabaRi,

ganja-daSkesani, naxCevani. Sesabamisad, Tu herebi da albanelebi

erTi da igivea, xolo azerbaijanuli sxva jgufebi bevrad gansx-

vavebuli, maSin ratom am danarCenebma unda ganacxadon pretenzia

albanelobaze da eZion Sesabamisi teritoria da ara kaxelebma?

Sors mimavali `daskvnebis~ varaudi Zneli araa. amitom didi si-

frTxilea saWiro `versiebis~ mofiqrebis dros.

anTropologia albanelebis kavkasielobas damtkicebulad miiC-

nevs. mTlianobaSi 26 albanur toms asaxeleben da maT daR- estnur

enaTa jgufs miakuTvneben. utiebis, udinebis arseboba daRestnur

sivrceSi da azerbaijanSi, ramdenad iZleva amis safuZvels, rTuli

dasadgenia, miT ufro, rom maTi uZvelesi sacxovrisi sevanis tbis

midamoebia, cxovrebiT ki maTi nawili saqarTveloSic saxlobs.

uZveles albanur gaerTianebaTa Sesaxeb leonti mroveli gad-

mogvcems, ZiriTadad ki Zv. w. a. V saukunidanaa cnobili. dadgeni-

28


ladaa miCneuli, rom jer kidev Zv. w. a. IX-VIII sauku- neebSi midia

axaorcielebs dRevandeli Azerbaijanis teritoriis aTvisebas.

VII s-Si amas mosdevs CrdiloeTidan skviTuri tomebis SemoWra.

Sedegad midiis samefo sustdeba da qreba, male igi aqemenidebis

sparsuli saxelmwifos SemadgonlobaSi moeqca. sparselTa imperia

didxans uZlieres saxelmwifo gaerTianebad iTvleboda. aleqsandre

makedonelis mier darios II kodomanis imperiis dasamareba bevr

sxva movlenas aZlevs saTaves da Zalas. maT Sorisaa albaneTis

(dRevandeli Azerbaijanis) samxreTiT, sparsuli aqemenidebis sa-

trap atropatis mier axali saxelmwifo erTeulis – atropatenas

(saxelwodeba berZnulia) dafuZneba.

udidesi geografosi (da paralelurad istoriuli geogra-

fosi) straboni aRniSnavda: midiis saxelmwifo or nawilad iyofa.

ZiriTads did midias eZaxian. meore, mcire nawilia atropatenis

midia. atropati am mxaris is winamZRoli iyo, romelmac SeZlo

misi ̀ dacva~ aleqsandre makedonelis agresiisagan, am ukanasknelis

hegomonobis aRiarebis safasurad.

atropatena aRiarebulia albanur saxelmwifo gaerTianebad.

misi dedaqalaqi ganzaki (geografiulad Tavrizis axlos mde-

bareobda) dResac sparseTis (iranis) SemadgenlobaSia da samxreT

azerbaijanis mniSvnelovan punqtad iTvleba azerbaijaneli mkv-

levarebis mxriv. es mxare, aleqsandre makedonelis memkvidreTa

kuTvnileba gaxda. Zv. w. a. meore saukuneSi ki mas parTia daeufla

da ase gagrZelda ax. w. a. mesame saukunemde.

CrdiloeT albaneTis Sesaxeb cnobebi Zv. w. a. IV s-an gvx-

vdeba. iq macxovrebel tomebs kavkasiur tips ganakuTvneben, enas

ki daRestnur enaTa jgufs. amdenad albanelebi (mrovelis mixed-

viT movaknelebi) kavkasionelebs warmoadgendnen eniT, genetikiT,

cxovrebis wesiT. arqeologia mravlad poulobs albaneTis mcire

aziasTan da egeosis zRvis civilizaciasTan kavSirebis damadas-

turebel elementebs. SeiZleba am kavSirebis gavleniT Seiqmna

cnoba albanelebisa da iberebis balkaneTis naxevarkunZulidan

(Tesaliidan) warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. «Ибо ибери и альбаны обитая в лесистых горах, привыкли к тяжелым условиям

29

kavkasionTa eTnogenezi aleqsandre axatneliсуществования и поэтому гораздо выносливее парфян; они утверждают, что происходят от фессалиицев, возводя свое происхождение к тому времени...» (Корнелий Тацит. Соч. в двух томах. Т. П., 1969, стр. 170).»tacitis es cnoba albanelTa (iberebTan erTad) Tesaliidan

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, im epoqaze mianiSnebs, romelic argo-

navtebis kavkasiaSi laSqrobas ukavSirdeba. es cnoba garkveul-

wilad exmianeba mark iuniun iustinesa da pompei trogas mier

gadmocemul ambebs albanelebisa da italiis albaniis kavSiris

Sesaxeb.

aqve unda mieTiTos polibiusis (Zv. w. a. III) monaTxrobze,

rom atropatenasa da albaneTs Soris ramdenime mcirericxovani

tomi saxlobda. es maT sxvaobaze miuTiTebda. leonti mroveli

Tavis mxriv, rodesac albanur tomebs acalkevebs bardossa da

movakans Soris, maT Soris iseTsave sxvaobas unda gulisxmob-

des, rogoric iyo Targamosis danarCen Svilebs Soris. isedac

logikuria daskvna, rom Tu erTi mxriv msjelobaa iafetidebis

(Targamosianelebis) erTobaze, meore mxriv maT Soris arsebuli

sxvaoba ar unda iqnes mxedvelobidan gaSvebuli. swored amitom

`movaknelebi~, md. mtkvris (koro-Zveli saxeli) Crdilo-

eTiT macxovrebeli albanelebi CaiTvlebian kavkasionelebad da

Tu maTi nawilis genetikuri monacemebi axlosaa an emTxveva aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Sesabamis monacemebs, es maT

saerTo warmomavlobaze miTiTebaa da am mxriv Semdgomi kvlevac

aucilebeli xdeba. kerZod, genogeografiis ruqa ar iqneba sru-

lyofili Tu farTe masStabiT ar moxda kavkasiis mosaxleobis

genetikur-fsiqikuri, lingvisturi, antropologiuri, istoriul-

geografiuli da a. S. Seswavla, axali da gansakuTrebiT maTema-

tikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT. istoriis maTematika jer kidev

momavlis saqmed rCeba.

am SemTxvevaSi mizani araa kavkasionelebisa da maT Soris

albanelebis istoriis gadmocema. garda imisa, rom es sxva Temaa,

mniSvnelovania misi sakmao Seuswavleloba. Tavisi geografiuli

30


mdebareobis gamo es mxare mudmivi migraciuli procesebisa da

gauTavebeli omebis epicentrSi iyo. Sesabamisad uwyvetad mimdi-

nareobda mosaxleobis raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi cvlileba.

Sedegad, ganviTarebuli eri, romelsac hqonda sakuTari damwer-

loba, kultura, qristianuli religia, tradiciebi, adaT-wesebi

da a. S. fizikuri gaqrobis gzas daadga.

gansakuTrebiT daCqarda es procesi amierkavkasiaSi arabebis

VII s. Semosvlis Semdeg. samxreTidan Semoseuli arabebisa da

CrdiloeTidan moTareSe momTabare xazarebis Widilma kavkasiis

dauflebis mizniT, gaaCanaga kavkasionelebi rogorc ekonomikurad,

aseve fizikurad. centralur kavkasiaSi darialis gadasasvlelis

Caketva ufro ASesaZlebeli iyo, vidre darubandis (derbentis,

albaneTis) gzisa. amitom albaneTi ufro zaraldeboda vidre

iberia (qarTli).

md. mtkvars CrdiloeTiT albaneTi ar iyo erTgvarovani da

mtkiced Sekruli. igi calkeuli tomebis mixedviT iyofoda nax-

angebad (provinciebad) da gavarebad (raionebad). arabebis Semos-

vlis dronisaTvis albaneTis es mxare 11 olqisagan Sedgeboda:

kabala, Saki, kambisena da a. S. amasTan yvela olqi (qveyana) cdi-

lobda avtonomiis SenarCunebas. xolo iseTi olqebi rogorebic

iyo lpinia da Cola (Wola) yovelTvis ar Sediodnen albaneTis

samefos SemadgenlobaSi. ara da swored Colas teritoriaze mde-

bareobda albaneTis kari. istoria gvamcnobs, rom mxolod mefe

vaCagan III moaxerxa am mxaris damorCileba. es moxda 488 wels.

Tavad Colis mosaxleoba erTferovani ar iyo. aq cxovrobdnen

tabasaranebi, Colbebi, legebi, xeCmatakebi, maskutebi, albanebi,

xazarebi, hunebi. cxadia tomTa aseTi siWrele erTobis saqmes

ver waadgeboda. roca maT arabobac daemata Tavisi religiiT,

damwerlobiT, kulturiT, mdgomareoba ufro garTulda. ukeTesi

suraTi arc meore olqSi lpiniaSi iyo. aseTi Wreli tomobrivi

Semadgenlobis erTeulTa avtonomiuroba, rac VI-VII saukuneebSi

fiqsirdeba, asustebda erTeulis SesaZleblobas da momxdurebs

maT damorCilebas uadvilebda.

31


yvela am `sikeTes~ emateba VII s. Turqenovani momTabareebis

gamoCena albaneTis sivrceSi, rac saboloo angariSiT eTnikuri

cvlilebis safuZveli xdeba.

arabebis mier albaneTis vrcel da tommraval qveyanaSi is-

lamis damkvidreba qristianobisa da zoroastrizmis (cecxlTay-

vanismcemlobis) winaaRmdeg represiebsac gulisxmobda, rac Tavis

mxriv asustebda albanur eTnikur sxeuls. aseT pirobebSi bune-

brivi iyo momxdurTa (xazarebis da arabebis) winaaRmdeg sulierad

da socialurad SeWirvebulTa ajanyebebi. IX s. pirvel naxevarSi

farTod gavrcelda e. w. xuramitebis moZ- raoba usamarTlobis

winaaRmdeg. feodalur (ukve VI-VII s-an) albaneTSi moZraobas

erovnuli da socialuri xasiaTi hqonda.

816 w. moZraobas babeki Caudga saTaveSi. ajanyebulebma xali-

fatis Semotevebis mogerieba SeZles. am moZraobas somxebi da

qarTvelebic miemxrnen. ajanyeba 837 w. marcxiT damTavrda. babeki

ki xalifatSi sikvdiliT dasajes.

momxdurebTan uTanasworo brZolaSi albanuri organizmi

TandaTan sustdeboda fizikurad (raodenobrivad), socialurad

(arsebobis pirobebis mxriv, Zarcva-glejasa da mZime gadasaxadebis

gamo) da sulierad (religiur-kulturuli, socialur-poli- ti-

kuri rwmenis xaziT). VII s-an albaneTi xazarTa enobrivi gavlenas

ganicdis, xolo VIII s-Si ukve albanuri damwerloba icvleba

arabuliT. Sedegad albaneTi ramdenime erTeulad iSleba. (albanebs

sparselebi ran-s eZaxdnen, albaneTis qveyanas arans).

IX s. albaneTis teritoriaze Seiqmna ramdenime politikuri

erTeuli. pirvel rigSi Sirvani, romelsac sakmaod vrceli

teritoria ekava albaneTis (derbentis, adarbadaganis) karidan

mtkvar-araqsis SesaTavamde da kaspiis zRvidan hereTamde. es

erTeuli sakmaod myari aRmoCnda da moxerxebuli politikis

wyalobiT saukuneebs gauZlo. Sirvan-Sahebis batonoba XVI sau-

kunemde myarad arsebobda. (albaneTis sparsuli saxeli arani iqca

Sarvan-Sirvanad).

md. araqsis marjvena mxares Camoyalibda salaridebis sax-

elmwifo, dedaqalaqiT _ ardebili.

32


XI s. albaneTis teritoria Turquli oguzebisa da seljuke-

bis tomebma daikaves, rasac ara mxolod gadarCenili albanuri

nawilis asimilireba mohyva, aramed erayis seljukTa sasulTnoSi

gaerTianebac. amis Semdeg qreba albani eTnosi da mis adgils

Turquli eTnosi ikavebs.

albanuri enis TurquliT Secvla oguzebis tomebis domini- re-

basTanaa dakavSirebuli. yivCaRebis da monRolebis Serevas arsebiT

cvlileba ar mohyolia. Sedegad albaneTSi (axla ukve teritoriis

TvalsazrisiT albaneTSi) damkvidrda Turquli eTnosi, Turquli

ena, Turquli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba. cxadia gaTurqebuli

albanelebi garkveul wilad arsebobas ganagrZnobdnen da yofiT

kulturazec garkveul gavlenas axdend- nen. es albanuri susti

fesvebic gadaqelili iqna monRolebis, jalal ed dinis, Temur

lengis urdoebis mier.

mxolod sicxadisaTvis: 1385 w. oqros urdos xani ToxTamiSi

SeiWra samxreT kavkasiaSi, Tavrizamde ilaSqra, Zarcva da Tesa

sikvdili da ukan gabrunebulma 200 aTasi tyve gaireka. aq ukve

msjelobaa Turqebze, Torem albanuri elementi sadRa iyo. amas mo-

hyva daundobeli koWli Temuris laSqroba CrdiloeTiT. mTlianad

kavkasiisa da ruseTis CaTvliT misi risxva veravin aicila. gvamc-

noben, rom mis leqsikaSi sityva dandoba, Sendoba ar arsebobda.

albaneTs arabebi cecxliani miwis qveyanas uwodebdnen. aqedan

damkvidrda am mxaris arabuli saxelwodeba _ azerbaijani. gaqrnen

albanelebi, gaqra albaneTi, ewoda azerbaijani da bolos 1935

w. m. kalininis xelmowerili dekretiT iq (da ara mxolod iq)

macxovrebel Turqebs azerbaijanelebi ewodaT. Tu adre terito-

rias ewodeboda iq macxovrebeli eTnosis saxeli, axla terito-

riis saxeli ewoda iq dasaxlebulebs.

istoriulad ise moxda, rom Tavdapirvelad bardosis kuTvnil

teritorias uwodes arabebma azerbaijani. ufro zustad, vis axsov-

da bardosi. Zv.w.a. IVs. moyolebuli mas atropatena ewodeboda da

ase iyo mTeli eqvsi saukune. mosaxleobis ZiriTad enas `azer~-s

uwodeben da mas iranuli enis dialeqtad miiCneven. danamdvilebiT

cnobili isaa, rom Tqurquli tomebis damkvidrebamde, XI s-de,

33


aq iranuli ena batonobda. dRevandeli azerbaijanis mosaxleobis

nawili (Talibebi) inarCunebs am maxasiaTebels. didi mcdelobis

miuxedavad maTi saboloo gaTurqeba ver xerxdeba. qveynis ZiriTadi

mosaxleoba Turqulenovania. ara da, iyo xangrZlivi periodi

qveynis sitoriisa, rodesac mosaxleoas albanebs uwodebdnen, ena

da damwerlobac albanuri hqondaT.

dRes imdenad miviwyebulia, dakargulia da gaZnelebulia

raime movaknuris, albanuris codna, rom isac ki daudgenelia ra

TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda ena, vin, romeli tomebi, eTnosebi

miiCnevian maT axloblad. varaudi, rom albanuri ena daRestnuris

monaTesavea, bevrs verafer sasikeTos iZleva. mkvlevarTa varaudi

efuZneba daRestanSi utiebis (udinebis) yofnas. udinebi (utiebi)

istoriulad cnobilni arian sevanis tbis midamoebSi. maTi mcire

nawili kaxeTSic saxlobs. maTi garkveuli raodenobis cxovreba

dRevandel daRestanSi, azerbaijansa da saqarTveloSi ramdenadaa

miTiTeba albanelobaze, amas kargi mkiTxavic ver `daadgens~. sxva

ambavia, rom albanuris ucodinaroba, jer gairanirebuli, mere

gaarabebuli, Semdeg ki gaTurqebuli mosaxleobis, genis, maxsov-

robis arsebobas ar gamoricxavs. swored es SesaZleblobaa maqsi-

malurad gamoyenebuli Tanamedrove azerbaijaneli mkvlevarebis

mier. erTi mxriv Turquli, azerbaijanuli warsulis keTilad

warmoCenis, istoriis daZvelebis, maTi uZveles mkvidr mosaxleo-

bad dasabuTebis da meore, mezoblebTan teritoriuli davis Tavis

sasargeblod gadawyvetis mizniT.

albaneTis samefom bedis ukuRmarTobis gamo adre Sewyvita

arseboba. albani mosaxleoba jer kidev iqneboda, roca VI s,

sasanidTa dinastiis batonobisas, iranelebma mtkvris CrdiloeT

mxareSi aranis (Sirvanis) politikuri erTeuli daafuZnes. am

gziT cdilobdnen kavkasionis CrdiloeTidan xazarTa Semosevebis

aRkveTas. roca Sirvanis mmarTvelebma ganjis mxre SeierTes, bune-

brivia, darCenili albani mosaxleoba (Tu tomebi) iranizaciis

gzas Seuyenes.

mTeli VII-VIIIs.s. Sirvan-Sahebis samflobelos arabebi epa-

tronebian. maT ise mkvidrad moikides fexi, rom aRar iyo albanuri

34


qristianobis nasaxi, aRar ismoda albanuri, gaqra albanuri

damwerloba.

azerbaijanel mkvlevarTa nawili (aq da sxvagan gvarebs da

titulebs ar vasaxelebT. mTavaria rom es sakiTxis arss ara cv-

lis), romlebic panTurqizmis motrfialeni arian, cdiloben daaZ-

velon Turquli tomebis gamoCena da am movlenas IVs. sazRvraven.

damjerebelma daijeros, magram rogor Seesityveba es mtkiceba

im istoriul sinamdviles, rom XIs-de aq iranuli (sparsuli)

ena batonobda da Tuqrizaciac am droidan iwyeba. ufro meti,

bardosis kuTvnil teritoriaze, Sesabamisad samxreT albaneTis,

atropatenis, azerbaijanis teritoriaze Turquli ena mxolod

XIIIs. mkvidrdeba.

mkvlevarebi kidev erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze amaxvileben yur-

adRebas. cnobili faqtia, irani (sparseTi), roca bizantiis imperias

eqiSpeboda, sxva meTodebTan erTad religiasac sasurvel iaraRad

iyenebda. kerZod dapyrobil qristianul qveynebSi cdilobda mis

mospobas an ukidures SemTxvevaSi ara marTlmadidebluri (maTi

gagebiT berZnuli) qristianobis gavrcelebas. ramdenadac somxuri

qristianoba (monofizituri, grigorianuli) marTlmadideblurs

(berZnuls) upirispirdeboda, iranis Sahebi (iqidan moyolebuli

yvela dampyrobi marTlmadidebluri ruseTis CaTvliT) mas

dasaSvebad miiCnevda. Tavis mxriv dapyrobili qveynebis qristiani

mrevli, gamusulmanebas (maTi azriT gaTaTrebas) somxur qris-

tianobas arCevda. am gziT farTod vrceldeboda grigorianeloba

(somxebis mtkicebiT WeSmariti qristianoba) da somxdeboda ara

somexi mrevli.

azerbaijanel mkvlevarTa mtkicebiT, roca VII s. arabebma

daipyres albaneTis teritoria, mosaxleobas somxur religiaze

gadasvlis neba darTes. aseTi gziT gasomxdnen albanelebi da maTi

eklesiebi somxuri arqiteqturis numuSad monaTles. am porcesma

Sedegad moitana somxebis mkveTri demografiuli mateba dRevandeli

azerbaijanis teritoriaze. yovel SemTxvevaSi ase iyo azerbai-

jan – somxeTis omamde, yofili SuSis saxanos, Semdeg yarabaRad

wodebuli erTeulis gamo.

35


mkvlevarTa mier albaneTis istoria, istoriuli geografia,

qristianobac araa erTnairad gagebuli. erTi nawili albaneTis

samefos, CrdiloeTiT md. Tergidan moyolebuli md. araqsamde,

ganixilavs. sxvaTa azriT mtkvirs marcxena mxaris albaneTi

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda marjvena mxaris albaneTisagan.

(gasaxsenebelia Targamosis mier teritoriebis ganawileba mo-

vakansa da bardoss Soris). am poziciaze myof mkvlevarTa mier,

miTiTebaa imaze, rom mtkvris marcxena mxares iyo albanuri mar-

Tlmadidebluri qristianoba, marjvena mxares ki monofizituri.

ar gamoricxaven, rom es SeiZleba qarTul (marTlmadideblur)

da somxur (monofizitur) religiur, kulturul, politikur

gavlenasTan iyos kavSirSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi mtkvris marcxena

mxares Sirvani, marjvena mxares arani roca ewoda, iq albanuri

mosaxleoba SeiZleba aRarc iyo. istoriulad, dRevandeli azer-

baijanis teritoria izidavda da iyo mrisxane dampyroblebis

mudmivi saTareSo. romaelebi, parTielebi, sparselebi, xazarebi,

arabebi, monRol-Turqebi, bolos rusebi, ara mxolod ipyrobdnen

teritorias, aramed Tavisi enis, kulturis gavrcelebasac cdi-

lobdnen. amdeni momxduris TareSis, damkvidrebis, asimilaciuri

xangrZlivi periodebis Semdeg ra SeiZleboda darCeniliyo movakani

bardosel-albanelebisagan? SeiZleba genuri kodi?

azerbaijaneli mkvlevarebi gvian Seudgnen didebuli istoriis

`Seqmnas~, magram didi warmatebiT, mxolod erTia. ver Seajames

ideebi, saerTo daskvna ver gaakeTes. nawili rom azerbaijanelTa

albanelobas amtkicebda, meore nawils midieloba izidavda. Sem-

deg aRmoaCines, rom manas politikuri erTeuli SeiZleba Zveli

azerbaijanelebiT yofiliyo dasaxlebuli. mesame nawils azerbai-

janelTa seljukoba aRar akmayofilebda, radgan isini mxolod

XI s. gamoCndnen am mxareSi. Sesabamisad, Tu azerbaijanelebi

seljukebia, niSnavs mosulebia da uZveles mosaxleobad ver

CaiTvlebian. daiwyo Turqebis iq damkvidrebis daZveleba da bo-

los iseT aRmoCenamde mividnen, rom Sumerebic Turqebi yofilan,

kacobriobis civilizaciis saTaveSi isini mdgaran.

36


calke unda aRiniSnos arqeologiuri warsulis azerbaijanu-

lad warmoCenis varianti. azerbaijanis teritoriaze mravladaa

arqeologiuri masala. qvis, brinjaos xanis nimuSebi ramdenad

SeiZleba azrebaijanelebis naxelavad damtkicdes gaugebaria. ro-

gor SeiZleba mtkiceba, rom eTnosebis jer kidev Camoyalibebamde

periodSi azerbaijanelebi azerbaijanelobdnen.

am versiam bevrad gadaaWarba albanurs. azerbaijanelebis al-

banelobis versiis Tanaxmad, albaneTis saxelmwifo Zveli welTa

aRricxvis IV s. arsebobda da mkvlevarTa azriT md. Tergidan md.

araqsamde, kaspiis zRvidan Tbilisamde (am versias emsaxureboda

q. ganjis samxreTiT arsebuli q. gardmanis qarTul gardabanTan

gaigiveba) iyo ganfenili. ramdenad `Zveldeba da didebulad~

gamoiyureba urartuelebis, xeTebis, Sumerebis, brinjaos xanis

mosaxleobis gaTurqebis varianti? md. araqsi raa, mdinareebis

evfratisa da tigrosis midamoebi, e.w. SuamdinareTi, CvenTvis

cnobili civilizaciis akvani, Turqebis, da amdenad ukve azerbai-

janelebis Semoqmedeba xdeba.

qarTuli naTqvamia: mada, WamaSi modis. ra gaaCerebda, istoriis

daZvelebisa da saukeTesod warmoCenis msurvelebs, Tu seriozuli

mecnierebi zomierebas icavdnen da obieqtur istorias qmnidnen,

ufro metni iyvnen metis mdomelebi. da mainc saocrebas hgavda

imis mtkiceba, rom CrdiloeT afrika, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiro

teritoriebi Turqulia. TviT etruskebic Turqebi anu azerbai-

janelebi yofilan.

asea, roca eTnoss ara aqvs sakuTari damwerloba, istoriuli

kultura, roca mas mizanmimarTul istorias sxvebi (sabWoTa

kavSiris masStabiT rusebi an garusebuli mkvlevarebi) uqmnian.

ruseTis mier azerbaijanis teritoriis dapyrobamde, iq 15

saxano iyo. 1828 w. TurqmenCais zaviT, ruseT-iranis sazRvari md.

araqsze daido. araqsis CrdiloeTi miwebi ruseTis sakuTreba gaxda.

daiwyo saxanoebis gauqmeba da rusuli administraciuli dayofa.

1842 w. ruseTma samxreT kavkasioni guberniebad dahyo, gauqmda

samefo-samTavroebi, saxanoebi da daarsda quTaisis, Tbilisis, der-

bentis, Semaxiis guberniebi. bolos maT erevnis gubernia daerTo.

37


guberiebi, maT SigniT mazrebi ise iqmeboda, rom erTeulSi rac

SeiZleba meti eTnosis warmomadgenlebi moxvedriliyvnen. aRreva

rusuli administraciis aucileblobas aZlierebda.

arc religiur-kulturuli sferos gardaqmna gamorCeniaT

mefis moxeleebs. religiuri faqtori mudmivi daZabulobisa da

aSkara dapirispirebis wyaro xdeboda kavkasielebs Soris.

azerbaijanis mosaxleobaSi farTe gavrceleba hpova pan-

Turqizmisa da panislamizmis ideebma. mosaxleoba ara mxolod

erovnulad, religiuradac ar iyo erTgvarovani. rogorc wesi

Siitebs iranis mxare ekavaT, sunitebs TurqeTisa. saqarTveloSi

macxovrebeli musulmanebi, e.w. borCalus tomelebi, ara mxolod

warmomavlobiT gansxvavdebodnen azerbaijanis Turqebisagan.

religiuri TvalTaxedviT isini miuridizmis mimdevrebi iyvnen.

amas azerbaijaneli ideologebisaTvis xeli ar SeuSlia did

musulmanur saxelmwifoze eocnebaT. Tu SesaZlebeli iqneboda

saqarTvelos musulmani mosaxleobis mimxroba (aWarlebis, Turqi

mesxebis, borCaloelebis saxiT) azerbaijani Sav zRvaze gasasv-

lels miiRebda, baqo-baTumis xazi diaxac andamativiT mimzidveli

idea gaxldaT. Tu TurqeTis faqtorsac gaiTvaliswinebdnen, maSin

did azerbaijans didi perspeqtivebi esaxeboda.

idea didi Zalaa, roca masebs daufleba da aamoZravebs. amitom

gasakviri sulac araa, rom 28.05.1918 wlidan, pirveli damoukide-

beli azerbaijanuli saxelmwifos Seqmnidan 27.04.1920 wlamde,

roca (rogorc sergo orjonikiZe ambobda aRtacebiT). sabWoTa

wiTelma armiam erT dReSi moamwifa socialisturi revolucia da

gaamarjvebina kidec, am mcire drois manZilze azerbaijans teri-

toriuli dava hqonda mezoblebTan. arc Sida dapirispireba iqna

daviwyebuli. 1919 w. Talibebma azerbaijanis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi

e. w. muRanlis respublika Seqmnes. es iranulenovani mcire eTnosi,

azerbaijanelma Turqebma sisxlisagan dacales da daimorCiles.

ufro meti, sabWoTaA azerbaijanSic ar misces maT Tavisufali

ganviTarebis saSualeba. skolebi, presa dauxures. trockizmis

winaaRmdeg represiebis periodSi gaasaxles.

38


ufro masStaburi iyo 1918 w. konfliqti somxeTis respub-

likasTan ganja-yarabaRis nawilis, zangezurisa da naxiWevanis gamo.

es dava or respublikas Soris permanentulad grZeldeboda.

ukve sabWoTa ruseTi ostaturad Zabavda maT urTierTobas da amave

dros moTokili hyavda orive. sademonstracio magaliTi: amier-

kavkasiis federacia, romelic v. leninis daJinebuli moTxovniT

Seiqmna, azerbaijanis, somxeTisa da saqarTvelos erTiani centridan

marTvas gulisxmobda. (mogvianebiT, 1929 w. farul moxsenebaSi, s.

kirovi acxadebda: moskovisaTvis bevrad misaRebia samive respubli-

kis erTad marTva. calk-calke meti problemebi da winaaRmdegoba

iqneba. moskovs ki sWirdeba baqo-baTumi erT sistemaSi moeqces da

ase imarTos). ai am kavkasiurma centrma e.w. kavbiurom 4.07.1921

w. imsjela respublikaTa urTierTteritoriuli davis sakiTxebze

da yarabaRi somxeTs miakuTvna. meore dRes ki gadawyvetileba

Secvala da yarabaRi kvlav azerbaijans dautova. ra nacionaluri

sakiTxis codna, ris internacionalizmi, axali batonebi xalxis

wvalebiT erTobodnen.

sxva ara nakleb odiozuri faqti. iyo dro, roca naxiWevanma

Tavi calke socialistur respublikad gamoacxada. maSin azerbai-

janis revkomma (revoluciurma komitetma) naxiWevani zangezurTan

erTad somxeTis kuTvnilebad aRiara. arc es gadacema iyo myari...

gadasces, magram ar gadasces. sanacvlod naxiWevanis respublika

avtonomiamde CamoaqveiTes. aseTi iyo leninuri erovnuli poli-

tika moqmedebaSi.

panTurqizmis mimdevrebma saqarTveloSi, javaxeTSic scades

1918 w. islamisturi respublikis Seqmna. TurqeTi Zalas ar

iSurebda am ideis xorcSesxmisaTvis. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

mesveurebma es mcdeloba aRkveTes.

1936w. sabWoTa kavSirSi miiRes gamarjvebuli socializmis

konstitucia. amas Tavisi cvlilebebi unda gamoewvia imperiaSi. ukan

darCa e.w. indurstrializaciis, koleqtivizaciis, kulturuli

revoluciis mZime procesebi. imperia swrafad ikrebda Zalebs da

evropa-aziis sivrceSi saSiSi xdeboda. xelmZRvanelobam kargad

icoda jer inglisidan, Semdeg iaponiidan da rac mTavaria germani-

39


idan momdinare safrTxis Sesaxeb. amitom tardeboda specialuri

RonisZiebani. mizani Tu amarTlebs saSualebas, maSin gamarTleba

moeZebneba im procesebsac rac imperiaSi tardeboda. Sedegi ki is

iyo, rom roca samxedro eqspertebi adareben sabWoTa kavSirisa

da germaniis SesaZleblobebs 1937 wlamde, upiratesobas pirvels

aniWeben. sxva ambavia, rom evropis okupaciiT germaniam SesaZle-

blobebi gaaormaga.

1936 w. sabWoTa kavSiri gamarjvebuli socializmis qveyana

`gaxda~. amierkavkasiis federacia daiSala da TviTeulma re-

spublikam calke funqcionireba daiwyo. amis Semdeg Zlierdeba

islamizmi azerbaijnSi da teritoriuli pretenziebis talRa

mezoblebis mimarT. warsuls Cabarda mkacri zomebi panTurqizmisa

da panislamizmis winaaRmdeg.

pirvel rigSi saWiro iyo azerqaijanuli erovnuli erTobis

gantkiceba. 1935 w. amierkavkasiis musulmanTa azerbaijanelebad

gamocxadeba procesis mxolod dasawyisia. Tu mosaxleobis 1926

w. aRweris mixedviT azerbaijanSi Turqebi cxovrobdnen TaTrebTan,

iranelebTan, lekebTan da sxvebTan erTad, axla yvela erTeuli ara

mxolod cxaddeboda azerbaijanelad, aramed aseTad unda egrZno

Tavi. ara mxolod azerbaijanSi. sxva respublikebSi macxovrebeli

musulmanebi unda gaazerbaijanelebuliyvnen. ar iyo es ioli

qurTebis, TaTrebis, borCaloelebisaTvis. Zala Tu aRmarTs xnavs,

win ra daudgeboda sxva religiebis mimdevarTa musulmanad mo-

qcevasa da Semdeg azerbaijanelad Caweras. paralelurad gaZli-

erda azerbaijanuli (ukve ara Turquli) fesvebis Zieba Soreul

warsulSi. gamococxlda azerbaijanelTa albanelobis idea. arc

midia da atropatena iqnen daviwyebulni.

sabWoTa imperiis daSlisa da azerbaijanis damoukidebeli

demokratiuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg, axali stimuli mieca

istoriuli warsulis kvlevas. Tu somxebi qveynidan jer kidev

1988w. gaaZeves, sxva eTnikuri erTeulebi, romlebic Tavis is-

toriul miwaze saxlobdnen, samSobloSi cdilobdnen erovnuli

statusis amaRlebas. Talibebma Seqmnes nacionaluri aRorZinebis

partia, gamosces presa da avtonomiuri erTeulis Seqmnis idea

40


gaJRerda. 21.06.1993 w. maT muRanlos respublikis Seqmna gamo-

acxades. mousvenari Talibebis amboxi xanmokle aRmoCnda. ukve

agvistos bolos azerbaijanis xelmZRvanelobam `konstituciuri

wesrigi~ aRadgina. aseTi movlenebi karnaxobda erTiani, dasab-

uTebuli, yovlis momcveli istoriis Seqmnas. iseTisa, romlis

ideebze aRzrdili Taobebi iamayebdnen azerbaijanelobiT da aRar

gaixsenebdnen vin romeli eTnikuri jgufis Tu saxanos naSieria.

aseTi mTliani, Sekruli azerbaijani momavlis praqtikaa.

mizani ar aris dRevandeli azerbaijanis mTliani istoriis

warmoCena. mizania dadastureba imisa, rom dRevandeli azerbaijan-

eli eri, romlis SigniT albanuri warsuli; Tundac maxsovrobis

saxiT arsebobs, miCneuli iqnas ara mxolod kavkasielebad, ar-

amed kavkasionelad. kavkasionis im aRmosavleT samxreTi nawilis

memkvidre mesakuTred, romelsac strabonis mixedviT albanelebi

(mrovelis TqmiT movakanebi) flobdnen.

***

Zv. w. a. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze kavkasionis Crdilo-

aRmosavleTi nawilis, leonti mrovelis mixedviT, Targamosian-

eli lekosis (lekanis) modgma eufleba. swored am droidan, III

aTaswleulidan moipoveba am teritoriaze mtkvar-araqsis kul-

turis elementebi. saerTod ki adamianis cxovrebis maniSnebeli

naSTebi 100 aTas wels aRwevs.

kavkasosTan erTad, ratom mainc da mainc lekoss mouwia ka-

vkasionis CrdiloeTiT gadasvla da iq damkvidreba? Tu bolomde

ukritikod vendobiT leonti mrovelis cnobas Targamosis mier

rva gmiri vaJisaTvis kuTvnili mxaris ganawilebis Sesaxeb, ismis

kiTxva: ra dauSava an riT gamoarCia Targamosma kavkasosi da

lekosi, rom maT kuTvnili miwebi ki ar misca, aramed ucnobi,

aravisi mamuli. cxadia, rom aq saqme gvaqvs ara arsebuli mam-

iseuli qonebis ganawilebasTan memkvidreebs Soris, aramed rTul

migraciul procesebTan, romelsac bevri faqtori ganapirobebda.

maT DSoris arsebiTia is, rom am ori monaTesave modgmis tomebs

isedac ekavaT CrdiloeTi mxare (kavkasionis misadgomebi) da Tu

41


Crdilo kavkasiaSi mudmivad ar saxlobdnen, yovel SemTxvevaSi

sezonurad mainc aTvisebuli hqondaT, sxvanairad mtkvar-araqsis

kulturis elementebi gansaxlebamde (gayofamde) adreul periodSi

aq ver moxvdeboda. mesame aTaswleulSi migraciulma procesebma

ki aiZula lekosianebis (aravin uwyis ramdeni tomi iyo) ZiriTadi

masa kavkasionis CrdiloeTi mxaris saboloo aTviseba moexdinaT.

miT ufro, rom samxreTidan didi iyo iZuleba, xolo CrdiloeTiT

volgamde mudmivi macxovrebeli eTnosi ar Canda.

leonti mrovelis mixedviT (sxva werilobiTi wyaro, ro-

melic Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulis movlenebs aRwerda, samwuxarod

ar arsebobs) lekosianebs wilad xvdaT mTagrexilis CrdiloeTi

kaspiis zRvidan md. lomekamde (dergi, Tergi) da am manZilis

CrdiloeTiT, ramdenis aTvisebasac SeZlebdnen. da ukve mexuTe

aTaswleulia lekosianebi kavkasionis Crdilo aRmosavleT nawils

floben mimdebare dablobTan erTad.

kavkasionis es nawili Tumca tanmaRali mwvervalebiT Tavs

ver moiwonebs, magram silamaziTa da sirTuliT ar Camouvardeba

mTlian masivs. Rrma xevebi, Znelad misadgomi aulebi, xeobebis

Caketiloba, istoriuli Tavgadasavali, xels uwyobda erT dros

Sekruli, axlo naTesauri tomebis daSoriSorebas, eTnikuri da

dialeqturi siWrelis Camoyalibebas. amitom gasakviri rodia,

rom dRevandeli daRestnis teritoria sam aTeulamde eTnikur

jgufs aerTianebs, romlebic (mkvlevarTa saerTo daangariSebiT)

Svid aTeulze met dialeqtze metyveleben. am SedarebiT mcire

teritoriaze aTeulobiT eTnosisa da dialeqtebis matarebelTa

Tanacxovreba lekosianebis arc socialur-ekonomikur da arc

saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianeba-ganviTarebas xels ver Seuwyobda.

daRestanSi oTx ZiriTad eTnikur-enobriv jgufs moiazrebdnen:

lakur, lezgiurs, darguuls, avaruls. aq aris iberiul-kavkasiuri

eTnosebis, indoevropuli da alTauri enebis ojaxebi. alTaur-

Turquli modgmisaa: Turqmenebi, TaTrebi, noRaelebi, yumuxebi,

azerbaijanelebi. iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa jgufs qmnian: lekebi-

darguulebi, didoel-xunZeb-andiurebi, lezgiurebi. aqedan xunZeb-

andielebi daRestnis samxreT-dasavleTSi mosaxleoben, saqarT-

42


velosTan axlos. maTi mcire nawili saqarTveloSi Camosaxlda

(zogi ZaliT, zogi nebarTviT) da dRes Azerbaijanis belaqan-

zaqaTalis raionebSi saxloben. sakmaod moZvelebuli monacemebiT,

daRestnelebs Soris yvelaze mravalricxovani avarielebi TiTqmis

naxevar millions aRwevdnen, Semdeg modiodnen 2,5 asi aTasi

dargeli da amdenive noRaeli, maT mcired CamorCebodnen raode-

nobiT yumixebi oras aTasze cota meti. lekebi oras aTasamde,

rutulebi da agulebi TiTqmis as ormocdaaT aTasamde TiToeuli,

lakebi da tabaleb-saranelebi as-asi aTasi. tatebi da caxurebi

cota naklebi da a. S. aq ar iangariSebian ara mkvidri eTnosebi,

romlebic mravlad saxloben am dalocvil mxareSi.

qarTvelebi istoriuli tradiciiT daRestnelebs lekebs uwo-

debdnen da asea dResac, leonti mrovelidan modis es tradicia.

ise, xunZebi, andoelebi, darguelebi, lakebi lekebTan erTad mTiani

kavkasionis uZveles mosaxleobad iTvlebian.

Tavad saerTo saxelwodeba daRestani (rogorc mTebis mxare,

mTebis qveyana) 15-16 s. mkvidrdeba. mas dRevandeli azerbaijan-

isagan md. samuri yofs da CrdiloeTiT 540 km. gadaWimuli. am

saintereso qveynis istoria da geografia mizans ar warmoadgens.

mxolod mokle miTiTeba, rom derbentis (albaneTis) kari bevr

dampyrobs izidavda. yvela cdilobda mis dasakuTrebas monacvleo-

biT, sxvaTa dapyrobisa Tu usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.

mkvlevarTa daangariSebiT Zv. w. a. V aTaswleulSi lekosia-

nebis ena jer kidev iberiul-kavkasiuri deda enis Tu fuZe enis

Semadgeneli iyo. jer dialeqtis, Semdeg ki cakle enac, am enis

deda enad gadaqcevis, misi dialeqtebad dayofisa da enobriv

ojaxad Camoyalibebis procesi ukve merve aTaseul wels gadis

da sadamde miva, ufalma uwyis.

am SemTxvevaSi mxolod imis mtkiceba SeiZleba, rom: 1.

Tavdapirveli deda enis elementebis Ziebis sakiTxi Zalze mniS-

vnelovania; 2. kavkasionuri erTobis raobis garkvevisaTvis aseve

mniSvnelovania lingvisturi, genetikuri, fsiqologiuri da a. S.

Ziebani; 3. ara naklebi Rirebulebisaa imis kvleva Tu romelma

eTnosma ra zegavlena iqonia lekosianTa enaze da ra ukureagirebas

43


hqonda adgili. am mxriv Zalze did qartexilebs gadauvlia da

bevri cvlilebac moutania.

uZvelesi, ris Sesaxeb utyuari informacia arsebobs, aris

skviTebis masStaburi Semoseva Zv. w. a. VIII saukuneSi, istoriulad

cnobilia, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi CrdiloeTidan masobrivi SemoWra

kimerielebsa da skviTebTanaa dakavSirebuli. volga-donis auzidan

gamodevnilma kimerielebma kolxeTis gavliT wina azias uwies

da iqaoba iavaryves. maTma madevarma skviTebma kavkasionTan devna

Sewyvites da mTebis paralelurad daiZrnen aRmosavleTiT. leko-

sianelebis darbevisa da Jletis Semdeg albaneTis (derbentis) kari

gaarRvies da albaneTSi SeiWrnen. skviTebi midielebma Secvales,

midielebi aqamenidTa sparseTma. cnobilia, rom lekosianelebi ara

mxolod aRiarebdnen momxdurTa upiratesobas da xarks uxdidnen

maT, aramed maT laSqrobebSic uwevdaT monawileoba. dampyrobTa

xangrZlivi yofna, adgilobrivebis garkveul gadagvarebasac uwy-

obda xels. miT ufro, rom dampyroblebi cixe-simagreTa damcav

garnizonebs tovebdnen da dasaxelebebsac qmnidnen.

Zv. w. a. IV saukunis bolos albanur tomTa gaerTianebam

imZlavra da sakuTriv 26 albanur tomTan erTad lekosianelTa

nawilic SeierTa. lezgebi, lakebi, didoelebi sakmaod xangrZlivi

drois manZilze iyvnen albaneTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi. Tu amas

daemateba lekosianTa teritoriul arealSi albanuri warmoSobis

utiebis (udinebis) mkvidroba, gasagebi gaxdeba am ori moZme war-

momavlobis (movakanelebisa da lekosianelebis-leonti mrovelis

mixedviT)xalxebis mravalmxrivi siaxlovis garduvaloba. es ki

ueWvelad gulisxmobda erTi mxriv urTierT gamdidrebas, meore

mxriv ki asimilacias.

ax. w. a. IV s. daRestnis teritoriaze momTabare da moTareSe

hunebi gamoCndnen. albaneTis (derbentis) karamde maT yvelaferi

gadaTeles da sikvdili Teses. VII s. hunebs xazarebi Caenacvlnen.

xazarTa xakani (kagani) X s. batonobda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. imave

VIII s. Seiqmna arabTa saxalifo da daRestnis midamoebi am ori

mtaceblis qiSpis asparezi gaxda. arabTa batonobas musulmanobis

gavrceleba da daCqarebuli asimilacia axlda. mxolod 725 w.

44


amira maslamam ara mxolod aiRo da daarbia derbenti, aramed iq

arabuli dasaxlebac Seqmna (24000 arabi Caasaxla) da Semdgomi

arabizaciis safuZveli Seqmna. 732-739 ww. murvan ibn muhamedma

(qarTvelTa mier murvan yrud wodebulma) ramdenjerme gailaSqara

daRestanisaken, xazarebi daamarcxa da lekosianebs mZime xarki

dauwesa. mxolod X s. roca xalifati daiSala, SesaZlebeli gaxda

damoukideblobis mopoveba. esec im pirobiT, rom Sirvan-derbentSi

arabuli dinastia gaxda mmarTveli Zala.

XI s. Zveli mCagvreli axalma, Turq-seljukebma Secvales. amas

XIII s-an monRolTa xangrZlivi batonoba mohyva. Tu saqarTvelos

zeobis xanaSi lekosianelebi srul avtonomias inarCunebdnen da

mokavSireobis gziT urTierTkulturas aziarebdnen, maT Soris

samxedro-politikur da ekonomikur kavSirebsac ganamtkicebdnen,

1239 w. Semdeg (roca monRolebma derbenti aiRes) urTierToba

moiSala. ufro meti, monRolebi lekosianebs saqarTvelos mxri-

danac utevdnen.

1395 w. daRestnis teritoriaze, md. TergTan moxda oqros

urdos mbrZaneblis ToxTamiSis da koWli Temuris gadamwyveti

brZola. gamarjvebuli Temur lengi ufro didi sisastikiT mi-

ubrunda CrdiloeT kavkasiel tomebs da pirvel rigSi daRestnis

macxovreblebs.

XV s. ukve moZlierebuli sparseTi cdilobs derbentis

gasasvlelisa da CrdiloeTis tomebis damorCilebas. Semdeg mas

TurqeTi daemata, ramac kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT macxovrebeli

eTnosebis damoneba da ganviTarebis Seferxeba gamoiwvia. am or

mtacebels Soris 1590 w. daido zavi, romlis ZaliTac daRes-

tani (da ara mxolod lekosianebi) TurqeTs ergo. amas 1606

w. Sah abas I (brwyinvales) laSqroba mohyva. sparselebma aiRes

derbenti da mTlianad daRestanis dapyrobas Seudgnen. 1741 w.

nadir Sahi 100 aTasiani jariT Seesia qveyanas. ori wlis uwyveti

brZolebis dros misi armia ganaxevrda. vin iangariSa daRestnelTa

adamianuri danakargi?

mizani araa daRestnis mTliani istoriis gaSuqeba, mizania

naTeli gaxados, rom gauTavebelma Semosevebma, ganmaTavisufle-

45


belma omebma, mosaxleobis mudmivi, mravalmxrivi cvlilebebis

procesebma ganapirobes 5 aTasi wlis win erTiani lekosianuri

(lekuri) eTnosis cvlilebebi. dRes Tu iq 30 eTnikuri jgufi

da 70 dialeqtia moqmedebaSi, romelTagan umravlesoba lekosis

Camomavali araa, es istoriis bedukuRmarTobis Sedegia.

amdenad marTebulia daskvna, rom daRestnelebis mxolod

mcire nawilia lekosiani da ZirZveli kavkasioneli, Tumca

erTianobaSi aRebuli daRestnelebic aseTad iTvlebian. da es

imaTTvis, visTvisac kavkasioni deda samSobloa an visTvisac

istoriuli samarTlianoba arsebobs. sxvafriv daRestani jer

xanobiT mainc rCeba ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi da gauTviTcno-

bierebeli msofliosaTvis daRestnelebic rusebi arian. (mxolod

sailustraciod: erT dros sabWoTa kavSiris moWidaveTa nakrebSi,

rva kacidan erTi estoneli englasi iyo, erTi moskoveli arsen

mekokiSvili da eqvsi qarTveli. maT warmatebebze, ara mxolod

msoflio, aramed rusuli presis nawilic werda: gamarjveba rusma

devgmirebma moipoveso. asea dResac daRestnelebi, CrdiloeT ka-

vkasionelebi da ara marto isini ruseTis saxeliT moRvaweoben

da aseTebad iTvlebian)...

***

lekosianelTa samxreTiT, movaknelebisa da qarTlosianelebs

Soris herosis samkvidro iyo.

erTad-erTi istorikosi romelic herosis damkvidrebas

da herTa tomebis sazRvrebs aRwers leonti mrovelia. ai ras

mogviTxrobs igi: ̀ xolo heross misca queyana mtkurisa CrdiloT,

mcirisa alaznisa SesarTaviTgan vidre tyetbamde, romelsa aw hqvan

gulgula da aman heros aRaSena pirvelad qalaqi SesakrebelTa

Sors orTave alazanTasa da uwoda saxeli Tvisi hereTi da mis

gamo hqvian hereTsa hereTi. da aw mas adgilsa hqvian xoranTa~

(qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, Tb. 1955 gv. 4).

herosisa da herTa raobis sakiTxi jer kidev saWiroebs

kvlevasa da analizs. mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven: herebis sakiTxTan

dakavSirebi aris ori mosazreba. a. xaxanaSvili, n. berZeniSvili,

46


v. dondua, st. menTeSaSvili, T. papuaSvili herebs qarTvelebis

monaTesaved miiCneven. g. meliqiSvili, i. ieseni, g. nioraZe, d.

musxeliSvili ki albanur tomad.

amas emateba Tanamedrove azerbaijaneli mkvlevarebis pozicia.

isini Tavs albanelTa sulier da fizikur memkvidreebad acxadeben

da Sesabamisad pretenzia aqvT yvelaferze (maT Soris terito-

riebze), rac albanelebs ukavSirdeba. ufro meti, isini movakanisa

da bardosis albanelobas `amtkiceben~ da samxreT azerbaijanze

(iranis azerbaijanze) garkveul pretenzias acxadeben. aRara iTqmeba

imaze, rom qalaqi gardmani maTTvis dRevandeli qarTuli qalaqi

gardabania da aqedan gamomdinare, garkveuli mcdari daskvnebis

Semcveli.

Tu qarTvel mecnierTa nawili herebs albanur tomad miiCnevs,

maSin aRar unda iyos gasaocari azerbaijaneli mesazRvreebis

daviT garejis midamoebSi Semosvla. miT ufro, rom `hereTSi

moRvaweobdnen cnobili sirieli mamebi: daviT garejeli, ioseb

alaverdeli, abibo nekreseli~ (saqarTvelos istoria, t. 2, Tb.

2012 w. gv. 181).

ra logikuri daskvna gamodis? herebi albanelebi yofilan,

isini mkvidrobdnen dRevandeli nekresis, alaverdis, garejis

midamoebSi. e. i. es teritoriebi Tavisi kulturuli ZeglebiT

albanuria, bedis ukuRmarTobiT moxvedrili saqarTvelos Semad-

genlobaSi. amitom ar unda gvikvirdes, rom albanelTa `memkvi-

dreebi~ aSkara pretenzias momavalSic wamoayeneben.

am SemTxvevaSi bunebrivia, rom azerbaijanel mkvlevarebs

aviwydebaT sakuTari warmomavloba. maTTvis mTavaria, rom herebi

TviT qarTvelebis mieraa albanur tomad miCneuli, xolo hereTi

albaneTis teritoriad. isini amave dros cdiloben, myari mec-

nieruli safuZveli Seuqmnan herebis da maTTan arapirdapir kax-

elebis albanobas. azerbaijaneli mkvlevarebi usafuZvlod miiCneven

qarTveli mecnieris d. musxeliSvilis im mtkicebas TiTqos Zv.

w. a. II-I ss. `...части албанских областей Камбасены и Эрети вошли в состав Иберии.~ xedavT? amas umateben imave periodis albaneTis amsaxvel rukas, sadac mTeli qarTl-kaxeTi Tbilisidan

aRmosavleTiT albaneTis teritoriaa.

47


yovelives agvirgvineben rusi mecnieri a. voronovis daskvniT

imis Sesaxeb, rom genetikuri kvlevebis Tanaxmad kaxeTisa da Cr.

dasavleT azerbaijanis mosaxleoba myar erTgvarobas amJRavnebs

(Воронов А.А. Антропологические особености распростоанения и групп крови в Закавказье. В кн: Антропология и геногеография М. 1974). aqedan ukve logikuria daskvna, rom istoriuli hereTis

azerbaijanel da kaxeTis qarTvel mosaxleobas saerTo winapari

hyavda. vin iyo es winapari? `cxadia~ albaneli e. i. azerbaijan-

elebis winapari. amis Semdeg, maTi azriT, ara mxolod ingiloebi

(istoriuli hereTis mkvidrni) aramed kaxelebic gaqarTvelebuli

albanelebia.

axla vcadoT mikerZoebis gareSe sakiTxSi garkveva. iafet-

idebis warmoSobisa da gansaxlebis Sesaxeb mwiri, magram erTiani

Tvalsazrisia SemorCenili. somxuri wyaro uTiTebs Torgamis

Camomaval haosis Sesaxeb. sxva memkvidreni haosis garda somex

istorikoss ar ainteresebs. albaneTis istoriis fuZemdebeli (mo-

vakanisa da bardosis CamomavalTa istorikosi) moisei kalakanteli

(warmoSobiT albanelad miCneuli) albanelTa uZveles istorias

ise aRwers, rom leonti mrovelis Tvalsazriss ver cvlis da

ar ewinaaRmdegeba. cnobilia, rom xazarTa xakani, (kagani) iosebi,

arabTa xalifasadmi gagzavnil werilSi amtkicebda misi xalxis

iafetur warmomavlobas: xazareTis mosaxleobis didi nawili

Targamosidan modiso.

axla mivubrundeT leonti mrovels, romelsac yvelaze ufro

Camoyalibebuli da erTiani Tvalsazrisi aqvs. mrovelis mixedviT,

iafetis STamomaval Targamoss mraval SvilTagan gamorCeuli rva

Ze hyavda. `an rogorc ambobs mroveli: `somexTa da qarTvelTa,

ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa, megrelTa da kavkasianTa...

erTi iyo mama, saxeliT Targamos~. zedmetia ganmarteba, rom

haosis monaTesave tomebSi somxebis Tubal-tabal-iberi winapari

igulisxmeba, egrosis monaTesave tomebSi megrelebs asaxelebs,

bardosis naTesavebSi ranis macxovreblebs. rani ki albanTa sax-

elwodebaa sparsuli `arrani~-dan nawarmoebi.

48


am SemTxvevaSi SevCerdeT principul sakiTxze. mroveli cakle

gamoyofs movakanis, calke bardosis da calke herosis kuTvnil

teritoriebs. ismis kiTxva: Tu samive albanelebis eTnarqebi

arian, maSin ratom asaxelebs maT cal-calke, ratom azustebs

maTi teritoriebis sazRvrebs? Tu mxolod imitom rom aq tomTa

didi gaerTianeba da farTe teritoria igulisxmeba, maSin haoss

bevrad meti Sexvda da ratom iq ara hyofs? xom ar iyo enobrivi

sxvaoba, Tundac kargac ganviTarebuli dialeqtebis doneze da

yoveli maTgani ukve gayofamde warmoadgenda calke erTeuls?

warmomavlobiTi erTobis garda sxvaobasac unda niSnavdes Zv. w.

a. III s. mkvlevaris polibiusis miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom atro-

patenasa da albaneTs Soris ramdenime wvrili (mcirericxovani)

tomi mosaxleobso. rom ar yofiliyo garkveuli gaucxoeba,

sxvaoba bardosisa da movakanis Camomavlebs Soris polibiuss

sxva tomebis arsebobaze miTiTeba ar dasWirdeboda. mrovelic

ar CamoTvlida calk-calke Zmebs. Tu haosis wilad ulaparakod

aRiara Targamosisgan micemuli `...naxevari naTesavisa misisa da

naxevari da umjobesi queyanisa misisa~ kanonierad, ra dauSlida

erTad eTqva movakani, bardos, herosis samflobelo Tu samive

albanuri wamroSobis tomebis eTnarxebi (mamamTavrebi) iyvnen?

saqme imaSia, rom Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulSi, rodesac ukve

Targamosianelebi da ara iafetidebi (Targamosianelebi ukve mx-

olod nawilia ifetidebis) iyofian calke erTeulebad, hereTi

rogorc aseTi (iseve rogorc iberia da somxeTi) ar arsebobdnen.

Targamosianelebi Zalze vrcel teritoriaze iyvnen gafantulebi

da maTSi ukve iyo calke eTnosebad Camoyalibebis procesi. amis

dasturia istoriuli cnoba, bevrad ufro gvian, vanisa da urmiis

tbebs Soris herTa tomis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

es cnoba amave dros dadasturebaa leonti mrovelis monaTxro-

bis WeSmaritebisa. Tu herebi cxovroben kavkasionis samxreTiT qa-

rTlosianTa da movaknelebs Soris da amave dros cxovroben bevrad

samxreTiT, vanisa da urmiis tbebs Soris, maSin ismis kiTxva: herTa

nawili saidan saiT aris wasuli, sadaa maTi pirvelsacxovrisi?

mroveli garkveviT acxadebs rom yvela es `Zma~ - herosic, qarT-

49


losic, bardosic da movakosic movidnen samxreTidan, mamiseuli

samflobelos gayofis, migraciuli procesebis Sedegad. es mosvla

ar niSnavda aucxo mxareSi damkvidrebas. savaraudoa, rom maTi

nawilebi isedac flobdnen am midamoebs da moxda `dakanoneba~.

kargadaa cnobili, rom qarduxebi (karduxebi), qardebi

(kardebi) TargamosianelTa gansaxlebis samxreTs flobdnen. Tu

ara gayofa da masTan dakavSirebuli migraciuli procesebi (razec

garkveviT miuTiTebs mroveli), ras unda aeZulebina samxreTSi

macxovrebeli tomebi (an am tomebis nawili) mietovebinaT sam-

kvidro da axali adgilebi aeTvisebinaT? leonti mroveli gayris

aucileblobas mosaxleobis didi siWarbiT xsnis. Targamosis STa-

momavloba – ambobs sulmnaTi – iyo `...didi da uracxv, rameTu

esxnes colmraval Zeni da asulni, da Svilni da SviliSvilni

ZeTa da asulTa misTani, ... da verRara itevda queyana araratisa

da masisisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba t. 1. Tb. 1955, gv. 4).

amave dros, Targamosis samflobelo iyo gadaWimuli Savi zR-

vidan kaspiis zRvamde, kavkasionidan xmelTaSua (oreTis) zRvamde.

im dros Targamosianelebs erTaderTi moqiSpe samxreTidan hyavdaT

qamitebis (nebroTianebis) saxiT. maT sawinaaRmdegod ufros Zes,

haoss misca samflobelos saukeTeso naxevari da tomTa (macxovre-

belTa) naxevari. haosis naxevarze macxovrebel qarTlosianebs

da herosianebs ki `daukanona~ axali teritoriebi. kiTxva ismis:

Tu herebi movaknelebis (Semdgom albanelebad wodebulebis) to-

mis nawils warmoadgendnen, ratom calk-calke samflobeloebi

gamouyo maT? logikuria vivaraudoT, rom herebi calke erTeuls

warmoadgendnen, iseTive gaucxoebis gzaze damdgars, rogoric iyo

movaknelebsa da qarTebs Soris, qarTebsa da egrebs Soris da a. S.

am logikuri daskvnis uarmyofelebma unda moitanon raime das-

abuTeba, ratom miiCneven herebs an qarTvelur an albanur tomad,

samwuxarod gancxadeba, rom vinmes herebis albaneloba swams, das-

abuTeba araa. Tavis droze afxazebsac swamdaT, rom warmomavlobiT

egviptelebi arian, magram ver daasabuTes da SeeSvnen. herebs da

hereTs Tavisi saxelovani warmomavlobac aqvT da istoriac. am

warsulis kvlevisas ueWvelad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli istoriul-

50


geografiuli faqtorebi, romelTa erTobliobam ganapiroba misi

nawilis moqceva jer albaneTis samefos da Semdeg azerbaijanis

SemadgenlobaSi, iseve, rogorc meore nawilis qarTizacia da saqa-

rTvelos ganuyrel nawilad gadaqceva. mxolod SexsenebisaTvis

iTqmeba, rom erTi mdinaris saxeli zogjer meorezec vrceldeba.

vTqvaT aragvis saxeli Tergis misamarTiTac iTqmoda. aseve ala-

zans uwodebdnen ara mxolod iors, aramed hereTis samTavros

sxva mdinaresac. amitom, rodesac msjelobaa, unda gairkves

kerZod romelzea miTiTeba. aseve, raki hereTis uZvelesi dedaqa-

laqi hereTi, Semdeg (mrovlis dros), xoranTad wodebuli dRes

azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi Tofrax-kalad iwodeba, ar unda iyos

herebis albanelobis damamtkicebeli. (am mxriv saukeTeso gamo-

savali iqneboda sakiTxiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTa erToblivi

daskvna). Tavad am mxares erTi periodi kak-eliseni erqmeoda da

mas elisenSi (axla cnobili sof. aliabadi) myofi mouravi ga-

nagebda. Tavad es mxare, rogorc wesi, kaxeTis nawilad iTvleboda

da mxolod sabWoTa ruseTis mier demokratiuli saqarTvelos

revoluciuri aneqsiis Semdeg (1921w) gadaeca azerbaijanis mxares.

is faqti, rom albaneTis samefo garkveuli dronis manZilze

zeobda hereTze, herebis albanelobis sabuTad ver gamodgeba.

qarTvelebs aseve SeuZliaT imis gaxseneba rom hereTis centri

erT dros Saqi iyo, rom herebi wminda ninom moaqcia qristiano-

baze da a. S.

istoriulad cnobilia, rom albaneTi da qarTli cvalebadi

warmatebiT cdilobdnen hereTis dauflebas da mosaxleobis asimi-

lacias. es araa mamtkicebeli herebis damoukidebel eTnikur er-

Teulad ar arsebobisa. Tu saboloo angariSiT herebis qarTizacia

moxda an dRes, ukve qarTizirebuli herebis azerbaijanizacia

swarmoebs, es ver waSlis istoriul warsuls, herebi Tavidanve

arc albanelebi (movaknelebi) iyvnen da arc qarTlosianebi.

istoriulma bedukuRmarTobam bevri eTnosis arseboba waSala.

Tu Zveli Sumerebi, egviptelebi, finikielebi da a. S. gaqrnen,

maTTan SedarebiT mcirericxovani herebi devgmirebad Canan, radgan

SeZles da X_XI s-de SeinarCunes meoba.

51


iyo periodi, rodesac albaneTi cdilobda hereTis mierTebas.

Semdeg dadga dro, rodesac gareSe mterTa moZaleba (sparselebi,

xazarebi, arabebi da bolos Turq-seljukebi) asustebs da bo-

los uRebs albaneTis samefos da TviT albani eTnosis arsebo-

bas. Secvlili viTarebis gamo ukve hereTi cdilobs albaneTis

dasavleT nawilze zegavlenis mopovebas.

hereTis saerisTao, qarTlis ki ara TiTqmis mTeli saqarT-

velos samefos nawilad Seiqmna stefanoz erismTavaris Zis arCilis

dros. mefe arCil II TanxmobiT moipoves bagrationebma hereTis

erisTaoba da Tanamdebobis memkvidreobiToba. misi Zis juanSeris,

umemkvidrod gardacvalebam xeli Seuwyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi

afxazeTis mTavar leon II gamefebas, ukidures aRmosavleTSi ki

hereTis samTavros Seqmnas. hereTi cvalebadi warmatebiT cdilobda

damoukideblobis miRwevas. X s. bolos bagrat III hereTi mtkiced

daukavSira danarCen qarTul samefo- samTavroebs, xolo daviT

aRmaSeneblis dros igi erT qarTul provinciad gadaiqca. amis

Semdeg hereTi saqarTvelos teritorias warmoadgenda, herebi ki

gaqarTvelebul toms.

is faqti, rom albaneTis istoriis asparezidan gaqrobis

Semdeg hereTi gafarTovda da misi centri xoranTadan (yofili

q. hereTidan) gadavida (IX_Xss) SaqSi (axlandeli nuxi), sulac

ar niSnavda herebis gaalbanelebas, magram ueWvelad niSnavda ukve

Turqul Tu gaTurqebis gzaze damdgari albanuri eTnosisaTvis

axali genetikur-fsiqikuri impulsis micemas. ar unda iqnas mxed-

velobidan gaSvebuli is faqti, rom movakosianebi (albanelebi)

da herebi isedac moZme tomobrivi gaerTianebebi iyvnen. da ara

mxolod isini, gasaxsenebelia korneli tacitis mier Semonaxuli

cnoba, romlis mixedviT albanelebi da iberebi imdenad axloblad

grZnobdnen erTi-meores, rom orTave eTnoss Tavisi warmomavloba

balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis Tesaliis mxaredan miaCndaT.

hereTi didi xnis manZilze saqarTvelos SemadgnlobaSi kul-

turul avtonomias inarCunebda. cnobilia rom am mxareSi iyo

Tavisi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo centrebi. sof. kakSi xel-

nawerTa gadamweri specializebuli skolac yofila. ara marto

52


hereTSi. daRestanSic Svidi skola yofila, romlebsac gadawerili

wignebi egzavnebodaT.

ufro meti, istoriam icis saqarTveloSi lekianobis Sesaxeb.

samwuxarod, naklebadaa cnobili kaxelebis, herebisa da avarelebis

(qarTvelebisaTvis lekebis) axlo megobruli da naTesauri kav-

Sirebis Sesaxeb. herebi da kaxelebi samuSaod (saSovarze) Camosul

lekebs dasaxlebis saSualebasac aZlevdnen. cnobilia, rom kaxeTis

mefe levanma lekebs Camosaxlebis ufleba misca garkveuli piro-

biT. ase momravlebulma lekebma hereTis fifineTis mxares Wari

(lekurad gzas niSnavs) uwodes. mravlad iyo lekebis herebad da

qarTvelebad qcevisa da piruku SemTxvevebi. enaTmecnierTa azriT

waxurel lekTa metyveleba ufro herulsa da qarTuls Camohgavs

vidre lekurs.

hereTSi herTa da lekTa bedi mravalnairad Seicvala. sabWoTa

periodSi `socialisturma~ azerbaijanulma xelmZRvanelobam

daCqarebul-iZulebiTi wesiT moaxdina adgilobrivTa asimilireba.

War-belaqanis mosaxleobis mimarT es SedarebiT umtkivneulod

mimdinareobda religiuri erTobis niadagze. gaZnelda herebis jer

gamahmadianeba, Semdeg ki gaazerbaijaneleba. visac Sexeba hqonia

aRniSnul problemasTan, mas kargad moexseneba ra ZalisxmeviT

axerxebdnen herebi mcireodeni kulturuli avtonomiis element-

ebis SenarCunebas. ara da visac WeSmaritad Sestkiva guli herebze,

maTi albaneloba an qarTveloba ki ar unda amtkicon, aramed maT

realur kulturul avtonomiaze unda ifiqron.

am patara mimoxilvis mizani herebis istoriis gadmocema, maTi

eTnikuri kuTvnilebis gansja ki ara, imis Tqma iyo, rom isini

ZirZvel kavkasionelebs ganekuTvnebian da did kavkasiur ojaxSi

sxvaTa Tanasworad unda grZnobdnen Tavs. danarCenma kavkasielebma

ki maT eTnikur kuTvnilebaze ki ara, fizikur gadarCenasa da

sulier ganviTarebaze unda izrunon.

amrigad gamovida, rom Targamosianelebidan haosisa da bardo-

sis monaTesave tomebi Tavidanve mowyvetilni iyvnen kavkasionis

midamoebs. isini ueWvelad iyvnen kavkasielebi, magram ara kavkasio-

53


nelebi. maT da maTTan erTad movaknelebma ara mxolod ena, aramed

eTnikuri raobac ver SeinarCunebs. maTgan sxvaobiT lekoselebma

nawilobriv enac da eTnikuri raobac SeinarCunes. miuxedavad didi

qartexilebisa, maT es moaxerxes Tavad kavkasionis wyalobiT.

herebma, herosis moZmeebma, marTalia, ena (heruli dialeqti) ver

ganaviTares da damoukidebel enad ver aqcies, magram fizikuri

arseboba mainc ar dakarges. swored amaze miuTiTebda cnobili

mkvlevari a. voronovi, roca ambobda, rom azerbaijanis dasavleTi

mxaris da saqarTvelos aRmosavleTis nawilis macxovrebelTa

genetikuri monacemebi, mtkice erTobas amJRavnebso.

***

kavkasionis CrdiloeTi kalTebi mraval eTnoss ukavia.

samxreTiT Tu movakos, heros, qarTos da egrosis STamomavlobas

unda ecxovra da eTnosTa simravle unda yofiliyo, CrdiloeTi

lekossa da kavkasoss ergoT. Sesabamisad iq ori eTnosi unda

yofiliyo. istoriam ineba da CrdiloeTi ise aria, rom bevri

sakiTxis garkveva dRemde ver xerxdeba da samomavlo kvlevebis

obieqtad rCeba.

lekosis mimarT sakmao sicxadea. aq gamokveTilia sakuTriv

lekosianelebi da maTTan Casaxlebuli da cxovrebiseulad

gadajaWvuli eTnosebi. am xaziT kiTxvis niSans mxolod maTTan

kavkasosis STamomavalTa mimarTeba qmnis. Tu viciT, rom Tergis

aRmosavleTi lekosianebs ergoT, dasavleTi ki kavkasoss, maSin

rogor gavigoT dRevandeli CeCen-inguSebis raoba. CeCen-inguSebi

(sxvanairad vainaxebi, sxvanairad qistebi, sxvanairad ZurZukebi,

da RliRvebi) vis ganekuTvnebian lekosianebs Tu kavkasianebs?

kiTxva araa ubralo mniSvnelobis an ubralod gadasawyeti. am

ori moZme tomis dRevandel yofaSi an mezoblebTan urTierTobaSi

mas SeiZleba yuradRebac ar mieqces, magram istoriuli warsu-

lis TvalTaxedviT SeiZleba principuli mniSvnelobac hqondes.

am problemasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba frTxili mosazrebis

gamoTqma, radgan mtkicebas bevri iseTi ram sWirdeba, rac momaval

kvlevebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

54


dRevandeli monacemebi da mdgomareoba vainaxebisa detaluradaa

mocemuli mkvlevarebis mier. aq motanili zogierTi monacemic

maTgan iqneba nasesxebi.

is cnoba, rom dRevandel CeCen-inguSebs erTi warmomavloba

aqvT, imdenad cxadia, rom mtkicebasac ar saWiroebs. gansjas

saWiroebs is cnoba, romlis mixedviT anTropologiuri Tvalsaz-

risiT isini qarTvelebTan, daRestnelebTan erTad da damatebiT

yaraCaelebTan, balyarelebTan, osebTan erTad qmnian kavkasiur tips.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kavkasiuri tipi gansakuTrebulia, igi

ar meordeba, maSin ismis kiTxva: ramdenad dasabuTebulia am eT-

nosebis (iranul enovani, Turqul enovani, da iberiul-kavkasiuri

enovani) erTtipiurobis sakiTxi, am eTnosTa romeli nawilebis

Seswavla moxda da a. S. kiTxva zedapiruli araa. yaraCaelebi,

balyarelebi, osebi saxloben im teritoriaze (kavkasionis im

nawilSi) sadac maT mosvlamde kavkasosis monaTesave tomebi

saxlobdnen da Tu maTi asimilireba moxda, bunebrivia erTtipi-

urobis elementebi Semonaxuli iqneba. rac Seexeba vainaxebs da

qarTvelebs, es ori ZirZveli kavkasieli eTnosi ara mxolod

geografiulad iyo dakavSirebuli, ara mxolod warmomavlobiT

iyo erTiani (orive Targamosianelia) aramed, rogorc Teimuraz

batoniSvili gadmoscems, enobriv-kulturuli kavSirebic mtkice

hqonebiaT, Temur-lengis Semosevebamde mainc. am cnobis Tanaxmad

durZukebi da RliRvebi, dRevandeli CeCnebi da inguSebi (lekebis

msgavsad) qarTuls flobdnen, damwerlobac qarTuli hqondaT da

qarTulad aRavlendnen locvas qristianul eklesiebSi.

mkvlevarTa gaangariSebiT vainaxebis teritoria 19,3 aTasi km.

aqedan CeCnebs (TviTsaxeli-naxCi) 17,3 aTasi km² ukaviaT, inguSebs

(TviTsaxeli – RilRai) 2 aTasi. saerTo mosaxleoba ruseT-

CeCneTis omamde 1270000 iyo. oms ramdeni Seewira?

ismis logikuri kiTxva, marTalia enobrivi dayofis mixed-

viT mkvlevarebi aerTianeben vainaxurs da daRestnurs da calke

jgufad miiCneven, magram ramdenad bunebrivia es dayofa? ufro

upriani xom ar iqneboda ase: adiReuri, vainaxuri, daRestnuri,

qarTveluri? vainaxuri ena xom Tavis mxriv iyofa: inguSebi,

55


CeCnebi, bacbebi, (wova TuSebi). daRestnur enaTa da dialeqtTa

simravleze ukve iTqva.

aseT gamocalkevebas Tavisi axsna moeZebneba. Tu vainaxur-

daRestnuri erT Stod (ojaxad, mimdinareobad) ganixileba, maSin

logikurad ismis sakiTxi vainaxebis lekosianobis Sesaxeb. TiTqos

asec unda iyos. lekosis monaTesave tomebs mroveli md. lomekis

(dergis, Tergis) aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi aTavsebs da miuTiTebs,

rom aq mxolod am modgmis tomebis sacxovrisia. Tu es asea, ma-

Sin vainaxebi lekosianebi yofilan. magram es ase araa, mroveli

araoraznovnad miuTiTebs vainaxTa kavkasosis kuTvnilebaze.

ai, rogor aRwers igi: gayofisa da didi migraciuli proce-

sebis dros `...kavkasis lomekis mdinariTgan vidre dasasrulamde

kavkasisi, dasavliT~ ergo.

kavkasisa da lekosis monaTesave tomebs etyoba CrdiloeTiT

farTe miwebi auTvisebiaT, ramac sxva (ucxo) tomTa dapirispireba

gamoiwvaia. mroveli gadmogvcems: kavkasisa da lekosis dafuZnebis

dronisaTvis `...umkvidro iyo queyana igi kavkasiiTgan vidre mdi-

naremde didad, romeli Sesdis zRuasa darubandisasa~. am cnobis

Tanaxmad, ̀ mdinaremde didad~ e. i. volgamde, im xanisaTvis mkvidri

mosaxleoba ar iyo. es sezonurad momTabare tomebis arsebobas ver

gamoricxavs. piriqiT, gulisxmobs Setakebebs ama Tu im adgilis

xelSi Casagdebad.

winaswari ganmartebis mizniT: mrovelisaTvis da saerTod is-

toriisaTvis ucnobia im tomTa saxelwodebani, romlebic volga-

donis zolSi momTabareobdnen an periodulad gamoCndebodnen.

amitom istorikosi maT moixseniebs yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli

saxeliT-xazarni. am SemTxvevaSi dasadgeni araa am momTaare tomebma

Seqmnes Semdeg xazarTa gaerTianeba Tu ara. arsebiTia, rom im

Zveli periodis momxdurebs xazarebis saxeliT ixseniebs. mrov-

eli brZanebs: `mas Jamsa Sina ganZlierdes xazarni da dauwyes

brZolad naTesavTa lekisaTa da kavkasiosTa~ (qarTlis cxovreba,

Tb. 1955. t.1. gv. 11.).

brZola Targamosianelebsa da momxdurebs (`xazarebs~) Soris

iyo xangrZlivi da cvalebadi xasiaTis. mrovelis Tanaxmad, br-

56


Zolebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis dauflebisaTvis gagrZelda, sanam ar

Seiqmna sparseTi, romelmac daiwyo am mxaris daxarkva. istoriulad

cnobilia, rom sparseTis samefo Seqmna kirosma Zv. w. a. VI s.

man da misma memkvidreebma irgvliv yvela daimorCiles da bolos

berZnul aTenisa da spartis qalaq saxelmwifoebs uwies. manamde?

manmade, cota adre, mas Semdeg, rac `da gamoxdes amas Sina Jamni

mravalni~ (gv. 13) `maSin nabuqodonosor mefeman warmostyuena

ierusalemi, da muniT otebulni uriani movides qarTls...~ (gv.

15). es iseTi cnobaa, romelic qarTvelTaTvis da `uriaTaTvis~

(ebraelebisaTvis) ganmartebas ar saWiroebs, Zv. w. a. VI s.

manamde? mrovels miaxloebiT aqvs miTiTebuli Targamosianel-

Ta brZolis dasawyisi CrdiloeTis tomebTan (xazarebTan,rogorc

igi uwodebs). ai ras gadmogvcems sulmnaTi: brZolebidan gavida

xani da `...Semdgomad amisa ramdenTame weliwadTa movida ambavi,

viTarmed mose ganvlo zRua israelTa~ (gv.14). dRes ukve da-

dasturebulad iTvleba cnoba moses mier egviptidan ebraelTa

gamoyvanis Sesaxeb. es ambavi Zv. w. a. XIII s. ganekuTvneba. aqedan

SeiZleba varaudi, rom Targamosianelebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu Zv.

w. a. 23-e saukuneSi brZolebiT ar daikaves CrdiloeT kavkasia, mis

dasacavad mainc gadautaniaT mZime omebi Zv. w. a. me-13 saukunemde.

rac Seexeba sakuTriv kavkasis da lekosis modgmas roca maT

mZime brZolebi hqondaT momxdurebTan Tu damxdurebTan, danarCeni

tomebi maTgan daculni iyvnen. mroveli ase aRwers am mdgomareobas:

`da ese TargamosianTa yovelni mas Jamsa iyvnes mSvidobiT...~ (gv. 11).

etyoba brZola sasicocxlo sivrcisaTvis cvalebadi warmate-

biT mimdinareobda, radgan Targamosianebs erTi meoris daxmareba

araerTxel dasWirvebiaT. amitom iyo, rom `...Sekrbes yovelni na-

Tesavni Targamosianni da gardavles mTa kavkasTa. da motyuennes

yovelni sazRvarni xazareTisani, da aRaSennes qalaqni pirsa xa-

zareTisasa, da warmovides~ (gv. 11).

gaZnelda moTareSe tomebis Sekaveba. dadga didi marcxis dro.

Targamosianebi moZaladeebs veRar umklavdebodnen SeerTebuli

ZalebiTac ki. mroveli gvamcnobs: `xolo odes pirvel gamovida

xazarTa mefe da motyuenna queyanani... da gardavlo kavkasia. da

57


iyo Ze misi saxeliT uobos, da misca Zesa Tvissa tyue somxiTisa

da qarTlisa. da misca queyana kavkasis nawili, lomekis mdinarisa

dasavliT, dasavleTamde mTisa~ (gv. 12).

rodis unda daerbiaT e. w. xazarebs mTeli kavkasia? istori-

ulad cnobilia, rom momTabareebma samxreT kavkasiaSi SemoaRwies

Zv. w. a. VIII-VII ss. kimerielebma dasavleT saqarTvelos gavliT

uwies mcire azias, miarbies iq arsebuli saxelmwifoebi, bolos

samxreT Targamosianelebs (haosianebs) Seerivnen da am niadagze

Camoyalibda somexi eri. kimerielebis madevari skviTebi kavka-

sionis paralelurad wavidnen da albaneTis (darubandis) kariT

Semovidnen samxreTSi, daarbies urartus imperia asureTTan erTad

da saTave misces did cvlilebebs.

Tanamedrove kvleviTi miRwevebi ar iZlevian naTel war-

modgenas, rodis unda momxdariyo didi cvlilebebi CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi, kavkasis sacxovrebel arealSi. Tavad es areali araa

gansazRvruli.

Tu gamovalT mrovelis mier gadmocemuli sinamdvilidan da

mas kvleviT monacemebs SevadarebT, daaxloebiT aseTi suraTi ix-

ateba: kavkasionis dasavleTi mxare Targamosianel egross ergo.

mroveli gvamcnobs: `xolo egross misca queyana zRvis yurisa,

da uCina sazRvari; aRmosavliT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hqvian

lixi; dasavliT zRua; CrdiloT mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa, sada

warswuTebis wueri kavkasisa. xolo aman egros aRaSena qalaqi da

uwoda saxeli Tvisi egrisi. aw mas adgilsa hqvan bedia~ (gv. 5).

am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa egrosis monaTesave tomTa Crdilo

sazRvari, esaa mdinare `mcirisa xazareTisa~. mkvlevarTa erTi

nawili mas dRevandel md. nogofsuxod miiCnevs (gelenjikTan).

meore nawili mas md. yubans da zRvasTan mis marcxena SesarTavTan

aigivebs. sakiTxi bolomde daudgenelia, magram erTi patara faqti,

rom Savi zRvis sanapiroze sami erTnairi warmomavlobis Zveli

toponimia: anaklia, anakofia (axla axali aToni) da anapa, am

ukanasknel versias amyarebs.

Tu CrdiloeTiT egrosis kuTvnili mxare ase Sors iyo

gaWimuli, maSin kavkasis mxare ufro CrdiloeTiT unda igulisx-

58


mebodes. ufro CrdiloeTiT ki tamanis naxevarkunZuli da md.

donis midamoebia. SeiZleba iyo meore SesaZleblobac. kavkasis

monaTesaveni Tergidan ase Sors ver swvdebodnen.

ras mogviTxrobs istoria?

mkvlevarTa SeTanxmbuli daskvnis mixedviT Zv. w. a. III-II aTas-

wleulebSi adgili aqvs mtkvar-araqsis kulturis elementebis

gavrcelebas. e. w. Crdilo kavkasiuri kultura, romelic kolx-

urTan did axloblobas amJRavnebs II_I aTaswleulebis mijnamde

grZeldeba. maTi matarebeli tomebi danamdvilebiT dadgenili araa.

cnobili mxolod isaa, rom Zv. w. a. I aTaswleulis VI-V

ss. aq saxloben meotebis saxelwodebiT cnobili: sindebi, To-

retebi, kerketebi, fateebi, dosxebi da sxv. centraluri kavkasiis

midamoebSi: RarRarebi, isadikebi (sodebi), hamikeTebi. aRmosavleT

nawilSi: legebi, gelebi, kaspiebi, didurebi, andakebi da sxva.

istoriisaTvis cnobil am tomTagan romeli ganekuTvneba ka-

vkasis modgmas, rodidan saxloben aq da ra sivrce ukaviaT ucno-

bia. aris mosazreba, rom hamikeTebi SeiZleba vainaxebis winaprebi

iyvnen. jer xanobiT mainc mecnierebas sxva monacemebi ar gaaCnia.

aseve dadgenilad iTvleba, rom Zv. w. a. V s. CrdiloeT ka-

vkasiaSi gamoCndnen skviTuri warmomavlobis dandarebi. ramdenad

SeiZleba dandarebis , RarRarebis, gargarebis urTierTmimarTeba

dadgindes, es jer kidev kvlevis Temaa. SeiZleba saxelwodebebis

damTvevaa, SeiZleba erTi tomis saxelwodebis variaciebia.

mkvlevarTa daskvnis Tanaxmad Zv. w. a. III-II ss. CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi iranulenovani tomebi iwyeben damkvidrebas. es sar-

matuli tomebi or msxvil gaerTianebas qmnian. sirakebi ikaveben

kavkasiis dasavleT nawils, aorsebi ki aRmosavleTs. axali w. a.

I s. moyolebuli aorsebs Soris wamyvan poziciebs alanTa tomi

ikavebs. Semdeg es saxeli sxva tomebzec vrceldeba.

dadgenili araa kavkasis modgmis tomebi, romlebic Tergis

dasavleTiT saxlobdnen ra teritoriebs flobdnen da rodis

iqnen Seviwroebulni.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis daxasiaTeba ufro farTe areals moicavs,

vidre kavkasionis CrdiloeTi nawilia. uZvelesi cnobebi am

59


ukanasknelis Sesaxeb mrovelTanaa saZebari. igi garkveviT ambobs,

rom kavkasionis CrdiloeTi mxare lekosisa da kavkasis moZme

tomebs Soris gaiyo Tergze. egrosis CrdiloeTi sazRvari ka-

vkasionis dasasruli da mdinarea mcire xazareTad wodebuli.

misi CrdiloeTi SeiZleboda kavkasis modgmas daekavebina. maSin

gamodis, rom kavkasis tomebs mTagrexilidan CrdiloeTiT usaz-

Rvro sivrce hqondaT.

lekosi da lekosianebi cnobilia. aq gasarkvevi mxolod

vainaxebisa da lekosianebis urTierTmimarTebaa. iyvnen vainaxTa

winaprebi lekosianebi Tu ara. Tu xo, dasadgenia ara mxolod maTi

adgili da mniSvneloba lekosianebs Soris, aramed maTi mimarTebac

kavkasis tomebTan: xom ar arian isini Sereuli lekos-kakasosebi?

mTavari mainc im tomebis dadgenaa, romlebic lekos, qarTos,

egrosis tomebis mezoblad saxlobdnen. vin iyvnen isini?

mkvlevarTa umetesoba im azrisaa, rom Tu Zv. w. a. III aTas-

wleulis monacemebi ucnobia, I aTaswleulSi wamyvani adgili

meotebsa da sindebis tomebs ekavaT, iseTebs, rogorebic iyvnen:

kerketebi, toretebi, ziqebi.

meotebis adgilsamyofels varaudis doneze Tu gansazRvraven:

sindebi, mkvlevarTa azriT, cxovrobdnen tamanis naxevarkunZulze,

daaxloebiT anapamde. Tu verwmunebiT im mkvlevarebs,romelTa

mixedviT egrosis CrdiloeT sazRvari md. yubanis zRvasTan

SesarTavis marcxena totia, (md. yubania md. mcire xazareTisa),

maSin TanxvedraSi modis egrosianelebsa da kavkasosebs Soris

sacxovrisi arealis ganawileba.

mkvlevarTa erTi nawili aseve eTanxmeba azrs, romlis mixedviT

sindebis mezoblad samxreT-aRmosavleTis mxare ekavaT: kerketebs,

mosxebs da henioxebs.

am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs mniSvneloba tomTa CamonaTvalis ri-

giTobas, romlis mixedviT gansazRvraven, romels ra mxare unda

kuTvneboda. ar arsebobs araviTari cnoba Zv. w. a. III-II aTas-

wleulebSi maT Sesaxeb. arc isaa cnobili am tomTagan, romels

ra teritoria ekava. gadawyvetiT maTi kavkasis tomebisaTvis

mikuTvnebac ar SeiZleba.

60


mkvlevarebisaTvis misaRebia mxolod is debuleba, rom kavka-

siuri tomebis CrdiloeTi Zv. w. a. VI-IV ss. savromatebi mom-

Tabareoben mdinareebis donsa da volgas Soris.

dadgenilad iTvleba, rom savromatebi CrdiloeT kaspii-

spireTidan Semodian CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. straboni aRniSnavs

sirakebisa da aorsebis iranulenovani tomebis binadrobas volga-

donis midamoebSi.

gasaxsenebelia strabonis miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom kavka-

sionis mTaTa sistemis maRali nawili mimarTulia albanTa, ib-

erTa, kolxTa da henioxTa miwa-wylisaken. CrdiloeT kavkasionis

mcxovreb tomTa Sorisac henioxebia dasaxelebuli. gamodis, rom

kavkasionis mflobel tomTagan henioxebs ukaviaT mTagrexilis

samxreTi da CrdiloeTi kalTebi. aqedan ukve saintereso xdeba

maTi vinaoba. isini kavkasosis is naTesaobaa, romelTac samxreTi

SeunarCunebiaT? vin iyvnen isini?

mecnierTaTvis sadaos ar warmoadgens is, rom meotebisa da

sindebis sacxovrisidan aRmosavleTiT md. arRunis xeobamde da

nawilobriv kavkasionis samxreTiTac erTi kulturaa. es tomebi

qmnian e. w. maikopis kulturul ganStoebas. igi moicavs Cr. ka-

vkasiis dasavleT da centralur nawilebs da samxreTiTac iWreba.

maTi Seqmnilia mravalricxovani dolmenebi. maTi naxelavi cnobi-

lia, Semqmnelebis irgvliv interesi, dava da hipotezebi ar wydeba.

dadgenilad iTvleba mxoldo is, rom maT CrdiloeTiT

skviTebi, Semdeg ki savromatebi momTabareobdnen. aqedan Zv. w. a.

VII s. 70-an wlebSi skviTebi iwyeben SeWras CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi,

Semdeg ki albaneTis (derbentis) karis gavliT urartus imperias

esxmian Tavs. imave periodSi kimerielebi, Savi zRvis piris gavliT

iWrebian mcire aziaSi.

cxadia, rom rogorc kimerielebi, aseve skviTebi CrdiloeT

kavkasiis mflobel Zvel tomebs pirvel rigSi daimorCilebdnen,

Seaviwrovebdnen, nawilobriv Seereodnen, SeiTvisebdnen da ise

wamovidodnen kavkasionis samxreTisaken. arc samxreT kavkasione-

lebs daadgebodaT ukeTesi dRe. momxdurTa risxva ara mxolod

adamianebs, aramed maT materialur kulturasac daasvamda daRs.

61


kimerielebs da skviTebs, romlebic kavkasionis gavliT wina aziis,

maTTan SedarebiT, bevrad maRali civilizaciis mqone qveynebs

daerivnen, mohyvnen savromatebi. eseni adgilobrivTa darbeviT ar

dakmayofilebulan. daiwyes maTi Seviwroeba, da gamoTavisufle-

buli teritoriebis dakaveba, adgilobrivebis asimilireba da

Sereva, sadac Zveli axldeboda da axali Zveldeboda. amitomaa

eWvebi, gaurkvevloba da dausrulebeli Zieba, sinamdvileSi vin

iyvnen meotebi da sindebi. miekuTvnebian kavkasosis modgmas dan-

darebi, toreatebi, tarpetebi, kerketebi, zigebi da sxva Tu ara?

miT ufro rom maTi lokalizeba xdeba ara uSualod kavkasionis

midamoebSi, aramed ufro CrdiloeTiT.

leonti mroveli samwuxarod ar asaxelebs arc lekosianebs

da arc kavkasosianebs. misTvis sakmarisia ama Tu im modgmis gene-

tikuri erTobisa da eTnarxosis aRniSvna. an SeiZleba Zv. w. a. III

aTaswleulSi ar iyo gamokveTilad diferencirebuli lekosisa

da kavkasis monaTesave tomebi? SeiZleba Targamosis Svilebis

mimdevari tomebi ara calke enebis, aramed dialeqtebis doneze

iyvnen dacilebulni? iqneb iafetidebi jer kidev inarCunebdnen

erTobas? mxolod dasafiqreblad: Tu Targamosis STamomavloba

iyo ̀ ...didi da uricxv~, Tu ̀ verRara itevda queyana araratisa da

masisisa~, (qarTlis cxovreba, Tb. 1955, t. gv. 4). ratom mxolod

rva Ze gamoarCia da maT dauyo ara mxolod `wilaT~ naxdomi,

uzarmazari samflobelo kavkasionidan xmelTaSua zRvamde? an ra

aucilebloba iyo kavkasionis CrdiloeTis aTviseba daekisrebina

lekosisa da kavkasosisTvis? ratom aris, rom mroveli arsad ar

uxvevs Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulis viTarebas da ar asaxavs Semdgom

dronSi momxdar cvlilebebs?

dasafiqrebelia isic, rom warsulis bevri aRmwerelisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, mroveli ar ganadidebs TargamosianelTa Rvawls. misTvis

damaxasiaTebelia faqtis dafiqsireba Sefasebis gareSe. mSrali

miTiTebaa imis Sesaxeb, rom gayris (gayofis) Semdeg Targamosis

memkvidreebi qamis memkvidreebis (qamitebis) morCilebaSi rCebod-

nen. ai, ras ambobs mroveli: gayris miuxedavad Targamosianelebi

inarCunebdnen erTobas da `...erTobiT hmonebdes nebroTs gmirsa,

62


romeli iyo pirveli mefe yovlisa queyanisa~ (gv.6). da imdenad

Zlieri iyo nebroTi (babilonis godolis Senebis iniciatori), rom

rodesac Targamosianelebi ajanydnen misi batonobis winaaRmdeg,

ufrosma Zmam haosma ara mxolod Zmebs mouwoda dasaxmareblad da

darazma yoveli naTesavi, ̀ Targamosisi~, aramed, daxmareba sTxova

saerTod iafetidebs. mroveli gvamcnobs, rom Targamosianelebs

`.Seewivnes sxuanica vinme naTesavni dasavleTisani~ (gv. 6). ne-

broTis (qamitebis) mxriv safrTxe iafetidebma mxolod saerTo

ZaliT mospes.

sruliad ganyenebuli fiqrisaTvis: iafetis pelazgiuri (CvenT-

vis Zvel berZnulad cnobili) miTologiisaTvis iapetis (promoTes

mama) STamomavlebi iyvnen is `vinme naTesavni dasavleTisani~,

romelnic ar kargavdnen erTobis genetikur grZnobas, SeZlebis

farglebSi hqondaT urTierToba da qmnidnen erT civilizacias.

ufro axlo fiqrisaTvis: iafetidebi iyvnen Tubal-Tabal-

tabali da meSex-mosox, musk-muSq (mesxi) tomebi. sadac Targamo-

sianelTa (tabal-iberTa) wili samflobelo Tavdeboda, iq iwyeboda

meSex-mesxTa miwebi dasavleTiT da sadamde?

yovelive iTqva imis dasamowmeblad, rom iafetidebi aTas-

wleulebis manZilze ar kargavdnen erTobis grZnobas, Tu Sorde-

bodnen teritoriulad, Tu dialeqtebi calke enebad yalibdeboda

da SigniT dialeqtebi Cndeboda, genetikur-fsiqikuri maxsovroba

inarCunebda arsebobas da saWiro SemTxvevaSi miZinebul grZnobebs

aRviZebda.

iv. javaxiSvili kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT macxovreblebs

`sabeirebad Tvlis da gvamcnobs `saber~ Senaxulia viTarca sax-

elwodeba im tomisa, romelTac kavkasiis mTebi ekavaT da jiqebs

zemoT cxovrobdnen ̀ sabeir~-ebis saxeliT prokopi kesarieli maT

hunebis tomada Tvlis~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris isto-

ria, t. 1. Tb. 1950, gv . 403. ).aseTi konstatacia sicxadeze met

kiTxvebs badebs, samwuxarod maTze pasuxi dRemde ar arsebobs.

arsebuli ki naklovania.

sakiTxSi sicxade verc Zvel mkvlevarebs SeaqvT da arc

axlebisaa uxarvezo da ueWvelad misaRebi. problemis gadawyvetis

63


mizniT XIX-XX ss. mkvlevarebi araerTgzis garjilan. werilo-

biTi wyaroebis simwiris gamo xSirad mimarTavdnen damxmare meTo-

debs, magram dRemde mxolod hipoTezebis donemdea warmatebebi.

sicxadisaTvis. Красильников Ф.С. wignSi`...Кавказ и его обители. М. 1919, e gv. wers: «...существуют предания... что племя «адыге», как называют сами себя черкесы, переселилось с северних берегов Черного и Азовского морей и заняло восточный берег, значительную часть обоих склонов Кавказского хребта и Кубанскую равнину.»f. krasilnikovis es debuleba ar axalia da arc raime ucnau-

robis Semcveli. mkvlvarTa nawili dResac asabuTebs adiRevelebis

CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken da samxreT aRmosavleTisaken (yabar-

doelebi) gadaadgilebis faqts, amas SevupirispiroT strabonis

utyuari cnoba henioxebis Sesaxeb. strabonis mixedviT henioxebs

ekavaT kavkasionis samxreTi da CrdiloeTis raRaca monakveTi. amave

azrs Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa didi nawili iziarebs.

xom ar arian azovis mxridan samxreTiT da kavkasionis

samxreTiTac damkvidrebuli adiRebi (Cerqezebi ...saxelwodeba

mravalia), strabonis mier aRniSnuli henioxebi? kiTxva logi-

kuria. arsebiTia, rom dasabuTebuli pasuxic logikuri iyos.

sapirispirod sakmarisia Tundac iseT aRiarebul avtoritetze

miTiTeba, rogoricaa rismag gordeziani. (mecnieri, romlis kv-

leviTi fesvebi sulmnaT simon yauxCiSvilidan modis). ai, raze

miuTiTebs igi naSromSi `qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis

problema~ Tb. 1993. 37-e gv. igi wers `Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulSi

saerTo qarTveluri erTianobis arealidan svanebis CrdiloeTisaken

gadaadgilebis~ Sedegebis Sesaxeb. mxedvelobaSia svanebis mier ara

kodor-rionis midamoebis aTviseba, aramed kavkasionis CrdiloeT

mxareSi damkvidreba.

amrigad, aris istoriulad dausabuTebeli azri Crdilo-

eTidan samxreTSi (maT Soris kavkasionis samxreTSi), adiRevelTa

gadmosvlis Sesaxeb da azri samxreTidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

svanebis gadasvla-damkvidrebis Sesaxeb. amasTan, Tu svanebis Crdi-

lo kavkasiaSi gadasvlis droni cnobilia Zv. w. a. III aTaswleuli,

64


adiRevelTa samxreT kavkasiaSi gadmosvlis droni ucnobia. am

mxriv cnobili mxolod isaa, rom Tavad adiReuri wamoSobis

tomebis xseneba (meotebi, sindebi Tu dadasturda maTi adiReuri

warmomavloba da a. S.) mxolod Zv. w. a. IV-V ss, ganekuTvneba.

amdenad es ori sapirispiro movlena samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken

da piruku CrdiloeTidan

samxreTisaken migraciis Sesaxeb droTa da viTarebaTa mixed-

viT SesaZlebelic iyo da istoriul faqtadacaa miCneuli. aq

mxolod erTia gasarkvevi: kavkasosis modgmas ganekuTvnebian Tu

ara svanebi da adiRevelebi? ras niSnavs henioxoba da aseTebad

SeiZleba yofiliyvnen adiRevelebi da svanebi?

imis dadgena Tu vin SeiZleba kavkasis modgmas ganekuTvnebodes

TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. sakmarisia mieTiTos strabonis im cnobaze,

rom kavkasiaSi 70 tomi cxovrobda, romelTac erTi-meorisi Tar-

jimanis gareSe ar esmodaT da cxadi gaxdeba sakiTxis sirTule.ara

mxolod straboni IXs. arabi geografi ibn al fakix alhamadani

72 toms asaxelebs. is rac Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulSi naTeli iyo,

kavkasiaSi eqvsi Targamosianeli `Zmis~ modgma saxlobda, aTasi

wlis Semdeg gaurkvevlobas badebs. dioskuriaSi egrosisa da

kavkasosis modgma iyrida Tavs ax. w. a. dasawyisasTvis. maT Camo-

saxlebulebi ematebodnen da urTierTobis garkvevisaTvis 30 enaze

mosaubreebs Tarjimani sWirdebodaT. cxadia, rom es aTeulobiT

tomi yvela kavkasosis modgmisa ar iqneboda, iyvnen egrosis da

SeiZleba ukve ara Targamosianeli tomebi.

Zv. w. a. VI s. moyolebuli Savi zRvis mimdebare qveynebSi aR-

mocenebas iwyeben berZnuli dasaxlebebi, romelTa mizani vaWroba,

ekonomikur-politikuri gavlenis gavrceleba da barbarosebis

(maTi TvalsazrisiT) berZnul sivrceSi moqcevaa. isini Tavis

dasayrdens qmnian yirimis naxevarkunZulze. Zv. w. a. V s Seiqmna

bosforis samefo. misi dedaqalaqi pantikapea da q. xersoni gav-

lenas avrceleben ara mxolod CrdiloeTiT momTabare tomebze,

aramed qerCis srutis aRmosavleT teritoriebze (sindTa tomebis

arealze). ufro samxreTiT, egrosis monaTesave tomTa terito-

riaze iqneba ori centri, dRevandeli biWvinTa (pitiutis, axla

65


picundis) da soxumis (adreuli cxumis, gviandeli dioskuriis)

saxiT. swored am savaWro-kulturul centrebSi iyrida Tavs 70

tomis warmomadgenlebi.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom tomTa simravle ar amtkicebs mo-

saxleobis simravles, vTqvaT Tu kavkasis ergo mTeli Crdilo

kavkasia Tergamde da ufro CrdiloeTiT ganusazRvreli, axla

daaxloebiT ori aTasamde wlis Semdeg tomebi gabneulia xeobebSi

da praqtikulad karCaketil meurneobas misdeven, igive iTqmis

egrosis, lekosis da sxvaTa mimaT, tomis nawili, romelic rome-

lime xeobaSi lokalizdeba, danarCenebs mowyvetili, enobrivi da

fsiqologiuri gaucxoebis gzas adgeba, iZens damoukideblobis

Aatributikas da bevr SemTxvevaSi im mTelis winaaRmdegac gamodis,

romlis nawili iyo adreul xanaSi.

kavkasianebis SemTxvevaSi am adgilobriv tomebs emateboda ucxo

warmomavlobis, zogjer ZaliT da zogjer nebiT Camosaxlebuli

tomebi. mimdinareobda Widili da iyo SekavSirebac. urTierTo-

bebis manZilze icvleboda orive mxare da Cndeboda Sereuli

mosaxleoba. amdenad, gasakviri araa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi tomTa

simravle da siWrele.

ukve aRiniSna, rom Zv. w. a. XIII s-de kavkasosis monaTesave

tomebs gadatanili hqondaT mZime brZolebi axali teritoriebis

dakavebisa da momTabare momxdurTa mogeriebis mizniT. Zv. w. a.

VII s. Cr. kavkasiis dasavleT nawils gadaqelaven kimerielebi,

centralur da aRmosavleT nawils skviTebi. bunebrivia warmov-

idginoT ra cvlilebebs moaxdendnen isini kavkasosis da lekosis

monaTesave tomebs Soris. da mainc ar gaunadgurebiaT adgilo-

brivi civilizacia. mainc `gavliT~ da ara `dafuZnebiT~ aRiniSna

kimerielebis es Semoseva.

mkvlevarebis umetesi nawili aRiarebs Cr. kavkasiis dasav-

leT nawilSi V_IV ss. sindTa tomis gaerTianebis (TiTqmis

saxelmwifoebrivi) arsebobis Tvalsazriss. aseve miCneulia misi

mosaxleobis kavkasosis tomebTan kuTvnileba. am niadagzea das-

abuTebuli adiReur tomTa kavkasiur-iberiul warmoSobis isto-

66


ria. SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara kavkasosis monaTesave tomTa ase

CrdiloeTiT ganfena?

2. Tu isini kavkasis tomebs ganekuTvnebodnen, maSin sakiTxavia,

mrovelis mixedviT (da ara mxolod misi) Tanamedrove kvlevebis

Tanaxmadac) egrosis kuTvnili miwebi yubanis (md. mcire xazare-

Tisa) da zRvasTan mierTebis marcxena mxares moicavda. mis mezo-

blad CrdiloeTiT da aRmosavleTiT kavkasosis ̀ wili~ qveyana iyo.

amdenad am adgilebSi dafiqsirebuli tomebi SeiZleboda tomTa

am gaerTianebis nawili yofiliyo. am azrs amagrebs ptolemeusis

cnoba md. donis midamoebSi iaqsamatebis tomis arsebobis Ses-

axeb. somxuri geografia am cnobaze dayrdnobiT aviTarebs azrs

`naxCa matianebis~ Sesaxeb. donis azovis zRvasTan SesarTavTan

iaqsamatebis arseboba aRiarebul faqtad iTvleba. aseve kamaTs ar

iwvevs vainaxebis TviTsaxeli ̀ noxCi-naxCa~. ramdenad misaRebia uZve-

lesi somxuri geografiis cnoba iaqsamatebis naxCa matianelobis

Sesaxeb, es momavali msjelobebis sagania. varaudis doneze misi

SesaZleblobis uaryofa ar gamova. miT ufro rom saxelwodeba

`noxCi~ savaraudod XII s. mkvidrdeba. (SeiZleba manamde brunvaSi

sxva TviTsaxeli iyo?) somxuri geografiis uZvelesi teqsti ki

XIII s-a. SeiZleboda Tu ara axali saxelis Zvelidan gamoyvana?

esac kvlevis sagania.

ra aris cnobili kavkasosis arealSi macxovrebeli tomebis

Sesaxeb? Zalze mciredi. dRes aq saxlobs qarTvelTa nawili

moxeveebis saxiT, maT mezoblad arian e. w. alan-osebi. maT sak-

maod didi nawili ukaviaT CrdiloeT centralur kavkasiaSi. maTi

nawili saxlobs kavkasionis samxreTSi da dRevandeli mdgomareo-

biT qmnis samxreT oseTis respublikas. oseb-alanebis dasavleTiT

yabardo-balyareTia, Semdeg yaraCai-CerqezeTi, uSualod kavkasionis

gaswvriv ruseTis krasnodaris mxare, magram kavkasosis arealSi

adiRebis kompaqturi dasaxlebacaa, romlis istoriuli miwebi

ruseTis uSualo kuTvnilebaa.

vaianaxebi? vainaxebi (CeCen-inguSebi) istoriuli cnobadobis

manZilze Tergis aRmosavleTiT, lekosis wil qveyanaSi saxlo-

ben. es badebs logikur kiTxvebs: 1. vainaxebi TargamosianelTa

67


le- kosur nawils ganekuTvnebian Tu kavkasisas. 2. Tu lekosisas,

maSin maT odiTgan kuTvnil miwaze ucxovriaT da lekosianebi

arian; rodis ra teritoria ekavaT maT da rogor moxvdnen Tergis

aRmosavleTiT. iq sadac cxovroben minimum ori aTaseuli wlis

manZilze; 3. Tu isini kavkasosis naTesav tomebs ganekuTvnebian, maT

garda vin cxovrobda kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT, meotebisa da sindebis

aRmosavleTiT lekosianebamde da ra istoriuli bedi ewiaT? Tu

WeSmaritebis Semcvelia ptolemeosis da Zveli somxuri geografiis

monacemebi da vainaxebis (noxCi-naxCebis) tomi iaqsamatebis saxeliT

iyo cnobili (ptolemeosisTvis mainc) da maT tanaisis, md. tonis

midamoebi e. i. kavkasosis `wili~ qveynis CrdiloeTi mxare ekavaT,

maSin vin saxlobda maT qveviT (samxreTSi) kavkasionamde?

jer sakuTriv vainaxebis Sesaxeb.

eWvis gareSea vainaxuri CeCnebisa da inguSebis genetikur-

fsiqologiuri erToba, sadac erTi ena urTierTobis wesia da

erTi teritoria urTierTobis areali. is faqti, rom CeCnebi

sxvadasxva dialeqtebze metyveleben: iTonxalis, Saros, Satois,

miTxos, terelis da a.S. ver arRvevs da amdidrebs am erTobas.

sakuTriv inguSebs Sida dialeqturi dayofa ar axasiaTebT.

rac qarTveloba mezoblobs da urTierTobs vainaxebs, maTi

eTnosaxeli icvleboda. istoriulad isini cnobili arian

durZukebis(ZurZukebis), RliRvebis, qistebis saxeliT. straboni

maT Sesaxeb xmarobs xamekitebisa da isadekebis saxels. maTi logi-

kuri gagrZeleba iyo xamxi da sadoi Temebis arseboba. strabonis

trigloditebi, xamekitebi da isadekebi (isadokebi) araerTma

cnobilma mecnierma aRiara vainaxebis Soreul winaprebad. es ar

niSnavs rom gansjisaTvis sakiTxi daxurulia.

aseve araa Sewyvetili gansja vainaxebis kavkasionis CrdiloeT

kalTebze macxovrebel tomebTan mimarTebis xasiaTze. kerZod,

gamoTqmulia azri, rom TuSebi, fxovelebi (xevsurebi), wanarebi

(moxevebi), dvalebi gaqarTvelebuli kavkasianebia. meore mxriv aris

vainaxebSi qarTlosis monaTesave tomTa naSTebis Ziebis mcdeloba.

procesi urTierT gamamdidrebelia, magram jer xanobiT mainc bin-

diT moculi. am da ara mxolod am sakiTxebs ueWvelia momavali

68


genetikur-fsiqologiuri, lingvisturi da maTematikuri kvlevis

Sedegebi mohfenen naTels.

uZvelesi bedi vainaxebisa (da ara mxolod maTi) kvlav le-

onti mrovelis `Svelas~ moiTxovs. ai, misi monaTxrobi: `xolo

odes pirvel gamovida xazarTa mefe da motyuenna qveyana~. da

gardavlo kavkasia. da iyo Ze misi saxeliT uobos, da misca Zesa

Tvssa tyue somxiTisa da qarTlisa. da misca queyana kavkasis

nawili, lomekis mdinarisa dasavliT, dasavleTamde mTisa~ (qa-

rTlis cxovreba, t.1. Tb. 1955, gv. 12).

upirveles yovlisa, ra periodia es? Cavlilia Targamosian-

elTa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi damkvidrebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli

brZolebis xana. aseve Cavlilia is dro, rodesac dasavleTi saqarT-

velos gavliT, Crdilo-dasavleTi kavkasiidan kimerielebis talRam

wina azias uwia, xolo skviTurma Zalam albaneTis (darubandis)

karis gavliT urartus imperias. es ki Zv. w. a. VII-VI saukunee-

bia. im dros qarTli TiTqos ar dazaralebula da qarTlSi arc

`somxiTis mxare~ arsebobda. maS ra periodia, roca momxdurebma

(mroveli maT xazarebs eZaxis) kavkasionis samxreTi nawilic

moarbies da CrdiloeT nawilSic Tavisi dasaxleba Seqmnes?

ukve iTqva, rom Zv. w. a. V s. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi movidnen

skviTuri warmomavlobis dandarebi. maT male mohyvnen skviTebis

monaTesave savromatebis tomebi. maT SemoWras Crdilo-dasavleT

kavkasiaSi meotebi da sindebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen. savromatebs ori

mZlavri tomTa gaerTianeba hqondaT: sirakebi da aorsebi. sirakebma

SeZles azovis zRvisTvis miejaWvaT damxvdurebi da samxreTiT

wamosuliyvnen. maTgan aRmosavleTiT moqmedebdnen aorsebi. am

tomebs da nawilobriv damxvdurebsac, mkvlevarebma, sicxadisaTvis,

sarmatebi uwodes. ara kimerielebi, ara skviTebi, aramed sarmatebi.

es iranulenovani tomebi adgilobrivTa (kavkasianTa da lekosia-

nTa) darbeviT ar dakmayofilebulan. maT dapyrobil teritoriebze

Casaxleba iwyes da arc sxvaTa rbevas anebebdnen Tavs.

mkvlevarebis erTi nawilis daskvnis Tanaxmad dandarebi ga-

moCndnen Zv. w. a. V s., sirakebi da arosebi ki damkvidrebas iw-

yeben III s-an. aris azri maTi VI-IV ss. damkvidrebis mcdelobis

Sesaxebac.

69


aq erTi bundovani sakiTxis ganxilvaa saWiro. mkvlevarTa

nawili fiqrobs, rom aorsebidan warmosdga ovsebis tomis saxeli.

aris azric imis Sesaxeb, rom osebi Zveli kavkasiuri tomia da igi

sxva kavkasianebTan erTad skviT-sarmatebis gamoCenamde mkvidrobda

kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT. asevea gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom osebis

tomi kavkasos-herosis tomTa Serevis Sedegia. safuZvlad moaqvT

osebis TviTsaxeli hir, hiriston. Tqma ar unda, her SeiZleba

hir-ad gadaqceuliyo da bolos h-c SeiZleba Camoscileboda. aq

SeuZlebeli araferia. sakiTxi msjelobisTvis Riaa da kvlevis

axlebur xerxebs saWiroebs.

da kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti: savromatebis, kerZod ki

aorsebis tomTa gaerTianebis Cr. kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis dro. ar

SeiZleba ar gaJRerdes galaqtionis sityvebi: ̀ dro, dro aRniSne~.

istoriaSi dronis gansazRvras principuli mniSvneloba aqvs. Tu

`ovsebis, -hir-iristinebis~ kavkasiur warmomavlobas vaRiarebT,

maSin mkvlevarebis mier miRebul TariRs Zv. w. a. III- OII ss.

aorsebis dafuZnebisaTvis kavkasiaSi, saeWvos ver gavxdiT. meore

SemTxvevaSi ki es TariRi miuRebeli xdeba. ai, ratom.

1. mkvlevarTa kamaTs ar iwvevs aleqsandre makedonelis bio-

grafiis ZiriTadi TariRebi. kerZod ki sparseTis mefe darios

kodomanis damarcxeba da misi ojaxis tyved ayvana. am faqtma aiZula

urartus gamodevnili mefe, arian qarTis mefe iaredosis Ze azoni,

axal dampyrobs gascloda da samefo centri mcxeTaSi gadmoetana.

es moxda Zv. w. a. 332 w. am dros farnavazi 3 wlis iyo da igi

dedam mTaSi durZukebSi gaxizna. azonma ipyra qarTli, egrisi

da aRkveTa Crdiloeli mezoblebis TareSi. rodesac farnavazi

davaJkacda iwyo brZola azonis winaaRmdeg. am brZolaSi sxvebTan

erTad misi mokavSire iyo ovsTa ufliswuli, romelsac Semdeg

da miaTxova kidec. es moxda Zv. w. a. IV s. Tu am dros aorsebi

(romlebic qarTvelTaTvis ̀ ovsebis~ saxeliT iyvnen cnobili) jer

Semosulebi ar iyvnen Cr. kavkasiaSi, maSin farnavazis daxmarebas

rogor SeZlebdnen? 2. azon iaredosis Zem ara mxolod daafuZna

qarTlis samefo, aramed qveyanac gawminda momxduri Zalebisagan

da iqiT Seutia Crdiloel mezoblebs. farnavazma kidev ufro

70


gaaZliera, gaafarTova da ganamtkica samefo (azonis, iaredosis,

arian qarTis Sesaxeb ix. `iaredosi~, farnavazis Sesaxeb `armazi~

wignSi `sajildao~). cxadia, rom gaZlierebul samefos `xazarTa

mefe~ iolad ver daamarcxebda da verc miscemda tyveebs ̀ somxiTi-

dan da qarTlidan~ Zes uobos, romelic daafuZna kavkasis qveynis

nawilSi, lomekis (Tergis) mdinaris ̀ dasavliT~. ara da, mroveli

garkveviT ambobs, rom Tergidan dasavleTiT, kavkasionis mTis

dasasxrulamde, samflobelod misces uobos da Seiqmna axali

`samefo~, axali qveyana. es cvlileba unda momxdariyo Zv. w. a.

IV s. Sua xanebamde. amitomaa gasarkvevi: vin, rodis, sad.

mroveli ki ganagrZobs Txrobas: `da daeSena uobos da maTni

naTesavni arian ovsni, da igi ars ovseTi, romel nawili iyo

kavkasisa, xolo durZuk, romeli uwarCinebules iyo SvilTa So-

ris kavkasisTa, mivida da dajda napralsa Sina mTisasa da uwoda

saxeli Tvsi durZukeTi da miscemda xarksa mefesa xazarTasa.~

(iqve, gv. 12).

cnobilia, rom savromatebma ara mxolod kavkasis kuTvnili

miwebis nawili miitaces, Caesaxlnen da daxarkes, ufro meti,

maT `somxiTidan~ (da ara somxeTidan) da qarTlidan mosaxleo-

bis nawili tyved waasxes da CrdiloeTSi Sereuli mosaxleoba

Seqmnes (aorsebi, kavkasosebi, qarTlosianebi). iseTi mZlavri Zala

iyo SemoWrili, rom am monapovariT ar dakmayofilebulan. amave

laSqrobis dros, ̀ masve gzobasa misca mamis Zmiswulsa missa xaz-

arTa mefeman nawili lekanisa, aRmosavliT zRviTgan darubandisiT

mdinaramde lomekisa. da misca tyue ranisa da movakanisa. da daeSena

igi mun, romel nawili iyo lekanisi~ (iqve, gv.12).

da ase gagrZelda, gvamcnobs mroveli, vidre sparseTi ar

Seiqmna da ar daiwyo am mxaris daxarkva. es cnobac eTanxmeba

imas, rom aRniSnuli movlenebi unda momxdariyo Zv. w. a. V-IV

saukuneTa manZilze. (kirosis mier Seqmnili VI s. sparseTis impe-

ria IV s. aleqsandre makedonelma gaanadgura). aRaraa msjeloba

gasagrZlebeli imis Sesaxeb rodis Seiqmna albaneTisa da somx-

eTis samefoebi Zv. w. a. IIs. da ra xniT aRikveTa CrdiloeTidan

TareSi. yovelive miuTiTebs Zv. w. a. V-IV saukuneebze.

71


am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia is cvlileba, rac moxda kavkasosis

kuTvnil qveyanaSi da moZme tomebSi. mroveli garkveviT acxadebs,

rom kavkasiani durZuki, iZulebuli Seiqmna Tavisi `naTesaobiT~

gadasuliyo Tergs gaRma da mTis `napralsa Sina~ damkvidrebu-

liyo. eWvi araa, mTis naprali darialis xeobaa da Tergis mar-

jvena mxare. is midamo, romelic, `memkvidreobiT~ lekosisa iyo,

magram iZulebuli gaxda durZukisTvis (kavkasis CamomavlisaTvis)

daeTmo. rTuli araa imis gansazRvra, rom arc durZuki gadasaxle-

bula Tavisi nebiT da arc lekosianebs dauT- miaT ubrZolvelad.

mrovelis cnobidan gamomdinare naTelia, rom mtrisagan Zleul

lekosianebs durZukisaTvis `ar ecalaT~.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gamoCnda axali Zala, romlis mizani

adgilobrivTa rbeva ki ar iyo, aramed sasicocxlo arealis

mopoveba.

***

savromatebis SemoWram da dafuZnebam biZgi misca Zireul cv-

lilebebs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. mogvianebiT es mTel kavkasionze

aisaxa meotebisa da sindebidan moyolebuli lekosianebis CaTvliT

da egrosis `wilidan~ moyolebuli movakosis `wilis~ CaTvliT.

axalma viTarebam ZalTa axali ganlageba gansazRvra. winaswar

unda iqnes aRiarebuli, rom momxdurTa (savromatebis) Seteva

erTi mimarTulebiT ar ganxorcilebula. kavkasianTa erTi nawili

azovisa da Sav zRvebs miajaWves, Zv. w. a. IV s. sindTa tomebi

bosforis samefos SeuerTda, sarmatebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT.

Semdeg igive meotebma gaimeores. meore nawili (CeCen-inguSebis

winaprebi) aRmosavleTiT gandevnes da iZulebuli gaxades `mTis

napralSi~ SeefarebinaT Tavi, cxadia xeluxlebeli arc samxreTi

mxare ar gadarCeboda.

vin iyvnen kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT da Tergidan (lomekidan)

dasavleTiT macxovrebeli tomebi vainaxebis (durZukebis, CeCen-

inguSebis winaprebis, noxCo-naxCo, gargara, RalRai, RliRvi, qisti

da sxva. saxeli mravalia, arsi _ erTi.) garda? sakiTxi uaRresad

rTuli da bevris momcvelia.

72


gasaxsenebelia Zvel istorikosTa da geografosTa naTqvami,

rom kavkasionis CrdiloeTSi da samxreTSi erTdroulad sax-

lobdnen henioxebi, kidev? winaswar gasaTvaliswinebelia Zv. w. a.

I s. avtoris diodore sicilielis cnoba, rom momxdurebma (sir-

akebma da aorsebma) kavkasosis ̀ wili~ qveynis umetesi teritoria

udabnod aqcies, nawili mospes, nawili daimones, nawili aiZules

gaxiznuliyvnen. samxreT kavkasionelebi cdiloben mTagrexilis

gadmosasvlelebis Caketvas da Tavdacvas, rogorc savromatebisa-

gan (mroveli ityvis `xazarebisagan~), aseve kavkasosis monaTesave

tomebisagan.

Zveli mkvlevarebi aseve miuTiTeben tomTa msxvili gaerTiane-

bebis daSlaze da SedarebiT wvril erTeulTa momravlebaze Zv. w.

a. dasasrulsa da axal welTa aRricxvis I-II saukuneebSi. ase Cnde-

bian istoriis asparezze kerketebi, toretebi, zixeb- Zigeb-jiqebi,

axeelebi, mosxebi, sanigebi, abazgebi, afSilebi, misimilianebi da

sxva. rac Seexeba Cr. kavkasiis centralur nawils, aq straboni

mxolod gargarebs asaxelebs, gargarebis vainaxur-durZukuli

nawilis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva. isini kavkasionis napralSi Caesaxlnen.

danarCenebi an sxvebi?

yvelaze avtoritebis mqone straboni, pliniusi, ptolomei

danarCenebSi an sxvebSi ialbuzsa da myinvarwvers (elbrusad da

yazbegad cnobil mwvervalebs) Soris asaxeleben talebs (tali),

akisi (akinebi), sodi (sadoi). talebis dasavleTiT adreve cnobi-

lebi iyvnen henioxebi.

dRevandel mkvlevarebSi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli talebia.

maT araorazrovnad miakuTvneben dvalebs. es erTi tomis saxelis

variantebia. karga xania rac gaJRerda da msjelobis obieqti

gaxda kidev erTi tomis _ wanarebis kuTvnilebis sakiTxi. am ori

tomis warmomavlobam da raobam principuli xasiaTi SeiZina. dRes

maTi vinaobis garkvevasTanaa dakavSirebuli ara mxolod egrosis,

kavkasosis da qarTlosis (ufro zustad am saxelebTan dakav-

Sirebul tomTa) urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi, aramed Tanamedrove

qarTvelobasa da alan-osTa urTierTobebis problemac.

73


dRevandeloba bevr eTnoss aRuZravs madas da ubiZgebs sxvisi

istoriis misakuTrebisaken. amas xels uwyobs bevr tomTa Sesaxeb

arsebuli konkretuli cnobebis ignorireba ama Tu im poziciis

dafiqsirebis dros. gansakuTrebul simwvaves am mxriv dvalebis

eTnikuri raobis sakiTxi qmnis.

dvalebis Sesaxeb informacia sul cota Zv. w. a. IV sauku-

nidan arsebobs. mivmarToT kvlav leonti mrovels, romlis arc

erTi debuleba ar aris uaryofili mecnierebis mier. sulmnaTi

jer kidev azon iaredosis ZesTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTebs: azon

`...daiwyrna yovelni sazRvarni qarTlisani, hereTiTgan da

berdujis mdinariTgan vidre zRuamde sperisa da daipyra qa-

rTlsa zeda egrisica, da moxarke yvna osni, lekni da xazarni~

(gv. 19). azoni qarTlis samefo taxtze farnavazma Secvala. man

vrceli samefo administraciul erTeulebad dahyo da Seecada mTis

tomebTan urTierTobis daregulirebas. misi memkvidre saurmagis

dros administraciulma erTeulebma moindomes centralizebuli

mmarTvelobis moSla. istoria gvamcnobs, rom erisTavebi ganudgnen

saurmag mefes da aiZules Tavi dedis ZmebisaTvis Seefarebina dur-

ZukeTSi. saurmags aseve mxari dauWira mamidaSvilma, ovseTis mefis

(mTavris, beladis) Svilma. gamarjvebulma saurmagma ̀ ...ganmravle-

bul yvna duZukni. naTesavni kavkasisni...~ poziciebis gamyarebisa

da durZukebisadmi madlobis niSnad, saurmagma `...warmoiyvanna

igini yovelTa kavkasis naTesavTa naxevarni da romelnime maTganni

warCinebul yvna, da sxuani dasxna mTiuleTs, didoeTiTgan vidre

egrisamde, romel ars suaneTi, da eseni daipyrna misandobelad

Tvsad, dedulni.~ (iqve, gv. 27).

leonti mroveli erTbaSad ramdenime saWirboroto kiTxvas

scems pasuxs: 1. durZukni (vainaxebi) marTalia lekosianTa ̀ wil~

qveyanaSi Casaxldnen, magram darCnen kavkasianebad; 2. durZukni

marTalia kavkasianni arian, magram ara erTad-erTni. isini mxolod

arian ̀ naTesavni kavkasisni~. 3. durZukni imdenad axlobelni arian

qarTlosis modgmisa, rom aq maTi `warCinebulad yvna~ sruliad

umtkivneulo (bunebrivi) movlenaa; 4. saurmagma durZukni didoe-

lebs (lekosianebs) ki ar Causaxla, aramed `didoeTidan vidre

74


egrisamde,~ e. i. im teritoriebze, sadac mkvlevarni dvalebs

(talebs) da SeiZleba ara mxolod maT moiazrebdnen; 5. mTavari.

mkvlevarTagan cnobili iyo, rom suanebi (svanebi) yvelaze Zlier

toms warmoadgendnen, isini flobdnen kavkasionis samxreT da

CrdiloeT nawils (henioxebis msgavsad), maT marTavda 300 ar-

CeulTa sabWo, SeeZloT gamoeyvanaT 200 000 meomari da amisda

miuxedavad maTi calke aRniSvna gayris dros ar moxda.ufro meti,

igive mroveli, rodesac iwyebs TargamosianelTa gayris procesis

aRweras, ambobs ara egriselTa eTnarqi egrosi, aramed megrelTa.

amiT TiTqos eWvqveS ayenebs megrelTa garda sxva tomebis egris-

elobas. am daskvniT nawilSi ki cxadyofs, rom egrisi (egrosis

kuTvnili mxare) aris ara mxolod megrelebis

,radgan Tavad egrisi `...ars suaneTi~.

mrovelis es daskvna ki TavisTavad mravlis metyvelia: 1. Tu

egrisi svaneTia, egrosi ara mxoldo megrelTa, aramed svanebis

eTnarqsac warmoadgens; 2. ganmartebas saWiroebs debuleba, rom

Targamosi iyo _ ara egroselTa (iseve rogorc lekTa, kavkas-

ianTa da sxv.) aramed megrelTa mama (qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1.

Tb. 1955, gv.3) da rom egrisi `... romel ars suaneTi~ (iqve, gv.

27). am debulebas principuli mniSvneloba aqvs. Tu gamoiricxe-

ba imis daSveba, rom teqstSi SeiZleba moxvda cvlileba da unda

yofiliyo ara ̀ megrelTa~, aramed ̀ egroselTa~ mama, maSin sakiTxi

naTeli xdeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi mxolod imis daSveba SeiZleba,

rom Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulSi megrelebi svanebisagan bolomde

gamoyofil (enobrivad) toms warmoadgendnen da mxolod isini

igulisxmebian egroselebSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi svanebi ukve aRar

iangariSebodnen egriselebad da saWiro gaxdeboda maTze, rogorc

kavkasis modgmis tomze msjeloba. mroveli ki garkveviT ambobs,

rom saurmagma durZukni dasxa `egrisamde, romel ars suaneTi~,

e. i. svaneTi aris igive egrisi. es ki garkveviT imaze miTiTebaa,

rom rodesac Targamosma egrosis `wili~ qveyana SemosazRvra, iq

megrelebisa da svanebis erToba igulisxmeboda da ara sxvaoba.

aucilebelia kidev erTxel iqnes gaxseniebuli mrovelis cnoba

egrosis sacxovrisis sazRvris Sesaxeb. aRmosavleTiT egrosis

75


samflobelo lixis mTamde vrceldeboda, dasavleTiT zRvamde.

CrdiloeTi am ori wertilis gayolebiT unda gavrcelebuliyo

da misuliyo im wertilamde, sadacaa md. mcire xazareTisa. ma-

gram sainteresoa, rom mroveli mTel mdinares asaxelebs da ara

mxolod SesarTavs, an Sua wels, an saTaves. aseve miiCnevs rom

am mdinaresTan ̀ warswuTebis wueri kavkasisa.~ kavkasions mravali

ara mxolod Tovliani mwvervali aqvs, aramed wveri-c. SeiZleba

msjeloba mis dasavleT an aRmosavleT, CrdiloeT an samxreT

wverebze e. i. mis dasawyisze an daboloebaze (rac igivea). am

SemTxvevaSi ki saubaria md. mcire xazareTisa, romelic aris

egroselTa CrdiloeTi sazRvari da sadac `warsuTebis wueri

kavkasisa.~ (xom araa es `wueri~ ialbuzi?)

lixis mTa, dasawyisSive iTqva, rom gamodis kavkasionidan da

TiTqmis perpendikularulad miemarTeba samxreTisaken. igi kveTs

saqarTvelos dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebad ara mxolod

barSi, aramed mTaSic. kavksionis mTagrexili aseve SeiZleba pi-

robiTad gaiyos dasavleT saqarTvelos kuTvnil da aRmosavleTis

kuTvnil nawilebad. Sesabamisad, egrosis ̀ mamulebis~ aRmosavleTi

sazRvari kavkasionis mTagrexilis dasavleT nawilsac moicavda.

Semdeg igi misdevda mdinares `mcirisa xazareTisa~. mkvlevarTa

mniSvnelovan nawils sadaod ar miaCnia, rom esaa dRevandeli md.

yubani, romelic saTaves iRebs kavkasionis erT-erTi `wueris~

`warswuTebis~ adgilas, miimarTeba CrdiloeTiT, uxvevs dasavle-

TiT da or totad uerTdeba zRvas. mdinaris zRvasTan SeerTebs

adgilic araa sakamaTo. mroveli sazRvars mdinareze debs da ara

mis CrdiloeTiT.

es SedarebiT vrceli ganmarteba moiTxova ZiriTadi sakiTxis

garkvevis mcdelobam: kavkasis modgmis romeli tomebi saxlobdnen

kavkasionis CrdiloeT nawilSi md. yubansa da Tergs Soris? ukve

aRiniSna, rom straboni, pliniusi, ptolemeusi ialbuzsa da my-

invarwvers Soris, sxvanairad md. yubansa da md. Tergs Soris,

kavkasionis CrdiloeT nawilSi asaxeleben talebs anu dvalebs.

dvalebi kavkasis Camomavali tomia. magram maT dasavleTiT? msj-

elobac egrosis miwebis CrdiloeTi sazRvris Sesaxeb gamowveuli

76


iyo im aucileblobiT, rom igi erTad erTi iyo rva Zmas Soris,

romelsac ̀ mamisgan, Targamosisgan~ ̀ memkvidreobiT ergo~ kavkasio-

nis CrdiloeTi nawili da Sesabamisad egroselebiT dasaxlebuli.

(gavixsenoT, rom qarTlosis ̀ wilis~ CrdiloeT sazRvari kavkas-

ionamde vrceldeboda, herosisa ki `tyetbamde~ anu gulgulamde1.

logikuria vivaraudoT, rom TargamosianelTa Soris miwebis aseTi

ganawileba iq ukve macxovrebeli tomebis raobis gaTvaliswinebiT

moxdeboda da xelaRebiT Zvelebs axal tomebs ar Causaxlebdnen,

amiT `samoqalaqo~ oms saTaves ar daudebdnen.

amrigad, rodesac leonti mroveli STamomavlobas amcnobs

farnavazis memkvidre mefe saurmagis mier durZukTa `mTiuleTs~

Casaxlebis faqts, mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs svaneTamde (egrisamde)

teritoria, sadac dvalebi mosaxleobdnen. aq kidev erTi cnoba

ipyrobs yuradRebas. mroveli durZukebze saubrobs, rogorc `...

yovelTa kavkasis naTesavTa~ naxevar-ze. im naxevarze, romelic

metismetad iyo Seviwroebuli yoveli mxriv da ricxovnobis

kvalobaze saarsebo areali ara hyofnida. durZukni Caasaxla dur-

ZukeTidan svaneTamde, magram samxreTi da CrdiloeTi sazRvrebi

mxolod erTi sityviTaa gansazRvruli _ ̀ mTiuleTs~. Sesabamisad

saWiro xdeba am `mTiuleTis~ savaraudo sazRvrebis kvleva.

ara dRevandeli, aramed mrovelis mier miTiTebuli `mTiu-

leTi~ ra farglebSia saZebari? Tu daveTanxmebiT mowodebul

azrs, imis Sesaxeb, rom `mTis napralSi Cajdomamde~ durZukebi

(vainaxebi) Tergis dasavleTiT saxlobdnen, kavkasis naTesavTa mx-

olod nawils warmoadgendnen, maSin saZebaria, vin iyvnen danarCenni.

mroveli garkveviT miuTiTebs ̀ xolo SvilTa zeda kavkasisTa iyo

ufal durZuk, Ze tireTisi~ (iqve, gv. 11.), ra gamodis naTqvamidan

Tu ara is, rom durZnukni (vainaxebi) tomTa didi gaerTianebis

nawils warmoadgendnen. da rodesac vainaxebi iZulebulni gaxdnen

1. tyetba anu gulgula _ SeiZleba gairkves movses kalakantuelis mixedviT.

roca alvanTa qveynis qarTvelebTan sazRvars exeba, igi q. xalxalas asaxelebs.

mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, xalxala mdebareobda dRevandel nuxsa da ganjas

Soris. geografiulad aq iyo tyetba, romelic amJamad mingeCauris wyalsacaviTaa

dafaruli.

77


samSoblo mietovebinaT da axali eZebnaT, bunebrivia, rom arc

danarCen nawils hqonda mSvidobiani yofa, isinic Seviwroebulni,

SeiZleba nawilobriv mospobilni da gandevnilni iqnen.

ukve iyo msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom meotebi da sindebi zRv-

asTan gamagrdnen, bosforis samefos ̀ miekedlnen~, wvril tomebad

daiyvnen, egrosis wil qveyanaSi hpoves TavSesafari. sxvanairad

mTebSi Seiketnen, (am mxriv momavali kvlevis sagnad rCeba am

tomTa kavkasobis sakiTxi: ramdenad iyvnen isini kavkasianni, xom

araa maTSi iberiul-kavkasiuri SeZenili da a. S.). cxadia, igive

procesebi samxreTiTac ganviTardeboda da gasakviri aRaraa dva-

lebis mTebSi Caketva.

iTqva, rom TargamosianelTa (da ara mxolod kavkasianTa)

dacema VI-IVss. Soris unda momxdariyo. Zv. w. a. IV s. azonma Sei-

Zlo da ara mxolod qarTlis samefo daaarsa dedaqalaqiT mcxeTa,

aramed `...daiwyrna yovelni sazRvarni qarTlisani, hereTiTgan da

berdujis mdinariTgan vidre zRuamde sperisa da daipyra qarTlsa

zeda egrisica, da moxarke yvna osni, lekni da xazarni~ (iqve,

gv. 19). logikuria vivaraudoT, rom rodesac azonma mZlavri

samefo Seqmna (praqtikulad urartus samefos gagrZeleba, radgan

Tavad am mefeTa STamomavali iyo da arian qarTidanac anu urar-

tus qarTidanac mravali Tanamemamule qarTlSi Camoasaxla), man

CrdiloeTiT kavkasianebs dvalebis da CrdiloeTis egriselebsac

ganviTarebis meti saSualeba misca.

Tu man `moxarke yvna~ovsebi da zogadad `xazarni~, maSin cxa-

dia dvalebs da svanebs (egrebs) kuTvnil mamulebsac daubrunebda.

ase, rom rodesac saurmagma durZukebi Caasaxla svaneTamde, ise ar

unda iqnes gagebuli, TiTqos es maRal mTebSi moxdeboda. ratom

ar unda vivaraudoT rom es kavkasionis CrdiloeT mxareSi myof

dvalebs Soris moxda?

amrigad, gamokveTili kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT mosaxle tomebia

vainaxebi da dvalebi. dasavleTiT, zRvasTan axlos, md. yubanis

qvemo welze damkvidrebuli meoti da sindi warmoSobis(dRevandeli

gagebiT adiReuri) tomebis raobis garkvevis Semdeg warmosdgeba

sruli suraTi. Tu dadasturda maTi kavkasisgan warmomavloba,

78


maSin cxadi gaxdeba, rom donis mxridan SemoWrilmasirakebma da

aorsebma erTi-meores daaSores monaTesave tomebi da saTave daudes

maT gaucxoebas. rac Seexeba aRmosavleTSi darCenil kavkasionebs,

saurmag mefis mier vainaxebis (durZukebis) dvalebis sacxovrisSi

Casaxlebam, piriqiT gaaZliera maTi erToba da SeiZleba amitomac

SeiZles dvalebma 18 s. bolomde TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba,

xolo vainaxebma Tanamedrove pirobebSic ori saxelmwifoebrivi

gaerTianebis Seqmna.

arc vainaxebs da arc dvalebs istoriis bedukuRmarTobam ar

daacala saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis Seqmna. amis miuxedavad

vainaxebma SeZles enobriv-kulturuli da yofacxovrebiTi TviT-

myobadobis SenarCuneba. marTalia maT Tergis marcxena napirze

teritoriebi dakarges, magram aRmosavleTiT barSi da mTebis

xeobebSi ganfenac SeZles. rogorc wesi xeobebSi da soflebSi

Casaxleba sisxliT naTesaobis mixedviT swarmoebda, rac xels

uwyobda Temuri mflobelobis SenarCunebas. amitomaa, rom feo-

dalizmis elementebi gvian IX s. mkvidrdeba, xolo ganviTarebuli

feodalizmis donemde urTierTobani arasodes ar asula.

vainaxebis saxloba sisxliT naTesaobis mixedviT, ar gamor-

icxavda Sereuli ojaxebisa da gvarebis arsebobas. aseTi dayofa,

erTiani politikuri centris ar arsebobis pirobebSi TiTqos

Temebisa da xeobebis macxovrebelTa araorganizebulobaze unda

miuTiTebdes, magram iyo piriqiT. swored mkacrad gansazRvrulma

organizebulobam SeaZlebina mcirericxovan vainaxebs gaeZloT

da gadaetanaT Seuwyveteli Semotevebi. aorsebis, alanebis, xa-

zarebis, monRolebis da sxv. momxdurTa mxriv. mxolod Temur

lengma rvajer ilaSqra da cecxliTa da maxviliT miaRebina is-

lamis religia qristianobis gzaze Semdgar vainaxebs. miuxedavad

simZlavrisa da sisastikisa leng-Temurma dariali ver aiRo.

vainaxebs Sinaganma organizebulobam gadaatanina es safrTxe.

saukuneTa manZilze vainaxebs bevri laSqrobac mouwyiaT da

saqarTvelos laSqarSi daqiravebuli meomrebis Tu mokavSireebis

saxiT monawileoba maTi Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaroc iyo.

mTaSi cxovrebis mkacri wesi Tavisuflebismoyvared da mebrZolad

79


ayalibebs adamians. susti ver Zlebs da monad ar ibadebian. amitom

iyo, rom yvela dampyrobTa Soris yvelaze moxerxebulma rusebmac

ver daimorCiles da ver moinadires vainaxebi. (dasamowmeblad

gasaxsenebelia reseTis imperiis Semqmnelis petre didis naTqvami:

rusis muJiki iseTi moxerxebulia, rom erTi muJiki or ebraels

yovelTvis moatyuebso. mamiT qarTveli petre, dediT, aRzrdiT,

gagebiT rusi iyo da kargad icoda maTi buneba.

erTi mxriv mTielTa (maT Soris vainaxTa) Tavisuflebis

moyvareoba da meore mxriv rusTa (mTavrobis doneze mainc) ve-

ragoba da gautanloba or saukuneze meti xnis manZilze ibrZvis

kavkasiaSi. swored maTgan gavrcelda dRevandeli saxelmwodeba:

CeCnebi da inguSebi. qarTvelebi ki ara mxolod Cr. kavkasiaSi

macxovrebel vainaxebs, aramed TuSeT-kaxeTis mxareSi Semoxiznu-

lebsac qistis saxeliT icnobdnen, emtrodnen, emoyvrebodnen,

Sereul mosaxleobasa da gvarebs qmnidnen.

gansakuTrebiT ganmtkicda qarTvelTa da kavkasielTa kav-

Sirebi jer yivCaRebis, Semdeg ki monRolebis winaaRmdeg brZo-

lis dros. imasac adastureben, rom es kavSirebi 15 s. CaTvliT

iyo Seuryeveli da rom ara Temur lengis amomZirkvavi TareSi,

romelsac musulmanobis damkvidreba mohyva, SeiZleba erToba arc

dairRveoda. (cnobisaTvis: roca ori eTnosis warmomadgenlebi

erTad aRniSnaven dResaswaulebs es sulieri kavSiris maniSnebe-

lia.saerTodac uaRresad sayuradReboa vainaxebSi aTinagi-s da

xevsurebSi aTenagenobis fesvebi da arsi. xom araa es warmarTuli

aTena qalRmerTisadmi miZRvnili?).

TavisuflbisaTvis brZola uSedego ar rCeba iseTi mcir-

ericxovani eTnosisaTvisac ki rogorsac vainaxebi warmoadgendnen.

sabWoTa imperiis rRvevam vainaxebis inguSur nawils saSualeba

misca pirvelad arsebobis istoriaSi SeeqmnaT saxelmwifoebrivi

gaerTianeba.

istoriisaTvis kargadaa cnobili vainaxebis saerTo tragedia,

romelic maTi samSoblodan gasaxlebiT dagvirgvinda. (samwuxaroa,

rom am tragedias ruseTis Sovinistur propagandas ayolilebi i.

stalinis an l. berias, anu qarTvelebis namoqmedrad Tvlian da

80


ar ukvirdebian, rom es ruseTis imperiuli politikis mxolod

erTi sadamsjelo operacia iyo im winaaRmdegobisaTvis, rasac

vainaxebi uwevdnen dampyrobels 1785 w. moyolebuli, roca Seixma

mansurma gazavaTis mowodeba gaaxmovana). cnobilia, rom inguSebis

teritoriis nawili 1957 w. reabilitaciis Semdeg oseTis re-

spublikis SemadgenlobaSi darCa. inguSebis moTxovnas, am sivrcis

dabrunebis Sesaxeb, realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia. piriqiT, gro-

znoSi gamarTul mitingebs waglejili teritoriebis dabrunebis

Sesaxeb, moskovisagan waqezebulma osebma maTi teritoriebidan

inguSebis saerTo gandevniT upasuxes. 1981 w. osebma sagangebo

zomebis gatareba daiwyes. saboloo angariSiT oseTis dedaqalaq

vladikavkazidan saerTod gaasaxles ramdenime aTeuli aTasi in-

guSi. dedaqalaqis is raioni, romelic adre inguSebs ekuTvnodaT,

maTTvis akrZalul zonad iqca. saqmes arc ruseTis federaciis

umaRlesi sabWos dadgenilebam uSvela, romlis mixedviT inguSebis

reabilitacia bolomde unda ganxorcielebuliyo. 1992 w. 4 ivniss

gadawyda inguSeTis respublikis formiT ruseTis federaciaSi

gaerTianeba. arc aman uSvela. inguSebma vainaxTa CeCnur nawils

Segnebulad ar dauWires mxari ruseT-CeCneTis omis dros, imedi

ar gamarTlda, moskovma mainc osebis mxare daiWira.

SemTxveviTia? ara, radgan imperiis centrma kargad uwyoda,

rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi misi politikis bolomde erTguli

mxolod osebi iqnebodnen. (iseve, rogorc samxreT kavkasiaSi

somxebi). istoriuli tendencia sxva raimeze ar miuTiTebs. osebi

erTgulobdnen yvela momxdurs, visac kavkasiis daufleba surda.

ase iyo, ase aris, ase iqneba. amitom damTavrda marcxiT inguSebis

bolo gabrZoleba 1992 w. oqtombris bolos.

vainaxebis CeCnur mxaresac ar mosvlia naklebi zarali.

moskovma ver apatia mcirericxovan eTnoss jer suverenitetis

gamocxadeba 1990 w. groznoSi gamarTul erovnul yrilobaze

da Semdegi wlidan realuri suverenitetis mopovebis mcdeloba.

1991 w. 10 noembers CeCneTis damoukideblobis gamocxadebas

sadamsjelo RonisZiebebi unda mohyoloda da asec moxda. ruseT-

CeCneTis ori Sejaxeba ukanasknelTa marcxiT dasrulda. CeCneTis

mosaxleoba ganaxevrda.

81


obieqturi SefasebiT, ruseT-CeCneTis omi ar dasrulebula

ara 1992 wlidan, aramed 1785 wlidan moyolebuli. igi saerTo

kavkasiur omSi gadazrdis tendeciis Semcvelia da asec moxdeba,

rac Semcirebuli imperiis kidev ufro damcrobas gamoiwvevs.

ueWvelad gamarTldeba sabWoTa imperiis Semqmnelis v. leninis

naTqvami, rom: imperiebi anaqronizmia da dasaRupad ganwirulebi.

ase iyo, ase aris, ase iqneba.

manamde ki saWiroa kavkasionis mkvidrTa warsulis, awmyos,

urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvra. es araa martivad gadasawyveti

problema. maT Soris erTi centralurTagania dvalebis eTnikuri

kuTvnilebi sakiTxi.

***

mkvlevarTa Soris dvalebis eTnikuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb

azrTa erToba araa. erTni miiCneven, rom dvalebi warmoSobiT,

yofiT, dRevandeli erovnuli kuTvnilebiT, osebia. dadasturebu-

lad miaCniaT aseTi debuleba rusi da sakuTriv osi mkvlevarebis

did nawils. meoreTa azriT dvalebi qarTul eTnosTan unda iyos

organulad dakavSirebuli. mesameni (leonti mroveli, vaxuSti

batoniSvili da sxv.), dvalebs kavkasosis uZveles tomTa gaer-

Tianebas miakuTvneben.

dvalebis tomis istoria mwir cnobebs Seicavs, magram sakma-

riss, raTa iTqvs, rom maTi warsuli kavkasis tomTa gaerTianebis

garda sxvas aravis ukavSirdeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs

wyaro, romelic maT osuri (alanur) eTnikur warmomavlobaze

miTiTebis Semcveli iqneboda. es bunebrivia, radgan kavkasianebis

am geografiul arealSi damkvidreba Zv. w. a. mesame aTaswleuls

ganekuTvneba, ovsebisa ki Zv. w. a. IV saukunes. sawinaaRmdegos

mtkicebulebad ramdenad gamosadegia vaxuSti batoniSvilis azri

osebis saxelwodebis warmomavlobaze, jer kidev dasadgenia. ai,

ras brZanebs igi: `queyana ese, romelsa aRvswerT, wilxdomil

ars kavkasisa, Zisa Targamosisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. Tb,

1973, gv. 632). aRwerisas vaxuSti batoniSvili ambobs: `xolo

kavkasos daipyrna queyana lekanis sazRvridam, vidre pontos zRua-

82


mde, kavkasis mTis CrdiloTi veliTurT, da amisgan ewoda mTasa

kavkas da velsa osi~ (iqve, gv. 632). ramdenad misaRebia aseTi

martivi (ufro primitiuli) axsna, dasafiqrebelia. am SemTxvevaSi

saintereso isaa, rom avtori ara mxolod dvalebs miiCnevs kavka-

sosis modgmad, aramed osebsac. amiT garkveulad exmianeba osTa

(hir, hiristin, iristinebis) her-kavkasis modgmis tomebis Serevis

Sedegad Camoyalibebis versias. am versias ara mxolod arsebobis

ufleba aqvs, aramed obieqtur mkvlevarTa yuradRebasac saWiroebs.

vaxuSti batoniSvili ki aseT axsnas iZleva: Semoseulma

mterma, (safiqralia, rom mxedvelobaSi savromatebis sirakebisa

da aorsebis tomebi igulisxmeba) daarbia ara mxolod kavkasionis

CrdiloeTi, aramed samxreTic. am wyaros mixedviT ùrbanosma~,

sadao araa, mxedvelobaSia leonti mrovleis ùobisi~, tyve

qarTl-somxiTarni daasaxla kavkasis tomTagan warTmeul baris

adgilebSi da Tavis samflobelos ̀ uwoda ovseTi~ (iqve, gv. 632).

aseve, dapyrobili mxaris mTian nawils ̀ uwoda dualeTi~, rac mis

mSobliur enaze niSnavda òri weliwadi~. wyaroSi naTqvamia: `...

xolo arags dasavliT, romel ars mdinare lomeki da aw Tergi,

romeli dis xevidam kavkasTa SinaTa, uwoda dualeTi~ (iqve, gv.

633).

ramdenad dasabuTebuli da sarwmunoa ovseTisa da dvaleTis

istoriis aseTi gadmocema iseTive damafiqrebelia, rogorc gamoy-

enebuli wyaroebis raoba.

vaxuSti batoniSvili araorazrovnad miuTiTebs, rom dvaleTi

ar Sedioda ovseTis SemadgenlobaSi, sakuTriv ovseTi ki osebTan

(an aorsebTan) erTad qarTul mosaxleobasac Seicavda. ai, rogor

axasiaTebs igi Seqmnil viTarebas: `xolo Semdgomad farnaozis

gamefebisa, darCa farnaozs ZurZukeTi da dualeTi, da sxvani

xevni igi daSTnen mefeTa osTasa da iwodnen xevni igini ovseTad,

SemosaxlebiTa da damonebiTa maTiTa maTganve~. O(iqve, gv. 633).

ra daskvna gamomdinareobs naTqvamebidan Tu ara is, rom 1. savro-

matebisagan otebulni kavkasianni (durZukebi, dvalebi), monaTesave

qarTTa tomis (samefos) gavlenis qveS moeqcnen da aqtiur monaw-

ileobas iRebdnen mis funqcionirebaSi; 2. sakuTriv ovseTi ar iyo

83


mxolod savromatebiT (aorsebiT da ara alanebiT dasaxlebuli,

radgan ukanasknelni mxolod ramdenime saukunis Sem- deg Cndebian

CrdiloeT kavkasionSi) dasaxlebuli. aq savaraudoa, rom kavkasian-

ebis nawili darCa monebis Tu sxvaTa formiT da rac arsebiTia

Casaxlebul tyveTa raodenoba ukve Sereul mosaxleobas qmnida.

amasTan, ramdenadac sayofacxovrebo-sameurneo da zogadi kul-

turis done SedarebiT dabali iyo, dapyrobilTa ukuzemoqmedeba

mniSvnelovani faqtori iqneboda Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesebSi.

dasturad naTqvamisa, mivmarToT kvlav batoniSvils. mis mier mo-

cemuli suraTi aseTia: `aramed dualeTica ganiyofis xev-xevebad

da iwodebis xevni esreT: kasris xevad, zramagad, JReled, narad,

zrogod da zaxad. xolo romelni daSTnen mefeTa ovsTa, saxelni

maTni arian eseni: Cimi, Tagauri, qurTauli, valagiri, faiqomi,

digori da basiani, da saxelni eseni ewodnen anu dabebTagan, garna

umetes SemosulTa osTagan.~ (iqve, gv. 633).

am SemTxevaSi sayuradReboa ara sakuTriv ovseTis `xevTa~

qarTuli warmomavloba, basiani, qurTauli, Tagauri da a. S. sak-

marisi iqneboda gaxseneba imisa, rom kavksionis samxreTSi aris

didgori, iqiT ki digori. sayuradReboa dvaleTis xeobaTa saxel-

wodebani. romeli araa qarTuli toponimi? arss ver Secv- lis

is, rom dvaleTSi xevs ewodeba zaxa, xolo aragvs xeobaSi zemo

Tu qvemo jaxa.

is faqti, rom dvaleTi Zv. w. a. IV saukunidan mokidebuli

qarTs, iberiis samefos, qarTlis samefos ,samTavros, Semdeg saqa-

rTvelos samefos daukavSirda da garkveulwilad gaqarTvelda

ar niSnavs dvalTa gadaSeneba-gadagvarebas. ufro meti, XVIII s.

dvalebi, batoniSvilis daxasiaTebiT `kualad arian, viTarca…

uwignoni, ucodinarni. ena aquT Zueli, dualuri, da aw ubnoben

osursa sakuTrad...~ (iqve. gv. 639). niSandoblivia, rom dvalebma

bolomde SeinarCunen ena ̀ dualuri~, imis miuxedavad, rom farTed

vrceldeboda osuri metyveleba. es ki sakuTriv osebis istoriuli

bedukuRmarTobis Sedegi iyo, radgan oseTis samefo-samosaxlo

dakavebuli iqna adiReuri warmomavlobis yabardoelTa mier da

istoriul oseTs ewoda yabardo, xolo sacxovrisidan ayrilma

84


osebma mTis xeobebs miaSures, mezobeli dvalebi da qarTvelebic

Seaviwroes da praqtikulad oseTi axal sazRvrebSi moaqcies. am

cvlilebebs im dronis mkvlevari ase gadmoscems: `xolo Semd-

gomad mooxrebisa ovseTisa da Semosvlisa maTisa kavksias Sina,

iwodnen: ovseTi Cerqezad anu yabardad, da kavkasiasa Sina myofni,

maT SemosulTagan ovseTad, rameTu awca guarianTa maT uwode-

ben osad, xolo sxuaTa uguraoTa-kualad dualadve~ (iqve, gv.

634). farnavazidan moyolebuli dvaleTi mtkiced daukavSirda

qarTls da rogorc misi mTiani mxare aqtiurad monawileobda

samefo-qveynis cxovrebaSi. amave dros dvalebi avtonomias inar-

Cunebdnen kulturul-sameurneo cxovrebaSi. meore mxriv, dvalebi

cixe-simagreTa sistemiT iyvnen gamoyofilni ovseTis qveyanas da

saqarTvelos CrdiloeTis moTareSeTagan icavdnen. wyaro gveub-

neba, rom aq `...Zuelad arian cixeni, koSkni, eklesiani qviTkiri-

sani, mefeTagan naSenni da umetes ityvian TviT iginive, Tamar

mefisagana~ (iqve gv. 640). mxolod interesisaTvis: cnobilia,

rom giorgi saakaZe, qarTlis mouravad daniSvnisTanave, gadavida

dvaleTs da oseTisagan gamyofi cixe-koSkebis gamagreba daiwyo.

ai sailustraciod: `xolo kasris kari ars quemi zramagas queT,

sad miviwrovdebis xoxis mTis Camosulis kldiTa, da glolisa da

amis Soris kavkasis Camosulis kldiTa. da ars aq kari kldisagan

da qviTkiriT qmnuli, didkamarovani, mdinaresa zeda ...raTa ara

vidodnen Tvinier maTsa ovsni~. (iqve. gv. 645).

`xolo kasris xevis dasavleTi ars digori~ (iqve. gv. 649).

am mcire mimoxilvis mizania imis dadastureba, rom dvalebi

eTnikuri warmomavlobiT Targamosianelebia, magram arc ZirZvel

qarTebs ar ganekuTvnebian da miT ufro araferi aqvT saerTo

osebTan. da kidev erTi: Zv. w. a. IV s. moyolebuli dvalebi saqa-

rTvelos SemadgenlobaSi moiazrebodnen, magram hqondaT imxela

avtonomia, rom XVIII saukuneSic sakuTar enas inarCunebdnen.

kidev erTi sayuradRebo cnoba: batoniSvili ambobs, rom

uwigno, ucodinari dvalebi salaparako enad ukve ovsurs miiC-

neven gansxvavebiT CrdiloeTis ovsebisagan `...vinaiTgan CerqesTa

ena sxua ars~ (iqve, gv. 639). vin arian es ovsad wodebulni

85


dvalebi? `xolo ese ovsni ganiyofebis esoden guarad: sidam-

onad, WaxiliZed, Tagaurad, qurTaulad, badeliZed, CerqesiZed,

basianad...~ (iqve. gv. 639).

avad Tu kargad dvaleTi avtonomiur erTeuls warmoadenda

kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiis Semosvlamde. Semdeg misi bedi iseve

radikalurad Seicvala, rogorc sxva kavkasionelebisa. ramdenjerme

Secvales saqarTvelos administaciul-teritoriuli dayofis

sqema. bolos, ara istoriuli kuTvnilebis gamo, aramed rusTa

ZiriTadi samxedro bazidan (vladikavkazi) siaxlovis gamo, dva-

leTi CamoaSores Tbilisis gubernias da vladikavkazis mmarTvelo-

baSi gadasces. es moxda 1858 wels. ase daikarga dvaleTis meoba

da gawyda kavSiri saqarTvelosTan. dvalebi gaiyvnen, gaifantnen

osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris. esaa sinamdvile. magram rom aRsdges

dvaleTis avtonomia? rom Seikribebodnen dvalebi?

istoriuli dvaleTis CrdiloeTiT dRes oseTis saxelmwifoa.

iyo dro, rodesac aq kavkasosis modgmis tomebi saxlobdnen.

vainaxebi da dvalebis garda maT Soris asaxeleben wanarebs.

vin iyvnen Tu arian wanarebi?

***

saukuneze metia wanarebis tomis sakiTxma aqtualoba SeiZina.

Sesabamisad gamoiTqva sxvadasxva versia maTi eTnikuri warmoma-

vlobis Sesaxeb. erTni dabejiTebiT amtkiceben wanarebis egros-

elobas da maT egriselTa svanur Stod ganixilaven. mkvlevarTa

es nawili eyrdnoba niko maris azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom svanebi

Zvel dros or did tomad iyofodnen abasxebi da wanarebi. simon

janaSiac miiCnevda, rom wanarebi, wanebi, canebi, acanebi erTi fu-

Zidan momdinare saxelwodebaa. aseve aris azri Wani, sani (svani),

wani (wanari), Suani (svanurad – svanTa mxare, aqedan strabonis

soane. berZnulad S, s-T iwereba), erTi fuZidan momdinareobis

Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebuli nayofierebiT ikvlevda wanarTa sakiTxs

T. mibCuani bevri sagulisxmo masalis moSveliebiT. meore ver-

siis Tanaxmad wanarebi kavkasosis tomTa gaerTianebaSi Sediodnen

vainaxebTan da dvalebTan erTad. maT sasargeblod bevri faqtori

86


metyvelebs, rogorc geografiuli, aseve eTnografiuli. da mainc

vin arian wanarebi?

istoriulad cnobili mxolod isaa, rom adreul Suasaukune-

ebSi wanarebi Tergis xeobaSi saxlobdnen. aqedan isini erwo-

TianeTs uweven da kaxeTis samTavros CamoyalibebaSi iRebdnen

aqtiur monawileobas. Tu es asea, maSin moxeveebi, iqidan moyole-

buli kaxeTis mTianeTSi wanarebis toms ucxovria. TviT Tergis

xeobas (darials), wanareTis xevsac uwodebdnen. ris dasturic

isaa, rom istoriul wyaroSi aris miTiTeba, romlis Tanaxmad

sparselebma SeZles da daipyres qarTli, mTianeTi da daadgines

mTavari ̀ wanareTisa xevsa~. sulmnaTi leonti mroveli miuTiTebs

vinme wanarTa mier Cadenil mkvlelobaze. wanarTa Sesaxeb msje-

lobaa somxur saistorio wyaroebSic.

wanarebis saxlobas Zalze farTe sivrceSi moiazreben. isini

igulisxmebian sof. wilknis (winkaris) CrdiloeTiT darialis

xeobis CaTvliT. m. brose maT ganfenas aragvidan aRmosavleTiT

nuxamde da derbentamde varaudobda. T. mibCuani varaudobs, rom wa-

narebi sxva tomebisagan sxvaobiT kavkasionis CrdiloeT da samxreT

kalTebs erTdroulad flobdnen da siZlieriT gamoirCeodnen.

am versiis sasargeblod unda metyvelebdes ori erwos regionis

arseboba: raWa-svaneTis mimarTulebiT da TianeTis raionSi. `er-

wos~ sakiTxs exeba niko mari am tomis raobasTan dakavSirebiT.

wanarebis svanuri warmomavlobis sasargeblod miuTiTeben imazec,

rom gaosebuli dvalebi moxeveebs `conas,~ `sonas~ eZaxdnen, is-

eve rogorc darialis xeobas sona-sena-s, xolo yazbegis mTas

soenas-s. rac Seexeba istoriul osebs, e. w. os-alanebs, maTTvis

es terminebi ucnobia.

da mainc vin arian wanarebi?

mkvlevarTa nafiqr-naazrevs ra dalevs. qronologiurad rom

dalagdes warsuli, daaxloebiT aseTi logikuri ganviTarebis

suraTi ixateba: Zveli welTa aRricxvis III aTaswleulSi adgili

aqvs did migraciul procesebs. sruldeba Sumeruli da mtkvar-

araqsis kulturebis epoqa. iSlebian am civilizaciis tomebi da

cdiloben axali arealis damkvidrebas. maT Soris didi cvli-

87


lebebi da migraciebia mesxur (musk)–iberiul (tabal) tomebs

Soris. tabali Targamosianelebi myarad mkvidrdebian kavkasionis

midamoebSi da aviwroeben, ra aq mosaxle monaTesave tomebs, maT

nawils ierTeben, nawils ki aiZuleben sxva sacxovrisi eZion.

mTis iberebis nawili gadadis kavkasionis CrdiloeT mxareSi.

r. gordeziani (naSromSi `qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis

problema. Tb., 1993), eTanxmeba im azrs, rom es procesebi Zv.

w. a. III aTaswleulSi unda ganviTarebuliyo. maSin unda ganx-

orcielebuliyo lekosianebis, kavkasianebis da egr-svanebis

CrdiloeTiT gadanacvleba. am dros, Tu ufro adre ara, unda

momxdariyo kavkasianebis (cnobili kavkonebis) tomTa nawilis

dafuZneba dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze da rac uaRresad

sayuradReboa balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, ulumbos (olimpos)

mTis ZirSi. savaraudoa, rom maTi meSveobiT unda wasuliyo miTi

amiranis (promeTes) Sesaxeb.

ukve iyo msjeloba kavkasions gadasul lekosianebisa da

kavkasosis (kavkonebis berZnuli wyaroebiT) Sesaxeb. isic aRin-

iSna, rom Tu vainaxebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadSi erTi azri miRweulia,

dvalebis irgvliv kamaToben mxolod Tanamedrove rusi da osi

mkvlevarebi. maTi survilia dvalebi osebad warmoadginon da amiT

dapyrobili Tavisad daamtkicon. Tavad alan-osebis sakiTxi qve-

viT iqneba ganxiluli. rac Seexeba wanarebs, aq erTi azria imis

Sesaxeb, rom isini mTis iberebs ganekuTvnebian. maT ekuTvnodaT

kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT dablobebi Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulidan,

V-IV saukuneebamde. iyvnen wanarebi svanuri warmomavlobis Tu

kavkasosis warmomavlobis, dRemde mainc gaurkvevelia, radgan

wanarTa ena (dialeqti) ucnobia. ramdenadac svanuri (egrisuli)

kvali aris qarTlis teritoriaze, SeiZleba imis daSveba, rom

Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulamde maTi gansaxlebis areali am teri-

toriasac exeboda. yovel SemTxvevaSi III aTaswleulisaTvis aq

kavkasosis modgmis (dialeqtis) tomebi saxlobdnen da mrovelis

Tanaxmad, swored isini ikavebdnen Tergis (lomekis) dasavleT

kavkasionis CrdiloeTs. Sesabamisad, rodesac savromatebi (sir-

akebi da aorsebi) SeiWrnen kavkasiis CrdiloeT nawilSi da iavar-

88


hyves samxreTic, vainaxebTan erTad, dvalebTan erTad Seaviwroes

wanarebi. Tu, rogorc varaudoben egroselebi (svanebis, ebze-s

nawili) md. yubanamde saxlobda (md. mcirisa xazareTisa), xolo

mis CrdiloeTiT kavkasosebi, maSin advili warmosadgenia, rom

aorsebs kavkasoselebTan (berZnulad –kavkonebTan) erTad yubanis

marcxena napirze macxovrebeli egroselebic ganedevnaT da maTi

nawili (Tu dadasturda wanarTa svanuri warmomavloba) dari-

alis midamoebSi moxvedriliyo. ufro savaraudoa, rom wanarebi

kavkonTa SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen dvalebTan da vainaxebTan erTad.

CaRrmaveba calkeul detalebs sicxades ver Sematebs. monaTesave

tomebs rom arqeologiuri, toponimuri da a. S. msgavseba axasi-

aTebdeT _ gasakviri araa. miT ufro, rom Zvel da axal welTaR-

ricxvaTa mijnaze ukve mTis iberTa savromatebTan da skviTebTan

msxgavsebazea msjeloba SesaZlebeli. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom aseve

adgili hqonda msjelobas kolxebisa da egviptelebis erTobaze,

rac afxazTaTvis mcdari daskvnis safuZvelic gaxda. aqve unda

iTqvas, rom wanarebis saboloo gaqarTveleba ver Crdilavs maT

eTnikur-kulturuli istoriulobis mniSvnelobas. is rac miuR-

wevelia an sadiskusioa dRevandeli mecnierebisaTvis, ueWvelad

xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba momavalSi.

wanarebi, iseve rogorc dvalebi da vainaxebi kavkasionis

CrdiloeTi ferdobebisa da dablobis mflobelebi iyvnen aTas-

wleulebis manZilze da mxolod momxdurTa sisastikem aiZula

samSoblo mietovebinaT. es ar niSnavda Seqmnil viTarebasTan Seg-

uebas. SesaZleblobis farglebSi isini cdilobdnen warTmeulis

dabrunebas. wanarebi didxans inarCunebdnen sof. alTa, sof. balTa

da sof. Cmis (Cemi-as) midamoebs da sabolood Temur lengis Semo-

sevebma aiZules maRal xeobebSi Semoxiznuliyvnen. am dronisaTvis

dvalebi da wanarebi ukve gaqarTvelebul tomebs warmoadgendnen.

wanarebma, ukve moxeveebis saxeliT dRemde SeinarCunes ar-

seboba da Tumca teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili dakarges,

Secvlili da Semcirebuli odenobiTac mniSvneloban rols as-

ruleben saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi.

naklebad gaumarTla dvalebs. vaxuSti batoniSvili aRniS-

89


navda, rom XVIII s. pirvel naxevarSi dvaleTis ZiriTadi nawili

kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTiT iyo, magram ukve Sereuli mo-

saxleobiT. ruseTis imperiasTan mierTebis Semdeg osebis didi

raodenoba saqarTveloSi gadmodis sacxovreblad. mcirericxovani

dvali mosaxleoba an osdeba, an samxreTiT iwevs da ifanteba.

axali realobidan gamomdinare da maRali imperiuli mosazrebebiT

gamyarebuli xelisufleba jer oseTis `okrugs~ qmnis dvaleTis

teritoriaze (1842-3 w.), Semdeg ki vladikavkazis samxedro olqs

miuerTes da Tbilisis gubernias Camoaciles (1858 w.).

***

wanarebis (moxeveebis) da dvalebis CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis

qedi osebs ukaviaT saukuneTa manZilze. ruseTis imperiis xelSewy-

obiT maT aseve daikaves kavkasionis samxreTis mniS- vnelovani

nawili da ori osuri saxelmwifo Seqmnes.

kavkasionelebis ojaxs es araTargamosianeli warmomavlobis

eTnosi sakmaod gvian Caesaxla, magram Zalze didi warmatebiT.

iseve, rogorc sxva erebis warmomavloba, osebis warsulic

Seicavs utyuar da sadao elementebs. ukve iTqva, rom aris azri

osebis (TviTsaxeli iri, hiri, iriston...) herebisa da kavkaso-

sis monaTesave romeliRac tomis Serevis Sedegad Camoyalibebis

Sesaxeb. aseve gakvriT iTqva vaxuSti batoniSvilis mosazrebaze,

TiTqos kavkasianelebis qeds gadaRma gadasaxlebis Semdeg, mTebSi

darCenilebs ewodaT kavkasi, xolo barSi Casaxlebulebs – osi.

aris versiac Zveli da axali osebis Sesaxeb. Zveli osebi kavka-

sis (aqedan Targamosis) modgmis tomia, axali osebi ki iranul

enovani. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT sargeblobs mtkicebuleba

osebis alanur-skviTuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. aseT viTarebaSi

gasarkvevia sakiTxi: osebs, balyarebs, yaraCaelebs miaCniaT, rom

isini alanebisagan warmosdgebian, maTi Camomavlebia. aseTi mt-

kiceba ki damatebiT ganmartebas saWiroebs. sruliad marTebulad

svams kiTxvas alanTa problemis mkvlevari v. kovalevskaia. igi

miiCnevs, rom alanebi Tavis mxriv sarmatebis tomTa gaerTianebaSi

Sediodnen da adre uralsa da volgas Soris momTabareobdnen.

90


skviTebis kvaldakval gadmolaxes volga, daiyvnen or nawilad,

sirakebad da aorsebad da don-azovidan kaspiis zRvamde tramalebs

Seesien. im teritoriebs, sadac kavkasosisa da lekosis modg-

mis tomebi saukuneebiT saxlobdnen. alanebi sarmatebis tomTa

gaerTianebis aorsebis nawils Seadgendnen. Sesabamisad, rodesac

aorsebma CrdiloeTi kavkasiis sagrZnobi nawili daikaves, alanebi

maTi laSqris mniSvnelovan jgufs qmnida. sakiTxavia, am alanebma

rogor daudes saTave iranul da Turqul enebze molaparake

eTnosebs? amitom svams sakiTxs mkvlevari: `Вклад исторических алан в этногенез того или иного народа Северного Кавказа еще требует всесторонней научной оценки...» (В. Б. Ковалевская. Кавказ и Аланы. М. 1984. с.7). amasTan, mkvlevari iqve meore

kiTxvasac ayalibebs: «Как оценить удельный вес местного кавказского населения... в этногенезе...» miT ufro, rom iq arsebuli kultura (yobanuri) kolxur kulturas ara mxolod

Camogavs, aramed aris azri «... о единой колхидско-кобанской культуре.» (gv. 22). damatebiT: Crdilo-kavkasiaSi iyo erTiani

kolxuri kultura yobanuris saxelwodebiT, romlis SigniT Zv.

w. a. V_IV saukuneebidan SesamCnevi xdeba sarmatuli elementebi.

es imaze migvaniSnebs, askvnis mkvlevari, rom Zveli welTa aRricx-

vis dasasrulisaTvis kavkasionis CrdiloeT kalTebze jer kidev

adgilobrivi mosaxleobaa. rac Seexeba stepebs, iq ukve sarmatebi

momTabaroben. maT Soris arian alanebic. (miTiTebuli naSormis

80-e gv.). daskvna efuZneba rogorc werilobiT wyaroTa analizs,

aseve arqeologiur monacemebs. arsebuli masala, xSir Sem- Tx-

vevaSi miTiuri, daujerebeli, sarwmuno saxes Rebulobs leonti

mrovelis naSromSi. mxolod erTia, rom mroveli skviT-sarmatebs

xazarebs uwodebs. ai, mkvlevaris daskvna: «Обратившись к анализу сведений Л. Мровели о скифских походах, можно как в капле воды, увидеть сжатое изложение тех исторических событий, которые по крупицам можно воссоздать, лиш суммируя все другие доступные источники. События удивительно четко ложатся в определенной последовательности: те что ранее воспринимались как легендарные, обретают материальность, а имена, казалось

91

kavkasionTa eTnogenezi aleqsandre axatneliбы, мифических персонажей могут быть достаточно убедительно отожествлены с именами реальных, известных нам по другим источникам.» (igive naSromis 71 gv.).leonti mrovelis naRvawis vrceli Sefaseba motanilia im

mizniT, raTa erTi mxriv marTebulad iqnas gaazrebuli misi mniS-

vneloba da meore mxriv, aseve swori Sefaseba mieces im ̀ saxelo-

van~ mkvlevarTa naxelavs, romelnic `maRali donis samecniero

produqcias~ qmnian aseTi wyaros dakninebis gziT.

mxolod sailustraciod: iuri sergeeviC gagloevma (mogvi-

anebiT gagloiTma) Seqmna monografia «Аланы и вопросы этногенеза осетии» Тб. 1966. man didi Zalisxmeva Caaqsova qar-

Tuli wyaroebis da maT Soris mrovelis Tvalsazrisis, osebis

Sesaxeb, `originaluri~ gagebis mcdelobas. saqme mxolod imaSi

araa, rom Segnebulad uvlis gverds iberebis, qarTvelebis osebTan

urTierTobis sakiTxs. arc is, rom hirkanebis da iberebis tomTa

urTierTmimarTebaa ̀ gabundovanebuli~. mTavaria, rom saqarTveloSi

qarTvelebs ver xedavs. samwuxarod isev citati: farnavaz mefem

daxmarebisaTvis osebs da qujis mimaTa. vinaa quji?«...нетрудно догадатсья, что к этой группе имен относится и имя эгрисского владетеля, что ясно указывает на его сарматское происхождение. Об этом, очевидно, свидетельствует и факт совместних действий Куджи и овсов на стороне Фарнаваза. Очевидно Куджи был сарматским военачальником...» (miTiTe- buli naSromis gv. 183).

daskvna wamkiTxvelma gaakeTos, iqve gaiTvaliswinos naSromis

188 gv. gatarebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom farnavazs `miutacia~

durZukeTi da dvaleTi. CrdiloeT kavkasionis danarCeni terito-

ria ki kvlav osebs darCeniaT.

amis Semdeg modi da nu dainteresdebi osebis, osebisa da al-

anebis urTierTmimarTebis da maTi iber-qarTvelebTan urTierTobis

problemiT. manamde ki kvlav mcire amonaridi leonti mrovelis

naSromidan: farnavazma daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa qujis, ro-

melic iyo egriselTa (Zv. w. a. IV saukuneSi ukve megrelTa, gne-

92


bavT zanTa, lazTa, magram ara sarmatTa) mTavari. ai, ra upasuxa

qujim: `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, da Sen gmarTebs

ufloba Cemi... Sen xar ufali Cueni da me var mona Seni.~ (qarTlis

cxovreba, t. 1. Tb. 1955, gv. 22). Tu aqedan qujis da egriselTa

sarmatoba dasturdeba, maSin kvleva-Ziebas azri ekargeba.

sul sxva Tvalsazriss aviTarebs osebis eTnogenezisa da kavka-

sionelebTan (am SemTxvevaSi qarTvelebTan) mimarTebaSi WeSmaritad

cnobili osi mkvlevar-mecnieri v. abaevi. misi daskvna aseTia:«...осетинский язык _-это иранский язык, Формировавшийся на кавказском субстрате» (В.И. Абаев, Осетинский языки фольклор,» М-Л., 1949, т.1. ст. 11.). da kidev erTi:«Племенные названия , digor, iron, tuae, не объясняется из иранского, а восходят к этническим самоназваниям доосетинского населения, удержавшимся и после ираназаций.» (iqve, gv. 79).batoni vasil (vaso) abaevis Tvalsazrisi ara mxolod up-

irispirdeba i. gagloevis dausabuTebel mtkicebas, aramed oseTis

teritoriaze tomobriv TviTsaxels digorelebi, ironelebi,

dvalebi osebis dasaxlebamde arsebul kavkasosis monaTesave

tomTa arsebobazec miuTiTebs. osebis gamoCenamde kavkasionis

CrdiloeTiT dafuZnebulma tomebma sarmatizaciis (iranizaciis)

pirobebSi TviTsaxeli SeinarCunes im donemde, rom Tanamedrove

osebi Tavs uwodeben iron da digoron. cnobili mkvlevari a.

cagaeva azustebs ra oseTis toponimebis raobas, eTanxmeba v. abae-

vis mtkicebas tomobriv-geografiuli saxelwodebis kavkasiuri

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.

amrigad, i. s. gagloiTi (gagloevi) miiCnevs, rom osebis eT-

nogenezi skviT-sarmat-alanebis tomTa Sida ganviTarebis Sedegia.

kavkasielebis roli uaryofilia. misgan sxvaobiT, iseTi cnobili

mkvlevarebi, rogoric e. n. krupnovi, v. a. kuznecovi, v. f. mile-

ria osebis eTnogenezSi wamyvan elementad swored kavkasielebs

miiCneven.

principuli mniSvneloba aqvs osebisa da alanebis Crdilo

kavkasiaSi gamoCenisa da damkvidrebis sakiTxs. rodis unda momx-

dariyo es? Tu daveTanxmebiT ZiriTad akademiur gamocemebSi

93


gamoTqmul azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom Zv. w. a. III saukuneSi iwyeba

kavkasiis (da ara kavkasionis) wina dablobebSi iranul enovani mom-

Tabare sarmatebis moZraoba. (История Северо-Осетинской АССР. Орджоникидзе, 1987), maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom mrovelis mier

farnavazis mokavSired dasaxlebuli ovsebi, rome- liRac Zveli

kavkasiuri warmomavlobis tomia, rac did eWvebs badebs. yovelive

logikurad lagdeba, Tu daveTanxmebiT a. d. cagaevas mtkicebas

imis Sesaxeb, rom «...первое появление скифо-сарматских племен в этом районе регистрируется с VII-VI вв. до н. э.» (Цагаева А.Д. Топонимия Северной Осетий. Орд. 1971, с 179-180). mkvlevari bevr

sayuradRebo termins ganixilavs, romelTa axsnam unda mohfinos

naTeli kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi im tomebis sakiTxs,

romelTac aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes osebis, yaraCaelebis da

sxva eTnosTa formirebaSi. ganxilulia terminebi romelTa ax-

sna mxolod qarTulze dafuZnebiT SeiZleba. yuradRebas iqcevs

msjeloba miTiur tomze `carciat-i~. carciatTan dakavSire-

buli toponimebi dafiqsirebulia alagiris, Trusos maRalmTian

adgilebSi dRevandeli oseTisa da yazbegis raionebSi. (gv. 181).

amasTan dakavSirebiT sakiTxavia, miTiuri tomebi carciati da

soni (soeni), xom araa wanari da svani? miT ufro, rom avtoris

azriT es tomebi osebis winaprebTan ar megobrobdnen, xolo maT

midamoebSi mravladaa qarTuli toponimebi, gansakuTrebiT termi-

nebTan gori, jvari, samTavro-sTan dakavSirebuli. iqve alagiris

midamoebSi, ceosis xeobis gasayarTan wminda nikoloz dvalis

samlocveloc iyo.

rodesac ar arsebobs zusti cnobebi, sakiTxis irgvliv saka-

maTo bevria. am SemTxvevaSi zusti mxolod mrovelis miTiTebaa

ovsebis (da ara osebis) farnavazTan (Zv. w. a. IV w) urTierTo-

bis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, safiqrebelia, rom osebis savromatuli

nawili am dros ukve cnobili mZlavri samxedro Zala iyo. yove-

live imaze mianiSnebs, rom swored aorsebi iyvnen ovsebis saxeliT

cnobilni qarTebisaTvis. im dros saxelwodeba osi da miT ufro

alani saerTod ucnobi iyo. Tu aseTi msjeloba misaRebia, maSin

aorsebis tomTa gaerTianeba Zv. w. a. IV s-Si ki ara, ramdenadme

94


adre Camoyalibda. IV s. isini ukve kavkasiis CrdiloeTSi mkvi-

droben da samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoTa saqmeebSic aqtiurad

monawileoben. straboni miuTiTebda sarmatuli warmomavlobis

aorsebis tomTa gaerTianebis arsebobaze md. donis (tanais) midam-

oebSi, xolo sirakebisa md. yubanis (md. mcire xazareTisa) auzSi

yofnis faqts. es ori gaerTianeba tomebisa momTabareobda azovisa

da kaspiis zRvebs Soris, md. donisa da md. yubanis Soris vrcel

teritoriebze.

rac SeexebaT alanebs, ax. w. a. I saukunidan xdebian cnobilni.

male Tavis gavlenasa da saxels monaTesave tomebze avrceleben.

aqedan ukve daskvnaa alanebis mravalricxovnebisa da siZlieris

Sesaxeb. aqedanve azrTa sxvaobaa maTi skviTuri, sarmatuli, masag-

eturi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. aqedanve cnobaa maTi jer kavkasiis

CrdiloeTSi batonobis Taobaze, Semdeg ki (ax. w. a. IV saukunidan)

hunebTan erTad evropaSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb.

cnobilia rom hunebis mravalricxovanma urdom 372 w. volga

gadalaxa da dasavleTiT daiZra. maT alanTa gaerTianeba daamar-

cxes, nawilobriv mospes, danarCenebi SeierTes da ukve 375 w.

ostguTebs daupirisprdnen. 378 w. hunebma romis legionebi daa-

marcxes. bolos alanebi vandalebTan erTad CrdiloeT afrikaSi

moxvdnen, sadac iustiniane imperatoris legionebTan sastikad

damarcxdnen.

aseTi iyo meomruli gza alanTa ZiriTadi birTvisa. CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi darCenili alanebi sakmaod did teritorias flobdnen

jiqeTidan moyolebuli daRestnade. swored maT winaaRmdeg iqna

agebuli simagreebi kavkasionis ZiriTad gadasasvlelebze. es si-

magreebi asrulebdnen rogorc dacviT, aseve daqiravebuli meom-

rebis Semosasvleli karis funqciebs.

ramdenadac alanebi kavkasionis CrdiloeTs flobdnen jiqeTis

bolodan Tergamde, amdenad maT egrosisa da kavkasosis modgmas-

Tan erTad monawileoba miiRes dRevandeli osebis, yaraCaelebis,

balyarebis eTnogenezSi. ufro meti. mkvlevarTa nawili alanebs

yaraCaelTa da balyarTa winaprad miiCneven, magram ara osebisa.

Zalze rTulia eTnosis warsulis zusti asaxva, roca ar arsebobs

95


werilobiTi istoria da mkvlevarebs mxolod moxucTa monayolis

analizi aqvT. marTalia qarTulma wyarom Semogvinaxa saxelwo-

deba ovsi, magram aq dRevandeli arc osebi igulisxmebian da arc

alanebi. qarTveloba alanebs iseve ovsebs uwodebda, rogorc

sakuTriv aorsebs. ovsebs samxedro da ekonomiur kavSirebTan

erTad zogjer mtruli da ufro naTesauri kavSirebi hqondaT

samxreTis mezoblebTan. swored skviT-sarmatuli da kavkasiuri

warmomavlobis tomebis Serevis Sedegad Camoyalibda osi eri.

procesi ar iyo martivi da umtkivneulo. Tu e. w. Zveli osebi

kavkasionis qedis iqiT farTe teritoriebs flobdnen, axali os-

ebi ukve qeds mijaWvulni aRmoCndnen. Tu Zveli osebis samxreTi

mezoblebi kavkasosis monaTesave tomebi iyvnen, axali osebi ukve

am tomTa sacxovris arealSi yalibdebian da Sesabamisad jer

Sereul mosaxleobas qmnian, Semdeg ki maT srul asimilacias

aRweven. Tu adre vainaxebi, wanarebi, dvalebi calke kavkasiur

tomTa gaerTianebaSi Sediodnen, axla wanarebis nawili da dva-

lebis umetesoba, maTi kuTvnili teritoriebiT ukve oseTisa da

osebis SemadgenlobaSia moqceuli.

am periodidan moyolebuli oseTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca Ta-

visi ukve gaosebuli mosaxleobiT Tagauri, qurTauli, valagiri,

faiqomi, digori da basiani. rac Seexeba uSualod Tergis (dergi,

adre lomeki) xeobas, dRevandeli Cmis (adre Cemia), balTasa da

alTas CaTvliT, savaraudod es teritoriebi Temur lengis Se-

mosevebamde Sereul mosaxleobas eWira.

ovsTa, alanTa da kavkasianTa Sereva-Serwyma arc uceb momxdara

da arc umtkivneulod. Zv. w. a. V-IV saukuneebSi ukve momxdar

faqtadaa miCneuli kavkasosis tomTa gaerTianebis daSla, nawi-

lobriv gandevna Tergis aRmosavleTiT, nawilobriv damorCileba

da dayofa ovsebsa da qarTebs (iberebs barisa) Soris. vaxuSti

batoniSvili gadmogvcems, rom Tergis dasavleTiT darCenili

kavkasionelebi, wanarebi da dvalebi iZulebulni gaxdnen damor-

Cilebodnen jer mcxeTis mamasaxlisTa Zalauflebas, Semdeg ki

mefe farnavazisas. maTi CrdiloeTi nawili ki ovsTa gavlenis

qveS moeqca da TandaTan gaosda. amis Semdeg, gvamcnobs istoria,

96


kavkasianni (kavkasielni) ̀ ...iyvnen morCilebasa Sina, da momcemelni

xarkTa mefeTa qarTvelTasa: ZurZuki, xevi, dualeTi, kasris karis

zeiT. xolo sxvani iyvnen morCilebasa Sina ovsTa mefeTasa.~ (qa-

rTlis cxovreba. t. IV, gv. 654.).

ovsebis mier CrdiloeT nawareTisa da dvaleTis damorCileba

grZeldeboda ax. w. a. II saukunemde, roca iberiis mefe amazaspma

ilaSqra Crdilo kavkasiaSi da arakavkasielni gandevna an Seavi-

wrova. aseTi gansazRvra viTarebisa niSnavs gardamavali upirate-

sobis mopovebas da ara saboloo gamarjvebas. cnobilia, rom ara

mxolod ovs-alanebi, aramed hunebic araerTxel laSqrobdnen

samxreTSi zogjer iberiis mefeTa TanxmobiT da ̀ SeuTanxmebladac.~

es bunebrivia, radgan molaSqreni nadavls mieltvodnen da kargad

xedavdnen ara mxolod im qveynis simdi- dres, romlis winaaRmdeg

iyvnen miwveulni, aramed damqiravebeli qveynis dovlaTsac.

erTi aseTi moTareSe laSqroba ovsebs mouwyiaT vaxtang

gorgaslis bavSvobisas. Tavdamsxmelebs dro kargi (maTTvis)

SeurCeviaT. mefe mirdati adre wavida am qveynidan, man mxolod

is SeZlo, rom mamis, mefe arCilis mier gamagrebuli Cemias (axla

Cmis) cixe gaamagra da wanarni mcvelad miuCina. mirdats vaxtangi

9 wlisa darCa. iberTa upatronobiT ovsT usargebliaT, malulad

kasps dascemian da qonebasTan erTad, vaxtangis 3 wlis da miran-

duxti tyved wauyvaniaT, safiqralia Semdeg didi gamosasyidis

miRebis mizniT. eqvsi weli iTmina sircxvili vaxtangma. 15 wlis

mefed aRzevda da maSinve samzadisi brZana. juanSers sakmaod

detalurad aqvs gadmocemuli vaxtang gorgaslis laSqroba

CrdiloeTSi. ovsebisa da xazarebis gaerTianebuli laSqris

damarcxebis Semdeg, wers istorikosi `...ganibnives tyuevnad

ovseTisa, Semusrnes qalaqni maTni. da ganvides paWanikeTs, ra-

meTu maSin mun iyo paWanikeTi mosazRvred ovseTisa, mdinaresa

mas ovseTisasa wiaR, da jiqeTi munve iyo... da moyuena vaxtang

paWanikeTi da jiqeTi, da Seiqca, da miadga ovseTsave.~ (qarTlis

cxovreba. t.1. gv. 156-157.).

am laSqrobebiT ovsebisa da qarTvelebis urTierToba sab-

olood ar mogvarebula da arc damTavrebula. male Tavad ovsebis

97


cxovrebaSi moxda didi cvlileba. ukve iTqva, e. krupnovi, v.

kuznecovi, v. mileri ovsebis eTnosSi wamyvan komponentad kavka-

siur tomebs miiCneven.. am ovsebs VI-VII ss. alanebi aviwroeben,

aiZuleben mTebs miejaWvon da aqac Sereuli mosaxleoba Seqmnan.

es yaraCaeli eTnosis maxsovrobaSi aisaxa imiT, rom Tagaurel

ovsebs uwodes alanebi, maSin, roca Tanamedrove osebic ityvian

iron da digoron.

swored es cvlilebebi aqvs mxedvelobaSi juanSers, roca

gorgaslis CrdiloeTSi laSqrobis Txrobisas CaurTavs: `Semd-

gomad JamTa mravalTa iotnes paWanikni da jiqni TurqTagan; da

warvides paWanikni dasavliT – kerZo, xolo jiqni daemkvidrnes

bolosa afxazeTisasa.~ (zemoT motanili amonaridis Sua nawili

gv. 156-157.).

alanebi V s-e momTabare cxovrebas inarCunebdnen. cnobili

amian marcelini aRwers urmebSi mosaxle, saqonelTan erTad mog-

zauri alanebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac xorbali ar mohyavdaT. VII

s-an icvleba maTi cxovrebis niri. VIII-X s. maT ukve qalaquri

cxovreba aqvT awyobili. aqve gasaxsenebelia is momenti, rom soni,

soeni svanebis garda am Zvel ovsebsac ewodebodaT. ratom? pasuxi

calke kvlevis sagania. aqve mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is faqti rom

Tavad osebi iyofian ironebad da digorebad da saerTo saxeli

ara aqvT. ufro zustad ara hqondaT istoriulad da axla mkvi-

drdeba _ osebi da oseTi. Tanac ruseTis daxmarebiT erTdroulad

samxreTi oseTi da CrdiloeT oseTi.

mravalmxrivma Serwyma-SeduRebam droni moiTxova da mxolod

X-XII s. dasrulda osuri eTnosis Camoyalibeba. ori ZiriTadi

komponenti monawileobda am eTnogenezSi: kavkasiur-ovsuri da

skviTur-sarmatul-alanuri. mkvlevarTa daskvniT os erTSi Serwy-

mulia alanur-iranuli ena da damxdurTa kavkasiuri tipi. swored

am periodidan moyolebuli SeiZleba msjeloba osTa urTierTobaze

sxva eTnosebTan.

os eTnoss iseTive rTuli istoria aqvs, rogorc sxva ka-

vkasielebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. iyo warmateba da warumate-

98


bloba, iyo sxvebze aRmateba da sxvisi ymoba. xSirad erTi saerTo

mteri hyavda kavkasiaSi mcxovreb eTnosebs da maTTan gamklaveba

saerTo moqmedebas moiTxovda.

osi eTnosis Camoyalibeba da progresi saqarTvelos erTiani

samefos Seqmnasa da gaZlierebas daemTxva. amitom bunebrivi iyo

maTi daaxloeba da garkveulad interesTa Tanxvedra. amas garkveu-

lad aristokratTa ojaxuri daaxloeba uwyobda xels. umaRles

doneze xdeboda dinastiuri daaxloeba. cnobilia rom giorgi I

meuRle iyo oseTidan wamoyvanili alde, mis memkvidre bagrat

IV Sorena SerTes, osTa mefis asuli, aseve, wyaroTa mowmobiT,

osTa samefo ojaxis erTi Sto iq gadasuli bagrationebis xazs

agrZelebda. miiCneven, rom osTa samefo ojaxis am xazis warmo-

madgeneli iyo daviT soslani, pirovneba, romelmac bevri SeiZlo

saqarTvelos ZlierebisaTvis.

idiliuri suraTi rom ar daixatos, aqve gasaxsenebelia,

rom monRolTa batonobis dros osebma isargebles saqarTveloSi

umefobiT da xeli mihyves ara mxolod mTianeTis Zarcvas, aramed

daiwyes Casaxleba da ase dmanissac ki uwies. isic cnobili faqtia,

rom giorgi V brwyinvales sami weli dasWirda samefos momx-

dur osTagan gawmendisaTvis. mezobloba-mezoblobad, megobroba-

megobrobad, magram osi eTnosis interesebi moiTxovda ukeTesi

miwebisa da mdidari mxaris dauflebas. arc monRoleTis imperia

iyo winaaRmdegi, rom mtrisTvis mteri gaeCina.

Tavis mxriv qarTvelobac cdilobda arsebulis SenarCunebasa

da warTmeulis ukan dabrunebas. esac eris ufleba da movaleoba

iyo. es xdeboda ara mxolod samxreT kavkasiaSi, aramed Crdilo

mxaresac. Tu adre periodebSi mTliani wanareTi da mTliani dva-

leTi Sedioda qarTlosis CamomavalTa sagamgebloSi, Semdeg osma

eTnosma moaxerxa da praqtikulad am teritoriaTa naxevari daikava.

vaxuSti batoniSvilis aRwerilobidan naTlad ikveTeba, rom im

dros didi da patara liaxvebis ,qsnis, frones, lexuras, tanas,

mejudis, TeZmis xeobebi sruliad saqarTvelos ekuTvnoda. aseve

ekuTvnoda Tergis, ardonis, fiagdonis xeobaTa zeda nawili. oseTsa

da saqarTvelos Soris sazRvrad dvaleTis ori da darialis kari

99


iTvleboda. isic cnobilia rom qarTveli mefeebi gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas aqcevdnen oseTisagan gamyof cixe-simagreTa sistemis

mzaobas. ganmeorebiT mxolod cnobisaTvis: qarTlis mouravad dan-

iSnuli giorgi saakaZe pirvel rigSi dvaleTs gadavida sasazRvro

simagreebis Semowmebisa da SekeTebis mizniT.

17 s. pirveli naxevridan, isargebles ra qarTvelTa mZime

mdgomareobiT iwyeba osebis Semosvla da dasaxleba jer zaxas

xeobaSi, Semdeg ki maRran-dvaleTSi. qarTuli mosaxleobisagan

daclil mamulebSi osi xiznebis Casaxlebas rig SemTxvevaSi

adgilobrivebic uwyobdnen xels. da mainc XVIII s. pirvel

naxevarSi osuri mosaxleoba didi da patara liaxvis, mejudis,

qsnis, Tergis mxolod saTaveebTan Cans. bari jer kidev miuwv-

domelia maTTvis.

1801 wlidan iwyeba didi cvlilebebi osTa da qarTvelTa

urTierTobaSi. am wels ruseTis imperiam gaauqma mefoba saqarT-

veloSi da daiwyo daundobeli kolonizaciis procesi. imperiuli

politika sxva meTodebTan erTad gulisxmobs: Tu dapyrobil ers

ara hyavs sxva eris nawili kompaqturad Casaxlebuli, Causaxle

da saWiro momentSi aujanye. aseT SemTxvevaSi maT ueWvelad das-

WirdebaT dampyrobis Suamavloba, aqedan gamomdinare SedegebiT.

1801 w. saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 622, 6 aTasi qarTvelisagan,

(79, 40), 52 aTasi afxazisagan (6,60), 47 aTasi somexisagan (60),

30 aTasi borCaloelisagan (3,80), 29,3 aTasi osisagan (3,70),

3,3 aTasi ebraelisagan (0,40), 500 berZenisagan (0,10) Sedgeboda.

qarTveloba erTaderTi eri iyo kavkasiaSi, romelsac ori

damoukidebeli samefo hqonda (qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis) da

kavkasiaSi yvelaze mZlavrs politikur-samxedro da ekonomikur

Zalad iTvleboda. dRevandeli azerbaijani 15 saxanod iyo dayo-

fili. aqedan ori erekle II ymadnafici. somxebs erTi erevnis

saxano hqondaT da isic erekle II ymadnafici. aseT viTarebaSi

ruseTis imperiam kolonizatoruli politika saqarTvelos wi-

naaRmdeg warmarTa. aqedan iyo da moeloda Zlier winaaRmdegobas.

ruseTis imperiis mesveurebi gegmazomierad moqmedebdnen, maTi

daxmarebiT adiReuri warmoSobis tomebma SeZles calke poli-

100


tikuri erTeulis Seqmna da istoriuli ovseTis dakaveba. O(am

sakiTxze sxvagan iqneba msjeloba). es faqti vaxuSti batoniSvils

ase aqvs aRwerli: `xolo Semdgomad mooxrebisa ovseTisa da

Semosvlisa maTisa kavkasias Sina, iwodnen : ovseTi Cerqezad anu

yabardad, da kavkasiasa Sina myofni, maT SemosulTagan ovseTad,

rameTu awca guarianTa, maT uwodeben osad, xolo sxuaTa ugua-

roTa _ kualad dualadve~. (qarTlis cxovreba t. IV. gv. 634).

sruliad gasagebad da mokledaa gadmocebuli is procesebi, rac

daiwyo ivane mrisxanes damoyvrebiT da dasrulda ovseTis miwaze

axali erTeulis – yabardos SeqmniT. aseve cxadadaa naTqvami,

rom adiRevelTagan otebuli osebi dvaleTs mieZalnen, moaxdines

misi nawilebrivi mitaceba da Sereuli mosaxleobis Seqmna, sadac

gabatonebulebia, ̀ guarianebi~ ukve osebi arian, xolo damorCile-

bulebi, `uguarebi~ jer xanobiT mainc kvlav dvalebad rCebian.

im dros saqarTvelo Zalze dasustebulia. igi sparseTisa da

TurqeTis davis sagnadaa qceuli. ruseTis imperias jer kidev ara

aqvs dRis wesrigSi saqarTvelos dapyrobis amocana da mxoldo

diplomatiur intrigebSi monawileobs. an ra unda iTqvas sxvebze,

rodesac mamiT qarTvelma (erekle I Svilma) didma petre I-ac

mwared moatyua qarTveloba da mtrebis sajijgni gaxada qarTli

da kaxeTi. dasustebul saqarTvelos dvaleTis dacva, kidec rom

moendomebina, ar SeeZlo. dvaleTi qarTlis samefos nawili iyo

da dacvis organizebac qarTvelebs evalebodaT, cxadia. rom Tavad

gaubedurebulni dvalebs ver uSvelidnen. verc uSveles. dvaleTi

osebma daikaves. dvalebi, vinc SeiZlo, Tavs uSvela, saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxes Seefara, vinc ara, darCa da gaosda.

1801 w. roca msjelobaa saqarTveloSi 29,3 aTasi osis ar-

sebobaze, mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom maTi didi umetesoba

gaosebuli dvali iyo.

osebisa da qarTvelebis urTierTobis sakiTxs, iseve, rogorc

osebis eTnogenezisa da saqarTveloSi meore oseTis Seqmnis prob-

lemas araerTi mkvlevari SesWidebia. am SemTxvevaSi es mizani araa,

amitom mxolod sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faqtebia ganmeorebuli.

faqtis gageba ki mravalnairad SeiZleba.

101


ruseTis imperiis gavleniT bevri kavkasioneli eTnosis bedi

tragikulad Seicvala, zogisTvis igi savalalod, zogisTvis sa-

nugeSod warimarTa.

osebi (ukve osebi) kavkasis modgmis miwa-wyalze damkvidre-

bulebi, iZulebulni xdebian qarTosis modgmis zonaSi eZion

dakargulis kompensacia. imperia meTodurad aiZulebs osebs jer

dvaleTSi TavSesafris Ziebas, Semdeg ki ukve kavkasionis samxreTSi.

mxolod sailustraciod: cnobilia, rom XIX s. dasawyisisaTvis

dvali osebi (gaosebuli dvalebi da calkeuli osebi) qsnisa da

aragvis saerisTaoebis mxolod aTiode sofelSi qmnidnen kompaqtur

dasaxlebas. cota ufro met sofelSi iyo Sereuli mosaxleoba.

danarCen mxareSi da maT Soris cxinvalSi da javaSi arc erTi

osi an gaosebuli dvali ar aRiniSneba. wyaroebi miuTiTeben,

rom qarTlis mTispireTSi osebi 19 s. meore naxevarSi iwyeben

masobriv dasaxlebas. Tu aTeul saukuneTa manZilze erTi eTnosi

meores teritoriaze mkvidr mosaxled ar Cans, Semdeg ki aTeul

wlebis manZilze xdeba intensiuri Casaxleba, amas Tavisi axsna

unda hqondes. es axsnaa imperiis mizanmimarTuli politika. es

procesi ise ar unda iqnas gagebuli, rogorc ruseTis zrunva osi

mosaxleobis mimarT. osebs SesaniSnavi sivrce ekavaT istoriulad

da arc aiyrebodnen iqidan sxvaTa sasaregeblod. mTeli kvintes-

encia am rTuli migraciul, politikur, samxedro, ekonomikuri

gardaqmnebisa, Cadebuli sruliad gacxadebulad: vladikavkazi

(daeufle kavkasias).

osebis samSoblodan ayra da saqarTvelos teritoriaze

Casaxleba, mxolod dasawyisi iyo. 1842w. ruseTis mTavrobam

kavkasionis saqarTvelos mTianeTis mosaxleobisagan Seqmna e.

w. oseTis okrugi, centriT sof. qveSeTSi. Semdeg maRali im-

periuli mosazrebiT, okrugis teritoriuli sivrce gadaakeTes

ramdenjerme, centri sof. qveSeTidan sof. javaSi gadaanacvles

da bolos mas Camoaciles dvaleTi da 1858 w. oseTis samxedro

okrugs gadasces, romlis centri vladikavkazSi mdebareobda. ase,

sabolood ̀ daikarga~ istoriuli dvaleTi da igi e. w. CrdiloeT

oseTis nawili gaxda. rac Seexeba didi da patara liaxvebis saT-

102


aveebs, sadac ukve osurad mosaubre mosaxleoba sWarbobda, isini

javis sapolicio ubanSi Sediodnen, romelic sof. ananuridan

imarTeboda. `mmarTvelobis~ gaadvilebis mizniT, bolos javis

sapolicio ubani goris mazras dauqvemdebares.

1917 w. Tebervlis burJuaziulma revoluciam da oqtombris

samxedro gadatrialebam Tavdayira daayena adre damkvidrebuli

wesrigi. osTa da qarTvelTa urTierTobaSi amoqmedda is `naRmi~,

romelic mizanmimarTulad iyo Cadebuli imperiis mesveurTa mier.

am sakiTxzec araerTi gamokvleva arsebobs da ganmeorebas siaxle

ar SeiZleba axldes. (mxolod erTi. sxva naSromTagan gansxvavebiT,

avtoris `revoluriuri aneqsia~ < Tb. 2008, srulad iZleva v.

leninis koncefcias erovnuli sakiTxis Teoriisa da praqtikis

Sesaxeb da warmoadgens osTa da qarTvelTa urTierTobis xasi-

aTis gagebis safuZvels).

cnobilia, rom v. lenini kavkasiaSi dasaqmebul s. orjoni-

kiZesa da s. kirovs xSirad moZRvravda ra gziT, ra meTodebiT

unda emoqmedaT, rogor unda Sepirebodnen kavkasionelebs da-

moukideblobas, Tavisuflebas da a. S. Tu isini damoukideblobis

gzaze damdgari saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ibrZolebdnen. da maTac

ibrZoles. da brZola daufasdaT.

pirvel rigSi, ukve damkvidrebuli iyo 1842 w. SemoRebuli

termini `samxreT oseTi~. am termins ukve garkveuli fsiqologi-

uri Zala hqonda SeZenili. am niadagze ukve iyo Camoyalibebuli

Sexeduleba istoriuli (axla ukve CrdiloeT oseTad miCneuli)

da saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze Casaxlebuli (ukve samxreT oseTad

monaTluli) osebis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. am `ideam~ advilad

imuSava osebs Soris. am ferxulSi Cabmulebi aRmoCndnen gaosebuli

dvalebi. (marTebulad ambobda v. lenini: garusebuli ucxoeli

rusze metad rusi Sovinistiao. gaosebuli dvali ratom ar iqne-

boda osze meti nacionalisti osi? da a. S.). meore: mefis mTavroba

ara mxoldo usaxlebda qarTvelobas e. w. xiznebs, aramed garkveul

SeRavaTebsac uwesebda adgilobriv qarTvel mosaxleobasTan

mimarTebaSi. es ara mxolod aTamamebda xiznebs, aramed garkveul

winaaRmdegobasac badebda da adgilobrivebSi Tesavda xiznebis md-

103


gomareobaSi gaasvlis (gaosebis) survils. mesame da rac mTavaria,

qarTuli politikuri inteligencia daqsaqsuli, urTierTdapiri-

spirebuli (bolSevikebad, eserebad, menSevikebad, federalistebad

da a. S.) isedac dasustebuli da erovnul ideologias mokle-

buli (Tu noe Jordaniac leninelobda, ra iTqmis danarCenebze?),

TurqeTisa da sabWoTa ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis SiSiT

verc organizebas axerxebda da verc separatizmis likvidacias.

rac Seexeba gasabWoebis Semdgom periods, Tavad uuflebo (saqa-

rTvelos hqonda ruseTis saolqo-administraciis odeni par-

tiuli da sameurneo uflebebi) respublikas, sabWoTa imperiis

nebis sapirispiro `sizmris naxvac~ ki ekrZaleboda. (ramdenadac

arsebobs e. w. `samxreT oseTis olqis statusis Semswavleli

komisiis daskvna: ̀ qarTveli da osi xalxebis urTierTobis isto-

riidan~> Tb. 1991, saWiro araa konkretuli masalis moSvelieba).

arc imis mtkicebaa aucilebeli, rom istoriul oseTSi osuri

suli mikninebuli iyo, yvelaferi rusul Targze moiazreboda

da mxolod e. w. samxreT oseTSi iyo nebas miSvebuli yvelaferi

osuri. (avtors, romelic komisiasTan erTad TveobiT swavlobda

e. w. samxreT oseTSi `mSromelTa internacionaluri aRzrdis~

sakiTxs, aqvs kidec wvlili im daxurul moxsenebis SedgenaSi,

rac 1984 wlis gazafxulze waredgina maSindel xelisuflebas).

is tragikuli movlenebi, romelic osur-qarTul urTier-

TobebSi gamoikveTa 1987-89 ww. iyo logikuri Sedegi sabWoTa

imperiis gamTiSveli politikisa. osebma metropoliis daxmarebiT

moiges. moiges iseve, rogorc monRolebis Semosevebis Semdeg.

Zliers `ayola~ tragikuli aRmoCnda osebis alanuri winapre-

bisaTvis. hunebma alanebi dasavleT evropaSi gaiyolies, bolos

vandalebTan eTad afrikaSi moxvdnen da dRes dakargulia maTi

xseneba.

Zlier dampyrobs `ayolili~ osebi monRoluri batonobis

epoqaSi Rrmad SemoiWrnen qarTlSi. arbies da xoces qarTveloba,

daiwyes maTi sacxovrisis miTviseba. kavkasions gadmosulebma dma-

niss uwies. ar ikmares, rom isedac sxvis miwa-wyalze saxlobdnen.

CrdileTi basiani, digori, alagiri, Tagauri, Cemia, alTa-balTa

104


ukve ganaRdebuli hqondaT da axla samxreTiT gori, didgori da

bolos varZia da basiani isurves. tragikulad damTavrda sxvisi

qonebis miTvisebis es mcdelobac. jer xanobiT mainc umarTlebT

osebs mesame batonis _ rusebis xelSi. didi warmatebiT SeiZles

saqarTvelos gaTaviseba. ruseTis xelSewyobiT saqarTveloSi

160 aTasze meti osi Semosaxlda. aqedan 65 aTasi kompaqturad

daafuZnes yornisis, axalgoris, cxinvalis raionebSi. swored am

midamoebSia Seqmnili xelovnuri saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba,

e. w. samxreT oseTis respublika.

osebis istoria isevea xelaxla gasaazrebeli, rogorc bevri

iseTi eTnosisa, romelTac ar hqondaT damwerloba da ZiriTadad

sxvaTa cnobebs an zepirsityvaobas efuZnebian. udaod mxolod

isaa miCneuli, rom maTi winaprebi volgispireTidan mosuli

iranulenovani tomebia. zomier mkvlevarTa mtkicebiT mosulebi

Tu momxdurebi, kavkasionis aborigen macxovreblebs Seerivnen da

saTave daudes osi eTnosis Camoyalibebas.

istoriis bevri sakiTxi iwvevs mkvlevarTa kamaTs. arqeologi-

uri masalis kuTvnilebac araa erTnairad gagebuli. rom araferi

iTqvas sxva erebis warmomadgenlebze, os mkvlevarTa Sorisac

araa azrTa Tanxvedra. sadiskusioa osTa eTnogenezis Zireuli

problemebi: saidan modian osebi, ra Tanafardobaa mosulebsa da

aborigen mosaxleobas Soris, ra roli Seasrules alanebma maT

CamoyalibebaSi (alanebi arian Tu ara maTi winaprebi), alanebi

iyvnen Tu ara erTi enobrivi jgufi, rodis Camosaxldnen osTa

winaprebi kavkasion eTnosTa Soris da sxva. bolo periodSi ki

aqtualuri gaxda osTa da qarTvelTa urTierTobis sakiTxi. aq

ki Teoriuli dava konfliqtSi gadaizarda da Sedegic Sesabamisi

dadga. Sesabamisi, radgan gadawyvetaSi mTavari iyo misi Semqmneli

da misi momrigebeli imperiuli centri. bolo periodis obieqturi

mkvlevarisaTvis sakiTxi centris (moskovis) mniSvnelobisa saeWvo

araa. arc isaa saeWvo, rom centri, gegmavda ra mefis ruseTis

memkvidreobiT gadmocemul osur-qarTuli urTierTobis sakiTxs,

mas periodulad aZlevda saWiro stimuls (magaliTisTvis: roca

roqis gvirabi iWreboda, osma inteligenciam SekveTilad umRera

105


sabWoTa xalxis am erTobliv Semoqmedebas. avtori momswrea osTa

aRtyinebuli raundebisa, ras niSnavda roqis gvirabis gaWra, ras

moutanda is os eTnoss, ra didi roli hqonda am saqmeSi rusebs,

osebs, somxebs da a.S. mxolod ara qarTvelebs. qarTvelebis ar

moxsenieba dasamaxsovrebelia.

didi xania daviwyebuli aqvT osebs saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebis

periodi da peripetiebi. argumenti, rom aqaa damarxuli mama-papa

ramdenad gamodgeba eTnosis avtoqtonobisTvis jer kidev gasarkvevia.

aRniSnuli iyo, rom jer kidev 1842 w. Seuqmnes osebs calke

erTeuli Sida qarTlis teritoriaze. mere ra, rom iq osebi jer

kidev ara cxovrobdnen. es xom momavlis saqme iyo. 1860 wlidan

daiwyo osebis masobrivi Semosaxleba saqarTveloSi. manamde maT

warmatebiT aiTvises istoriuli dvaleTi. dvalebis nawili gai-

fanta saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, darCenilebi male gaosdnen.

swored es gaosebuli dvalebia aborigeni mosaxleoba, maT eTqmiT,

rom istoriul samSobloSi cxovroben.

osebis eTnogeneziT dainteresebul mkvlevarebs Soris sa-

diskusioa osebis alanobis sakiTxi, ramdenad dasabuTebulia

osTa alanuri warmomavloba. rogor moxda, rom alanebs Tavis

winaprebad miiCneven Turqul enovani yaraCaelebi da balyarebi

da iranul enovani osebi. rodesac alani tomebi hunebTan erTad

dasavleTiT wavidnen vin darCa kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT, ratom

uwodes daCenilebs osebi da ara alanebi? kiTxva ritorikisaTvis

rodia. dasabuTebuli pasuxi ara Cans.

sanacvlod kargad Cans istoriis gamrudebuli warmoCena.

Tavad osi mkvlevarebi ar uaryofen im faqts, rom osi eTnosi

mxolod X-XII ss. yalibdeba rogorc calke erTeuli. im dros

osebi arc alanoben, arc skviToben, arc sarmatoben. aris osi

xalxi, romelsac mtrul-moyvaruli urTierToba aqvs mezoblebTan.

amasTan, maTi teritoria jer kidev CrdiloeTiTa ganfenili. dRe-

vandeli kislovodskis, piatigorskis mimdebare teritoriebi sru-

liad osuria. iq maT kavkasiis modgmis tomebTan aqvT urTierToba.

im adgilebidan maTi gamodevna monRolebis damsaxurebaa, rasac

momavalSi adiReur-Cerqezul-yabardouli mosaxleobis Semosvla-

106


damkvidreba mohyveba. logikuria, rom im periodSi kavkasionur

eTnosebs, gansakuTrebiT samxreT kavkasionelebs naklebi Sexeba

da SedarebiT megobruli urTierToba aqvT.

Sesabamisad, rodesac qarTveli mkvlevarebi, aqedan ukve

ideologebi da politikosebi os-qarTvelTa urTierTobebze

msjeloben, miiCneven, rom osebi CrdiloeT kavkasionelebia, maTi

samSoblo iqaa da pretenziebi kavkasionis samxreTze sruliad

dausabuTebelia.

bunebrivia, rom osebs qarTvelebis aseTi midgoma sakiTxisadmi

ara mxolod ar awyobT, aramed imperiuli politikis gamovlineba-

dac miaCniaT. maTTvis Zalze droulad da amomwuravad daaxasiaTa

qarTuli politika, saqarTvelo rogorc mcire imperia didma

mecnierma a. saxarovma. SeiZleba wyalbadis bombis Seqmnis saqmeSi

misi Rvawli marTlac didi iyo, magram fizika-maTematikis sferoSi

damsaxureba ver Sefasdeba istoria-sociologiis sferoSi aseT-

save warmatebad. ara da, mis yovel debulebas Sesabamisi simZime

axlda. qarTuli sxarti sibrZnea: puri, mepurem unda gamoacxos.

cxadia, rom qarTvelTa pozicia os mkvlevarebs, politikosebs,

ideologebs ayenebda dilemis winaSe: unda eRiarebinaT osTa xizno-

ba qarTul sivrceSi an daesabuTebinaT aborigenoba kavkasionis

samxreTSi. maT meore varianti irCies da daiwyes Teoriuli bazis

Seqmna, romelic maT avtoqtonurobas daadasturebda, romelic

maT kavkasionis samxreTSi mkvidr mosaxleobad aqcevda.

osTa istoriis qarTul miwa-wyalze daZvelebis cda iwyeba

z.v. vaneeviT da gansakuTrebul `mecnierul~ simaRleze adis i.s.

gagloevis (gagloiTis) mcdelobiT. ukanasknelis `mecnierul~

aRmoCenebze mokled ukve iTqva. sakiTxavia ras mieswrafodnen

osi mklevarebi?

umTavresi istoriis daZvelebaa. Tu obieqtur mkvlevarebs miaC-

niaT, rom osTa winaprebi kavkasionis arealSi fiqsirdebian Zveli

welTa aRricxvis V-III saukuneebs Soris, axalni am debulebas

ar eTanxmebian. maTi azriT kimerielebi, skviTebi maTi uSualo

winaprebia da radgan am tomebma jer kidev VIII-VII saukuneSi

SemoaRwies kavkasionis samxreTSi, gamodis, rom es teritoriebi

im droidan moyolebuli maTi kuTvnilebaa. dadgenilad iTvleba,

107


rom kimerielebma egviptes uwies. am logikiT mTeli mcire azia

osuria. davijeroT?

mniSvnelovania osi mkvlevarebis mxriv imis mtkiceba, rom

kolxebi kimeriul-skviTuri warmomavlobisani arian. ar unda

daiviwyon, rom quji `ueWvelad~ skviTuri saxelia. Sesabamisad

afxazi da qarTveli mefeebi mudam osebi Tu ara maTi winaprebi

mainc iyvnen.

ori azri ar SeiZleba iyos dvalebis osobis Sesaxeb. isini

mudmivad kavkasionis CrdiloeT kalTebs ikavebdnen, es ki imis

dasturia, rom iq osebi yovelTvis iyvnen. ra Tqma unda `cdeba~

leonti mroveli roca ambobs mefe saurmagis mier iq durZuke-

bis (vainaxTa, CeCenTa winaprebis) Casaxlebaze. `cdeba~ vaxuSti

batoniSvili, roca osur metyvelebasTan erTad dvalursac ax-

senebs. basianelebi, digorelebi, Tagaurebi da sxva, moxseniebuli

gvarebi bibilurebi, WaxilisZeebi, sidamoniZeebi da sxv. osebia da

sxvanairad gagebac mkrexelobaa. aseTia osuri logika.

Tqma ar unda `cruoben~ mecnierebi, roca yobanur kulturas

kolxuris msgavsad da gagrZelebad miiCneven. vis, Tu ara umaRlesi

kulturis mqone alanebs unda SeeqmnaT igi. rkinis damuSavebis

teqnologiac maTi SemuSavebulia da kacobriobisaTvis naCuqari.

am mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad, osebis gadasvla-Casaxleba kavkasionis

samxreTSi Zveli dronis procesebis gagrZelebaa, bunebrivi mov-

lenaa da igi ar unda daukavSiron monRolebis, gnebavT rusebis

politikas. osebi Tavis istoriul miwebs ikavebdnen, romelic

agresorma qarTvelebma droebiT daakargvines.

am koncefciidan gamomdinare, osebs arasodes araferi saerTo

qarTvelebTan ara hqoniaT. qarTveli ̀ imperialistebi~ bolos, didi

oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg gamoCndnen da daipyres samxreTi

oseTi, amitom araviTari kulturuli Zeglebi qarTuli araa. TviT

samxreT oseTi arasodes ar Sedioda saqarTvelos farglebSi,

osebi mudam mtkiced inarCunebdnen damoukideblobas. msoflio

sazogadoebriobam droa daafasos osTa damsaxureba da aRkveTos

imperialisti qarTvelebis mxriv genocidis mcdeloba.

108


imdeni daiwera da iTqva osebis mier msoflio civilizaciis

ganviTarebaSi Setanil gadamwyvet wvlilze, rom yovelives CamoT-

vlac SeuZlebelia. da mainc mcire gaxseneba.

b.v. texovi os mkvlevarTa Soris mudam gamoirCeoda zom-

ierebiT. igi yobanuri kulturis did mcodned miiCneoda osebSi.

qarTvelTa pativiscemac ar mohklebia. rogorc specialisti igi

eTanxmeboda sayovelTaod miRebul azrs, rom yobanuri kultura

kolxuris gagrZelebaa da Zveli welTaRricxvis II aTaswleulSi

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mitanili samxreTidan. ufro meti, misi az-

riT qarTvelebis winaprebs unda mietanaT CrdiloeTSi. ase iyo

1987 wlamde. osur-qarTuli urTierTobis daZabvis kvalobaze misi

poziciac radikalurad Seicvala. misi axali koncefcia agebulia

im àRmoCenaze~, romlis mixedviT iranulenovani tomebi da aqe-

dan gamomdinare osebi uZvelesi dronidan saxlobdnen kavkasionis

orive mxares. rasakvirvelia yobanuri kulturac ukve osuri

gaxda. Zveli welTa aRicxvis II aTaswleulidan moyolebuli ara

yofila periodi, rodesac aq ara yofiliyo osi eTnosi, osuri

kultura. Tu uZveles periodSi adgili hqonda migracias, maSin

osuris kvali indoeTSi unda iyos saZebneli. osebis ariuloba b.

texovisaTvis iseTi xelSesaxebia, rom specialur dasabuTebasac

ara saWiroebs.

os ideologebs Soris yvelaze Sors da yvelaze Rrmad mainc

cnobili alan CoCievi xnavs da Tesavs. arielobas dRes bevri

eTnosi epotineba. amitom arieloba CoCievisTvis saxarbielo

daskvna araa. igi TavgamodebiT arwmunebs sakuTar Tavs da didi

warsulis aRmoCeniT kmayofil nawils osebisa, imis mtkicebiT,

rom odesRac, kacobriobis gariJraJze arsebula às-alanTa~, Tu

òs-alanTa~, eTnosi. às-alanebi~, Zveli welTa aRricxvis III

aTaswleulSi, myarad ikavebdnen kavkasionis orive mxares. ufro

meti, ras miqvia kavkasioni. siriidan (SuamdinareTidan, ufro

zustad) moyolebuli mTeli aRmosavleT evropa osTa winaprebis

sacxovrisi iyo. gana sakamaToa, rom mtkvar-araqsis civilizacia,

kolxuri da yobanuri kulturac osTa winaprebis Semoqmedebaa.

Tu osurad obieqturebi viqnebiT, unda vaRiaroT, rom kavkasionis

109


uZvelesi mkvidri mosaxleoba osuria, qarTvelebi ki iq bevrad

gvian arian Casaxlebulebi. tyuilad edavebian qarTveli Sovin-

istebi os patriotebs pirvelobas.

ucnauri iqneboda energiuli alan CoCievi am miRwevebiT rom

dakmayofilebuliyo, miT ufro, rom politikur asparezze sx-

vebma gadaaswres. `Rrma mecnieruli~ kvleva misi prioritetia

da Sedegmac ar daayovna. pirvel yovlisa, daazusta, rom ara

mxolod osebi, aramed rusebic ariuli warmomavlobisa arian da

am niadagze saerTo aqvT warsuli da momavali miznebi. mxolod

egaa, osebi mainc raRaca miTiuri às-alanebia~. haida, alan Co-

Cievo raki Seqmna da ganaviTara às-alanTa~, (Tu os-alanTa)

istoria, Semdeg ruseTs daukavSira, maS win ra daudgeboda imis

damtkicebas, rom cxinvalia am arielTa akvani, salocavi wminda

adgili da maTi saerTo movaleobaa daicvan ZirZveli ariuli miwa

qarTveli agresorebisagan.

esac araa sakmarisi osebi da rusebi pirveli qristianebi da

ieso qristes moZRvrebi arian. sxvanair fiqric ki mkrexelobaa,

radgan ukve `damtkicebulia~, rom axalgazrda ieso swored cx-

invalSi eziara adaminur sibrZnes. mxolod erTia gasarkvevi. es

osuri sibrZne iyo, rusuli Tu Sereuli.

mTavaria, rom msoflio civilizacia osur zRaprulad devg-

mirul mxrebze dgas. gana gasakviria, rom evropis kulturul-

politikuri centebi òs-alanTa~ ganayaria. aseT dros ki vin

arian skviTebi, kimerielebi, sarmatebi. osebi, rogor SeiZleba

aseTi winaprebis Camomavlebi iyvnen. sxva Tu araferi, xom `damt-

kicebulia~, rom osebi pirveli adamianebia dedamiwaze. osi eT-

nosi aTi aTasobiT wlis win eTnosobda. jer iyvnen osebi, mere

warmoiSvnen danarCeni adamianebi. qristianobac xom às-alanTa~

rwmenis modifikaciaa... TviT musulmanobac Tavisi rwmenis fesvebs

às-alanTa~ meobidan iRebs. ra saWiroa fesvebis Zieba. SexedeT

Tanamedrove oseTs. kavkasionis orive mxares CaWidebuli oseTia

is atlantida, ris Sesaxebac platoni swerda.

erTad-erTi risi miRwevac osebs sWirdebaT, esaa brwyinvale

alanuri msoflio mniSvnelobis imperiis Seqmna. ufro swored

110


Seqmna ki ara, _ aRdgena, radgan xom isedac cxadia, rom yirimidan

moyolebuli kavkasioni mudam iyo osTa samflobelo.

ai, aseT Tayvansacem eTnoss eRobeba agresiuli qarTveloba.

osebs arTmeven warsuls, uknineben damsaxurebas, iTviseben mis kul-

turul miRwevebs, uwyoben genocids... msoflio sazogadoebriobis

valdebulebaa `as – alanTa~ saxelovani STamomavloba mtkiced

daicvas Tanamedrove qarTveli kanibalebisagan. ras eWidebian es

sacodavi, veluri qarTvelebi? ariuli ruseTi moZme ariul oseTs

aravis daaCagvrinebs.

swored rusebis `Zmuri~ daxmarebiT SeZles osebma Sida

qarTlSi avtonomiis mopoveba. `Zmuri~ daxmarebiT ibrZoles da-

moukidebeli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg 1918-1920 wlebSi. `Zmuri~

daxmarebiT Seqmnes CrdiloeT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, romelic

1936 w. atonomiur respublikad, axla ki respublikad moinaTla

ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi. Tu CrdiloeTSi moaRwies respublikis

Seqmnas, samxreTSi ufro ioli ar unda yofiliyo? `Zmuri~ dax-

mareba maS risTvis arsebobs?

ukve iyo msjeloba moskovSi, mSromelTa internacionaluri

aRzrdis komisiebis Sesaxeb. iq didi xnis win igegmeboda osTa da

qarTvelTa urTierTobis yvela SesaZlo varianti.. 1990 w. roca

naTeli gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis da Sesabamisad saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis garduvaloba, amoqmedda Cadebuli naRmebi da maT

Soris osuri. 1988-1990 ww. ra ar iTqva da daiwera qarTvelTa

Sovinizmze, rasistul politikaze, aqedan Tavis daRwevis gzebze.

20.09.1990 w. osebma, saolqo sabWos sxdomaze miiRes

gadawyvetileba `samxreT oseTis suverenitetis~ Sesaxeb.

moiTxovdnen CrdiloeT oseTTan SeerTebas da am gziT ruseTis

SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlas. cxaddeboda samxreT oseTis demokrati-

uli respublikis Seqmna. saqarTvelos umaRlesma sabWom cxinvalis

es dokumenti antikonstituciurad gamoacxada. roca osebi ar

daeTanxmnen da samxreT oseTis respublikis (ukve respublikis)

umaRlesi sabWo Seikriba, saqarTvelos umaRlesma sabWom TviT

avtonomia gamoacxada guqmebulad. mogvianebiT ruseTis prezi-

denti b.n. elcini daeTanxma am aqts. manamde sabWoTa kavSiris

111


prezidentma m. gorbaCovma 07.01.1991 w. osebisa da qarTvelebis

aqtebi cno Zaladakargulad.

amisda miuxedavad samxreT oseTSi mRelvareba ara wydeboda

da daJinebiT moiTxovdnen ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlas. cno-

bilma osma mecnierma vasil (vaso) abaevma cxinvalis es politika

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofad Seafasa. amis

gamo os fsevdo patriotTa risxvac daimsaxura.

rusebis `Zmuri~ daxmarebiT `samxreTelma~ osebma saqarT-

velosgan damoukideblobas miaRwies. 1996 w. cxinvalSi sazeimod

miiRes samxreT oseTis konstitucia. 2001 w. konstituciaSi

Seitanes cvlilebebi da daamtkices.

ori aTeuli welia arsebobs samxreT oseTis demokratiuli

respublika. am xnis manZilze ver moxerxda qarTvelebTan urT-

ierTobis daregulireba. es arc moxdeba moskovis survilis ga-

reSe. moskovi maSin daTanxmdeba, roca SeiZlebs aseTive gavlenis

mopovebas mTlian saqarTveloze.

aris meore SesaZlebloba. msoflioSi mimdinare procesebi

ZalTa Tanafardobis cvla, erovnuli damoukideblobis mzardi

tendencia, ruseTs aiZulebs SeeSvas kavkasias da volgispireTi

mainc SeinarCunos. Tavis sityvas ityvis religiuri faqtoris

win wamoweva.

am SemTxvevaSi ki arsebiTi isaa, rom osebi arian kavkasionis

macxovreblebi da kavkasionelTa ojaxis wevrebi.

***

ukve iTqva, rom osebTan erTad alanur warmoSobisad Tv-

lian Tavs yaraCaelebi da balyarebi. saintereso fenomenia. osebi

iranenovani, yaraCalebi da balyarebi Turqul enovani eTnosebia.

rogor unda momxdariyo es?

mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom tomebi, romlebic centralur

da dasavleT Crdilo kavkasiaSi mosaxleobdnen uZveles droSi

iberiul-kavkasiuri warmoSobisani iyvnen. Zv. w. a. I aTaswleulSi

maT arealSi gamoCndnen kimerielbi, skviTebi, Semdeg sarmatebi,

alanebi, hunebi. bolos miematnen Turqul enovani tomebi. maTi

112


urTierT Serevis Sedegia iranul enovani osebis da Turqul

enovani yaraCael-balyareli mosaxleobis Camoyalibeba. rac Se-

exeba kavkasiuri warmomavlobis tomebs, maTi ganviTarebis Sede-

gad miiCneva adiReur enaze mosaubre Cerqezul, yabardouli da

nawilobriv axali afxazuri gaerTianebani.

yaraCalebisa da balyarebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb mravali

Tvalsazrisi ganixileboda. erTi versiiT isini hunebis nawils

warmoadgenen, meores mixedviT yirimeli TaTrebi arian, mesame,

meoTxe da a. S. maT monRolebidan moyolebuli slavebis CaTvliT

yvela istoriulad cnobil eTnosebs miakuTvnebdnen. gansakuTreb-

uli popularobiT mainc maTi alanuri warmoSoba da gaTurqebuli

kavkasieloba sargeblobs.

am SemTxvevaSi mizani araa specialuri kvleva. Tvalsazrisis

ZiriTadi xazi ase gamoiyureba: kavkasieli mosaxleobis uZvelesi

periodis aRmwereli wyaros, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad,

sul mcire, Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulSi iafetidi Targamosianelebi

ikaveben kavksionis CrdiloeT mxares. ramdenadac volgamde mainc

sxva mkvidri mosaxleoba ar arsebobda, maT SeeZloT daekavebinaT

Zalze vrceli teritoriebi. Zv. w. a. VIII-VII ss. mijnaze maT Tavs

kimerielebi esxmian. kimerielebma gadaiares kavkasionis dasavleT

gadasasvlelebze da mcire aziaSi SeiWrnen. maT mohyvnen skviTebi,

romlebmac kavkasionis paralelurad iares aRmosavleTiT da

bolos albaneTis (derbentis) gziT Seesivnen azias. ramdenadac

es tomebi TareSiT dakmayofildnen, raime arsebiTi kvali ka-

vkasielebis cxovrebaSi ar dautovebian. Zv. w. a. V-IV ss. mijnaze

imave gziT SemoiWrnen sarmatebi. winamorbedTagan gansxvavebiT, maT

kavkasielebis arealSi samosaxlo miizomes. Sesabamisad, kavkasosis

tomTa gaerTianeba gaxliCes. meotebi, sindebi, kerketebi, zixebi

azovis zRvis Waobebs miajaWves, md. yubanis marcxena napirze

mcxovrebi egroselebi Seaviwroes, kavkasosis tomTa nawili mTebSi

Serekes, Tergis (lomekis) aRmosavleTiT gadarekes da samkvidro

Seqmnes. eseni aorsebis tomTa gaerTianebas qmnian da kavkasianebze

batondebian.amave dros laSqroben samxreTSi da aqedan wayvanil

tveebs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi asaxleben. Semdeg periodSi dampyrobTa

113


Soris dawinaurda alanTa tomi, romelmac Tavisi saxeli danar-

Cenebze gaavrcela. amitomaa, rom istoria alanebs, mxolod ax. w.

a. I saukunidan icnobs. alanebis saxeli aorsebzec gavrcelda da

maTTan Sereul kavkasielebzec (rogorc kavkasosis, aseve egrosis

naTesav tomebze). alanebma daikaves yubanis pireTidan daRestnamde

teritoria. Sesabamisad, adgilobriv mosaxleobazec vrceldeboda

saxelwodeba alani, Tumca Tavisi warmomavlobiT isini alanebs

ar ganekuTvnebodnen. amitom iyo, Tumca miaCndaT, rom alani, asei

da osi erTi da igive tomis saxelia, sinamdvileSi viTareba sawi-

naaRmdegos amtkicebda. osebi Tavs ironebs eZaxdnen, xolo asebad,

osebad balyarebi miaCndaT. amiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom asebi

da alanebi X-XIII ss. manZilze mtrobdnen kidec erTi meores.

cxadia mtrobis (metoqeobis) garda iyo mosaxleobis Serevac,

rac gavlenas axdenda eTnosebis formirebaze. miCneulia, rom

yaraCaelebi da balyarebi Camoyalibdnen kavkasiuri mosaxleobis

safuZvelze, masSi jer iranul enovani (aorsebi, alanebi) da Semdeg

Turqul enovani (bolgarebi da yivCaRebi) tomebis Sereva-Serwymis

Sedegad. meore Tvalsazrisi, rom Turqul enovanma bolgarebma da

yivCaRebma SeierTes (SeiTvises) aSdigorelebi da Seqmnes yaraCai-

balyarebis eTnosi, sakiTxis arss ara cvlis. mkvlevarebi utyuarad

aRniSnaven, rom toponimebi (aqedan eTnonimebi) romlebic `gori~-

s ukavSirdeba, iberiul-kavkasiuri warmomavlobisaa. (ukve iTqva:

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi digori, aSdigori da a. S. samxreTSi-gori,

axalgori, didgori da a. S.) aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom Tavad

aSdigorelebi kavkasielebisa da aorsebis Sereuli mosaxleobaa.

mkvlevarebs miaCniaT, rom Turqul enovani yivCaRebi monRolebTan

1222 w. gancdili marcxis Semdeg gaifantnen, Semdeg monRolebs

Seerivnen da ase ganagrZes arseboba. maTi nawili kavkasielebis

(alanebis, aSdigorelebis) adgilobriv mosaxleobas Causaxlda,

Seeria, SeeTvisa da am niadagze Camoyalibda yaraCael-balyarebis

eTnosi. gasakviri araa, rom yaraCaelebs XIX s. Sua periodamde

alanebs eZaxdnen da qarTvel mkvlevarTa mtkicebiT, megrelebi

dResac ase eZaxian. rac SeexebaT balyarebs, maTi misamarTiT qa-

rTvelebis naTqvami `basianebi~, jer kidev saWiroebs dazustebas.

114


qarTvelebisaTvis basiani geografiuli saxelwodeba iyo da rCeba.

Tu iTqmis basianeli, sulac ar niSnavs eTnikuri kuTvnilebis

aRniSvnas. basiani – saqarTvelos samxreTis geografiuli ter-

minicaa, magram iq macxovrebeli basianeli balyarels rodi niSnavs

da a. S.

dadasturebulad iTvleba, rom yaraCael-balyarTa salitera-

turo ena Turqulia, Camoyalibebuli iq yivCaRebis XIII s. Casa-

xlebis Semdeg (XIV s. eTnosi ukve sabolood formirebulia).

yaraCael-balyarebs ukaviaT Crdilo kavkasiis is nawili, romelic

leonti mrovelis mowmobiT egrosis kuTvnili miwa-wyali iyo

da sadac aTeulobiT saukuneebis manZilze svanuri mosaxleoba

mkvidrobda, amdenad aucilebeli xdeba am ori eTnosis urT-

ierTobis warsulis kvleva Tanamedrove meTodebiT. is, rac am

mxriv T. mibCuanma SeZlo, bevris metyvelia, magram ara sakmarisi.

sicxade sakiTxSi arc z. ratianis naSroms `wyaroTa RaRadi anu

piriqiTaa saqarTvelo~, Tb. 1995, Seutania, sabWoTa kavSiris

dros eTnourTierTobebis sakiTxi, samwuxarod warmatebuli ar

iyo. (moskovSi arsebuli eTnoproblemebis Semswavleli instituti

imdenad `mizan mimarTuli~ muSaobda, rom popularobas uwevda

mraval ̀ aRmoCenas~. vTqvaT, Tu eTnosi 100 aTass aWarbebs, is ukve

eria. Tu raodenobrivad naklebia – is mxolod erovnebaa da a. S.

maTi `mecnieruli~ namoqmedari amtkicebda ori germanuli eris,

dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis, ori koreeli eris, _ CrdileTeli

da samxreTeli da a. S. arsebobs).

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia sabWoTa ruseTis Sesabamis in-

stitutebSi mimdinare Rrma `samecniero~ saqmianoba. yovelive

eqvemdebareboda erT princips: gaTiSe, daaSoriSore, daapirispire.

(egeb mova dro, roca obieqturad moazrovneni SeZleben amgvari

`samecniero centrebis~ gaSifrvas).

mkvlevarTa mier bevri utyuari debulebaa dadgenili, ro-

melic yaraCaelTa da balyarTa warmomavlobas ukavSirdeba. da

mainc gaurkvevelia Tavad `yaraCaeli~-terminis sakiTxi. eTnosis

genezisSi mravali elementi monawileobda. amas arqeologiur,

eTnografiul, lingvisturi kvlevebi cxadyofen. damwerlobis

115


ar arseboba, istoriuli kuTvnilebis zepirsityvaobaze dafuZneba

kvlevebs arTulebs.

amave dros, anTropologia, arqeologia, folklori ara-

orazrovnad miuTiTeben kavkasiur-iberiuli qveda plastebis

arsebobaze. swored maT miekuTvnebaT Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulidan

moyolebuli kolxur-xeTuri kulturis elementebis gavrceleba

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. Zv. w. a. II-I aTaswleulebis cnobili e. w.

yobanuri kultura TavisiT ar Seiqmneboda.

sxva werilobiTi cnobebi im uZvelesi periodis Sesaxeb ar

arsebobs leonti mrovelis garda. is ki dRevandeli yaraCaelebisa

da balyarebis sivrces egrosis kuTvnil miwa-wylad moiazrebs.

yvelaferi miuTiTebs imaze, rom iberiul-kavkasiur tomebs Causax-

ldnen mosuli jer iranul enovani, Semdeg ki Turqul enovani

tomebi, ramac enobrivi cvlileba gamoiwvia, magram kavkasiuri

tipi ver Secvala. ena icvala, genetikuri kodi darCa.

yaraCaelebi da balyarebi maTi rTuli genezisis miuxedavad

kavkasionis CrdiloeT kalTebs ikaveben saukuneTa manZilze, sxva

samSoblo ar gaaCniaT da logikuria, rom kavkasionelebad iTv-

lebian. kavkasionelebad, magram ara kavkasosis monaTesave eTno

gaerTianebad, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs sruli safuZveli

maT formirebaSi kavkonTa monawileobis aRiarebisa.

am daskvnas amagreben qarTveli mkvlevarebi. garda imisa, rom

yaraCaelebi da balyarebi egrosis kuTvnil mamulSi cxovroben,

maT SeiTvises egrebis (svanebis) kulturul-sameurneo miRwevebi.

sakmarisia mieTiTos CrdiloeT kavkasiuri eTnosebis mier damkvi-

drebul Tu Semonaxuli toponomebze: svanebis mTa, veli, wyali

da a. S. svanuri nadirobis kulti afSati SeTvisebuli aqvT

kavkasionelebs. Sedegs ar cvlis Tu afSats arqmeven apsats da

sxv. T. mibCuanma gamowvlilviT Seiswavla kavkasionis am regionis

mosaxleoba da mivida daskvnamde rom arsebuli gvarebis sakmao

raodenoba (daaxloebiT 40 gvari) ara mxolod svanuri warmoSo-

bisaa, aramed moxucebs axsovT kidec Tavisi svanoba. es arc unda

iyos gasakviri, radgan yaraCaelTa da balyarTa aRniSnul, svanTa

teritoriaze Casaxleba unda momxdariyo ara uadres XIV-XVII

116


saukuneebisa. am Tvalsazriss eTanxmeba v. aleqseevis daskvna, rom

yaraCaelebs da balyarebs genetikuri kavSiri sworeT svanebTan

hqondaT. (Алексеев В. П. Некоторые проблемы происхождения балкорцев и карачацев в свете данных антропологии. Нальчик,1960, с. 320-333). igive azri jer kidev aTaseulobiT wle-

biT adre iyo gamoTqmuli strabonis, menandres da sxvaTa mier.

svanebs miiCnevdnen im ricxobrivad mZlavr gaerTianebad, romelic

kavkasionis `garSemo~ cxovrobda. ara mxolod CrdiloeTisa da

samxreTis kalTebze, aramed garSemo. (s. yauxCiSvili. georgika.

t. III, gv. 221). ase rom ara yofiliyo, svanebi 200 aTasi meom-

ris Sekrebasac ver SeZlebdnen. Sesabamisad, sadao ar unda iyos,

rom svanebi, cxovrobdnen ra CrdiloeT kavkasionSi, aqtiur

monawileobas miiRebdnen yaraCaelTa da balyarTa eTnogenezSi.

procesi ar iqneboda mxolod mSvidobiani an mxolod omis gziT

ar warimarTeboda. cnobili faqtia, rom adiRevelTa nawilma

istoriuli oseTis teritoriaze gadainacvla, Seqmna yabardo

da mezoblebi Seaviwrova. aris cnoba imaze, rom amas region-

aluri migraciebi mohyva. vaxuSti bagrationi aRniSnavs: `xolo

Semdgomad mooxrebisa ovseTisa da Semosvlisa maTisa kavkasias

Sina, iwodnen : ovseTi Cerqezad anu yabardad, da kavkasiasa Sina

myofni, maT SemosulTagan ovseTad...~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV.

gv. 634). aseve cnobilia, rom yabardos (yabardoelebi iseTive

adiRevelebia, rogorc abazinebi. SafsuRebi, ubixebi... yvela visac

erT dros Cerqezebis saxeliT aerTianebdnen), mTavar Temriuy

idarovi, mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis mefe ivane mrisxanes qaliSvili

miaTxova da moyvrobis ZaliT guli moica, mezobeli tomebis

dalaSqvras Seudga. 1557 w. yabardo mWidrod daukavSirda ru-

seTs. Temriuy-ma sxvebTan erTad svanuri dasaxlebebic daipyro

yubanis, baxsanis, zeda balyaris, bezingis da Cegemis xeobebSi.

T. mibCuanis cnobiT, dapyrobili iyo 164 svanuri sofeli. iqve

ganmartebulia, rom dRevandel baqsans im dros erqva baxson da

aqedan arian wamosuli svani baxsolianebi. amave cnobas adasturebs

oseTis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti, romlis mixedviT svanebi

cxovroben md. baqsanis da yubanis xeobebSi. XVIII s. Sua peri-

117


odSi svanuri mosaxleoba jer kidev myarad ikavebda CamoTvlil

xeobebs da bunebrivia, maTi monawileobis gareSe yaraCaelebisa

da balyarebis eTnogenezi ver warimarTeboda. swored amitom,

Tumca maTi ena kavkasionurs ar ganekuTvneba, magram aSkarad aCens

kavkasiur elementebs.

***

bevrad gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa adiReuri Ziridan momdin-

are yabardoelebis, Cerqezebis, sakuTriv adiRevelebTan mimarTe-

baSi. nebismieri eTnosi mravaljeradi Sereva-Serwymis, migraciuli

Tu asimilaciuri procesebis momswrea. bevris warsuli isea Cax-

larTuli, rom WeSmaritebis dadgena TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. asea

adiRevlebis mimarTac.

pirvel rigSi dasadgenia maTi kavkasiuri fesvebi.

strabonis mixedviT Zv. w. a. I aTaswleulSi CrdiloeT ka-

vkasiis velebze mosaxleobdnen meotebi da sindebi. mkvlevarTa

nawilis mtkicebiT (Tu varaudiT) adiReur-yabardouli (Cerqezebi)

tomebi meotebis Camomavlebia. meotebi ki Zv. w. a. VI saukunidan

arian istoriisaTvis cnobilni. im dros isini azovis (meotiis)

zRvis Crdilo aRmosavleTSi da md. yubanis (Zveli saxelwodebiT

papanisi, antikiti, kopa, aqedan qarTulad kafa) qvemo dinebis

auzSi moiazrebian.

istoriulad kavkasionelebisaTvis is periodia, roca ukve

gadaqelili aqvT kimerielebs da skviTebs es vrceli mxare da

sarmatebis Semosevis periodia. sarmatulma aorsebisa da sirakebis

tomTa gaerTianebebma mimofantes kavkasis monaTesave tomebi da

maTi areali daikaves.

maxsovrobis ZaliT SevxedoT Crdilo kavkasias Zv. w. a. III

aTaswleulidan moyolebuli. am periodis Sesaxeb mxolod leonti

mrovelis monaTxrobia cnobili. igi zustad aRwers iafetidi

Targamosis STamomavlebs Soris teritoriuli gamijvnis sakiTxs

da kavkasionis CrdiloeT mxares ase yofs. lixis mTidan zRvamde

da ase mdinaremde mcire xazareTisa (md. yubani) ergo egross.

118


amasTan egroselebia svanebi da megrel-lazebi. md. yubanis marjvena

mxaridan (CrdiloeTidan), md. Tergamde (lomekamde) ergo kavkasoss.

misgan aRmosavleTiT lekoss. mrovelis mowmobiT lekos-kavkasosis

samflobeloTa CrdiloeTi sazRvari dawesebuli ara yofila da

arc saWiroeba moiTxovda, radgan mdinaremde didi xazareTisa

(volgamde) uzarmazari stepebi auTvisebeli iyo. es teritoriebi

SeZlebis farglebSi lekos-kavkasosis monaTesave tomebma daikaves.

istoriisaTvis ucnobia ramdeni SeiZles kavkasisa da lekosis

tomTa gaerTianebebma. aris arapirdapiri miTiTeba, rom sakmaod

CrdiloeTiT unda waweuliyvnen.

am geografiul arealSi pirvelad kimerielebi da skviTebi

gamoCndnen. maT TareSiT gaiares da mcire azias Seesivnen. vi-

Tareba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi radikalurad Seicvala sarmatebis

Semosevebis Semdeg. isini rbeviT ar dakmayofilebulan, miizomes

saarsebo sivrce lekosisa da kavkasis tomTa Seviwroeba-gandev-

nis gziT. logikuri kiTxva: ra daemarTebodaT kavkasis modgmis

tomebs? mtris urdo SemoiWra ara kaspiis (darubandis) zRvis

sanapiros gavliT da arc meotiis (azovis) Waobiani sanapiros

gziT. momxduri CrdiloeT kavkasiis centrSia Semosuli. kavkasis

tomTa gaerTianeba gaifanteboda da gaerideboda bevrad Zlier

mters Tu erT muStad Sekruli daixevda mTebisaken? safiqrebe-

lia, rom Tavad kavkasis monaTesave tomebi saukuneTa manZilze

gabneulebi iqnebodnen did teritoriaze da garkveulad ukve

daSoriSorebulni teritoriuladac da enobrivadac (Tundac

gamokveTili dialeqtebis doneze). SesaZlebeli iqneboda Tu

ara maTi Sekreba organizebuli winaaRmdegobis gawevis mizniT?

bevri iqneboda damokidebuli momxdurTa moulodnel, swraf mo-

qmedebaze. dasaSvebia Tu ara kavkasis monaTesave tomTa gafantva?

SeiZleba Tu ara varaudi. rom meotebisa da sindebis tomebi

azovis zRvas yofiliyvnen mijaWvulni da mowyvetilni im tomebi-

sagan, romlebic iZulebulni gaxdnen kavkasionis mTebSi epovaT

TavSesafari an, rogorc vainaxebi, Tergis aRmosavleTiT xeobebSi

Caketiliyvnen? garkveuli sicxadis Setana problemis garkvevaSi

119


anTropologiur kvlevas SeuZlia. maTi monacemebiT ki adiReur,

Cerqezul, abazinur, yabardoul mosaxleobasTan erTad pontos

tips dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis nawilic miekuTvneba.

magram aq gasarkvevia, dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ra

nawili? sxvanairad gaurkvevlobis kvals tovebs anTropologTa

mtkiceba, romlis mixedviT kavkasielTa 4 tipidan qarTveloba ra

niSnebiT xvdeba samSi, pontos, kavkasiur da winaaziurSi. kidev

erTi momentia dasadgeni. mrovelis mixedviT kavkasis naTesavebad

aRiarebul vainaxebsa da dvalebs garda qarTvelobac moiazreba

kavkasiur tipSi. iqve arian yaraCaelebi, balyarebi, osebi, dasav-

leT daRestnis macxovreblebi. es yvelaferi gasagebia. kavka-

sosis monaTesave tomebma didi monawileoba miiRes am eTnosTa

CamoyalibebaSi. ufro meti, isini iyvnen safuZveli, romelzec es

eTnosebi daeSennen. amave tips ar ganekuTvnebian adiRevel-abazinur-

yabardoul-Cerqezuli da dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

is nawili, romelic pontos tipis SemadgenlobaSia. sakiTxavia

Tu meotebi da sindebi Zveli kavkasionelebi (kavkasis monaTesave

tomebi) iyvnen, ratom ver SeinarCunes kavkasiuri tipis niSnebi?

sakiTxi Riaa gansjisaTvis da Tu kvlevis dRevandeli meTodebi

saboloo daskvnis saSualebas ar iZleva, egeb genetikurma kvle-

vebma Sematon sicxade? kavkasiis genogeografia jer kidev did

Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.

SeiZleba simarTles sicxade Sematos f. krasilnikovis

Tvalsazrisma imis Sesaxeb, rom adiRe-Cerqezebi sulac ar arian

aborigeni kavkasionelebi? misi TqmiT «...Существует предания... что племя «адыге», как называют сами себя черкесы, переселились с северных берегов Черного и Азовского морей и заняло восточный берег, значительную часть обоих склонов Кавказского хребта и Кубанскую равнину.» (Красильников Ф.С. Кавказ и его обитатели. М. 1919, с 55). Tu kvleva daadasturebs, rom dasavleT

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ra nawilia pontos tipis Semadgeneli

elementi, maSin SeiZleba isic ganisazRvros, es nawili ganekuTvneba

Tu ara adiRevelTa (CerqezTa) im nawils, romelmac kavkasionis

samxreTi kalTebi daikava.

120


ras gveubnebian am xaziT werilobiTi wyaroebi da zepirsi-

tyvaoba im eTnosebisa, romlebic moklebuli iyvnen weris kul-

turas? am sakiTxebis kvlevas principuli mniSvneloba eniWeba

iseT viTarebaSi, roca ruseTTan kavSirebis damyarebis Semdeg

(ruseTis mier kavkasielebis dapyrobis Semdeg) bevri raime iZule-

biT Seicvala kavkasionelTa cxovrebaSi, maTze WeSmarit codnaSi.

mkvlevarTa davas ar iwvevs is, rom kavkasiis Crdilo dasav-

leTiT, Zveli welTa aRricxvidan moyolebuli cnobili arian meo-

tebi da sindebi amis miuxedavad azrTa sxvaobas iwvevs meotebis

tomTa Semadgenloba. Tu cnobilia, rom erTi mxriv sindi, kerketi,

toreti, zixi, (qarTulad-jiqi), axeebi (aqavelebi) eT- nikurad

monaTesave tomebia, meore mxriv kamaTs iwvevs meotebis vinaobis

(raobis) sakiTxi. dandarebi, tarpetebi – vin iyvnen isini? aris

azri maTi adiReuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. gamoTqmulia mosazrebac

TviT adiRevelebis ara kavkasionelobis Sesaxeb. rac cnobilia

saboloo daskvnisaTvis sakmarisi araa.

mkvlevarTa mier aRiarebuladaa miCneuli, rom sindebs ekavaT

tamanis naxevarkunZuli anapamde da md. yubanis qvemo weli. ufro

gvian maTgan samxreTiT saxlobdnen kerketebi, Semdeg toretebi,

axeelebi (aqavelebi), mosxebi da henioxebi. cota gansxvavebul

mosazrebas gvacnobs straboni. misi cnobis Tanaxmad jer iyvnen

axeelebi, Semdeg zigebi da Semdeg kerketebi. amas garda, strabo-

nis mixedviT meotebis SemadgenlobaSi moiazrebian Tavad sindebi,

dandarebi, toreatebi, tarpetebi, arexebi, obidiakenebi, sitak-

enebi, dosxebi. yuradsaRebia, rom Tavad meotebis sacxovrebeli

arealis dadgenac iwvevs azrTa sxvaobas. Tu cnobilia, rom

sindebi tamanis naxevarkunZulze saxlobdnen, maT qveviT kerketebi,

axeelebi, mosxebi da henioxebi, ratom ver sazRvraven meotebis

areals? mxolod imaze Tanxmdebian mkvlevarebi, rom maTi sivrce

md. tanaisamde (donamde) vrceldeboda. imitom xom ara, rom isini

momTabare cxovrebas eweodnen? maT zeviT (CrdiloeTiT) VI-V

ss. md. volga-donis Soris ukve savromatuli tomebia (aorsebi

da sirakebi).

121


Zv. w. a. VI s. Cndeba berZnuli elementebi. berZnebi aarseben

savaWro koloniebs yirimisa da tamanis naxevarkunZulebze. V s.

es koloniebi qmnian bosforis samefos da Tavis gavlenas sindTa

tomebzec avrceleben. (gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom CrdileT ka-

vksiis axeelebi (aqavelebi) saberZneTidan gadmosuli da aq calke

tomad damkvidrebuli axeelebia. ramdenad sandoa es cnoba? savro-

matebis SemoWram volga-donis midamoebidan samxreTiT Zireulad

Secvala CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi damkvidrebuli tomebis ara mxolod

saarsebo arealis geografia, aramed Semadgenloba da erTianobac.

tomTa gaerTianebani daiSala da Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis

mijnaze ukve axali saxelebi, axali sacxovrebeli arealiT fiq-

sirdebian iseTi cnobili avtorebis mier, rogoricaa straboni,

ptolomei, plinius ufrosi.

verc erTi avtori naTels ver hfens centraluri kavkasionis

mosaxleobis eTnikur kuTvnilebas. yoveli tomi an tomis nawili

kalke xeobaSia Caketili da rogorc kulturul-ekonomikurad,

aseve enobrivad TandaTan Sordeba adre axlo naTesaur mosaxleo-

bas. strabonis TqmiT, isini mecxoveleobiT da nadirobiT irCenen

Tavs. erTia mxolod, 70 tomi (an sxvadasxvanairad molaparake)

adamianebi dioskuriaSi (cxumSi, soxumSi) ikribebian savaWrod da

ara mxolod. straboni maT sarmatebisa da skviTebis mezoblebs

uwodebs. ptolemeusi da plinius ufrosi, ialbuzsa da myin-

varwvers Soris asaxeleben talebs (dvalebs), akinelebs, sodebs.

amis garda aRniSnaven trogloditebis, polifagebis (anu bevris

mWamelebis), isadikebis arsebobas, Tumca mkvlevarTaTvis ucnobia

vin, romeli eTnosis warmomadgenlebi arian isini.

kavksionis CrdiloeTis stepebi, is rac aorsebisa da sirakebis

samomTabareo iyo, ax. w. a. I saukunidan alanTa kuTvnileba xdeba.

fiqroben, rom Tavad alanebi savromatuli tomia, romelmac Tavisi

gavlena da saxeli danarCenebze gaavrcela.

122


***

Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi momxdurTa gavleniT tomTa

arsebuli gaerTianebani iSleba, mimdinareobs Serwymis procesi,

safuZveli eyreba axal, Sejvarebul eTnosebs, romelbic adiRev-

elbis TviTsaxeliT arian cnobilni. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili

emxroba maTi CrdiloeTidan Semosvlis ideas. sxvaTa azriT adi-

Revelbi, iseve rogorc maTi ganayari yabardoelebi da abazinebi

piriqiT, adgilobrivi kavkasiuri tomia, romelmac mosulebi

SeiTvisa, moaxdina maTi asimilacia, Tumca Tavadac garkveuli

cvlileba ganicada. ase rom meotebis, zigebis (Zigeb-jiqebis) da

kerketebis Camoyalibeba savromatebTan Serwymis Sedegia.

mkvlevarebs miaCniaT, rom adiReuri warmomavlobis tomebs

ena da toponomika kavkasiuri aqvT. magaliTad moaqvT mraval

terminTa daboloeba ape, fsi (fSi). ape adiRurad yures niSnavs.

paralelisaTvis _ ube, lazurad niSnavs upe. qarTvelebSic aris

ubis saxeli – upe, oRond es Tvalis upea (ubea) da ara zRvis,

qalis da sxva. ape-Tu wylis ubea, Tavad wyals ewodeba – fSi

(fsi). qarTulSic aris msgavsi sityvebi, oRond is sxva wyals

ewodeba. da Tu ase gagrZelda msjeloba, maSin SeiZleba Sexseneba,

rom ufro meti saerToa da metad damafiqrebeli, samegreloSi

ana-klia, afxazeTSi ana-kofia (dRevandeli axali aToni) da dRe-

vandeli ruseTSi – anapa. ase rom gagrZeldes, maSin istoriuli

niko-fsi-c saWiroebs axlebur axsnas. roca pompeusma miTridate

pontoelis devna Sewyvita (Zv. w. a. I s.) da arsebul punqts

uwoda nikofsi, isic adiRurad xom ar azrovnebda?

nikofsis CrdiloeTiT ziqebi (zigebi, Zigebi, jiqebi) ikaveben

egrosis kuTvnil miwa-wyals. es ukve ax. w. a. I aTaswleulSi

xdeba. juanSeri, aRwers ra vaxtang gorgasalis laSqrobas Crdilo

kavkasiaSi, ambobs, rom ovseTis mezoblad saxlobdnen jiqebi.

`jiqeTi munve iyo~, magram am laSqrobis ̀ Sedgomad JamTa mravalTa

iotnes paWanikni da jiqni TurqTagan; da... jiqni daemkvidrnes bo-

losa afxazeTisasa.~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1. gv. 156-157). jiqebi

123


nikofsis CrdiloeTiT egrosis mamulebs ikaveben ara uadres Vi

saukunisa. isini adiReveli tomebidan yvelaze samxreTiT saxl-

debian da ukve afxazeTis samTavros mezoblebi xdebian.

XIII s. monRolebis gamoCenam da xangrZlivma batonobam cv-

lilebebi gamoiwvia CrdiloeT kavkasiis eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi.

maTgan devnilma yivCaRebma mTebs Seafares Tavi da yaraCaelebisa

da balyarelebis eTnogenezSi miiRes gadamwyveti monawileoba.

monRolTa mier ganadgurebuli iqnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis eT-

nosebi. rac mTavaria, hunebs gadarCenili (IV) alanebi daiSalnen,

nawili monRolebs miemxro da maT laSqrobebSi CaerTo, nawili

mTebSi kavkasielebs Seeria da gansazRvra osi eTnosis momavali.

alanTa ganadgurebam saSualeba misca adiRevelebs waewiaT aR-

mosavleTiT daclil miwebze da naxevrad momTabare cxovrebas

dabrunebodnen. XV saukunisaTvis, alanTa miwebze dasaxlebuli

adiRevelebi qmnian axal eTnoss-yabardoelebs.

upriania aq kidev erTxel vaxuSi batoniSvilis naTqvamis

ganmeoreba: 1. igi exeba ra savromatebis (aorsebis) laSqrobas

CrdiloeT da Semdeg samxreT kavkasionSi, aRniSnavs `urbanosma~

qarTl-somxiTidan wayvanili tyveebi Crdilo kavkasionis barSi

Caasaxla da am mxares ̀ uwoda ovseTi~ (qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV,

gv. 632). 2. adiRevelebma daikaves ra alanTagan daclili miwebi,

Seqmnes axali samTavro. `xolo Semdgomad mooxrebisa ovseTisa

da Semosvlisa maTisa kavkasias Sina, iwodnen: ovseTi Cerqezad anu

yabardad, da kavkasiasa Sina myofni, maT SemosulTagan ovseTad.~

(gv. 634).

Zalze mravalmniSvnelovani ganmartebaa: 1. Zv. w. a. V-IV s.

roca ovseTi iqmneba, misi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili qa-

rTlelebia. ovseTi swored Casaxlebuli tyveebis mier dakavebul

teritorias ewoda; 2. adiRevelebis mier alanebisagan daclil

teritoriis dakavebs, mohyva `ovseTis mooxreba~, Seicvala qvey-

nis saxelwodebac. ovseTis mosaxleobam miatova bari da mTebSi

hpova TavSesafari. am axal realobas vaxuSti batoniSvili ase

aRniSnavs: ovseTs ewoda yabardo anu CerqezeTi (erTi periodi

124


Cerqezebs uwodebdnen adiReuri warmomavlobis yvela toms), xolo

ltolvili ovsebis axal sacxovriss ewoda ovseTi, e. i. ovseTma

bevrad samxreTiT gadamoinacvla.

XIV saukunemde adiRebi yaraCaelebis dasavleTiT saxlobdnen.

amis Semdeg isargebles imiT, rom monRolebma miatoves alanTagan

warTmeuli miwebi da aRmosavleTiT waiwies. migraciulma proce-

sebma Tumca adiRevelebis sivrce bevrad gaafarTova, magram amave

dros eTnikuri formirebis procesic Seaferxa. XV s. adiRevelTa

aRmosavleTma nawilma yabardoelebis saxiT axali eTnosi Seqmna.

genezisi nebismieri eTnosisa rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia.

am gzas verc adiRevelebi ascdnen, tomTa gaerTianeba, gayofa,

erTi maTganis gaZliereba, dasusteba Cveulebrivi movlenaa. mkv-

levarebi XVIII s. bolos asaxeleben xegakebs, wofsinebs, natux-

aelebs, SafsuRebs, abaZexebs, bJeduxebs, abazelebs da sxva. tomi

Tavis mxriv ufro wvril erTeulebad iyofoda, rac eTnikuri

SekavSirebis process arTulebda. vTqvaT, xegakebi da wofsinebi

dasustebis Semdeg natuxaelebs SeuerTdnen. Janeelebi bJeduxebs

Seerwynen da a. S.

cvlilebebi ara mxolod tomTa gaerTianebis an tomTa sax-

elwodebebis xaziT mimdinareobda. adiRur tomebs XIV s. Sua

periodidan Cerqezebi ewodaT. erTi periodi Cerqezebs Crdilo

kavkasiis yvela mcxovrebs uwodebdnen.

mkvlevarTaTvis adiRevelebis istoria TiTqos naTelia. sinamd-

vileSi bevri ram dgas kiTxvis niSnis qveS. vTqvaT miCneulia, rom

meotebi, ziqebi (jiqebi) da kerketebi arian adiRevelTa winaprebi.

jiqebi (romlis SigniT moiazreben abazebs da dasavleTis Cerqe-

zebs, Cerqezebad ki am SemTxvevaSi kerketebs) afxazeTis bolos

daefuZnen ara uadres VI saukunisa. amave dros kerketebSi bevri

afxazebs moiazrebs. afxazebi ki dasavleT saqarTvelos teritori-

aze I s. ixseniebian. aris SeuTavsebloba? Sesabamisad saWiro xdeba

sakiTxis ufro Rrma, SeiZleba axleburi kvleva. am SemTxvevaSi

aqtualobas iZens sakiTxi: pontos tips dasavleT saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis romeli nawili miekuTvneba.

125


aucileblobas warmoadgens kavkasioneli eTnosebis gene-

geografiis dadgena. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarebi iseT

istoriul `aRmoCenebamde~ midian, rogoricaa afxazebis eg-

vipteloba, adiRevelebis – sanigoba (Л. И. Лавров.) adiReuri abazebis – abazgoba (Н. Г. Волкова) da a. S. dasadgenia, aseve, Tavad tomTa (gnebavT eT- nosTa) saxelwodebebis periodulobac.

vTqvaT: adiRevelebi XIV saukunidan iZenen Cerqezebis saxels.

amave saukunidan Cndeba saxelwodeba abaza. aqedan abazinebi.

ramdenad SeiZleba am abazinebis mikuTvneba afxazeTis terito-

riaze cnobil abazgebTan? xom araa es ara mecnieruli, aramed

politikuri koncefcia Sors mimavali daskvnebiT? SeiZleba

ufro marTebuli iyos XIX s. damkvidrebuli azri, rom

abazebi (abaZexebi) aris adiRebis (dasavleTis Cerqezebis) da

afxazebis Serevis Sedegi? miT ufro rom XVII s. dasavleT

saqarTveloSi namyof-nacxovrebi ucxo tomelebi afxazebs ic-

noben rogorc qarTul toms, xolo jiqebs, rogorc adiReurs.

maTTvis afxazeTis teritoriaze sxva tomi ucnobia. rogor

moxda, rom XVII s. mogzaurebs gamorCaT is cvlilebebi, rac

rusi mkvlevarebisaTvis XI s. iyo cnobili?

ukve iTqva, rom yvela Cerqezuli tomis TviTsaxelia adiRe.

Tavis mxriv adiRelebi iyofian adiRelebad, Cerqezebad, yabar-

doelebad. maT yvelas XIV s-an Cerqezebi ewodaT. amitomaa, rom

maT erTi saliteraturo ena gaaCniaT. amave enaze metyveleben

abazebi da Tanamedrove afxazebi.

mkvlevarebi utyuarad miiCneven, rom adiRevelTa nawili

monRoelbis xanaSi gadasaxlda md. yubanis midamoebidan md. Ter-

gis auzSi da Seqmna yabardoeli eTnosi. sxva adiRevelebi XIV

s. gansaxldnen md. urupis, yubanis, zelenCukis midamoebSi. maT

XIX s. yabardoelTa mcire nawili Caesaxla. am mosaxleobis is

nawili, romelic dasaxlda md. zelenCukis, yubanis, kumis ka-

vkasionis xeobebSi axla abazinebis (adre abazas) saxeliT arian

cnobilni da aqvT 15 sofeli: afsua, patara abazini, tapanta,

abaza-xibli, karapagi da sxva aseve aqvT sami sofeli q. kislo-

vodskis midamoebSi.

126


abazinebi or dialeqtze metyveleben: tapanda da Skaraua.

TiToeuli dialeqti or-or nawilad iyofa. yvelas TviTsaxelia

abaza. axlo mezoblebic aseve uwodebdnen, magram Tanamedrove

rusi mkvlearebi mainc abazinebs amkvidreben.

aq kidev erT ucnaur mtkicebulebasa aqvs adgili. igive mkvl-

evarebi dabejiTebiT amboben, rom afxazi eTnosis genezisi swored

abazinebis monawileobiT mimdinareobda. cnobilia, rom afxazeTis

teritoriis uZvelesi tomebia misimilianebi, afSilebi, abazgebi,

sanigebi. miCneulia, rom maTi Serwymis niadagze Seiqmna afxazi

eTnosi. qarTebma abazgebs uwodes abxazebi, Semdeg samTavros

Seqmnis kvalobaze. iq macxovreblebze gavrcelda saxeli abxazi

(afxazi). es moxda ara ugvianes VI-IX saukuneebSi. iyvnen ki maSin

abazebi (abazinebi)? isic cnobilia, rom abazebi (maTi winaprebi)

Tanamedrove afxazeTis CrdiloeTiT tuafsemde teritorias ika-

veben mxolod XIV s. moyolebuli. bolos abazebi yabardoel

feodalTa gavlenis qveS moeqcnen da maTTan erTad Sevidnen

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi 1557 w. es is droa, roca saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo dasustebulia, dayofilia da CrdiloeT kavkasieli

tomebi SedarebiT advilad Semodian mis sazRvrebSi. istoria am

process mTis Camowolas uwodebs.

rus mkvlevarTa nawili abazebs (abazinebs) socialuri mdgo-

mareobiT gaerTianebul jgufad miiCnevs da ara eTnikuri warmo-

mavlobiT. «Термин абаза служил также для обозначения групп завысимого населения» (Волкова Н. Г. Этнонимы и племенныеназвания Северного Кавказа. М. 1973, с. 51). amdenad gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom rusuli wyaroebi ̀ obezs~ uwodebdnen abazas,

afxazebs da saerTod dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas. magram

es sulac ar niSnavs ̀ obezebis~ (tvirTis mzidavebis) eTnikurobas.

ase ̀ obezi~ SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri eTnosis warmomadgeneli;

is SeiZleba warmomdgariyo angariSsworebis fuladi erTeulidan –

abazi. (magaliTisaTvis: rusebi xSirad somxebs ̀ tarxun~-s eZaxdnen,

xolo qarTvelebs `lavrove lists~ mcenaris saxelis mixedviT).

amgvarad, abaza SeiZleba marTlac socialuri Sinaarsis termini

iyo, romelic garkveuli eTnosis mniSvnelovan jgufs ewoda

127


maTi saqmianobis xasiaTis gamo; @2. didi rusi istorikosi vasil

tatiSCevi, exeba ra kavkasieli eTnosebis sakiTxs, abazas toms

(abazinebs) TaTar-monRoluri warmoSobis mosaxleobad miiCnevs.

ai, misi daskvna: «Абаза, есть народ татарской по Куме и в горах до вершин Кубани по властию кабардинских князей» (Татищев В. Н. История Российская, М-Л, 1962, стр. 422).rac Seexeba `obezi~ saxelwodebas, sulac ar niSnavs rom

aq abaza (abazini) igulisxmeba. igive v. tatiSCevi, axasiaTebs ra

kavkasionelebs, ganmartavs: «Авхети, мнил бы нынешние Кахети в Грузии область, но оноя от Черного моря далеко за горами. Паче же мню, часть Мингрелии северная, которую турки и кабардинцы имянуют Авхазос, наши древние именовали Обезы,... Ныне оной большую часть кубанцы наполняют.» (iqve, gv. 171)/ v. tatiSCevis es daxasiaTeba XVIII s. meore naxevars ganekuTvneba.

cnobilia, rom ruseTi abazas sakiTxs mudam yabardos prob-

lemas ukavSirebda TurqeTTan xangrZili davis dros. abazebi

(abazinebi) momTabare cxovrebas eweodnen da es garkveulad ar-

Tulebda maTi politikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxs. 1753 w. TurqeTma

dasva maTi TurqeTisadmi qveSevrdomobis sakiTxi. ruseTma es

pretenzia uaryo. 1774 w. ruseT TurqeTis quCuk-kainarjis zaviT

yabardo ruseTs ergo. 1802 w. abazebis umravlesoba noRaelebTan

erTad calke ompaqturad dasaxlda da yabardoelTa batonobas

Tavi daaRwia.

aq kidev erTi ucnauroba ikveTeba. Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa

mniSvnelovani nawili miiCnevs, rom abaza (abazinebi) kavkasionis

CrdiloeTiT gadasaxlebuli afxazebi arian. amas `amtkiceben~

saxelwodebaTa da enobrivi msgavsebis safuZvelze. jer erTi,

eTnosebisa an qveynebis saxelTa msgavseba, sulac ar niSnavs naTes-

aobas. pirineis iberia da kavkasiis iberia, kavkasiis albaneTi da

balkaneTis albaneTi saxelTa damTxvevaa da sxva ram dausabuTe-

belia. asevea afxazeTi da abazineTi. rac Seexeba sametyvelo enis

naTesaobas, jer kidev sakiTxavia, rogor warimarTa procesebi Ta-

vad afxazeTSi. cnobilia, rom abazebi 1917 wlamde mesaqonleobasa

da nadirobas misdevdnen da praqtikulad patriarqalur-Temuri

128


cxovrebiT cxovrobdnen. maTi erT adgilze damagreba mxolo sab-

WoTa ruseTSi moxda. Sesabamisad miwaTmoqmedebac am periodidan

damkvidrda, manamde grZeldeboda maTi adgil monacvleoba.

imis gamo, rom CrdiloeT kavkasionelebs, damwerloba ara

hqondaT, ar SeeZloT istoriuli warsulis dafiqsireba. amitom

xSirad iyeneben zepirsityvaobas. ramdenad zustia moxucTa naam-

bobi? miT umetes, visac aqvs danamdvilebiTi cnobebi am moxucTa

Sesaxeb, ver uaryofs, rom bevri maTgani advilad imatebda 20-30

wels, radganac es garkveul prestiJTan iyo dakavSirebuli. visac

avtoriviT Seuswavlia kavkasionis mcxovrebTa sicocxlis xan-

grZlivobis sakiTxi, is ar gaikvirvebs, mtkicebas, rom kavkasionel

moxucTa gadmocemebi didi varclis meSveobiTac ver xarisxdeba.

Tanamedrove rusuli ̀ mecnieruli~ Tvalsazrisi, XIII s-an af-

xazi mosaxleobis CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi migraciisa da am niadagze

abazebis (abazinebis) tomis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb yovelgvar

`mecnierul fantazias~ scildeba. es mkvlevarebi dasaxul mizans

argeben istoriul faqtebs da ar iZlevian realuri movlenis

obieqtur axsnas. miukerZoebelma mkvlevarma rogor unda if-

antazioros, rom sasurveli realobad warmoadginos. vinc icis

kavkasionelebis istoria, man isic icis, rom afxazeTis terito-

riaze mcxovreblebi (abazgebi, sanigebi, afSilebi, misimilianebi)

miwaTmoqmedni da mesaqonleebi, xelosnebi, vaWrebi da a. S. iyvnen

im drosve, roca maTi raoba gamJRavnda istoriaSi. logikurad

warmovsaxoT: mTeli aTas welze meti xnis manZilze isini mkvi-

droben istoriuli afxazeTis (q. anapidan qveviT anakofiamde

da anakliamde) teritoriaze. aq misdeven isini miwaTmoqmedebas,

xelosnobas, bizantiasTan vaWrobas da a. S. isini qmnian afxaze-

Tis samTavros (amaze Semdeg iqneba msjeloba), gamodian erTiani

saqarTvelos samefos Seqmnis iniciatorebad, warmoadgenen saqa-

rTvelos imperiis wamyvan nawils (politikurad, ekonomikurad,

kulturulad), adian socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobis maRal

safexurze da Semdeg nebayoflobiT eSvebian Temuri wyobilebis

doneze. kacobriobis istorias ara aqvs progresis regresiT Secv-

129


lis aseTi magaliTebi. afxazebma rogor moaxerxes es?

rusi mkvlevarebis nawili dasabuTebulad miiCnevs, rom af-

xazTa nawili gadavida CrdiloeT kavkasionSi daiwyo momTabare

cxovreba.da es moxda XIII s. moyolebuli. ubralod gavixsenoT

XIII s. saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, erT dros uZlevel qarTul

imperias monRolebi amarcxeben, imorCileben, dumanebad yofen da

Sesabamis gadasaxadebs uweseben. amasTan, monRoluri risxva dasav-

leT saqarTvelos ar Sexebia. dasavleTi saqarTvelo gadaurCa

yvela momxduris mxriv aoxebas.

amave dros monRolebma daipyres kavkasionis CrdiloeTi da

iq ̀ Sesabamisi~ amaoxrebeli RonisZiebebi gaatares. es mdgomareoba

gagrZelda TviT koWli Temuris laSqrobebisas. Temur lengma

rvajer ilaSqra saqarTveloSi, magram dasavleTi (afxazeTi) mas

ar auoxrebia. sanacvlod man gadaTela, gadaagvara da gadaajiSa

kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT macxovrebeli eTnosebi. es man waSala

erTiani kavkasionuri meoba, kultura, suliereba. xoca, Jlita,

gadaagvara fizikurad da sulierad Crdiloelebi.

saRad moazrovne adamianisaTvis rogori warmosadgenia, rom

mtrebisagan daculi, mowinave saerTo kulturis sferodan gamoeyo-

foda mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili da wavidoda bedis saZieblad

iq, sadac mas arc fizikurad, arc ekonomikurad, arc sulierad,

arc enobrivad, arc genetikurad da a. S. Semxvedri, gamgebi, arc

naTesavi da arc megobari ar eguleboda, sadac batonobda Temur

lengis kanonebi; arc gageba, arc dandoba, arc Sendoba.

SeiZleba warmodgena imisa, rom mborgveli adamiani SeiZleba

moxvdes uares situaciaSi, magram warmodgena imisa, rom civi-

lizebuli (im droisTvis) afxazi mosaxleoba mSvid cxovrebas

miatovebda da sadRac CrdiloeTSi momTabare yofas eziareboda _

warmoudgenelia. amitomac aris, rom am ideis (afxazebis Crdilo-

eTSi gadasvlisa da iq abazinuri tomis Seqmnis ideis) avtorebs

erTi istoriuli cnobac ar gaaCniaT. arc SeiZleba gaaCndeT. mizani

ki yovelTvis rodi amarTlebs saSualebas.

mizani ar aris adiReuri warmomavlobis eTnosTa dawvrile

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biTi istoriis gadmocema. es arcaa SesaZlebeli cnobebis sim-

wiris pirobebSi. an ra unda iTqvas abazas tomze, romelic 1883

w. monacemebiT 9921 sulisagan Sedgeboda. romelTa Tanamedrove

terminologia XX saukuneSia Seqmnili, romelTa soflebis saxel-

wodebebi sabWoTa periodSi Camoyalibda da sxva. TviT cnobili sof.

afsua yofili Saxgireevskoea. ai, rogoria `mecnieruli~ daskvna: «Так, бывшее сел. Шахгиреевское стало Апсуа (то есть «Абхазы»)». rogoria? apsua sxva araferia Tu ara afxazi. sinamdvileSi?

***

sinamdvile Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier isea warmodgenili,

rom sakiTxis siRrmeSi Cauxedavi mosurne sinamdvilisa tvinareuli

darCeba. gansakuTrebiT bolo naxevari saukunea rac istoriuli

sinamdvile ilaxeba. rusuli imperiuli politika kvlevis sxva

mimarTulebas ara scnobs saqarTvelos mimarT.

mTeli XIX-XX ss. manZilze moZRvravdnen imperiis damqa-

Sebi qarTvelur tomebs: qarTveli sxvaa, TuSi, xevsuri, dvali,

megreli, svani, afxazi, aWareli sul sxva eTnikuri jgufebia.

saqarTvelo mcire imperiaa, sadac aucilebelia es eTnosebi ibr-

Zodnen damoukideblobisaTvis. nu SeSindebian, humanuri ruseTi

maT gverdSi amoudgeba, daexmareba da daicavs.

mefis ruseTis gamTiSveli politika, met-naklebad warmate-

buli iyo. amas emateboda kavkasionel eTnosTa urTierTdapiris-

pirebis nacadi meTodi. politikis arsi ase JRerda: erTi xelisu-

fali _ imperatori, erTi ena – rusuli, erTi qveyana – ruseTi.

am sami principisaTvis arc komunistebad wodebul

eqsploatatorebs uRalatiaT: erTi mefe _ partiis general-

uri mdivani, erTi ena _ rusuli, erTi qveyana _ sabWoTa kavSiri.

cvlileba umniSvnelo iyo: mefes ewoda generaluri mdivani, xolo

ruseTs _ sabWoTa kavSiri.

gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda ruseTis imperialisturi politika

1918-1921 wlebSi. damoukidebeli demokratiuli saqarTvelos

respublika miuRebeli iyo ruseTisaTvis. ara aqvs mniSvneloba,

mas socialisturs uwodebdnen, bolSevikurs Tu sxva.

131


istoriulad cnobilia rusTa is uaryofiTi reaqcia, rac v.

leninis mier fineTis damoukideblobis cnobas mohyva. asmagad

miuRebeli iyo saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. mas mTeli kavkasia

mihyveboda. amasTan, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi iyo

moqceuli TurqeTisaTvis CamorTmeuli qarTuli provinciebi,

lore-axtala-sanoinos (sanainis) sasazRvro teritoria da rac

mTavaria kavkasions iqiTa (CrdiloeTis) teritoriebi. amitom

iyo, rom cnobilma generalma denikinma, sanam sabWoTa wyobilebis

winaaRmdeg laSqrobas wamoiwyebda, jer saqarTvelos CamoaWra is-

toriulad kuTvnili teritoriebi adler-soWi-tuafses raionebSi

da sazRvri md. fsouze ganawesa, Semdeg ki v. leninma 1920 w. 7.

05. zaviT es axali sazRvari aRar Secvala. (am sakiTxebze ix.

avtoris `revluciuri aneqsia~).

sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi moqceul saqarTvelos

(formalurad respublikad wodebuls) ratom unda hqonoda uke-

Tesis imedi. ar ewera da arc iyo. sabWoTa periodSi CamoeWra mas

lore-axtala-sanainis (sanoinos) oc kilometriani sazRvrispira

teritoria somxeTis sasasrgeblod. aseve CamoeWra aRmosavle-

TiT teritoriebi Zegam-Cais xeobamde, e. w. saingilo. rac Se-

exeba CrdiloeTis sazRvrebs, aq yvelaferi moskovis survils

eqvemdebareboda. n. xruSCovis gadawyvetilebiT 1957 w. Camoe-

Wra qluxoris raioni. qarTvelebs ukan daaxevines kavkasionis

mTagrexilis piriqiTa miwa-wylidan da mcocavi agresia dRemde

grZeldeba. araa saWiro didi dakvirveba, 200 metri, kidev, kidev

da sazRvari kilometrobiT iwevs ukan.

saqarTvelo kavkasiaSi strategiuli mniSvnelobis qveyanaa.

mis morCilebaze bevradaa damokidebuli kavkasielebis morCileba.

amitom mudmivi daZabuloba unda iyos aq. amitom Seiqmna e. w.

samxreT oseTis respublika da afxazeTs respublika. respub-

likebis abriT, ruseTi myar placdarms iqmnida mTeli wina aziis

qveynebis winaaRmdeg.

ruseTis imperiuli politikis avangardSi woniani mniSvn-

eloba afxazur problemas gaaCnia. isaa, erTi mxriv satyuara da

meore mxriv Camketi Crdilo kavkasiis eTnosebisaTvis da rac

mTavaria, iaraRi saqarTvelos dasaCoqeblad.

132


afxazeTis sakiTxi TavisTavad saintereso da bolomde

gaurkveveli istoriuli movlenaa. afxazTa erovnuli da teri-

toriuli problemebi yovelTvis iyo mkvlevarTa yuradRebis

centrSi. mis Sesaxeb saukuneebis manZilze werdnen ucxoeli

mogzaurebi da ra Tqma unda qarTvelebi. am cnobebis Sekreba da

analizi ara erT mkvlevars ucdia. maT Soris pirvel rigSi af-

xazad aRiarebul avtorebs.

afxaz avtorTa naazrevi pirobiTad sam nawilad, SeiZleba

daiyos. pirveli ganekuTvneba im dros, roca afxazuri azri,

afxazoba (Sinagani da gareSe faqtorebis xelSewyobiT) ikrebs

Zalas da cdilobs sakuTari me Camoayalibos, Seqmnas damwerloba

da moaxdinos istoriuli warsulis sistematizacia. pirveli

etapis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia damwerlobis, liter-

aturisa da istoriis Seqmnis moTave dimitri gulia. WeSmaritad

didia misi Rvawli. sxvaa, ramdenad mecnieruli da misaRebi iyo

koncefcia afxazTa abisinelobis (egviptelobis) Sesaxeb. koncef-

cias hqonda Teoriuli `safuZveli~. cnoba Zv. w. a. XI s. faraon

sesostratis laSqrobis Sesaxeb kavkasiaSi, aq misi laSqris

nawilis darCenis DSesaxeb, Zveli egviptelebisa da kolxebis

fizikuri, SemoqmedebiTi da rac mTavaria tradiciuli msgavsebis

Sesaxeb, marTlac mimzidveli koncefciis matarebelia. brZenma

herodotem icoda Tavisi saqme. didi energia Sealia d. guliam

koncefciis Seqmnas da bolos Tumca uaryves misi daskvnebi, mainc

mniSvnelovani kvali datova afxazTa meobis kvlevis saqmeSi. ufro

meti mecnieruli kvlevis axali meTodebi (genuri, maTematikuri

da sxva, romelic CvenTvis ucnobia) momavalSi axal sicxades

Semateben d. gulias koncefcias. arc herodote iyo dauRvinebeli

moazrovne da usafuZvlod ar wamoayenebda azrs egviptelebisa da

kolxebis naTesaobis Sesaxeb. momavali gansjis, yoveli axali

xom daviwyebuli Zvelia. faqti ki erTia. kvlevebis bolos d.

guliam brZana, rom afxazebi qarTvelebia. afxazebi iseTive gansa-

kuTebuli nawilia iberiul-qarTuli samyarosi, rogorc svanebi,

fxovelebi (xevsurebi), kaxelebi da a. S.

133


afxaz mkvlevarTa meore etapis Taobam, memkvidreoba miiRo da

axal moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad gadaamuSava. mkvlevarTa am Taobis

warmomadgenlebs axasiaTebT `zomiereba~. iyo es epoqis moTxovna

Tu kvlevebis ufro mecnierulobis Sedegi, gasarkvevia. garkvuli

isaa, rom maT ukuagdes afxazTa SoreTidan `gadmosaxlebulo-

bis~ koncefcia da Seecadnen axleburad ganemartaT istoriuli

siZveleni. am etapis yvelaze avtoritetuli warmomadgenlebi

arian batonebi zurab anCabaZe, giorgi ZiZaria, Salva inal-ifa.

safuZvelis Semqmneli z. anCabaZea. vinc piradad icnobda da Tund

Soridan swavlobda am pirovnebas, mis did potencialSi da avto-

ritetSi darwmunebuli iyo. amasTan, es avtorebi icavdnen ̀ zomis~

filosofiur kategorias da myar safuZvels uqmnidnen momaval

(mesame etapis) radikalur mkvlevarebs.

sxvaTa naazrevis analizi umaduri saqmea. mkvlevarma sakuTari

unda warmoaCinos, Semswavleli ki Tavad mixvdeba mtyuan-marTals.

am principis sawinaaRmdegod zogjer aucilebeli xdeba sxvaTa

naTqvamis Sefasebac. asea axlac.

baton zurabis xsovnisadmi didi pativiscemis miuxedavad unda

moxdes misi Tvalsazrisis erTi momentis ganxilva. mi- iCnevs: Zv. w.

a. 40-12 aTaswleulebSi Cndeba eTnikuri niSnebi. kavkasiaSi iqmneba

safuZveli erTiani eTnosis Camosayalibeblad. am eTnosis erTobis

areali dasavleT kavkasiaSi unda iyos. 12-6 aTaswleulSi erTiani

kavkasiuri eTnokultura iyofa sam jgufad: 1. samxreT kavkasi-

uri. 2. Crdilo dasavleT kavkasiuri, 3. CrdiloeT aRmoavleT

kavkasiuri. Sesabamisad iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTa sami ganStoeba

yalibdeba. afxazeTi Sedis samxreT kavkasiur arealSi, magram

aris CrdiloeT aRmosavluri jgufis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi.

ai, aq aris sakiTxi gasarkvevi: 1. Zv. w. a. 40-12 aTasian wleb-

Si ramdenad SeiZleba eTnosis niSnebze saubari. dasabuTebulad

miCneulia, rom dedamiwaze gamyinvareba Tavis apogeas aRwevs 25

aTasi wlis win. cxadia kavkasia ver acdeboda am bunebriv mov-

lenas. isic dasabuTebulia, rom gamyinvareba, daTbobis procesebs

swrafad uTmobs adgils, daaxloebiT 12 aTasi wlis wina. jer

xanobiT mainc Zv. w. a. VIII aTaswleulis dasaxlebis naSTia na-

134


povni TurqeTis teritoriaze. ra iyo kavkasiaSi, romeli tomebi

ucnobia. Sesabamisad ra eTnosze SeiZleba msjeloba?

2. Zv. w. a. 12-6 aTaswleulSi romeli erTiani kavkasiuri

eTnokulturis dayofaze SeiZleba msjeloba? cnobilia, rom

Zv. w. a. IV-III aTaswleulSi sxva civilizaciebis paralelurad

(egvipturi, Sumeruli, kretul-pelazgiuri) iyo e. w. mtkvar-

araqsis civilizacia. misi ganfenis Sedegad marTlac sami Sto

warmoiqmna samxreT kavkasiuri, Crdilo dasavleT kavkasiuri, da

Crdilo aRmosavleT kavkasiuri. amasTan, Crdilo-dasavlur Stos

kolxuris gagrZelebad Tu ara msgavsad mainc miiCneven. aq araa

laparaki romelime eTnosze. 3. ZiriTadi dasamaxsovrebeli daskvna

avtoris azriT, aseTia: afxazeTi, marTalia Sedioda samxreT

kavkasiuri Stos SemadgenlobaSi, magram Cans Crdilo-dasavleT

kavkasiuris elementebi. etyoba, aq iyo ori Stos Sexebisa da

miRwevaTa urTierT-gacvlis areali. sinamdvileSi, im dros, af-

xazeTi geografiulad da eTnikurad ar arsebobda, rogorc ar

arsebobdnen sxva geografiuli da eTnikuri erTeulebi. amitom

mtkiceba, rom dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze adgili aqvs

samxreTis Stos SigniT CrdiloeTis Stos elementebis gaCenas,

_ mxolod survilia Seiqmnas safuZveli, raTa momavalSi, roca

ukve msjeloba iqneba tomebze da eTnikur kuTvnilebaze, yovelive

`dasabuTebulad~ warmosdges. naTqvamis sisworis dasadasture-

blad wyaroTa Zieba araa saWiro. Tavad z. anCabaZe acxadebs, rom

kavkasielTa eTno-lingvisturi dayofa sam jgufad moxdeboda

Zv. w. a. IV aTaswleulSi. rac Seexeba kavkasionis samxreTisa da

CrdiloeTis urTierT gansazRvrulobas, miwaTmoqmedebis kul-

tura afxazeTis teritoriaze da CrdiloeTSi (soWis mxareSi)

erTnairi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulSi.

da marTlac sxva rames istoria ar cnobs. (es da sxva monacemebi

aRebulia naSromidan: Анчабадзе З. Очерк этнической истории Абхазского народа. Сухуми, 1976).am SemTxvevaSi avtoris msjelobidan dasamaxsovrebelia fun-

damenturi daskvna: 12-6 aTaswleulebSi afxazeTi aris samxreT

135


kavkasiuri arealis wevri, magram masSi SeiniSneba CrdiloeT

dasavleTis arealis niSnebi.

naSromSi msjelobaa abxazebis fesvebze da genezisze. sru-

liad marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom mkvlevarebi iberiul-kavkasiur

enaTa oTx ojaxs (jgufs) gamohyofen: adiReuri, vainaxuri, daR-

estnuri da qarTveluri. mkvlevarTa ideuri kamaTi grZeldeba.

aq dasamaxsovrebeli erTia: naSromSi calke jufad (ojaxadaa)

dasaxelebuli afxazo-adiReuri enebi. Tu adreve, eTnosebis ga-

Cenamde SeiniSneboda afxazeTSi samxreTuli da CrdiloeTuri

niSnebi, axla ukve garkveviTaa dadasturebuli, afxazur-adiReuri

enobriv-lingvisturi erToba.

sakiTxis mizans scildeba afxazur-adiReuri fesvebis Zieba

mcire aziis teritoriaze mcxovreb uZveles xalxebis Soris.

ramdenadaa dasabuTebuli maTi momdinareoba proto-xeTuridan, ram-

denad SeiZleba Zvel wyaroebSi dasaxelebuli mcire aziuri tomi

qaSqi miviCnioT adiRevelebis (qaSagebis) winaprad, xolo meore

wyaroSi naxsenebi abeSla afsilebs davukavSiroT es calke gan-

sjis da jerxanobiT gadauwyveti problemaa. aseve dausrulebeli

msjelobis sagania calkeuli toponimebis dakavSireba adiReurTan,

maTi JReradobis mixedviT da aqedan daskvna, rom kavkasielTa es

jgufi Zv. w. a. XVIII-XII ss. mcire aziaSi saxlobda. jer erTi,

calkeuli toponimebis, gnebavs tomebis, eTnosebis saxelwodebaTa

msgavseba Znelad misaRebia, magram advilad macTunebeli. naSromSi

motanili sinupe, sufsa, fazisi, akampsa da a. S. riT amtkicebs, rom

es adgilebi adiR-afxazebis (ukve damtkicebuli aqvs es erToba)

winaprebis samosaxlo iyo? egeb piriqiTaa? vTqvaT sinupe lazurad

wylis upes (ubes) niSnavs. adiRurad? daboloeba psa. fSa-ratom

miuTiTebs adiRevelobaze? gana fsa (sufsa), fSa (fSanis wyali)

sxvanairad ar aixsneba? Tu calkeuli saxelwodebaTa msgavsebidan

ase Sors mimavali daskvnebis gakeTeba mecnierul dasabuTebad

miiCneva, maSin ra vuyoT kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT mdinareebis,

xeobebis, dasaxlebuli punqtebis msgavsebas ki ara damTxvevas

samxreTulTan? vTqvaT ruseTis teritoriazea anapa, afxazeTis

teritoriaze-ana kofia (axali aToni), samegrelos teritoriaze

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– anaklia, aspinZis raionSi ana-keTi, kaxeTSi – ana-ga, arTvinis

vilaeTSi _ an-klia. vamtkicoT, rom yvelgan adiRevelebis nasax-

larebia? logikas moklebuli azria. vTqvaT ruseTis Semadgenlo-

baSia ial-buzi (elbruss rom eZaxian, raTa ialbuzis TqmiT ena

ar moitexon), kaxeTSi ial-no, qarTlSi ial-Ruji, ra vamtkicoT,

rom rusebis darqmeulia am mTaTa saxelebi? egeb piriqiT?

cxadia, kvlevisas yovel mcire elementsac Tavisi adgili da

mniSvneloba aqvs. zogjer msjeloba migiyvans swor daskvnamde

logikis ZaliT. asea z. anCabaZesTan mimarTebaSic. igi askvnis,

rom Zv. w. a. III-II aTaswleulia Zveli afxazuri eTnosis Camoya-

libebis periodi. afxazebi da afxazeTi im dros ar arsebobda,

magram niSandoblivia debuleba `Zvelafxazuri eTnosis~ Sesaxeb.

es debuleba dasamaxsovrebelia, radgan mova dro, roca daismis

sakiTxi Zveli da axali afxazebis Sesaxeb. aq ki sruliad gansx-

vavebuli daskvna aqvs avtors. dias. misi mtkicebiT Zv. w. a. III-II

aTaswleulebSi yalibdeba Zvel abxazuri (ara afxazuri, aramed

abxazuri) eTnosi, romelic Semdgom (daudgenel) periodSi iyofa

adiRevelad da abxazad. Tanac niSandoblivia is, rom am abxaz

eTnoss gamoeyofa adiReuri, romelic Semdeg iyofa meotTa da

sindTa tomebad, ufro gvian ufro mraval (aTeulobiT) wvril

tomebad, Tanamedrove etapze ki qmnian adiRevelTa, yabardoelTa,

abazinTa eTnosebs. ver gamravldnen, ver ganviTardnen mxolod

sakuTriv ̀ abxazebi!. albaT, ̀ qarTveli imperialistebis~ mcdelo-

bis Sedegad. avtoris azriT istoria `adasturebs~ rom es ase

moxda. Zv. w. a. VI s. Seiqmna kolxas samefo. mis SemadgenlobaSi

abxazeTis nawili mainc Sevidoda. cxadia, es maT ganviTarebas

Seaferxebda. erTad-erTi Tu ara, erT-erTi progresuli faqti

`Zveli abxazi~ eTnosis cxovrebaSi berZnuli, Semdeg romauli

dasaxlebebis Seqmna iyo. dioskuria (Zveli, `Zveli abxazuri~)

cxumis adgilas da pitiunti (aseve `Zvel abxazuri~) biWviTnis

adgilas iyo ara mxolod savaWro-ekonomikuri, aramed kulturul-

saganmanaTlebo centrebic. dasazustebeli mxoldo isaa vin iyvnen

`Zveli abxazebi~, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca `abxazebi~- sityvis

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gacnobierebamde aTas wels unda gaevlo.

aq kidev erTi `margalitia~ gasaxsenebeli. z. anCabaZis Tval-

sazrisiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, iberia, eTnikurad erTferovani

iyo. dasavleTSi ki kolxeTis samefoSi kolxebTan erTad sxva

msxvili eTnikuri jgufebic (tomebi) arsebobdnen. maT Soris af-

xazeTis teritoriaze. azri asea formulirebuli: «Резюмируя приведенные выше материалы, следует сказать...» «В частности, определенная племенная пестрота была характерна и для територии Абхазии, составлявщей в тот период северную часть Колхидского государства» (стр. 28).erTi SexedviT sruliad marTebuli da upretenzio ganacxa-

dia. iberiis qveyana eTnikurad erTiania, kolxidis saxelmwifo

ki eTnikurad Wreli. maT Soris eTnikurad Wrelia afxazeTis

teritoriac, romelic kolxidis saxelmwifos CrdiloeT nawils

warmoadgenda. aq bevri ramaa dasazustebeli: 1. kolxidis sax-

elmwifo Tu kolxida mxarea. @2. romel istoriul periodzea

konkretulad msjeloba? 3. mxedvelobaSi aqvs aietis kolxeTi,

istoriuli kolxa, egrisi, lazika, -ucnobia. 4. ucnobia isic

eTnikurad Wrel ̀ kolxidis saxelmwifoSi,~ maT Soris abxazeTis

teritoriaze siWreles saxeldobr romeli tomebi qmnian. 5. am

periodisaTvis adiRevelebi ukve gamoyofilni arian afxazebisa-

gan Tu ara. ara da am msjelobidan Tavisuflad SeiZleba azris

gagrZeleba afxazTa calke eTnosis uZveles arsebobaze.

kolxidis saxelmwifo dausustbia eTnikur Widils da amitom

mouxdenia misi dapyroba miTridate pontoels. magram es ukve Zv.

w. a. I saukunea. miTridates omebis JamTa amwerlebi ki arafers

gvauwyeben `kolxidis saxelmwifos~ Sesaxeb da `gverds uvlian~

abxazeTSi abxazebis mosaxleobis sakiTxs. xom ucnauria? TviT

pompeusis laSqrobis dros, misdevdnen ra damarcxeul miTrid-

ates, mividnen Zvel lazikamde (ufro Zveli laia, laiaSi), aq

daafuZnes axali gamagrebuli punqti nikofsi da afxazebi mainc

ver naxes. ratom?

dakvirvebuli da gakvirvebuli adamiani gverds ver auvlis aseT

mtkicebas: kolxidis saxelmwifos dasustebaSi adgilobriv magram

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ara kolxiduri eTnikuri gaerTianebebis garda, «...известную роль сыграли также, некоторые горские ( в частности северокавазские) племена, которые в тот период постоянно вторгались в Колхиду, особенно на территорию Абхазии.» (стр. 29).yovelgvari faqtebis gareSe, aseT mtkicebas erTi mizani aqvs:

Seiqmnas winapiroba imisa, rom roca istoriis asparezze Cndeba

satomo saxelebi afSileTi, abazgia, sanigeTi, misimilianeTi,

gaCndes SesaZlebloba mTielTa Soris adiRevelebic moiazrebod-

nen. ara da, Tavad misive mtkicebiT im dros kavkasionis CrdiloeT

mxares jer kidev svanuri mosaxleobaa. ufro meti, naSromSi

motanilia cnoba, rom kolxebi (da ara kolxida) es igive egre-

bia (egroselebia) an igive lazebi. saxeli icvleboda, eTnosi

rCeboda. kerZod, moaqvs citati. «От Диоскуриады... до р. Апсари прежде жил народ, назывемый колхами и переименованный в лазов.» ra gamodis? `kolxidis saxelmwifoSi soxumidan qveviT,

md. Woroxamde erT eTnoss ucxovria. maS, romel eTnosTa Widilma

daasusta Signidan es gaerTianeba? pasuxi ar Cans.

kidev erTi debuleba, romelic marTlac saocrebas ems-

gavseba. batoni zurabi cdilobs detalurad gaarkvios afxaze-

Tis teritoriaze mcxovrebi tomebis raoba. mohyavs Zv. w. a. VI

s. avtoris hekate miletelis cnoba: « Кораксы, племя колхов, вблизь колов... Кораколиская Крепость и Кораксийская стена...» da maTgan samxreTiT «Колы, народ у Кавказа... Предгорья Кавказа называются Колскими горами.» am gamonaTqvamebidan gamomdinare, naSromSi aseTi daskvnaa gakeTebuli «...нельзя сказать ничего определенного об этнической принадлежности кораксов и колов или дать их точную локализацию» (стр. 30). modi da nu daibnevi. citati garkveviT ambobs, rom koraqsebi kolxuri tomia. aq ki

sweria maTi eTnikuri kuTvnileba ucnobiao. sxva Tu araferi,

z. anCabaZes afxaz feodalTa Camomavals, rogor daaviwyda, rom

soxumis samxreTiT Camoudis md. kelasuri (aseve uwodebdnen kli-

sura da koraxi, iq macxovrebeli koraqsebis tomis mixedviT). am

mdianres miuyveboda cnobili kedeli, romelic saberZneTisa da

saqarTvelos nawilebad yofda afxazeTs. koraqsebis maxloblad ki

139


kolebi cxovrebdnen da mTebsac maTi saxeli erqvaT. sxva ambavia,

rom garkveuloba sxvanairi daskvnebis safuZvels qmnis, vidre

avtoris mizania.

z. anCabaZis naSromi ufro Sors midis miznis miRwevis gzaze.

motanilia fsevdo skilak karindelis (Zv. w. a. IVs) cnoba egrosis

kuTvnil miwa-wyalze mosaxle tomebis Sesaxeb da ambobs, rom sul

CrdiloeTiT cxovroben sindebi. SexsenebisaTvis: adiRevelebze

saubaris dros iTqva, rom savromatebis Semosevis dros sindebi

dasaxldnen azovispireTSi, daikaves tamanis naxevarkunZuli ana-

pamde. am sindebis samxreTiT citati asaxelebs kerketebs, Semdeg

toretebs, axeelebs, henioxebs, koraqsebs, kolebs, melanxlenebs,

helonebs, kolxebs. kolxebTan akavSirebs qalaqebs dioskurias

(soxumi, Zvelad cxumi) da gienoss (oCamCire). TiTqos gasagebadaa

naTqvami. sxvanairad sjis batoni zurabi. is askvnis: «Из этого можно сделать вывод, что кораксы и колы локализуются к северу от Диоскурии и в этническом отношении они не колхи, поскольку Псевдо-Скилакс называет их отдельно от колхов» (стр. 30). mi-vyveT avtoris logikas: hekate miletelTan yuradRebas ar aqcevs

mtkicebas, rom koraqsebi kolxuri tomia. ratom? imitom, rom

am SemTxvevaSi koraqsebi da kolebi, misi angariSiT unda `ganla-

gdnen~ diaskuriis CrdiloeTiT da unda aekrZaloT maT kolxoba.

aseTi advilad amosacnobi amocana efuZneba im faqts, rom sxva

tomebTan erTad naxsenebia kolxTa tomi. ara eTnosi, rogorc

pirvel SemTxvevaSi ̀ koraqsebi kolxuri tomia~, aramed tomebi. vin

daadgina da gamoricxa kolxur eTnosSi kolxi tomis arseboba?

fsevdoskilak karindeli xom tomebs CamoTvlis da ara eTnosebs.

ase rom Zv. w. a. VI s. cnobaSi laparakia kolxi eTnosis SigniT

koraqsTa tomis arsebobaze, meore SemTxvevaSi ki Zv. w. a. IV s.

sakuTriv kolxTa tomis arsebobaze.

zurab anCabaZe Zalze Sors midis, roca romaeli plinius

sekundis (ax. w. a. I s) gamonaTqvamebs exeba. plinius sekundTan

naTqvamia, rom dioskuriis axlos cxovroben koraqsebi da iqve

asaxelebs afSilebs da sanigebs. aqedan naSromSi gamoTqmulia

varaudi: «По-видимому, кораксы могут быть отождествлены с

140

kavkasionTa eTnogenezialeqsandre axatneliодним из этих племен» (стр. 30). ratom? axsna araa. sanacvlod

aris gasaocari daskvna: «Во всяком случае на основании данных Гекатея и Псевдо-Скилакса считать кораксов и колов колхскими племенами в узком (этническом) смысле нет достаточных оснований» (стр. 31). ufro Rrma azrovneba warmoudgenelia.

naSromis 30-e gverdze wers, rom hekates cnobiT koraqsebi kolx-

uri tomia. «О кораксах Гекатий сообщает следующее: «Кораксы, племя колхов...» meore gverdze (31gv.) ki imave avtoris imave cnobaze dayrdnobiT uaryofs koraqsebis kolxur eTnikuro-

bas. axla SevxedoT avtoris azrovnebis xazs: jer msjeloba

aqvs kolxidis saxelmwifoze. ara kolxebis, aramed kolxidis.

kolxidis cnebis qveS bevri raimes moazreba SeiZleba. maT Soris

mravali eTnosisa. marTalia sxvadasxva eTnosebze ara msjelobs

da ar asaxelebs. (rac araa rogor daasaxelebs) magram moazreba,

daSveba xom SeiZleb. Semdeg modis msjeloba, rom kolxidis sax-

elmwifoSi yvela kolxi araa. aq Teoriuli daSveba ukve realur

variantad ganixileba. miniSnebaa, rom kolxi mxolod erT-erTi

eTnosia. kolxebi erT eTnoss ki Seadgenen, magram mravali tomis

gaerTianebaa. aq unda vaRiaroT, rom kolxi SeiZleba ganvixiloT

farTe gagebiT-tomTa gaerTianeba, eTnosi da viwro gagebiT kolxi

tomi. es saSualebas iZleva saWiro SemTxvevaSi kolxi viwro gage-

biT eTnosad warmovidginoT da ramdenadac sxva tomebic cnobilia,

es tomebi ar SeiZleba kolxTa eTnoss ekuTvnodnen. da Tu tomi

da eTnosi igivea, sxva tomebi sxva eTnosebi yofilan. romeli

eTnosebia mxedvelobaSi? es ukve momavlis saqmea.

momavlis saqme ukve gakeTebuls organulad erwymis. pirveli,

visac z. anCabaZe originalurad ganixilavs, henioxebia. avtori ar

uaryofs, rom mkvlevarTa nawili henioxebad svanebs asaxelebs. d.

gulia henioxebs afxazTa winaprebad miiCnevda. s. janaSia henioxebs

megrel-lazTa winamorbedebad Tvlida. l. lavrovis azriT henioxi

eTnosis aRmniSvneli ki ar iyo, aramed tomTa gaerTianeba raRaca

niSniT. amasTan ver asaxelebda ra niSniT. n. kvezerel-kopaZe ar

gamoricxavda rom henioxebi tvirTis mzidavebi iyvnen. miT ufro

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savaraudod miaCnda es, rom henioxebi cxovrobdnen dRevandeli

aWaris da dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriebze. ra saerTo unda

hqonodaT maT?

interess iwvevs z. anCabaZis problemisadmi midgoma. zogjer

aqvs msjeloba henioxebze rogorc eTnikurad ara kolxebze,

zogjer henioxebi eTnikurobis gareSe moixseniebian da zogjer

kolxebis SemadgenlobaSic Sedian. nebismieri moazrovne adamiani

dasvams sakiTxs: sadaa WeSmariteba?

miuxedavad baton z. anCabaZisadmi piradi simpaTiebisa iZule-

buli var misi samecniero kvintesencia ar miviRo ganxilvis ga-

reSe. brZnuli daskvnaa: sxvisi debuleba maSin xdeba Seni, roca

mas kritikuli ganxilvis Semdeg miiReb.

rogor sjis z. anCabaZe henioxebis sakiTxs?

pirvel rigSi azustbs sakvlev problemas da aRniSnavs, rom

igi ar exeba samxreTSi macxovrebel henioxebs. mas mxoldo mo-

mavali afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxle henioxebi ainteresebs.

ratom henioxebis mxolod nawili, cxadi Semdeg xdeba. roca

Zveli avtorebi tomebs CamoTvlian calke asaxeleben henioxebs,

calke koraqsebs, kolebs da sxva. straboni miuTiTebs, rom

kolxebi henioxebis iqiT cxovroben. ptolemeusi pontos (Savi)

zRvis gayolebiT CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT asaxelebs: axeelebi,

kerketebi, henioxebi, svano-kolxebi. II s. avtori, dionise eg-

vipteli, axeelebs, kerketebs, henioxebs pelazgebad (sapelazgio-

dan gamosulebad) miiCnevs, xolo svano-kolxebs egviptidan wamo-

sulebad. IV s. avtori, fsevdo-orfei aRniSnavs, tomebs: kolxebs,

henioxebs, abaskebs. yoveli avtori miuTiTebs tomebis arsebobaze.

z. anCabaZe aqedan aseT daskvnas akeTebs: «Таким образом, по данным антических источников, гениохи представляли собой «племя» (или группу родсвенных племен), которые этнически не были колхами» (стр. 31). didebuli mignebaa. jer henioxebs

miiCnevs calke tomad an tomTa gaerTianebad, mere maT saerTod

Camoacilebs samxreTSi macxovrebel henioxebs (radgan ara aqvs

maTi aseTi arsebobis ganmarteba), Semdeg ki askvnis, rom ze-

viT dasaxelebuli (straboni, ptolemeusi da sxva) avtorebis

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mixedviT eTnikurad gansxvavdebian kolxebisagan. da ara mxolod

kolxebisagan. z. anCabaZe ganagrZobs: `Вместо тем, как видно из тех же материалов, этнически они отличались и от абазгов, зихов и ахейцев» (стр. 31). samwuxaroa, rom ase Taviseburad epyrobian antikuri periodis avtorTa gamonaTqvamebs. sxvanairad

ver aixsneba am SemTxvevaSi zixebis (jiqebis) da abazgebis xseneba.

yvelafers garda xom unda gansxvavdebodes tomebis CamoTvla

eTnosebis CamoTvlisagan.

henioxebi tomia Tu mosaqmeobis an religiurobis aRmniSvneli

termini, jer es unda garkveuliyo. arc imis ugulvebelyofa

SeiZleboda, rom henioxebi saxlobdnen Tanamedrove aWaris da

Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriebze, maT Soris ki sxva tomTa

simravle iyo. am faqts, xom axsna sWirdeba.

istoriulad cnobilia, rom tomebi zogjer gaiyofodnen da

nawili migrirebda ukeTesi cxovrebis surviliT. adgili hqonda

iZulebiT gadaadgilebasac. ukve iyo msjeloba kavkonebis (kavka-

sis monaTesave) yofnaze balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze (ulumbos

mTis ferdobebze), mcire aziaSi da kavkasionis midamoebSi.

egeb henioxebic ase iyofodnen? egeba henioxoba tomis saxeli ki

ar iyo, aramed religiuroba mraval tomTa? gana qaldeveloba

(xaldeveloba) mraval eTnoss ar moicavda?

jer gavixsenoT: igive fsevdo skilaqsi, henioxebs, xalxTa

sxvaobas uwodebs, plinius sekundi ki henioxTa mravalsaxeliano-

baze miuTiTebs. ras niSnavs es? xom araa saubari ara erT tomze

an erT eTnosze aramed rwmeniT (religiurobiT) gaerTianebul

tomebze? sapelazgoSi (maTgan Zvel saberZneTSi) swamdaT, rom

heliosi (mzis RmerTi) cecxlovani etliT zecaSi mimavali ka-

vkasionis mwvervalebidan (kavkonTa mTebidan) amodis. aqedanve

amcnobs misi umcrosi da eosi Zmis moaxloebas, aisis dadgomas. T.

mibCuanma aseT mixvedras safuZveli mouZebna, roca ganmarta, rom

svanebi cecxlis elvarebas-helios uwodeben. heliodan, helio-

sidan, cecxlis moxmarebis kulti xom ar ikveTeba? helioxebi,

henioxebi xom ar arian is tomi an tomebi romlebmac cecxlis

kulti aRiares da RmerTi heliosi kacobriobas aCuqes? II s.

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avtori dionise egvipteli ratom uwodebda henioxebs pelazgiis

miwis Svilebs? ratom iTvleboda legendaruli aietis zeciur

mamad heliosi? xom ar arian promeTe da heliosi kavkasionis

mxridan sapelazgoSi wasuli RmerTebi? xom cnobilia, rom olim-

pos RmerTTa panTeonis didi nawili mcire aziidan da kunZule-

bidan iyvnen misulni sapelazgoSi. Tavad promeTem `mosxos~ mTis

wveridan gaitaca cecxli da adamianebs misi moxmareba aswavla.

da bolos, roca sapelazgoSi mesame Taobis RmerTebma gaimarjves

mexTamtyorcni zevsis meTaurobiT da olimpos (ulumbos) mTis

wverze daides bina, iq arc promeTe da arc heliosi ar miuwve-

viaT. promeTe kavkasions miajaWves, heliosi ki kvlav kavkasionis

mwvervalebidan amodioda yovel dRe Tavisi cecxlovani etliT.

ismis logikuri kiTxva: pelazgebma ratom daukavSires es ori

titani kavkasions? Tu kvlav gavixsenebT, rom kavkonebis (kavkaso-

sis monaTesave tomebis) arseboba dafiqsirebulia aq, kavkasiaSi,

mcire aziasa da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze; Tu gavixsenebT,

rom henioxebi cxovrobdnen kavkasionTan , samxreTSi (mcire aziis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi) da, rom maT sapelazgios miwis Svilebs

uwodebdnen, maSin Tundac mcire sicxade moefineba am sakiTxs.

henioxebis raobis sakiTxic axleburad unda iqnas gaSuqebuli.

es mcire gadaxveva z. anCabaZis mier henioxTa nawilis ugulve-

belyofam gamoiwvia. Tavad avtori ki sasurvel mizans aRwevs imiT,

rom cdilobs daamkvidros azri, TiTqos afxazeTi yovelTvis iyo,

yovelTvis afxazeTi ewodeboda, moicavda Zalze did teritorias

da kolxeTs mxoldo emezobleboda. igi ase ganagrZobs msjelo-

bas: «Кроме гениохов, кораксов и колов, как выше указывалось, на территории Абхазии того времени локализуются и другие «племена» - ахейцы, меланхлены, гелони и др. (стр. 32). da radgan afxazeTi mudam iyo, unda vivarau- doT, rom iq mxolod Taname-

drove an axali afxazebiT winaprebi saxlobdnen. am SemTxvevaSi

iq macxovrebeli tomebis svanoba an kolxoba unda gamoiricxos.

sxvanairad Znelia aseTi naTqvamis gageba: «...Можно пологать, что эти племена относились к абхазо- адыгской этнической общности» (стр. 33).

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raki `daamtkica~ z. anCabaZem henioxebis, koraqsebis, kolebis

da sxvaTa afxaz-adiReveloba, raRa SeuSlida xels, rom sinde-

bi, kimerielebi, kerketebi, jiqebi pelazgiuri warmomavlobis

tomebad gamoecxadebina da kolxebisagan (ara kolxi tomisagan),

rogorc eTnosisagan gaecalkevebina. misi azriT kolxebi egvip-

tidan gamosulebia afxaz-adiRevelebi ki sapelazgodan (balka-

neTis naxevarkunZulidan). rogoria? misi winamorbedi d. gulia,

rom afxazebs egviptelebad miiCnevda da ver daasabuTa. bolos

xom aRiara Zveli afxazebi qarTvelebi ariano. z. anCabaZes ra

eqna? da ai gamosavali: egviptidan kolxebi arian wamosulebi.

afxaz-adiRevelebi, maTTan kimerielebi sapelazgodan (balkaneTis

naxevarkunZulidan), Zveli saberZneTidan arian mobrZanebulebio.

ara mxoldo mobrZanebulebi, aramed axal, maRal safexurze

ganviTarebisa abrZanebulebi. ai, misi mtkiceba: « В античную эпоху материальная и духовная культура населения Абхазии поднимается на новую, ещё более высокую ступень» (стр. 33).es ayvavebuli, axal safexurze asuli afxazeTi Zv. w. a. II

saukunidan iwyebs dakninebas. saqme iqamde mivida henioxebma q.

pitiunti (biWvinTa) gaZarcves. xo, magram xom daamtkica, rom

henioxebi afxaz-adiReuri warmomavlobis tomia da Tan im terito-

riaze macxovrebeli. rogor gavigoT: henioxebma sakuTari qalaqi

gaZarcves Tu es sxva henioxebia romlebic maRal safexurze asul

afxazeTs esxmian Tavs? saZaglebi.

avtoris msjelobiT, SeiZleba Tavdamsxmelebi `henioxebis

tomTa gaerTianebis~ is nawilia, romelic sanigebis saxeliT

moixsenieba. sanigi da henioxi xom ̀ eTnonimebia~. da raki henioxebi

afxaz-adiRevelebi arian, maS, sanigebic adiRevelebi yofilan.

kerZod ki jiqeb-sadzebi (sagebi). tyuilad fiqroben qarTveli

avtorebi (da ara mxoldo isini), rom sanigebi svanuri tomiao.

amasTan Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba gagra-soWis regionis to-

ponimika, romelic `mxolod afxazur-adiReuria~, sanigebis ara

adiReuroba unda gamoiricxos. xo da, raki henioxebi da sanigebi

adiRevelebia, maS maTi soxumamde mosaxleoba sruliad kanonzo-

mieria.

145


rac SeexebaT afSilebs da abazgebs, maTze sxvanairi msjelo-

bac ki mkrexelobaa. isini Tanamedrove afxazi xalxis `uSualo

winaprebi~ iyvnen. e. i. adiReuri warmomavlobis tomebi. am Sem-

TxvevaSi win ra daudgeboda avtors, romelmac `warmatebiT~

daamtkica henioxebisa da sanigebis adiReveloba da absil (afSil),

abazgebs miadga. Sedegi winaswar ̀ cnobili~ iyo da arc Secvlila.

afSil-abazgebic adiReuri tomebia.

bolos ki saerTo daskvna: «Таким образом, основную часть населения античной Абхазии составляли этнические общиности абхазо-адыгского происхождения.» (стр. 39).ra mniSvneloba aqvs rodis xdebian cnobilni esa Tu is tomebi,

rodis yalibdeba afxazeTi, ra eTnikur Tu tomobriv cvlile-

bebs ganicdis, mTavaria, rogori unda rom dainaxos avtorma maTi

warsuli.

batoni z. anCabaZis kvlevis Sedegis SedarebiT farTe ganx-

ilva Tavad avtoris didma avtoritetma ganapiroba. man daasamara

afxazebis egviptidan amosvlis koncefcia, man Secvala afxazebis

istoriuli ganviTarebis Zveli istoria, man gansazRvra afxaz

(da ara mxolod) mkvlevarTa saqmianobis momavali xasiaTi. mas-

Tan SedarebiT sxva Zveli da misi etapis mkvlevarebi SedarebiT

uferuldebian.

pirvel rigSi es Zvel (gardasul droTa) mkvlevarebs Seexeba.

cnobili dimitri gulia naxevrad mainc SeSinebul (qarTvelebis

mier) moRalated cxaddeba, roca Zvel afxazTa qarTul (gnebavT

kolxur, magram ara adiReur) warmomavlobaze msjelobs. cxonebul

simon basarias gamonaTqvamebi fass kargaven. miT ufro rom misi

rCeuli Txzulebebis krebuli marTlac zomieri mkvlevaris giorgi

ZiZarias mieraa gasalaSinebuli. batoni giorgi aleqsis Ze ki, misi

vaJis gudisas aRiarebiT, ufro imaze swuxda, rom misi gvaridan

qarTuli Ziri ver amoagdo. Zaria, saria _ megruli (qarTuli)

gvarebia. axla Tu ZiZas davumatebT _ sadRaa maTi adiReveloba

da a. S. da mainc s. basaria msjelobs afxazTa did progresze

VI-IX saukuneebSi da samarTlianadac amayobs im warmatebebiT.

mxolod erTia: roca ambobs afxazeTis skolebiT, monastrebiT,

146


sulieri kulturis ZeglebiT `mofenaze~, ar azustebs ra enaze,

romeli damwer- lobiT da a. S. sargeblobdnen afxazebi. es

sakiTxebi mxolod mkvlevarTa mesame Taobam `daazusta~, z. anCa-

baZis mier Cayril safuZvelze. s. basaria gadmogvcems afxazebis

mier gancdil istorias Turqebis 400-wliani batonobis pirobebSi

da im Seviwroebas rac ruseTis gabatonebas mohyva. masobrivi ga-

dasaxlebebi TurqeTSi. xazs usvams axali afxazuri da abazinuri

enebis gaucxoebis faqts. da es maSin, roca TurqeTSi wasulma

afxazebma enac SeinarCunes da warmomavlobis cnobierebac. s.

basaria wers: «Кумско-Лоовские абазины причисляют себя к племени «Тапанта...» (стр. 87).CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mosaxle abazinebma isic ar ician rodis,

ra mizeziT, romeli soflebidan gadasaxlebulan. gaugiaT, rom

afxazeTidan wasulan magram «Марух-Чарух» gamoTqmis meti araferi axsovT. `marux-Caruxis~ ZaxiliT ki abazinTa afxazoba

ver damtkicdeba. baton simonis TqmiT, aravin icis ra mizeziT

wavidnen afxazeTidan CrdiloeTSi, romeli tomebi iyvnen, saidan

da yvela axsna xSirad mcdari mkiTxaobaa (gv. 93). utyuari mx-

olod isaa, rom CrdiloeTiT pirveli gadasvla moxda XVII s.

bolos. (da ara XIII s., rogorc es rus mkvlevarebs warmoud-

geniaT). isic ucnobia romeli tomebi wavidnen CrdiloeTSi,

magram cnobilia, rom: «Далее, имеются исторические сведения, что нашествие монголов заставило обитавшие в верховьях и по берегам Кубани племена перейти на южную покатость своих гор и что в этот период в Абхазию пересилось много кабардинцев и абадзехов...» (стр. 94). ufro meti, avtori agrZelebs ra msjelo-

bas, ambobs: «Среди нашего абхазского населения... существуют разные мнения: есть даже, которые утверждают, что абазины всегда жили на С. Кавказе, и что, наоборот, мы, абазины, от туда перекочевали сюда.» (стр. 95).eTnosTa Soris urTierToba yovelTvis arsebobda. iyo omebi,

iyo mezobloba, mcire migraciebi, Sereuli mosaxleoba da a.S. aris

istoriuli faqtebi XV s. afxazeTis samTavros Seqmnis Tu aRdgena

– aRorZinebis Semdeg SarvaSiZeebis (mTavrebis) mier CrdiloeT

147


kavkasionidan meomrebis gadamoyvanis Sesaxeb, raTa odiSis mTavar

dadianisagan Tavi daecvaT da maT xarjze mamuli gaefarTovebinaT.

CamosulTa daxmarebiT afxazeTis samTavro TandaTan gafarTovda

da md. engurs miaRwia. Seiqmna e.w. buferuli zona samurzayanos

saxeliT. CrdiloeT kavkasionidan gadmosaxlebulebi (ZiriTadad

mesaqonleebi da monadireni) yovelTvis ver eguebodnen miwaTmoqmed

cxovrebas da adgili hqonda maTi nawilis ukan, mSobliur keraze

dabrunebas. swored amis Sesaxeb swers s. basaria, roca aRniSnavs: «Сказание о переселении абхазов из некоторых сел Самурзаканы в связи с небывалой засухы существует и в Поквешской общине» (стр. 97). aseTi gadasaxlebani SesaZlebelic iyo da arc gasakviri.

ufro meti, avtori ar gamoricxavs, rom abxazuri (axali) tomebi

yovelTvis cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi (gv. 98) aseTsave

migraciul procesebze miuTiTebda f. krasilnikovi Tavis naSromSi «Кавказ и его обители, М. 1919, стр. 53-55.afxazebis istoriuli warsuli z. anCabaZis mier myar, axlebu-

rad gaazrebul safuZvelze iqna warmoCenili. es ar niSnavs, rom

ara rCeboda saeWvo, ganuxilveli da axleburad gansaxilveli

sakiTxebi. sxva Tu araferi, kavkasielebis anTropologiuri

tipologiis sakiTxebi bevr saWoWmano kiTxvebs badebda da maTi

axsna aucilebeli iyo.

roca anTropologebi kavkasiis mosaxle eTnosebis tipolo-

gias swavlobdnen, oTxi tipi gamoikveTa. maT Soris pontos tipi.

ukve iTqva, rom am tips adiReuri warmomavlobis tomebis garda

dasavleT saqarTvelos garkveuli mosaxleobac ganekuTvneba. ara

mTlianad mosaxleoba, aramed nawili. vin?

pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom kavkasielTa anTropolo-

giuri Seswavla araa sruli. meore, araa azrTa sruli erToba

ama Tu im tipisadmi ama Tu im tomis kuTvnilebis sakiTxSi. es

niSnavs, rom sakamaTo-samsjelo bevria da saboloo daskvna moma-

valma mkvlevarebma unda Seasrulon, ara mxolod arsebuli, ar-

amed momavalSi miRebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT. kerZod, saWiroa

(es azri meordeba) kavkasionelTa genogeografiuli ruqis Sed-

gena. Sesabamisad, dRes-dReobiT SeiZleba sakiTxs ise Sexedo,

148


rogorc meqoTne qoTnis yuris SerCevisas. anu, Tu mkvlevarTa

nawili anTropologiurad afxazebs megrel-aWarlebs miakuTvnebs,

baton Salva inal-ifas TqmiT, es SeiZleba imis Sedegi iyos,

rom adiReuri tomebi adreul periodSi dasavleT saqarTvelos

teritoriaze saxlobdnen da maTi kvali darCa. ai, ras brZanebs

afxaz mkvlevarTa meore avtoriteti batoni Salva. (Ш. Инал-ипа. Вопросы этно-культурной истории Абхазии, Сухум, 1976): Если же исходить... из более реальных историко-этнографических, языковых и других факторов, то может оказаться, что в основе очевидно бесспорного антропологического сходства абхазов с мегрелами и аджарцами лежат не картвелский пласт в этногенезе абхазов, а, наоборот, древнейший абхазский (абхазо-авыгский) этнический субстрат на территории современной Западной Грузии (стр. 105).Teoriulad marTebuli msjelobaa, aseTi daSveba SeiZleba.

magram saWiro iqneba bevri raimes utyuari dadastureba da bevris

ukugdeba. saxeldobr: 1. ramdenad dadasturebulia mcire aziis

arealSi adiReuri da afxazuri tomebis yofna? saxelwodebaTa ms-

gavseba (qaSqi-qaSagi, abeSla-afSili) ar niSnavs sakiTxis garkvevas.

es SeiZleba mxolod varaudi iyos. miT ufro, rom isic sakiTxavia,

ramdenad zustadaa gaSifruli Zveli teqsti;

2. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze ramdenime toponimis

daboloebis msgavseba adiReur metyvelebasTan Tu iq adiRevelebis

cxovrebis dadasturebad iqna miCneuli, maSin egeba isic dadas-

turebulad CaTvalon, rom Tbilisi rusebma daaarses, Tbilisi-

Tbili rusulad Tbilad (теопли) iTargmneba, xolo moskovi

megrelebis daarsebuli iqneba ̀ mo squa~. davijeroT? Tavis droze

aseTi saxelwodebebis Sesaxeb farTed imsjela sulmnaTma pavle

ingoroyvam (`giorgi merCule~ Tb. 1954). mis mier gakeTebuli ko-

mentarebis ganmeoreba, sakiTxis gagebas met sicxades ver Sematebs.

baton Salva inal-ifas marTebulad aqvs miTiTebuli, rom

anTropologebs Soris araa azrTa erToba kavkasielTa tipebis

gansazRvris sakiTxSi. TviT iseTi didi avtoriteti, rogoricaa

v. p. aleqseevi, misi azriT ar unda iyos zusti, roca afxa-

149


zebs, aWarlebs miakuTvnebs pontour tips da masSi Cerqezebisa

da yabardoelebis kuTvnilebas gamoricxavs. ai yuradRebas raze

amaxvilebs aleqseevi, miuTiTebs, rom anTropologiurad Tumca

SeiniSneba afxazebis axlobloba adiRevelebTan, magram es meo-

radi, gvian Seqmnili unda iyos, afxazebs ufro mWidro er-

Toba aqvT qarTvelebTan. «Антропологические данные как будто свидетельствуют об исторических связах абхазов в большей мере с грузинским миром, чем с адыгским. В хождение абхазов в состав народов адыгской языковой семьи осуществилось поздно и, во всяком случае, представляет собой вторичное явление в их этнической истории» (стр.194. В. П. Алексеев. происхождение народов Кавказа. М. 1974). swored aseTi daskvna arTulebs

sakiTxis saWiro mimarTebiT ganxilvas batoni SalvasaTvis. batoni

Salva aseve miuTiTebs m. abduSeliSvilis daskvnaze, rom Tavad

afxazebic ar arian anTropologiurad erTtipiurebi. kerZod

gudauTis afxazebi oCamCire-gagris afxazebisagan gansxvavdebian.

Zveli propagandisturi meTodia: mkiTxvels, mosaubres ZiriTa-

dad simarTle unda miawodo da Tu mcire sicrues gaurev, es

ileTi SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes. raRac amdagvari gamouvida

baton Salvas roca naSromis 111 gverdze, Semogvapara asureTis

mrisxane mefe tiglatpilasaris Zv. w. a. 1112 w. gakeTebuli

warweris ganxilva. asureTma bevri qveyana daxarka, maT Soris

iyo kolxeTis (kilxis) mxare. kilxis Sesatyvisad naSromSi ̀ muSa

hipoTezad~ baton Salvas ganxiluli aqvs: xabxi, xapxi, abxaz-i.

ra moxda? qveyana daiqca? avtorma ubralod gamoTqva azri, xom

ar SeiZleba asurul warweraSi afxazi igulisxmebodeso. mere ra,

rom sityva afxazi im periodidan 1500 wlis Semdeg gaiJRerebs.

arc imiT gadabrunebula qveyana, rom baton Salvas dak-

virvebiT sinupedan moyolebuli afxazeTis CaTvliT da ufro

CrdiloeTiT (es ki arsebiTia) Turme xaTebis, qaSqebis, abeSlebis

tomebs ucxovriaT. didi ambavi Tu avtoris dakvirvebiT mcodne

mkiTxveli gakvirdeba. ra, aramcodneni ufro metni ar arian? xo da

gaigon am aRmoCenis Sesaxeb. arc erTs ar awyens imis damaxsovreba,

rom leonti mrovelis mier egrosis wil qveynad dasaxelebul

150


teritoriaze Zv. w. a. III-II aTaswleulebSi afxaz- adiRevelebs

ucxovriaT. egeba Targamosis Ze egrosic adiReveli iyo? sxva-

nairad gafiqrebac ki mkrexelobaa avtorisaTvis, romelic ase

moZRvravs sakuTar xalxs: ar-afxazurad simravles niSnavs. ager

samxreTSi cxovrobda tomi tibarenebis. raki ̀ ar~ urevia saxelSi

is afxazuria. diax, kaskebis (qaSqebis) tomTa gaerTianebaSi (anu

afxazebis) tibarenebi Sediodnen (gv. 127). da a.S. mravali mar-

galiti. (asea, roca inaliSvili, Zveli afxazi Tavadi, inal-ifa

da axali afxazi xdeba).

avtors arc sxva avtorebis damowmeba aviwydeba. Tavis droze

cnobilma g. meliqiSvilma gamoTqva azri xeTuri enis dasavleT

kavkasiur enebTan siaxlovis Sesaxeb. gana es adiReur-afxazurTan

genetikur erTobas niSnavs? Tu axloblobazea msjeloba es ufro

svanurs Seesatyvireba. arc sayovelTaod gaxmaurebuli (`mecni-

eruli aRmoCenebis~ gamo) g. turCaninovia daviwyebuli. xumroba

saqme? es didi mezRapre xom amtkicebda, rom msoflioSi pirveli

asoTi damwerloba afxazebma Seqmnes, Semdeg is, yofil finikiaSi

q. bibl-Si daamkvidres, daaxloebiT Zv. w. a. 2000-1800 wlebs

Soris. aqedan gavrcelda mTel msoflioSi asoTi damwerloba (Г. Ф. Турчанинов, Памятники письма и языки народов Кавказа и восточной Европы. Л.1971. стр. 115). samwuxarod Tavad afxazebma ver SeinarCunes es didi monapovari. magram amaSi xom damnaSaveni

qarTvelebi arian? rogoria?

batoni Salva ar iviwyebs afxazebis warmomavlobis arc erT

variants, arc egviptelobas, arc arabobas. TviT mosinikebsac

ki. Turme, «(кроме близости племнных названий «моссиники» и «саниг») (стр.177), cxovrebis niSnebiTac hgvanebian es tomebi erTi meores. rac Seexeba ̀ sanigebis~ adiRe-afxazobas, es xom jer

kidev batonma z. anCabaZem ̀ daamtkica~. mere ra, rom zog mkvlevaTa

azriT henioxebi da sanigebi laz-megrel tomebadaa miCneuli, zogis

azriT svanebad. mTavaria, rom avtors «... именно абхазское их происхождение предстовляется наиболее беспорным» (стр.184). Tu henioxebi svanebia, acxadebs batoni Salva, «(...почему гениохи-сваны, живя здесь с древнейших времен и до начала н. э., не

151

kavkasionTa eTnogenezi aleqsandre axatneliоставили, можно сказать, никаких следов в местной топонимике?» (стр. 185). diax, `did mecniers~ uneblied gamorCa is faqti, rom

naSroms qmnida da gamoscemda qalaqSi, romlis saxelwodeba (cxumi,

soxumi) swored svanuridan modis.

XX s. 60-iani wlebidan yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, dRevandel

ruseTSi da sakuTriv axal afxazeTSi amave periodisa, imdeni

iTqva da daiwera afxazebis adiRevelobaze, rom ara Tu analizi,

CamoTvlac naSromebisa Zalze rTul saqmes da rac mTavaria, am

SemTxvevisaTvis sruliad zedmet Sromas warmoadgens. avtori iyo

ra monawile im maRalstatusiani jgufisa, romelic specialurad

swavlobda mSromelTa `internacionaluri aRzrdis~ mdgomareobas

afxazeTSi, iyo TiTqmis yvela sofelSi xeivnidan moyolebuli

(sof xeivani mdebareobs afxazeTisa da ruseTis sazvarTan), TiTq-

mis yvela qarxana – fabrikaSi, umaRles da saSualo saswavle-

blebSi, partiul-sameurneo da Sss organizaciebSi da sakmaod

kargad gaerkva iq Seqmnil viTarebaSi. Tavidanve cxadi iyo, rom

afxazeTSi mzaddeboda iseTive afeTqeba erovnuli urTierTobis

xaziT, rogoric manamde moawyes osebs da inguSebs Soris,xolo

oriode wlis Semdeg yarabaRSi (ufro zustad azerbaijan –somx-

eTs Soris, Sua aziaSi (ferganis tragedia) da gansakuTrebuli

mondomebiT saqarTveloSi. amitom Sesabamisi literaturis analizs

azri ekargeba. saWiroa mxolod mokle Sefaseba, rusi da afxazi

mkvlevarebis `mecnieruli Sedegebia: 1. kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT

macxovrebeli eTnosebi anTropologiurad or tips kavkasiurs da

pontos tips ganekuTvnebian: 2. pontos tips ganekuTvnebian adiReuri

warmomavlobis eTnosebi da dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

nawili. ramdenadac kvlevebi mimdinareobda sabWoTa kavSiris ar-

sebobis dros, gasagebia, dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ara

zustdeboda, ar iTqmeboda, afxazeTi an afxazeTis mosaxleobis is

nawili, romelsac rusuli wyaroebi abazinebs uwodebdnen da mx-

olod XIX s. qarTvelebis gavleniT uwodes afxazebi; 3. enobrivad

adiRevel-am axal afxazebs iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa didi ojaxis

calke jgufad ganixilaven, magram sabolo daskvnis gakeTebamde unda

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gairkves: Targamosia- nelTa romel Stos ganekuTvnebian isini. sxva

mxriv gaugebaria: iranul-enovani osebi, Turqul-enovani yaraCael-

balyarebi anTro- pologiurad kavkasiuri tipis eTnosebSi Sedian,

xolo enobrivad kavksiuri ojaxis wevrebi anTropologiurad

calke tips qmnian. ratom da rogor? istoriulad Targamosianeli

lekosisa da kavkasosis monaTesave tomebs ekavaT CrdiloeTi mxare.

maTgan kavkasis monaTesave tomebs Crdilo da dasavleTi nawili,

sadac dadasturebulia vainaxTa, (CeCen-inguSTa), dvalTa da wanarTa

yofna. Tu adiRevelebi Targamosianelebia, maSin isini kvakasosis

monaTesave tomebSi unda Sevidnen da anTropologiuradac am tips

unda ganekuTvnebodnen. winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi, asaxsnelia ratom

SeiZines osebma, yaraCalebma, balyarebma kavkasielobis niSani da

rogor dakarges is adiRevelebma (yabardoel, Cerqezebi, abazin,

afxazebma). afxazebTan mimarTebaSi araa sakmarisi baton g. anCabaZis

debuleba, rom XIX saukunemde pontos tipis afxazebs abazinebi

ewodebodaT da aseTnic iyvnen da mxolod XIX-XX ss. ganmtkicda

maTi afxazuri saxeli da isic qarTvelebis gavleniT. (g. anCabaZe.

qarTvelebi da afxazebi. istoria da Tanamedroveoba. Tb. 2009 w.).

XXI s. aseTi mdgomareoba, kidev erTxel adasturebs ara

mxolod enobriv-lingvisturi an anTropologiuri, aramed ge-

netikuri Seswavlis auciloblobasac. (kvlevis sxva meTodebi,

SeiZleba ufro utyuari momavlis saqmea).

sakiTxis garkvevaSi odnavi sicxadis Setanis mizniT, raki

(Tundac sqematurad) gavecaniT ruseTisa da afxazeTis mkvlev-

arTa nawilis pozicias, aseve mokled gavixsenoT qarTvel (da

ara mxolod) mkvlevarTa debulebebic.

uZvelesi periodis kavkasielebis Sesaxeb cnobas `biblia~

iZleva. masSi dasaxelebuli Tubal-kaeni (miwaTmoqmedi da meta-

lurgi), SemdegSi iafetis Zed wodebuli Tubali, asurelTa

mZlavri mowinaaRmdege tabalia, romlis saxelic droTa viTare-

baSi iberad iqca. amis Sesaxeb garkveviT swerda ioseb flaviosi.

`biblia~ TubalTan erTad asaxelebs meSexs. meSexi asurelebis

mixedviT muSqi-muskia, romelic imave flaviosis mowmobiT kapa-

dokielTa winaparia. dasawyisSive iyo msjeloba Tubal-meSexze da

153


ganmeoreba zedmetia. mxolod erTi. `biblia~ iZleva warRvnamdel

da warRnisSemdeg periodebs. sxva eTnarqebi, romelTagan SeiZleba

afxazebi warmomdgariyvnen iq dasaxelebuli ar aris. istoriulad

ufro gvian periods mxolod `qarTlis cxovreba~ aRwers. le-

onti mroveli, Targamosisa da mis memkvidreTa samflobeloebis

aRwerisas uSualod exeba im teritorias sadac iyo Zveli anu

vrceli afxazeTi da aris Tanamedrove anu Sekvecili afxazeTi.

mrovelis mier TargamosianelTa Soris samflobeloebis gayofa,

erTi daangariSebiT Zv. w. a. III aTaswleuls miewereba, meore

daangariSebiT Zv. w. a. V aTaswleuls. imis mixedviT Tu rogor

viangariSebT Targamosidan zeviT noemde TaobaTa asaks.

Targamosis rva Zes Soris gaiyo samflobelo. ufro zus-

tad eqvs Zes Soris, radgan or maTgans lekoss da kavkasoss

CrdiloeTSi dausaxlebeli mxare unda aeTvisebinaT. vrceli da

Semcirebuli afxazeTic egrosis kuTvnil samflobeloSi xvdeba.

leonti mroveli kargad icnobda afxazeTs, icoda misi warsuli,

magram roca aRwera egrosis samflobelos sazRvrebi: dasavle-

TiT Savi (speris, pontos) zRva, samxreTiT qarT-osis kuTvnili

mamuli, aRmosavleTiT aseve qarTosis miwebi gayofili lixis

(Rados) mTiT, CrdiloeTiT md. mcire xazareTisa (md. yubani), ar

uxsenebia afxazeTi dedaqalaqiT egri, bedia, Tu lixni. mroveli

axsenebs egriselebs, magram ar akonkretebs vin, romeli tomebi

igulisxmebian Sig. mxolod sxva adgilas gamoikveTeba megrelebi

da svanebi. isac Zv. w. a. IV s. movlenasTan dakavSirebiT. ratom

ar asaxelebs mroveli afxazebs? afxazi mkvlevarebi xom amt-

kiceben Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulSi mis arsebobas? logikuri axsna

erTia: im dros Zv. w. a. V an III aTaswleulSi egrosis monaTe-

save tomebi jer kidev inarCunebdnen erTobas. jer kidev ar iyo

svanuri gamoyofili egrosuls (megruls).egrosuli iyo saerTo

ena megrelebisa, momavali afxazebisa da svanebisa, sadac svanuri

ukve calke enad yalibdeboda.

hqondaT am tomebs saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli. Tu verw-

munebiT homeross da mis Semdgom avtorebs, aia-kolxeTia maTi

samSoblo.

154


legendaruli mefe aieti erTdroulad balkaneTs naxevarkun-

Zulze korinTos qalaq-saxelmwifosa da aia-kolxeTis mefea.

mterTagan Zleuli igi korinTos stovebs da aia-kolxeTis mZlavr

samefos qmnis. aq stumroben mas argonavtebi, aqedan miaqvT oqros

sawmisi da mihyavT misi qaliSvili medea. es ambebi ukve Zveli w.

a. II aTaswleulis kuTvnilebaa. zusti TariRi ki ara saukunec

dasadgenia. savaraudod Zv. w. a. XVI s. am dros svanuri da me-

gruli ukve calke enebia, magram SeiZleba sabolood daSorebuli

ara, SeiZleba Sereuli mosaxleobiTac. calkeuli mkvlevarebi

gamoTqvamen sayuradRebo mosazrebebs, rac sabolo daskvnad ver

CaiTvleba. kerZod, T. mibCuani yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze,

rom svanebSi aia-miwis RmerTad iyo miCneuli. aqedan aia-kolxeTi

xom ar momdinareobs? da ra teritorias moicavda aia-kolxeTi?

Sedioda mis SemadgenlobaSi gvian afxazeTad wodebuli teri-

toria iq macxovrebeli tomebiT Tu ara?

aia-kolxeTis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvaobaa mkvlevarebs Soris.

Tavad aietis Sesaxebac araa erTsulovneba. erTi mosazrebiT is

kolxi-megreli unda iyos, meore azriT-svani, aris mosazreba misi

afxazobis Sesaxeb, egeb lazi? yvela am variants Tanabari ufleba

aqvs arsebobisa, radgan im dros ar iyo mkveTri dayofa maT So-

ris. SeiZleba iyo dialeqti, romlisganac Semdeg Zvel kolxuri

– afxazuri ena Camoyalibda. iyo zanuri Tu lazuri, romelsac

Semdeg megruli ena ewoda. aseve iyo svanuri calke, magram mWidro

kavSirSi megrulTan. Tavad kolxuri-egruli (da ara megruli)

ueWvelad iqneboda korinTulis (pelazguris) da egrulis sinTezis

Sedegi. Tavad kolxuri ra kavSirSia korinTul-korinxulTan?

ra urTierTmimarTebaa balkaneTSi pelazgebsa (pelazgursa) da

kavkasiasa da mcire aziaSi lazebs, lazgebs, egroselebs Soris?

ratomaa, rom mravali wyaro miuTiTebs pelazgebisa da kavka-

sionelebs Soris mWidro urTierTobaze? ukve iyo naTqvami, rom

ara mxolod egrosis samflobeloSi macxovreblebi iTvlebodnen

pelazgebad, aramed iberebi da albanelebic.

karga xnis win gamoiTqva mosazreba kavkonebisa da heliosebis

(henioxebis) tomTa nawilis kavkasiidan mcire aziis gavliT

155


balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze migrirebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.

zeviTac iyo amaze naTqvami. T. mibCuani praqtikulad igive azrs

emxroboda, rodesac svaneTSi-heli-os Sesaxeb msjelobda. Tu

svanurad cecxlis elvarebas helio ewodeba, SeiZleba Tu ara imis

daSveba, rom im dronis kvalobaze iyo cecxlis kulti, misdami

damokidebulebis, misi gaRmerTebis ritualebiT da warmodgenebiT.

mze, rogorc cecxlis gamonaSuqi, helio SeiZleboda Tu ara,

rom gaeRmerTebinaT da masze SeeqmnaT warmodgena, romelic he-

liosTanaa dakavSirebuli? Tu sparsebSi cecxlTayvanismcemloba

musulmanobis gavrcelebamde iyo gabatonebuli, egrosis kuTvnil

samflobeloSi ori-sami aTasi wliT adre rom yofiliyo, gasak-

virvelia? ra Tqma unda ara.

mzis RmerTi heliosi iyo aia-kolxeTis mefis aietis RvTiuri

mama (ukve iyo amaze msjeloba). rogor moxda rom igi erTdroulad

korinTos da kolxeTis mflobeli iyo? aris varaudi, rom misi

miwieri mama mermero da papa ili legendaruli dardanis (korinTos

mefis) Camomavali, dardanidebis dinastiis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.

mamis xaziT miiRo korinTos mefoba aietma, magram ver SeinarCuna

da aia-kolxeTSi gadmosaxlda. logikuria azri, rom mefes Tan

Zalze bevri gamohyveboda. aq xom ar moxda aias macxovrebelTa

Sereva, gaerTianeba korinTelebTan (korinxel kolxebTan)? am

niadagze xom ar gaCnda axali mosaxleoba kolxebisa, romelic

aerTianebda pelazgebs lazebTan? varaudi bevri raimesi SeiZleba.

maT Soris imisac, rom aia-kolxeTSi wamyvani elementi iyo enebad

Tu dialeqtebad dayofili svanuri, lazur-zanuri elementebi an

sulac maTi saboloo gaumijnavi mosaxleoba, sadac erT nawils

gvian afxazeTad wodebul teritoriaze macxovrebeli egrosis

monaTesave tomebi Seadgendnen. am tomebs SeiZleba hqondaT Ta-

visi dialeqti, magram genetikur- fsiqikurad iseTive egroselebi

iyvnen, iseTive aia-kolxebi iyvnen, rogorc svanebi, megreleb-laz-

zanebi. calkeul tomebad dayofa maTSi iyo, magram im dronis

tomTa saxelebi istoriam ar Semogvinaxa. kolxeTis saxelwode-

bac cnobilia mrisxane tiglatpilesar I (1115-1077 w. Z. w. a.)

156


warweridan. asureTis batoni gvamcnobs kolxeTis Sesaxeb, magram

ar akonkretebs egrosis naTesavi tomebi hyavs an samflobelos

romeli nawili, mxedvelobaSi. magram rasac brZanebs, sakmarisia

virwmunoT kolxeTis (SeiZleba aia-kolxeTis) realuri arseboba.

istoriulad cnobili faqtia, rom Zv. w. a. VIII-VII ss. wina

azias CrdiloeTidan wamosulma kimerielebma gadauares. isini

dasavleTs kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebiT SemoiWrnen samxreTSi,

gadaTeles kolxeTi, gaanadgures mcire aziis qveynebi da rbeviT

egviptes uwies. mxolod iq damarcxdnen uzado mebrZoli kime-

rielebi, Semobrundnen, daifantnen, nawili tabalebs Causaxlda

haosis kuTvnil mamulSi da maTi Serevis Sedegad somexi eri,

saxeliT haosianebi, eniT indoevropelebi Camoyalibdnen.

am Semosevebma aia-kolxeTi daaknina, mis safuZvelze ukve

kilxas (kulxas) tomTa gaerTianebis samefo yalibdeba. Zlierebis

periodSi es samefo gaerTianeba sakmaod vrcel teritoriebs

ierTebs. maT Soris ganadgurebuli tabalebisa da muSq-mesxebis

tomebiT. iyvnen Tavad egroselebi meSex-muSq-musk-mesxebis Camo-

mavlebi Tu am periodSi moxda mesxebis Semosvla maT arealSi,

daudgenelia. cxadi, mxolod isaa, rom egroselebis CrdiloeTi

sazRvari cvlilebas ganicdis.

ukve iyo msjeloba kimerielebis kvaldakval skviTebis, Semdeg

sarmatebis laSqrobebisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb CrdiloeT kavka-

siaSi. im epoqaSi moxda sindTa tomis Casaxleba tamanis naxevarkun-

Zulze da maT mier anapas zeviT teritoriebis dakaveba. sindebi da

meotebi ki adiRevelTa Soreuli winaprebi arian. iyvnen sindebi

da meotebi kavkasis monaTesave tomTa gaerTianebidan Tu momxdur

savromatebis nawils warmoadgnednen, es jer kidev gadauwyveti

problemaa. ara da, amis mixedviT unda dadgindes maTi Targamo-

sianeloba (naTesaoba kavkasielebTan, egroselebTan da a. S.). amis

dadgenas garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs afxazebis afxazeTobasTanac.

dasamaxsovrebeli ki isaa, rom im dros araviTari Zveli afxazeTi

da miT umetes afxazur-adiReuri tomebi saerTod istoriam ar

icis. miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa ar arsebulis arseboba ara

mtkicdeba. rogorc filosofosebi ityvian, ver iWeren Sav katas

157


bnel oTaxSi, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom is iq ar aris.

amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi problemaa wamoWrili. Zv.

w. a. IV-III aTaswleulebSi samxreT kavkasiaSi iyo e. w. mtkvar-

araqsis kultura. III aTaswleulis bolos es kultura knindeba

da misi elementebi Cndeba kavkasionis CrdiloeTSi. arqeologebi

adastureben CrdiloeTis am e. w. maikopis kulturis did ms-

gavsebas kolxur kulturasTan. mas Semdeg ara erTxel dasmula

sakiTxi im tomebis, eTnosebis Sesaxeb, romelTac es kultura unda

SeeqmnaT da uzrunveleyoT misi ganviTareba. istoria ar icnobs

im periodSi,im arealSi sxva mosaxleobas garda egroselebisa da

maT mezoblad kavkasoselebisa. rogor SeiZleba am faqts zurgi

aqcion da kulturis matareblad ar arsebuli tomebi gamoacxadon.

Zv. w. a. VI s. Cndeba berZnuli faqtoriebi pontos zRvis aR-

mosavleT sanapirosTan da Sesabamisad ucxouri koloniebi arsdeba,

sadac ara mxolod vaWroba viTardeba. am droidan Cndeba ucxo

tomelTa (berZenTa, Semdeg romaelTa) cnobebi aq macxovrebeli

tomebisa da eTnosebis Sesaxeb.

Zv. w. a. VI saukunes miekuTvneba cnoba md. fazisis gayole-

biT henioxebis saxlobis Sesaxeb. naTqvamia, rom am adgilebSi

jer cxovrobdnen henioxebi, Semdeg aq dasaxldnen mileTelebi,

pirvelebma ki CrdiloeTiT gadainacvles. henioxebs trapezuntisa

da md. afsarosis (Woroxis) auzSi aRniSnavs plinius ufrosi

(ax. w. a. I s), `flavius ariane (ax. w. a. IIs). sxva avtorebi,

fsevdo skilaqs kariandeli (Zv.w.a. IV), aristotele (Zv. w.a.

IVs), artemidore efeseli (Zv. w. a. Is.) da sxva henioxebs Taname-

drove afxazeTis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi afiqsireben. maT-

Tan asaxeleben ukve sxva tomebsac. axali welTa aRricxvis I-II

saukuneebidan Cndeba cnobebi Savi zRvis Crd. aRm. sanapirosTan

(egrosis kuTvnil sivrceSi) sxvadasxva tomebis mosaxleobis

Sesaxeb. sanacvlod qreba henioxTa moxsenieba. im arealSi sadac

henioxebi iyvnen asaxeleben sanigebs, sanhenixebs.

Zv. w. a. V s. avtori helanike mitileneli asaxelebs he-

nioxebs, kerketebs, mosxebs, qarimatebs, koraqsebs. artemidore

efeseli (Zv. w. a.Is) ase CamoTvlis: navsadgur batas midamoebSi (q.

158


anapas CrdiloeTiT) saxloben kerketebi )850 stadiis manZilze,

zRvis napiris gaswvriv. maT Semdeg arian axeelebi (aqavelebi) _

500 stadiis manZilze, Semdeg modian henioxebi 1000stadia, isini

aRweven q. pitiunts (biWvinTas). igives imeorebs fsevdo skilaqsi.

straboni azustebs ax. w. a. I saukunisaTvis Seqmnil viTarebas da

ambobs; CrdiloeTidan samxrTiT jer arian axeelebi (aqavelebi),

Semdeg zigebi, Semdeg henioxebi, kvlav kerketebi, mosxebi, kolxebi

da a. S. (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia. Tb. 1957w. gv. 120).

saintereso cvlilebaa, romelsac gverdi ar aevleba. helanike

mitileneli aRwers ra Zv. w. a. VI s. movlenebs egrosis kuTvnil

sivrceSi asaxelebs henioxebs, kerketebs, mosxebs, qarimatebs,

koraqsebs. CamoTvlis tomebs, magram ar azustebs maT mier dakave-

bul sivrces. roca msjelobaa henioxebze, aRniSnulia, rom isini

adre md. fazisis midamoebSi cxovrobdnen, Semdeg CrdiloeTiT

wavidnen, maTi adgili ki mileTelebma daikaves. Zv. w. a. V s.

isini ukve CrdiloeTSi arian, magram samxreTiT arian kerketebi,

Semdeg mosxebi, Semdeg qarimatebi da koraqsebi. ramdenadac cno-

bilia, rom md. kelasurs Zvelad koraxi erqva iq macxovrebeli

tomis mixedviT, gamodis, yvela am tomebs ucxovriaT kelasuridan

CrdiloeTiT. amasTan, CamoTvlis Tanaxmad, yvelaze CrdiloeTiT

henioxebia. md. fazisis (rionis) auzidan q. anapamde mounaclebiaT

maT adgili. mounacvlebiaT Tu moRvaweobis centi gadautaniaT?

erTi mcire mosazreba: argonavtebis kolxeTSi laSqrobis aR-

werisas a. rodoseli gvamcnobs, rom fazisSi Securebisas maT

Tvalwin gamoCnda RmerTqal fasianes qandakeba, taxtze mjdomari,

winwilebiT xelSi da lomebis dacviT., zustad iseTive, rogoric

q. aTenSi datoves. ra damTxvevaa? pelazgi vaJkacebi (jer kidev

ara berZnebi) Camodian aia-kolxeTSi aietis (RmerT heliosis

sulieri Zis) samefoSi da pirveli, rasac xedaven, qalRmerT

fasianes iseTive qandakebaa, rogoric aris aTenSi. cxadia, es

SemTxveviT ver moxdeboda. es pelazgebisa da kolxebis (SeiZleba

lazebis an lazgebis, helios-henioxebis. saxelwodeba icvleba

mosaxleoba rCeba) sulier-kulturul kavSirebze miTiTebaa Tu

ufro meti? da saidan saiT, rodis, vis mieraa igi ganvrcobili?

159


(amitom kvleva aucilebelia, daskvnebi-naadrevi).

ismis logikuri kiTxva: henioxebi (helioxebi) romlebic

saukuneobiT cxovrobdnen md. fazisis midamoebSi Zv. w. a. VI s.

ratom Seicvlidnen sacxovrebels? da ra mouvidoda im materi-

alur-kulturul garemos, romlis Sesaxeb a. rodoseli gvau-

wyebs, romelic mocemulia miTSi argonavtebis Sesaxeb? xom ar

iyo yovelive Sedegi kimerielTa Semosevebisa? kimerielTa urdo

(urdo ara lanZRvis gagebiT) Tavis gzaze yovelgvar bariers

aRgvida. kavkasionma ver daaoka momxdurebi da ras uzamda aia-

kolxeTi, didi da mcire frigia da a. S. araa gamoricxuli, rom

henioxebi gaifantnen, samxreTSi da CrdiloeTSi mTebs Seexiznen,

xolo maTgan daclil teritoriaze mileTelebi Camosaxldnen.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, am dromde cnobebi calkeuli tomebis Ses-

axeb ar arsebobs. cnobili sqema, Wani-zani-sani, gnebavT kolxi,

henioxi dazustebas moiTxovs.

pirvel aseT ̀ detalizacias~ egrosis kuTvnil arealSi hela-

nike mitileneli akeTebs da ambobs, rom henioxebis mezoblebi

CrdiloeTSi, arian kerketebi, mosxebi, qarimatebi da koraqsebi.

dasaSvebia, rom TviTeuli erTeuli tomTa gaerTianebaa da moma-

valSi SeiZleba daiyos, gamoCndes Semadgeneli elementi mniSvnelo-

bis SeZenis kvalad. mTavari SemdegSia: CamoTvlili xuTeulidan,

romelime SeiZleba Tu ara yofiliyo ara egroseli? Tu henioxebi

md. rionis auzidan CrdiloeTiT inacvleben, savaraudoa, rom es

iZulebiTi cvlilebaa da gzaze barierebis gadalaxvasTanaa dakav-

Sireuli; Semxvedr ara monaTesave tomebs mospobdnen, gandevnidnen,

SeierTebdnen; 2. CrdiloeTiT gadanacvlebis dros, aiyoliebdnen

sxva monaTesave tomebs: kerketebs, mosxebs, qarimatebs, koraqsebs.

Sesabamisad, rodesac isini SeCerdebodnen q. anapis midamoebSi

(CrdiloeTiT ukve sindebis tomi iyo), maT samxreTiT SeCerde-

bodnen sxvebic; 3. Tu vivaraudebT, rom heliosoba, henioxoba

religiur rwmenasTanaa dakavSire- buli (helioss-mzis RmerTs

Tayvans scemdnen sapelazgoSic anu berZnebis balkaneTSi misvlam-

dec), maSin dasaSvebia, rom tomTa migrireba ki ar moxdeboda,

aramed religiuri kulturis centris gadanacvleba CrdiloeTiT.

160


egroselebi (da ara megrelebi), aia-kolxeTis Svilebi, monaTe-

save tomebi kvlav mflobeloben istoriul teritorias, magram

moxdeboda religiuri centris CrdiloeTSi win wamoweva. Tu

davuSvebT sapirispiros, rom henioxebi (helioxebi) calke tomi

iyo, maSin gaugebari xdeba maTi gayofa samxreTis da CrdiloeTis

nawilebad da maTi ukidures CrdiloeTSi damkvidreba, maSin, roca

maT samxreTiT saxldebian sxva (manamde ucnobi) tomebi.

gavida saukuneebi da egrosis monaTesave tomTa arealSi

moxda cvlileba. artemidore efeselis (Zv. w. a. Is.) cnobiT

anapis midamoebSi (CrdiloeTidan) kerketebi saxldebian, Semdeg

axevelebi (aqavelebi) da amis Semdeg modian henioxebi, romlebic

biWvinTis (pitiuntis) midamoebs uweven. istoriulad imave peri-

odSi moRvawe straboni kidev ufro detalurad asaxavs momxdar

cvlilebas da tomTa aseT ganlagebas iZleva: aqeelebi, zigebi,

henioxebi, kerketebi, mosxebi, kolxebi.

aucilebelia odnav mainc imis gacnobiereba, ra unda momxdari-

yo ganvlili xuTi saukunis manZilze. Zv. w. a. VI s. samxreTidan

(md. kelasuridan) CrdiloeTiT saxeldebian koraqsebi, qarimatebi,

mosxebi, kerketebi da maT mezoblad henioxebi. mezoblad, magram

sad? amas garda Zv. w. a. I s. ukve aRar saxeldebian qarimatebi

da koraqsebi. sanacvlod Cndebian axeelebi (aqavelebi), xolo

strabonTan zigebi. Tan rac yuradsaRebia, straboni CamoTvlis

ra tomebs ase afiqsirebs; `xolo miTridates omebis aRmwerni,

romelTac metad daejrebaT, amboben rom jer arian aqeelebi, Sem-

deg zigebi, mere henioxebi, kvlav kerketebi, mosxebi, kolxebi da

a.S.~ (T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, Tb. 1957 w. gv. 120).

aq oriode SeniSvnaa gasaTvaliswinebeli: 1. logikurad dasaSvebia,

rom xuTi saukunis manZilze tomTa cxovrebaSi (magram ara ganla-

gebaSi) cvlilebebi moxdeboda: 2. berZen kolonistebs ukavSireben

(da samarTlianad) aqevelTa (aqavelTa) mosaxleobis gaCenas qerCis

srutis aRmosavleT nawilSi. maTi gadmosaxleba axla ukv Zveli

saberZneTidan kavkasiis Cr. dasavleT nawilSi mkvlevarTa mier

gaziarebulia, rogorc istoriuli realobis asaxva; 3. axeelebi

(aqavelebi) Casaxldnen sindTa tomebs Soris da amitom maT qveviT

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zigebis dasaxeleba gaugebrobas ar iwvevs: 4. gaugebrobis wyaroa

kerketebis tomis lokalizeba. zog avtorTan CamoTvla asea:

kerketebi, aqavelebi, henioxebi. straboni ki kerketebs henioxebsa

da mosxebs Soris asaxelebs... raSia WeSmariteba? kiTxva ubralo

interesis Semcveli araa, imis mixedviT raze Sejerdebian momavali

mkvlevarebi, kerketebi SeiZleba miekuTvnon an ara egroselebs.

amave dros unda moiZebnos is konkretuli midamo, sadac maTi

arseboba dasabuTebuli iqneba, rogorc ara egroseli aramed mis

arealSi SeWrili ucxo tomisa. winaswar unda aRiniSnos, rom

cnobili afxazi arqeologis cnobiT, im teritoriebze (biWvinTis,

lixnis da sxva) gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masalebi, sxva

rames, Tu ara kolxuri kulturis arsebobis Sesaxeb, araviTar

cnobebs ar Seicaven (Трапш М. М. Памятники эпохи бронзи и раннего жилеза в Абхазии. Сухуми, 1970 г.).aseTi realobidan gamomdinare gasarkvevia, romeli koncef-

ciaa mkvlevarebisa WeSmaritebis Semcveli: 1. kerketebi adiReuri

warmomavlobis tomia da strabonTan dasaxelebuli zigebis (mo-

mavalSi jiqebis) monaTesave; 2. kerketebi iseTive egrosis are-

alis kuTvnilebaa, rogorc mosxebi (abasxebi), kolxebi da sxva; 3.

kerketebi arc adiReuri warmomavlobisaa da arc egrosuli. igi

kavkasosis tomTa gaerTianebis nawilia savromatebisagan otebuli

da egriselTa arealSi Casaxlebuli.

gadaWriT kerketebze raimes Tqma Znelia. mtkiceba mkiTxaobas

daemgvaneba. mxolod miTiTebis mizniT: kerketebi mkvlevarTaTvis

cnobilni arian Zv. w. a. VI saukunidan. zigebi ki mxolod KI s.

xvdebian yuradRebis centrSi. amasTan, zigebi moixsenebian he-

nioxebamde (maT CrdiloeTiT.), kerketebi ki henioxebis samxreTiT.

rogor unda momxdariyo es. zigebi, gasagebia, isini adiReur tomTa

gaerTianebaSi Sediodnen da bunebrivia, rom egroseli tomebis

CamoTvlamde CrdiloeTiT saxldebian. CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT

jer zigebi, Semdeg egroselebi anu henioxebi da sxva. henioxebsa

da mosxebs, kolxebs Soris, am monaTesave tomTa Soris ucxo

warmomavlobis tomi rogor moxvdeboda da meobas rogor Sein-

arCunebda. saukuneebis manZilze Sereva, asimilireba rogor ar

162


moxdeboda? tomTa Soris xom mudmivi Widili iyo sasicocxlo

arealisaTvis principiT: Zlieri rCeba, susti morCildeba an

ispoba. am sakiTxebs momavali miukerZoebeli kvlevebi sWirdeba.

logikam bevri istoriuli xarvezi unda Seavsos.

amave dros aucilebelia imis gaTvaliswineba, rom henioxebi

mraval toms aerTianeben, ikavebdnen kavkasionis CrdiloeT da

samxreT kalTebs. strabonis mowmobiT iyo oTxi gaerTaneba, Tavisi

oTxi mefiT (beladiT). isic cnobilia, rom miTridate pontoels

gamokidebuli pompeusi swored henioxTa winaaRmdegobis gamo Se-

Cerda laia, laiaSi, Zveli lazika (saxelwodeba droTa viTarebaSi

icvleboda) gamagrebul dasaxlebasTan, ufro gaamagra cixe-qalaqi

da uwoda nikofsi (Tu nikefsi). SeiZleba Tu ara imis daSvebac,

rom kerketebi henioxebs gamoyofili tomTagania, gaZlierebuli

da damoukideblobis gzaze damdgari. esac gansjis sagania.

axali welTa aRricxvis dasawyisSi didi cvlilebebi mim-

dinareobs egrosis wilxvedr qveyanaSi. jer kidev Zv. w. a. II s.

sustdeba kulxa, kolxTa samefo da TandaTanobiT adgils uTmobs

gaZlierebis gzaze Semdgar lazTa tomobriv gaerTianebas. ax. w.

a. II s. qreba henioxTa saxeli da am arealSi Cndebian calkeuli

tomebi. adre saukuneebis manZilze henioxebis arseboba fiqsirdeba

trapezunt-Woroxidan moyolebuli CrdiloeTSi anapis CaTvliT.

da ara mxoldo zRvis sanapiros gaswvriv. Zveli drois cnobili

moazrovne seneka (ax. w. a. Is.) henioxebs kavkasionis mwverva-

lebis macxovreblad miiCnevda. ax. w. a. II saukunidan henioxTa

arealSi manamde ucnobi, logikuria savaraudeblad, adre henioxTa

sax- elqveS gaerTianebuli tomebi Cndebian. es xdeba egrosis

kuTvnil miwa-wyalze, egroselTa Soris da jer xanobiT mainc

iq ucxo eTnosebis (tomebis) damkvidrebas adgili ara aqvs.

ra Tqma unda igulisxmeba berZnuli koloniebis arseboba da

Semdeg romaleTa gamoCena. rac Seexeba legendarul miTridate

pontoels, tomiT xalibi (haliZoni) egroselebisaTvis ucxo

dampyrobad ver CaiTvleba da arc gamouwvevia tomobriv-eTnikuri

cvlileba. Sesabamisad henioxTa gaqroba da axal tomTa gamoCena

mis wil teritoriaze, sxva araferia Tu ara tomebis gamaer-

163


Tianebeli saxelwodebis gauferuleba, ukugdeba da calkeul

tomTa saxelwodebis am niadagze warmoCineba. sxva SemTxvevaSi

unda axsnili iqnes rodis, romeli ucxo Zala, ra gzebiT dam-

kvidrda am arealSi.

damatebiT im faqtzec unda gamaxvildes yuradReba, rom

naklebad aris gamokvleuli egrosis monaTesave tomTa religi-

urobis sakiTxi. Tu gaviziarebT Tvalsazriss, rom uZvelesi

dronidan moyolebuli am arealSi pelazgiur RmerTTa panTeons

miagebdnen pativs, rac dadasturebulad iTvleba, mainc araa sak-

marisi. egrosis monaTesave tomTa arealSi dolmenebis arsebobis

faqti, SemorCenili gadmocemebi, met yuradRebas saWiroeben.

kavkonebisa da henioxebis meSveobiT balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze

amiranis(promeTes), heliosis (mzis RmerTis) kultis SesaZlo

mitana, ar gamoricxavs adgilobriv did da mcire RvTaebaTa arse-

bobas. mkvlevarebi amitom afiqsireben Tanamedrove afxazTa Soris

amiranis oreulis abrskilis arsebobas, kavkasionelTa Soris

nadirobis mfarvelis absatis, afsatis kults da a. S.

ar unda iqnes mxedvelobidan gaSvebuli is didi politikuri

cvlilebebi, rac egroselebis garesamyaroSi moxda Zv. w. a. IV s.

moyolebuli. aleqsandre makedenelis laSqrobam didi gadatri-

aleba moaxdina mcire da wina aziaSi. am gardaqmnebs ara mxolod

politikuri, aramed rac mTavaria SemecnebiTi cvlilebebi mohyva.

berZnuli koloniebis meSveobiT aTenis demokratiuli ideebi is-

edac cnobili iqneboda egroselTa mowinave moazrovneTaTvis, iqne-

bodnen isini religiuri, filosofiuri Tu politikuri sferos

warmomadgenlebi. Zveli berZnebi adastureben im faqts, rom muS-

qebma (mesxebis winaprebma) finikiidan SeiTvises asoTi damwerloba,

maTgan Zvelma berZnebma gadaiRes da aqedan ukve mTel msoflioSi

gavrcelda. Tanamedrove afxazi mkvlevarebi im nawilSi SeiZleba

marTlebi arian, roca Zvel afxazur damwerlobaze saubroben. Tu

vaRiarebT istoriuli wyaroebis cnobis sinamdviles egrosis wil

qveyanaSi mosxebis (abaskebis) tomis arsebobaze, maSin safiqra-

lia, rom maT, muSkebis nawils, SeiZleba finikiuri damwerlobis

gavleniT hqonodaT sakuTari. arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom Zvel

164


qarTul damwerlobas hqonoda Sexeba, kavSirebi mosxurTan. sxva

Tu araferi, farnavazis (qarTebis) da qujis (ara egroselebis,

aramed egrebis) urTierToba istoriuli faqtia da sakmaod axlo,

naTesaur kavSirebze miTiTeba. Tu dasabuTebuladaa miCneuli far-

navazis mier qarTuli damwerlobis reformireba, maSin arc isaa

gamosaricxi, rom mas scodnoda sxvaTa damwerlobebis Sesaxeb.

kidev erT mniSvnelovan faqtorze unda gamaxvildes yurad-

Reba. esaa axali religiuri moZRvrebis gavrcelebis faqti. araa

aucilebeli vrceli msjeloba andria pirvelwodebulis, simon

kananelis, mataTas moRvaweobaze egrosis kuTvnil sivrceSi. yove-

lives erTad gavlena rom moexdina egroselebze da Sesabamisi

cvlieba gamoewvia, gamoricxuli ar aris.

savaraudoa, rom politikurma da msoflmxedvelobiTma cv-

lilebebma ganapirobes henioxTa erTobis rRveva. henioxebi ax. w.

a. II s. aRar ixseniebian, asparezze calkeuli tomebi gamodian.

es xdeba sindebis qveviT, q. anapis midamoebidan moyolebuli da

samxreTiT trapezunt-Woroxamde. sivrceSi, sadac moiazrebod-

nen egroselebi da axali viTarebisaTvis moiazrebian calkeuli,

egrosis monaTesave tomebi. aRniSnuli periodisaTvis egroselebis

garSemo momxdar cvlilebebs ar SeiZleba maTi erTianoba ar

daerRvia. sakmarisia mieTiTos Crdilo kavkasiaSi aorsebis (qa-

rTvelebisaTvis ovsebad wodebulebis), Semdeg alanTa mZlavri

gaerTianebis gamoCenaze egroselebis Cr-aRmosavleTiT, xolo

aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT iberiis aseve Zlieri samefos moR-

vaweobaze. amas emateboda romaelTa zemoqmedeba da yovelive

aisaxeboda egroselebze. maTi eTnikur-tomobriv-religiuri erToba

dairRva da amieridan istoriul asparezze isini damoukideblad,

Tumca xSirad SeerTebulad gamodian. istoriuli wyaroebi am

arealSi afiqsireben bevri msxvili Tu wvrili tomis arsebobas.

maTi mxolod is raodenoba, romlebic dioskuriaSi (cxumSi)

savaWrod Tu sxva saqmeTa gamo ikribebodnen 70 ametebs. zogi

300-mde toms asaxelebs, romelTac 30 sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre

Tarjimani emsaxureboda.

165


tomTa raodenobis dadgena SeuZlebelicaa da usargebloc

(am saqmisaTvis). ZiriTadi tomebia: kolebi, koraqsebi, kolxebi,

afSilebi, abazgebi, sanigebi, soano-kolxebi, mosxebi (abaskebi),

lazebi, drilebi, Zidritebi, makronebi, misimianebi, melanqlenebi da

sxva. am tomTa Sesaxeb cnobebi ax. w. a. I-II saukuneebidan arsebobs.

cxadia isini adrec iyvnen, uceb kosmosidan ar Camosulan. isic

cxadia, rom maTi krebsiTi saxeli iyo egroselebi, aia-kolxeTi,

kolxidis qveyana, kulxa, henioxebi, magram araviTari egrisi,

samegrelo, afxazeTi ar arsebobda. roca Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi

saubroben 20-30 aTasi wlis win afxazeTSi mimdinare procesebze,

iq Seqmnil kulturaze da a. S. WeSmaritebasTan rom ar Sescodon,

unda Sesabamisi ganmarteba daurTon gamoTqmul azrs. aravin daobs

rom 20-30 aTasi ki ara ufro uxnesia afxazeTis, iseve rogorc

sxva teritoriebze adamianis cxovrebis nakvalevi, magram Tqma

imisa romeli eTnosisa saxeldobr, mkrexelobaa.

ax.w. a. I-II ss. moyolebuli egrosis wilxvedr qveyanaSi

SeiZleba msjeloba calkeuli tomebis an maTi gaerTianebebis

Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba saxelmwifoebriv, gnebavT eTnikur erTobas am

formiT, igi mxolod lazikis (sxvanairad egrisis) saxelmwifos

arsebobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. mizani araa lazikis saxelmwifos

istoriis gadmocema. mxolod erT momentze unda gamaxvildes

yuradReba. lazikis samefo egrosis kuTvnili arealis mxolod

samxreT nawils moicavda Tu CrdiloeTsac? kiTxva ritoriki-

sTvis araa. anapas midamoebidan samxreTiT vrcel teritorias

lazikas uwodebdnen. aqve iyo cixe-qalaqi Zveli lazika. lazika

da lazebi samxreTSi da lazika CrdiloeTSi. es sakiTxi mkvleva-

rebisagan met yuradRebas moiTxovs. Tu Zvel lazikas pompeusma

nikofsi (Tu nikefsi-gamarjvebis qalRmerTis wyali) uwoda, amiT

problema ver moixsneboda. piriqiT, lazur-svanur-qarTuli to-

ponimebi da hidronimebis siuxve axsnas saWiroebs.

mravali mkvlevari ASesWidebia egroselTa arealSi dafiq-

sirebul tomTa raobis sakiTxs. adre iTqva, rom Tanamedrove

afxazi mkvlevarebi da nawili rusi ̀ mecnierebisa~ mtkiced adganan

im pozicias, rom erT dros afxazur-adiReuri modgma cxovrobda

166


mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleT teritoriaze, Semdeg waiwies

CrdiloeTiT da SeCerdnen md. enguridan moyolebuli yubanispire-

Tisa da nalCikis midamoebSi. gzad isini tovebdnen sakuTari kul-

turis nakvalevs da yvelaferi Zveli, arqeologiuri monapovari,

toponimebi, hidronimebi, miTebi, legendebi adiRur- afxazuria.

iyo azri maTi egvipturi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, ukuagdes, gaCnda

azri maTi pelazgurobis Sesaxeb.

sapirispiro pozicia daafiqsires qarTvelma (da ara mxoldo

qarTvelma) mkvlevarebma. maTi mtkicebiT egroselebis arealSi

dafiqsirebuli tomebi svanur-kolxuri warmomavlobisani arian.

amasTan, im teritoriaze arsebul Zvel saxelwodebebs xSirad

uZebnian svanur an megrul enaze axsnas. dasabuTebis gansamtkice-

blad uxvad iyeneben cnobili adiReveli mkvlevaris, prof. k. mer-

etukovis mier Sedgenil leqsikons, (К. Меретуков, Адыгойский топонимический словарь. М. 1990),sadac bevri toponimi svanurs ukavSirdeba: svanuri qedi, svanebis veli da a. S. aseve xsnian megru-

li leqsikis gamoyenebiT bevr toponims, magaliTisaTvis: cnobli

sakurorto qalaqi ruseTis krasnodaris mxareSi, gelenjiki asea

axsnili, gelen-megrulad galen niSnavs ganapiras, gare myofs.

jixa- megrulad cixea. gamodis gelenjiki yofila megrulad-gare

cixe. am meTodiT, krasnodaris mxaris uZvelesi toponimebisa da

hidronimebis didi nawili megurl an svanurs aris dakavSirebuli.

am mxriv Zalze nayifierad umuSaviaT pativcemul g. gasvians, z.

ratians, T. mibCuans da sxva. bolo xans ki b. kinwmariSvili Seecada

zogierTi sakiTxi axleburad warmoeCina. ramdenad dasabuTebulia

maTi mtkicebulebani es mkiTxvelma sazogadoebam unda Seafasos.

am striqonebis avtoris damokidebuleba aRniSnuli prob-

lemisadmi emyareba ara imdenad misi detalebis Rrma codnas,

ganmtkicebuls adgilze SeswavliT (rogorc T. mibCuanis SemTx-

evaSia), arc lingvistur-enaTmecnierul analizs, aramed logikas.

amitom igi SeiZleba miuRebeli aRmoCndes bevrisaTvis.

amosavalia SemorCenili werilobiTi wyaroebi, arqeologi-

uri masala, miTebi da legendebi (romelic raRac movlenazea

agebuli. principi: arafridan araferi warmosdgeba). 1. arqeo-

167


logia adasturebs dasavleT saqarTvelos da Crdilo-dasavleT

kavkasiis materialur-kulturuli monapovrebis erTtipiurobas;

2. anTroplogia adasturebs dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleo-

bis nawilisa da Crdilo kavkasiis dasavleTi mxaris mosaxleo-

bis nawilis erTipiurobas. (am sakiTxs jer kidev bevri aklia

saboloo daskvnamde); 3. Zvel avtorTa werilobiTi cnobebi iq

macxovrebeli tomebis Sesaxeb exeba Zv. w. a. VI saukunidan aqeT

periods. Tu gamovricxavT cnobas aietisa da argonavtebis Sesaxeb,

erTad-erTi wyaro romelic ufro Zvel periods aRwers aris

leonti mrovelis mier gadmocemuli istoria. igi yvela ZiriTad

sakiTxSi sworad afiqsirebs istoriul movlenebs, misi siswore

dadasturebulia kavkasielTa sxva tomebis warsuliT da afxazTa

mimarTac sando orientiria. rac Seexeba misdami damokidebulebas

es ukve wamkiTxvelisa da gamgebis `gemovnebis~ saqmea.

leonti mroveli aRwers kavkasionelTa da maT Soris afxazTa

warmomavlobis process. igi ar gamohyofs calke tomebs da am-

bobs, rom: lixis mTis dasavleTiT zRvamde, Worox-trapezuntidan

CrdiloeTiT md. yubanamde iyo warmomavlobiT monaTesave tomTa

samosaxlo. am gaerTianebas misi eTnarqosis egrosis saxeliT

moixseniebs. imis mixedviT Tu rogor daiangariSeba egrosidan

iafetamde TaobaTa asaki, egroselebis aRniSnul arealSi sab-

oloo damkvidreba SeiZleba meryeobdes Zv. w. a. V-III aTaswleu-

lebs OSoris. mroveli arafers ambobs egroselTa egviptidan

an balkaneTidan mosvlis Sesaxeb, mxedvelobaSia maTi saboloo

dafuZneba am mxareSi an sxvanairad (dRevandelobidan) de faqto

mdgomareobis de iure aRiareba.

bunebrivia vivaraudoT, rom amxela sivrces erTi tomi ver

moicavda. egrosis saxelTan mravali tomi asocirdeba. mroveli

maT ar CamoTvlis. mxolod bevrad gvian, Zv. w. a. III s. momx-

dar migraciasTan dakavSirebiT (roca saurmag mefem durZukebi

daasaxla axal adgilebSi), axsenebs svanebs. es ra Tqma unda ar

niSnavs mxolod svanebis egroselebas. egroselebi arc mxolod

egriselebi (laz-megrelebi) arian. aseve iTqmis, rom henioxebi

moicaven svanur, zanur, lazur tomebs da ara mxolod maT.

168


rodesac ax. w. a. II s. qreba henioxobis gageba, Cndeba bevri to-

mis (ukve cakleuli tomis) saxeli. aq ukve kamaTic SeiZleba,

romeli tomi SeiZleba yofiliyo svanuri (ukve enis) matarebeli,

romeli megrulis da romeli afxazuris. werilobiTi wyaroebis

mier dafiqsirebuli tomebis ganlageba amis saSualebas iZleva.

logikuria vifiqroT, rom Tu svanuri da megruli erTi fuZidan

wamosuli, jer dialeqtebis doneze (Zv. w. a. III aTaswleuli)

gaiyvnen, Semdeg ki calke enebad Camoyalibdnen, magram erTobas,

naTesaobas inarCunebdnen, rogorc egroselebi, igive procesebi

axasiaTebda afxazursac. afxazuri tomebi jer dialeqtis do-

neze iqnebodnen gancalkevebuli (aRaraa saubari kilokavebze,

rac tomis sivrceSic SeiZleba mravalferovani yofiliyo), Sem-

deg ki SeiZendnen calke enisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, rac

srulebiTac ar niSnavs maT araegroselobas, ara henioxobas, ara

kolxobas. ufro savaraudoa, rom afxazuri miiRebda Zalze bevrs

svanurisagan, megrulisagan, magram SeinarCunebda TviTmyofadobas

da Tavis mxriv mravalferovnebas SesZenda monaTesave enebs.

rac Seexeba afxazuri enis adiReur enaTa ojaxSi Sesvlas,

sakiTxi ase warmoisaxeba. arc erTi werilobiTi wyaro axali

welTa aRricxvis VI saukunemde ar afiqsirebs adiReuri war-

momavlobis tomebis moxvedras egroselebis e. i. afxazebis sa-

sicocxlo arealSi. Zv. w. a. Vs. moyolebuli, saberZneTis gavleniT

egroselebi iyofian, tomTa urTierToba rTuldeba, bevrjer urT-

ierTsapirispiro qmedebasac aqvs adgili. IVs. DSemdeg (farnavazis

Semdeg) kelasurs (koraxi, klisura) CrdiloeTiT macxovrebelma

tomebma `isurves~ berZnebTan mimxroba da gaCnda zRvari maTi

momxre da qujis momxre egroselebs Soris. cxadia berZnebi, Semdeg

romaelebi, bizantielebi da nebismieri dampyrobi xels Seuwyobda

gaucxoebis gaRrmavebas, tomTa gaTiSvasa da dapirispirebas. da

mainc ax. w. a. VI saukunemde egrosis kuTvnil sivrceSi ar aris

tomi kerketebis garda, romlis egriseloba saeWvo iqneboda. rac

Sexeba adiReuri warmomavlobis tomebs, isini CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

saxlobdnen, magram egroselebis arealSi ara. rodesac vaxtang

gorgasalma ilaSqra ovsebisa da xazarebis winaaRmdeg, juanSeris

169


cnobiT, misi laSqari (mis SemadgenlobaSi kavkasielnic Sediodnen)

Seesia oseTs, Semdeg ̀ ... ganvides paWanikeTs, rameTu maSin mun iyo

paWanikeTi mosazRvred ovseTisa, mdinaresa mas ovseTisasa wiaR,

da jiqeTi munve iyo... da moyuena vaxtang paWanikeTi da jiqeTi,

da Seiqca, da miadga ovseTsave.~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1. gv.

156-157). im dros ukve iyo egrosis wilxdomi qveynis CrdiloeT

nawili afxazeTad cnobili da rom vaxtangi afxazeTamde misu-

liyo, cxadia JamTaamwerels es ar gamorCeboda. vaxtangma jiqeTi

dalaSqra da ukuiqca, radgan jiqeTs iqiT afxazeTi iyo, egrosis

mxare da misi xelyofa naTesavTa rbevad da berZenTa winaaRmdeg

laSqrobad CaiTvleboda. am ambebis Semdeg gadis didi xani, ambobs

juanSeri da cvlilebebi xdeba Crdilo kavkasielTa cxovrebaSi.

`Semdgomad JamTa mravalTa iotnes paWanikni da jiqni TurqTagan;

da warvides paWanikni dasavliT-kerZo, xolo jiqni daemkvidrnes

bolosa afxazeTisasa.~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1. gv. 156-157).

jiqebis (zigebi, Zigebi) tomi miCneulia adiReuri enis kuT-

vnilebisad. Sesabamisad, jiqebis damkvidreba afxazeTis bolos

aris am mxareSi adiReuri elementis gamoCenis sawyisi. rodis

moxda es zusti TariRi ucnobia, savaraudod X s. ara uadres X

s. paWanikebi yivCaRebma gandevnes dasavleTiT, winaaRmdeg SemTx-

vevaSi, ar iTqmeboda `Semdgomad JamTa mravalTa~. am periodidan

moyolebuli da ara 20-30 saukuniT adre, iwyeba egroselebSi (ukve

afxazebSi) adiReuri elementebis gaCena. amasTan, ara adiReuris

SeWris, aramed afxazeTis jer samTavrosa da Semdeg samefos mier

jiqeTis nawilis (mainc) dakavebis gziT. Tavad jiqebi, momTaba-

reobidan mkvidr cxovrebaze gadasvlas XIs iwyeben.

manamde ki jer Tavad afxazeTis Camoyalibeba moxda. kavka-

sionis arc erTi kuTxe, iq macxovrebeli eTnosi araa ise Rrmad

Seswavlili, rogorc Zveli da axali afxazeTi, rogorc Zveli

da axali afxazebi. amave dros, arc erTi eTnosis istoria araa

ise areuli, ideur-politikuri dapirispirebebis sagnad qceuli,

rogor afxazebis. dRes dapirispireba gaucxoebis donemdea asuli.

ara da iyo dro, XIX s. CaTvliT, roca afxazebs qarTveloba

eamayebodaT da qarTvelebs afxazoba. cnobili faqtia, rom af-

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xazi didebulebi, eTnosis saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare,

Tavis saTxovars ruseTis impertors roca ugzavnidnen, xazs

qarTvelebTan erTobis simtkices usvamdnen. ratom qarTvelebTan

da ara adiRevelebTan? yabardo xom ufro adre, 1557 w. Sevida

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi? ratomaa rom qarTuli marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis biWvinTis sakaTalikosos sawymos sazRvrad miCneulia

teritoria lixis mTasa da md. kafas (yubanis) Sua. qarTuli

samarTlis Zeglebi, Tb. 1965, t. II, gv. 180), ratomaa rom egro-

sis kuTvnili qveynis centri (bedia), sadme samxreTSi ki ar iyo,

aramed oCamCires (gienosis) axlos. miTiTeba bevr raimeze SeiZleba.

xo da, yovelives xom axsna sWirdeba?

pirvel rigSi aucilebeli xdeba imis dadgena, tomebi, romle-

bic afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxleobdnen ra mizeziT icvlian

samosaxlos V-VI saukuneebSi. ram aiZula sanigebi, romelTa

teritoria q. cxumsac (soxums) moicavda, gadaewiaT CrdiloeTiT

da mama-papeuli midamo afSilebisaTvis daeTmoT. Tavad abazgebi

romlebic adre dRevandeli oCamCire-md. kelasurs Soris terito-

riaze iyvnen ganfenilni, aseve inacvleben CrdiloeTiT da anako-

fiisa (axali aToni) da md. bzifs Soris saxldebian. Sesabamisad

sanigebi ufro Sors iweven. ratom? aseve sainteresoa da sakamaTo,

teritoria, romelic henioxebs ekavaT, rogor uceb aRmoCnda sa-

nigebis, suano-kolxebis, strabonis TqmiT ki svanebis samosaxlo?

Tu adre miCneuli iyo, rom henioxebs ekavaT kavkasionis garSemo

teritoria, mogvianebiT imave teritorias sanigebi rogor ikaveben.

henioxebi ra mTvareze gafrindnen? da ra aris saerTo sanigebsa

da svanebs Soris? menandre xom miuTiTebda, rom svanebi `erTi im

tomTagania, romelic kavkasiis garSemo cxovrobs-o~.

mizani sulac araa afxazeTis teritoriaze dafiqsirebuli

tomebis istoriis kvleva. amocanaa garkveva, ramdenad SeiZleba

sanigebi, abazgebi, afSilebi yofiliyvnen adiRevelebi, dasaxle-

bulebi dRevandeli galis raionidan CrdiloeTiT da ras unda

gamoewvia maTi V-VI saukuneebSi CrdiloeTiT gadanacvleba. xom

cnobilia rom am tomebma, Seqmnes Tavisi samTavroebi, hyavdaT

TavianTi mTavrebi (mefeebi) da garkveulwilad damoukideblobas

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inarCunebdnen rogorc lazikis (egrisis) samefosagan, aseve ro-

maelTa da aRmosavleT romis (bizantiis) imperiis mesveurTaga-

nac. xom ar iyo es dakavSirebuli erTi mxriv lazikis samefos

gaZliereba-gafarToebasTan. cnobilia rom afsileTi (afSileTi)

uSualod Sevida lazikis SemadgenlobaSi. Sesabamisad samefos

Zlierebisas samTavroc Seecdeboda sazRvrebis gafarToebas. meore

mxriv, dadasturebuli cnobaa, rom romaelebma orjer Zirfesvianad

gaJlites abazgTa mosaxleoba da daclili teritoriebi iolad

asaTvisebeli iyo mezoblebisaTvis. ara naklebi mniSvneloba eqne-

boda im periodSi gaZlierebuli sparseTisa da aRmosavleT romis

brZolebis asparezad lazikis samefos teritoriis gadaqcevas.

V-VI saukuneebSi kavkasielebs didi gamocdis periodi

daudgaT. cnobilia, rom jer kidev mis ̀ kuTvnil~ dasavleT somx-

eTSi romis imperiam mefoba gaauqma 391 wels. somxeTis erT dros

didi samefo (Zv. w. a.Is.), sparseTma da romma didi brZolebis

Semdeg gainawiles (I-II saukuneebSi iberiis samefo warmatebiT

ereoda am ori mtaceblis davaSi da TviTonac cdilobda somxeTis

dauflebas). 391 w. ki romis imperiam `Tavis mamulSi` somxuri

mefoba mospo. sparseTi riTi iqneboda naklebi mtacebeli. da ai,

428 w. aRmosavleT somxeTSic gauqmda mefoba. sparseTi amiT ar

dakmayofilda da 510 w. ukve albaneTSi moispo mefoba, xolo

523 w. ki iberiaSi. kavkasiaSi rCeboda mxolo lazikis (egrisis)

samefo da ra gasakviria, rom sparseTic da aRmosavleT romis

imperiac cdilobdnen xelT egdoT es marTlac strategiuli mxa-

re da arc adgilobrivTa mefobas ewera didi dRe. mTeli VI s.,

554 wlamde (rodesac lazikis mefe gubazi romaelebma RalatiT

mokles), mZime brZolebi swarmoebda gansakuTrebiT samefos da

masTan erTad samTavroebis (afSileT-absileTis, abazgiis da sa-

nigeTis) teritoriebze. imis mixedviT, Tu vis mxares iyvnen es

samefo-samTavroebi, maT romaelebic Jletdnen da Zarcvavdnen da

sparselebic. sanigeTi SedarebiT daculi (Soreuli mxare) iyo

da gasakviri araa, rom Sewuxebuli mezoblebi iq TavSesafars

eZebdnen (CrdiloeTiT miiwevdnen). istoria gveubneba, rom bolos

550 w. amoJlites deda-wulianad abazgebi. ganTavisuflebul mi-

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webze afSilebma gadaiwies. istoria imasac gveubneba, rom mZime

ubedurebas lazebmac ver gauZles da 562 w. aqac mefoba gaau-

qma aRmosavleT romis imperatorma. mefis tituli gauqmda da

mTavris (patrikiosis) tituliT Seicvala. amas Semdeg am mxares

politikur brZolis saTaveSi patrikiosi Caudga.

IV s. rodesac lazikis samefom SeiZlo afSil (afsil), aba-

zgia, sanigeTis samTavroebis daqvemdebareba (ara dapyroba, ara

mierTeba, aramed gavlenis sferoSi moqceva umcrosi mokavSiris

statusiT) TandaTan gaqra Zveli, wvrili tomebis saxelebi.

savaraudod am msxvilma gaerTianebebma moaxerxes maTi mierTeba.

asimilacia albad uadgilo gansazRvra iqneboda, es tomebi isedac

axlo naTesaur kavSirSi iyvnen. amitom upriania Tqma, SeerTeba,

gaerTianeba da ara dapyroba.

istoriulad dadasturebulia, rom mefobis gauqmeba ar

moaswavebda winaaRmdegobis Sewyvetas. dampyrobebi icvlebodnen,

mosaxleobis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis grZeldeboda. aR-

mosavleT romisa (bizantiis) da sparseTis WidilSi kavkasiis

dauflebisaTvis, male arabebi CaerTnen da didi warmatebiTac.

VII s. arabebis mier Tvaluwvdeneli imperiis SeqmniT xasiaTdeba.

arabebi ara mxoldo ipyrobdnen axal qveynebs, aramed, rac

mTavaria axali religiis (musulmanobis, islamistobis, mahmadiano-

bis) gavrcelebasac cdilobdnen. kavkasia ki im xanad gamarjvebuli

qristianobis mxares warmoadgenda. cnobilia rom qristianTa

msoflio krebas 325 w. dasavleT saqarTvelodan ori episkoposi

eswreboda. im periodidan moyolebuli qristianoba oficialur

saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebuli mtkiced damkvidrda samxreT

kavkasielTa Soris.

arabebis gamoCena somxeTSi 640 w. da qarTlSi 654 w. ara

mxolod am qveynebis daxarkvas niSnavda, aramed maTi religiebis

mospobis mcdelobasac.

arabobas verc egroselebi gadaurCnen. patrikiosma giorgi

(sergi) barnukis Zem bizantiis batonobis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba

moawyo da mSvelelad arabebi miiwvia 697 w. xangrZlivi omebis

Sedegad dasustebulma bizantiam winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia da

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710 wlisaTvis arabebma lazika afSileTiT, sanigeTi, abazgia da-

laSqres. egroselTa (da ara egriselTa) winaaRmdegoba axla ukve

Zlieri arabi dampyroblebisaken warimarTa. Tavis mxriv arabebi

sanigeTze gavliT orjer laSqroben xazarTa kaganatis winaaRmdeg.

mxolod SexsenebisaTvis: arabebi albaneTis karisa

da darialis gavliT mudmivad cdiloben CrdiloeT kavkasiis

dapyrobas da erTi periodi md. volgamdec miaRwies.

Seiqmna viTareba roca bizantiis imperiac da xazarTa kaganatic

arabebisagan mudmivi safrTxis qveS myofni eZeben mokavSireebs da

dapyrobil xalxebs aqezeben saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg. qarTlos-

ianTa brZolas arabebis winaaRmdeg eris mTavrebi udganan saTaveSi.

egroselTa brZolas ki patrikiosebi. Sesabamisad, bunebrivi xdeba

maTi mokavSireoba.

VIII s. pirvel naxevarSi egroselTa brZolas xelmZRanelo-

ben, giorgi (sergi) barnukis Zis Semdeg, Teodosi, mas cvlis

konstanti da 720 wlidan leoni. patrikios leonis saxelTanaa

dakavSirebuli arabebis gandevna dasavleT saqarTvelodan.

istoria gvamcnobs leonis, rogorc didi organizatorisa da

Sors mWvreteli politkosis cxovrebas. imdenad didisa, rom ar

wydeba kamaTi misi biografiis irgvliv. mkvlevarTa nawili mis

udao afxazobas emxroba, nawils igi vaxtang gorgaslis Camoma-

vlad miaCnia. gamoCndnen misi bagrationobis an sulac berZnobis

momxreebi. kamaTi bevri mimarTulebiT SeiZleba. mxedvelobidan

ar unda iqnes gaSvebuli cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom gubaz mefes

ojaxoba mTaSi hyavda gaxiznuli, roca sparseTs ebrZoda. arc is

unda iqnes daviwyebuli, rom waTe II (lazikis ukanaskneli mefe)

memkvidreebi hyavda. swored gubaz-waTes memkvidreebs CamoarTva

bizantiis imperatorma mefoba da patrikiosis tituli mianiWa.

savaraudebelia, rom leoni (Tavadac patrikiosi) im patrikiosTa

STamomavali iqneboda.

leon patrikiosma politikurad swori nabiji gadadga, roca

arabebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli, qarTlis erismTavar stefanozis,

ufrosi vaJis miris, qaliSvili guranduxti miiyvana colad da

amiT erTguli mokavSire gaiCina. amave dros Zmas Teodoss xazarTa

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xakanis erTi asulTagani SerTo colad da amiT zurgi gaimagra.

am sameuls SeuerTda bizantia (aRmosavleT romi, saberZneTi. arsi

erTia am mxriv). imperatorma Seiwynara leonis md. kelasuris

CrdiloeT afxazeTSi gadasvla. kelasuri, (klisura, Zvelad ko-

raxi) iyo sazRvari lazikis afxazeTsa da saberZneTis afxazeTs

Soris. ramdenadac arabebs ekavaT orive afxazeTi da imperiisaTvis

igi isedac dakarguli iyo, amitom leonis sazRvars gadasvla

dasaSveblad iqna miCneuli. ufro meti.

raTa arabTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad waeqezebina, imperatorma

qarTlosianebs, miris da arCils, samefo gvirgvinebi gamougzavna

da scno maTi ufleba qarTlsa da lazikaze. amave dros leonis

mTavroba (patrikiosoba) md. kelasurs zeviT (CrdiloeT) afxa-

zeTze, im pirobiT Tu igi, ukve mefeebTan erTad gaagrZelebda

brZolas. amiT Seikra oTxTa kavSiri (Tqma ar unda droebiTi)

arabebis winaaRmdeg.

ori momenti unda dafiqsirdes: 1. patrikiosi leoni tituls

ki ar iZens, aramed memkvidreobiT iRebs, rogorc lazikis mefeTa

Camomavali. amave dros, igi patrikiosia samxreT afxazeTSic.

vaxtang gorgasalma samxreT afxazeTi imperatorisagan miiRo,

rogorc dedofal elenes mziTevi. Sesabamisad, iq, qarTlis mefeTa

iuridiuli ufleba vrceldeboda da leon patrikiosic kanoni-

erad flobda, rogorc qarTlis mefeTa siZe-memkvidre (mirs sxva

memkvidre guranduxtis garda ara hyolia). rac Seexeba CrdiloeT

afxazeTs, aq misi ufleba mxolod SeTanxmebis ZaliT dakanonda; 2.

leonis mTavroba kelasurs zeviT afxazeTSi garkveul winaaRmde-

gobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. imperatoris Tanxmobis miuxedavad es

winaaRmdegoba ar mospobila. mxedvelobaSia Savlianebis ojaxuri

dinastia, romelic Tavad cdilobda CrdiloeT afxazeTze sruli

kontrolis dawesebas. Savlianebi erisTaobdnen sanigeTSi da sa-

varaudod abazgebisagan daclil teritoriasac akontrolebdnen.

cxadia, maTTvis ioli ar iqneboda axal batonTan Segueba. arc

yofila. cnobilia, rom maTi brZola pirvelobisaTvis, ukve af-

xazeTis samefoSi warmatebiT dagvirgvinda. afxazeTSi 868 w.

gamefda ioane Seavliani, Semdeg adarnaxe Savliani mefobda 881

175


wlamde. amis Semdeg kvlav aRsdga Zveli dinastia, leonidebis

(patrikios leonisa da mefobis damaarseblis leon II mixedviT)

saxeliT cnobili. savaraudod Savlianebs arc pirvelobisaTvis

brZola SeuwyvetiaT da arc gavlena daukargavT. aris Tvalsaz-

risi, rom Savlianebis memkvidreni arian SarvaSiZeebi. aris meore

Tvalsazrisic, romlis mixedviT ara mxolod SarvaSiZeebi, aramed

leonidebic adiReuri warmomavlobis arian. mxolod amis dasab-

uTebaa dausabuTebeli. gadavida ra CrdiloeT afxazeTSi, leonma

praqtikurad mTeli afxazeTi gaaerTiana da afxazeTis mTavris

tituli miiRo. arabTa batonobis winaaRmdeg erToblivma brZolam

Sedegi gamoiRo. 735 w. xalifati iwyebs sadamsjelo operacias

cnobili `murvan yrus~ sardlobiT. somxeTisa da qarTlis das-

jis Semdeg jeri laz-afxazTa samflobeloebze midga. arabebma

aaoxres argveTi, daangries cixe-goji da uSualod afxazeTs

miadgnen (axla ukve afxazeTs), sadac moqmedebdnen leoni, miri

da arCili. alya Semoartyes anakofiis cixes (axlandeli axali

aToni) sadac miri da arCili idgnen. leoni maTTan TanxmobiT

cnobil sobRisis cixes amagrebda. erToblivi moqmedebiT araboba

daamarcxes da lixs iqiT gadarekes. laz-afxazTa mxare sabolood

ganTavisuflda arabebisagan. imave periodSi bizantiam moaxerxa

arabebis damarcxeba da am mxriv safrTxe moixsna.

arCil stefanozis Zem isargebla arabTa dasustebiT da mTeli

qarTlis samefo gaaerTiana Tbilisis saemiros gamoklebiT. miri

Wrilobebisagan miicvala. Seiqmna situacia, roca sxva memkvidre

mefe mirs leon afxazTa mTavris garda ara hyavda. amitom sru-

liad kanonierad, dinastiuri memkvidreobis ZaliT, leonma mTeli

dasavleTi daikava. bizantiam scno arCilis mefoba da leonis

mTavroba ganTavisuflebul teritoriebze. arCili mefobda 759

wlamde. leonis Semdeg (740 w.) iyvnen Teodosi da konstanti,

xolo 753 wlidan leon II. aq kidev erTi momentia gasaxsenebeli.

leon II flobda mTel dasavleTs, rogorc afxazeTis mTavari.

jer kidev misi biZis leon I da arCil mefes Soris Sedga

SeTanxmeba, romlis ZaliT dasavleTi (maSin aRmosavleTi arabebs

ekavaT) ase gaiyo gavlenis sferoebad: arCili (miri ukve gardacv-

176


lilia) iqneboda md. kelasurs qveviT teritoriebis gamgebeli,

rogorc mefe. misi rezidencia iqneboda cixe-gojSi da quTaTisSi.

leoni aRiarebda arCilis uzenaesobas, im faqts, rom bizantiis

imperatorma kelasurs zeviT (CrdiloeTiT) afxazeTi mas arCi-

lis daxmarebiT miakuTvna da masTan SeTanxmebiT moqmedebda. am

SeTanxmebiT orivem isargebla samxreTidan dacul afxazeTs SeeZlo

CrdiloeTiT Tavisuflad emoqmedna. Tavis mxriv arCilsac Seeqmna

pirobebi, aRmosavleTisTvis miexeda.

753 w. afxazeTis mTavari gaxda leon II (pirvelis Zmiswuli

da misi meuRlis, guranduxtis aRzrdili). mas bedad ergo af-

xazeTis samefos daarseba. movlenebi ase warimarTa: arCil mefe

759 w. gardaicvla. misi bolo memkvidre-juanSeri 786 wlamde

cocxlobda. man marTalia mefoba ver ganimtkica, magram sanam cocx-

ali iyo, nominalurad leon II mfarvel-mokavSired iTvle- boda.

Sesabamisad, leon II (biZis memkvidre), Tumca mefe miris kanonier

memkvidresac warmoadgenda, mefobaze pretenzias ver ganacxadebda.

rogorc ki juanSeris gardacvaleba gaigo, igi amoqmedda. Tavi

mefed gamoacxada da samefo centri quTaTisSi gadaitana. ramdena-

dac mefeebs miris da arCils sxva kanonieri memkvidre ara hyavdaT

leon II garda, misi moqmedeba da miswrafeba, jer dasavleTis,

Semdeg aRmosavleTisac, dakavebis Sesaxeb kanonzomieria. ufro

meti. leon II (saerTod leonidebs) ufro meti kanonieri ufleba

hqonda ara mxolod dasavleT, aramed aRmosavleTSic mefobisa,

vidre aSot dids (tao-klarjeTis mefes da kurapalats), kaxeTis

samTavros qorepiskoposs Tu sxva nebismier pretendents.

leon II (753-798 ww.) SeiZlo mTeli dasavleTis gaerTianeba.

misi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda CrdiloeTiT mdinaremde mcire

xazareTisa, aRmosavleTiT lixis mTamde, xolo samxreTiT tra-

pezuntamde. leon afxazeTis mTavari, gaxda ra mefe, logikis

ZaliT mas afxazeTis mefe ewoda, xolo mis mier dakavebul

teritorias afxazeTi.

bizantiis imperia afxazeTis mTavars egueboda, radgan nominal-

urad mainc mis gavlenaSi myof qveynad Tvlida. mefobis SemoRebis

Semdeg mdgomareoba Seicvala. damoukdieblad moqmedi afxazeTis

samefo, romelsac zurgs xazarebi (leonis dedis Zmis kaganati)

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umagrebdnen, bizantias aRar awyobda. amitom, istoriuli cnobiT,

samjer ilaSqres bizantielebma afxazeTis samefos winaaRmdeg,

Tumca uSedegod.

leon II Semdeg afxazeTis mefeebi iyvnen: Teodosi 798-825

ww. demetre II (825-861 ww.), giorgi I (861-868 ww.), Semdeg mo-

dis SavlianTa dinastia iovane da adarnase 868-881 ww. Semdeg

kvlav leonis Camomavlebi (e. w. leonidebi).: bagrat I (881-893

ww.), konstantine III (893-922 ww.), giorgi II (922-957 ww.),

leon III (957-967 ww.), demetre II (967-975ww.), Teodosi III

(975-978 ww.) da bolos bagrat III (978-1014 ww.). es bagrat III

afxazeTis mefe, aris afxazeTis mefe giorgi II qaliSvilisa da

qarTvelTa mefeT-mefe gurgenis Svili, memkvidre da ukve gaer-

Tianebuli, afxazeT-saqarTvelos pirveli mefe. aqedan moyole-

buli da samefo-samTavroebad daSlamde, afxazeTi saxelmwifos

organuli, ganuyreli nawili xdeba.

saWiroa erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoris gaxseneba. afxazTa

mefeebi did Zalisxmevas mimarTavdnen sxva qarTuli samTavroebis

SemosaerTeblad mTeli VIII-X ss. manZilze Zalze warmatebuli

iyo am mxriv mefe giorgi II (922-957 ww.) man moaxerxa da afxa-

zeTis samefos daumorCila jer mtkvris marcxena napiris qarTli,

Semdeg kaxeTi da bolos hereTsac gadaswvda. es ar iyo ubralod

ucxoqveynebis dapyroba. es iyo brZola pirvelobisaTvis arse-

bul samTavroTa Soris: kaxeT-hereTi, tao-klarjeTi, Tbilisis

saemiro da afxazeTis jer samTavro, Semdeg samefo. ibrZodnen

ra pirvelobisaTvis, afxazTa mefeebs arc CrdileTis mxare avi-

wydebdoaT, sadac iyo jiqeTi, alania, xazareTi. ai, aq istoriul

afxazebs aqvT pirveli Sexeba tomTan, romelic warmo-mavlobiT

adiReurad iTvleba. magram, ukve iTqva, rom sakiTxi jer kidev did

kvlevas moiTxovs. imis mixedviT, rogor dadgindeba, adiRevelebi

arian kavkasosis monaTesaveni Tu ara, unda iyos msjeloba maTi

kavkasionelobis Sesaxeb. rac SeexebaT afxazebs, maTi kavkasion-

eloba arasodes eWvis qveS ar dgeboda, miuxedavad imisa, rogor

koncefcias anviTareben Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi. ara da maTi

warmosaxva bevr ucnaurobas gadawvda. gansakuTrebul interess

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iwvevs afxazebis tibetidan an inkebis warmomavlobis variantebi.

darCenilia kidev maTi ucxoplanetelobis varianti. sinamdvileSi

ar sWirdebaT afxazebs fesvebis Zieba arc egvipteSi, arc tibetSi

da miT ufro actekebs Soris. maT aqvT SesaniSnavi warsruli,

iseTive Zveli, rogoricaa kavkasioneloba, iseTive gmiruli, ro-

goricaa kavkasieloba, iseTive amaRlebuli, rogoricaa kavkasia.

amrigad, afxazeTis samefo SeuerTda ra danarCen qarTul same-

foebs, gaxda erTiani afxaz-saqarTvelos Seqmnis iniciatori da

aqtiuri wevri. ase grZeldeboda vidre XV s. bolos ar dairRva

erToba. samcxe-saaTabago gamoeyo samefos da bolos TurqeTis

gavlenis sferoSi moxvda. afxazeTi, ogorc odiSis samTavros

nawili imereTis mefis gamgeobaSi darCa. ase gagrZeda levan II

dadianis dromde. levanma (1611-1657) SeZlo afxazeTis gavlenis

sferoSi moqceva. manve Seuwyo xeli afxazeTis samTavros Seqmnasa

da odiSTan dapirispirebas. swored levan dadianis sawinaaRmde-

god daiwyo afxazeTis mTavarma (SarvaSiZem) Crdilo kavkasiidan

marbeveli SeiaraRebuli mTielebis (adiRevelebis) gadmoyvana.

levan dadiani iZulebuli gaxda, rbevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,

aRedgina cnobili koraxis (koraqsis, kelasuris) 60 km. sigrZis

kedeli. Zala aRmarTs xnavs da kedels rogor ver gadalaxavda.

dadianebi, Cabmulebi guriis mTavarTan, imereTis mefesTan, urTi-

erTSoris qiSpSi, sustdebian da CrdiloeTiT teritoriebs Tmoben.

VIIIs. moyolebuli afxazeTis jer samTavro, Semdeg samefo

Tavis saxels avrcelebs lazebze, dasavleTis mosaxleobaze,

Semdeg qarTlze da bolos saqarTveloc cnobilia afxazeTis

saxeliT. bevr mkvlevarTan afxazeTi da saqarTvelo sinonimebis

saxiTaa mocemuli. Sesabamisad, qarTvelebi afxazebia da afxazebi

qarTvelebi. ase gagrZelda XVII s. Sua xanebamde. cnobilia, rom

Tavad qarTveli mematiane, roca monRolTa Semosevis istorias

exeba, aRniSnavs, rom rusudan mefes Tavisi mSobliuri afxazeTi

damSvidebiT hqondao (afxazeTSi ki mTel dasavleTs gulisxmobda).

afxazeTis, rogorc saqarTvelos gageba, TandaTanobiT icv-

leba da bolos XVII s. uaRresad mcirdeba. samxreTiT md. kela-

suramde, odiSi inarCunebs samTavros sazRvars. CrdiloeTidan

179


ukve masobrivad Camodian da saxldebian adiRevelebi.

cnobili afxazi mkvlevari giorgi ZiZaria (Г. А. Дзидзария, Ф. Ф. Торнау и его кавказские материалы XIX в.) exeba CerqezeTsa da yabardoSi gavrcelebul Tqmulebas adgilobriv gmir candia

ianldipSze, iZleva afxazeTSi afsuuri folkloris cnobas, rom-

lis mixedviT abazebi (adiRevelebi) jer dasaxlebulan md. yubanis

auzSi,Semdeg gadmosulan afxazeTSi.

Tavad adiRevelTa udidesi avtoriteti Sori nogmovi, ikv-

levs ra istorias, aRniSnavs, rom Cerqezebi VI s. donis mimar-

TulebiT gadasaxldnen, iqidan nawili azovis zRvis sanapiroze

gadavida, nawili ki md. yubanis Crdilo aRmosavleTiT. mas aR-

werili aqvs Tqmuleba gmir inalze , romelmac Sekriba adiRebi,

daukavSirda aSes da SaSes (aSe-SaSeSi SarvaSiZeebs moaiazreben)

da maTi daxmarebiT daipyro afxazeTi. adiRevelTa samwuxarod igi

iqve gardaicvala da md. bzifis midamoebSi daikrZala. ai, Sori

nogmovis naTqvami: «После покорения Абхазии, находясь на Дзибе для заключения мира с абхазскими племенами, он по окончании всех дел скончался смертью праведника. Тело его похоронено в упомянутой земле.» (Ногмов Шори. Ногма. История Адыхейского народа. Нальчик. 1982). igives gvauwyebs “История Кабардино-Балкарской АССР. М. 1967 г.kavkasiis eTnoproblemaTa Rrma mkvlevari a. diaCkov-tarasovi

afxazeTis sakiTxTa kvlevisas midis aseT daskvnamde: «Абхазы не всегда проживали там где они сейчас обитают; их предания, многие исторические данные и обичаи покозывают, что они прибыли ссевера и до того притеснили грузинские племена, пока не остоновились около Ингури.» А. Н. Дьячков-Тарасов.«Бзыбская Абхазия.» Известия Кавказского отдела Имп. русск. геогр. об-ва, XVIII, Тифл. 1905, ср. 65). cxadia avtori, roca ambobs afxazebis mier qarTveluri tomebis Seviwroebaze, gulisxmobs ara

istoriul afxazebs, romlebic odiTgan cxovrobdnen am arealSi,

aramed im adiRevelebs, romlebic CrdiloeTidan Camosaxldnen,

daipyres afxazeTi daDSeerivnen ra aborigen afxazebs, maTi sax-

elwodeba miiRes. gavixsenoT, rom XIX s-de, rusuli wyaroebi

180


Camosaxlebulebs abazinebs uwodebdnen da mxolod qarTvelebis

gavleniT ewodaT maTac afxazebi.

aqve unda mieTiTos, rom adiRevelebis Camowola samxreTSi

mxolod SarvaSiZeTa politikuri miznebis realizaciis gamo ara

xdeboda. odiSis (samegrelos) samTavro XVII s. meore naxevarSi

aRar warmoadgenda im Zalas, romelsac afxazeTis samTavro ver

gaumklavdeboda. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes ori faqtori: 1.

yirimis xanis Zaladoba Crd. kavkasiaSi, romelic adgilobriv mo-

saxleobas mTebSi gaxizvnisaken ubiZgebda; 2. TurqeTis Zaladoba

afxazeTSi da winaaRmdegobis aucilebloba.

ase gagrZelda 1864 wlamde, rodesac ruseTis imperiam af-

xazeTis samTavros avtonomiurobas dausva wertili.

istoria varaudebs ver itans. yvelaferi Cateulia sityvebSi:

sad, rodis, ra. amisda miuxedavad, miuxedavad realobisa, faqtebi-

sa, gacnobierebuli sinamdvilisa qvecnobieri ver waiSleba. qvec-

nobieri ki zogjer cnobierze ufro meti sinamdvilis Semcvelia.

qvecnobieria: ara aqvs mniSvneloba SarvaSiZeebi SavlianTa dinas-

tiis warmomadgenelebia da maTi istoriis gamgrZeleblebia Tu ara,

saqarTvelos ganuyofeli da organuli nawili aris. vin, Tu ara

SarvaSiZeebma icodnen afxazebis da afxazeTis roli saqarTvelos

samefos Seqmnis, ganviTarebis, siZlieris da bolos SenarCunebis

saqmeSi. vis SeuZlia gamoricxos istoriuli warsulis mniSvn-

eloba da misi aRorZinebis miswrafeba maTSi. rodesac SarvaSiZeebi

Crdilo kavkasielebs qiraobdnen da samxreTs (odiSs) utevdnen,

iyo mxolod Tavdacvis, miwebis xelSi Cagdebis, Tu afxazeTis

samefos aRdgenis survili? vin gansazRvravs yovelives? ratom

cdilobdnen isini md. enguris gadalaxvas?

XIX s. radikalurad icvleba kavkasionelebis da maT Soris

mosaxleoba Sereuli afxazeTis bedic. 1810 w. giorgi SarvaSiZe

daTanxmda afxazeTis ruseTis imperiasTan dakavSirebas avtonomiis

uflebiT. Tanxmoba iZulebiTi iyo, radgan ruseTi uimisodac

miiRebda sawadels. am droisaTvis SarvaSiZeebs samurzayano da-

karguli hqondaT. sanacvlod CrdiloeTiT jer kidev xostamde

flobdnen Zveli afxazeTis (da ufro Zveli lazikis) terito-

181


rias. xostadan anapamde ukve adiRevelebi saxlobdnen. afxazeTis

CrdiloeT dasavleTi, erT dros egroselebis mSobliuri mxare

ukve Camosaxlebulebs hqondaT dakavebuli. raki es mxare afxa-

zeTs ekuTvnoda, Tanamedrove bevri mkvlevari mosulebs afxazur

tomad miiCnevs. ase xdebian adiRevelebi afxazebi. (am logikiT,

sulmnaTi k. gamsaxurdias moswrebuli naTqvamisa ar iyos: adamiani

Tu saZroxeSi daibada, Zroxad xom ar iqceva?).

1864 w. afxazeTis avtonomiis gauqmebas, mohyva e. w. soxu-

mis samxedro ganyofilebis dafuZneba. saxelwodeba `afxazeTi~

garusebis kvalobaze unda waSliliyo. afxazeTis ukanaskneli

mTavari mixeil SarvaSiZe axloblebiT ruseTSi (voroneJSi) gadaas-

axles. esec ar ikmares da mkvlevarTa daangariSebiT 20 aTasamde

afxazi aiZules TurqeTSi gadasaxlebuliyo. aseve gadasaxlebas

hqonda adgili 1877-1878 ww. ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg. de-

mografTa monacemebis Tanaxmad, afxazi mosaxleobis daaxloebiT

naxevari wavida TurqeTSi. aq araa saubari CrdiloeT afxazeTSi

Camosaxlebul adiRevelebze. Tu maTac, zogi mkvlevaris msgavsad,

afxazebs miaTvlian, maSin mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba CaiTv-

leba wasulad.

ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas afxazoba Serisx-

uli iyo. mxolod mogvianebiT Seicvala maTdami damokidebuleba.

bolSevikebi (s. orjonikiZe, s. kirovi), v. leninis miTiTebiT

(ix. `revoluciuri aneqsia~ Tb. 2008 w.), mTis xalxebs da maT

Soris afxazebsac hpirdebodnen damoukideblobas, Tavisufle-

bas nebismieri formiT, Tu isini sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxares

ibrZolebdnen da maT Soris damoukidebeli saqarTvelos de-

mokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdegac. afxazebmac ibrZles da

brZola daufasdaT. marTalia xangrZlivi iyo procesi, cvalebadi

damoukideblobis (saqarTvelosgan da ara ruseTisgan) xarisxi,

magram Sedegi saxezea. 1993 w. afxazeTma moipova danarCeni saqa-

rTvelosgan damoukidebloba ̀ moZme~ ruseTis daxmarebiT. vinZlo,

ar mohyves am damoukideblobas, ruseTze damokidebulebis zrda

da afxazTa iseTive asimilireba, rac ara erTma eTnosma iwvnia da

rac mTavaria iwvnia md. fsous CrdiloeTma afxazeTma.

182


XXI s-Si afxazeTis istoria isea warmodgenili, isea gar-

Tulebuli, rom mis dalagebas sakmao Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba.

is, rac naTeli iyo uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli XX s-de,

sabWoTa wyobilebis dros mizanmimaTulad gaiSifra da Sedegic

savalalo dadga.

didi moazrovne iyo k. marqsi. ara cdeboda, roca ambobda,

rom partiis wevri ar SeiZleba obieqturi mkvlevari iyos, radgan

misTvis saxelmZRvanelo orientiri partiis gadawyvetilebaa da

ara sxva ram. sabWoTa kavSirSi mkvlevari verafers miaRwevda

Tu is e.w. komunisturi partiis pozicias ar gaiTvaliswinebda.

politika ki ar idga mecnierebis mxrebze, aramed piriqiT. par-

tia gansazRvravda ara mxolod politkur, social-ekonomikur

mimarTulebas, aramed imasac, vis rogori istoria unda hqonoda,

vis visTan emegobra da mtroba gaewia. obieqturi mkvlevari ver

moitans verc erT faqts afxazTa da qarTvelTa eTnikur niadagze

dapirispirebisa 1917 wlamde. ufro meti, bolos 1916 w. sTxoves

afxazebma imperators soxumis mazrad gadanaTluli afxazeTis

yofili samTavro quTaisis guberniasTan gaeerTianebina.

ratom qarTul guberniasTan da ara sxvasTan? miT ufro, rom

1904 wlidan gagris CaTvliT afxazeTis saukeTeso mxare ukve soWis

mxares hqonda gadacemuli. amas xom dafiqreba da axsna sWirdeba...

Tanamedrove rusi da afxazi `mecnierebis~ nawils myari

pozicia sxva midgomaSi aqvs. maTi mtkicebiT afxazebi yovelTvis

adiReuri warmomavlobisani iyvnen, sxva adiR tomebTan qmnidnen

erTobas da arasodes araviTari axlobloba qarTvelobasTan ara

hqoniaT Tu ar CavTvliT im periods, roca afxazeTis samefom

qarTl-kaxeTi daipyro... afxazebs mezobloba hqondaT megrelebTan

da svanebTan, magram isini xom qarTvelur tomebs ar warmoadgenen.

xo da ubralo kiTxva: 1916 w. afxazebi ratom qarTvelebTan

gaerTianebas moiTxovdnen da ara adiRevelebTan?

erT rameSi marTlebi arian afxazi avtorebi. roca Tubal,

TabalTa erToba daiSala, roca mrovelis Tanaxmad lixs dasav-

leTi egroselebs ergoT, xolo lixs aRmosavleTi qarTlosianebs,

maT Soris iseTvie sxvaoba iqneboda, rogorc qarTlosianebsa da

183


herebs, lekosianebsa da kavkasianebs Soris. Sesabamisad, roca

msjelobaa egriselebze, gnebavT kolxebze, iq mxolod momavali

svanebi, megrelebi da afxazebi igulisxmebian. aqedan gamomdinare,

Zveli kolxeTi (gnebavT kolxida), kolxas gaerTianeba, lazikis

samefo, egroselTa saerTo Semoqmedebaa. roca msjelobaa aietis

samefoze, henioxobaze, kolxobaze, safiqrelia, rom es kategoriebi

moicavdnen im arealis tomebs, romelTagan Semdeg gancalkevdnen

afxazebi, svanebi, megrel-lazebi da laz-Wanebi.

sakiTxis arss ara cvlis is varaudi, rom im arealSi SeiZleba

meSex-muSq-musk-mosxo-mesxebis warmomadgenlebic saxlobdnen abask,

abasx, abazgTa saxiT. meSexTa es Camomavlebi adiRur mosaxleobad

mianc ar CaiTvlebian.

aqve kidev erTxel unda iqnas xazgasmuli didi rusi is-

torikosis v. tatiSCevis daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom adiReuri

abazas tomi TaTruli warmoSobisaa, rom samegrelos Crdilo-

eTi nawili, romelsac afxazeTs uwodeben mniSvnelovan wilad

yubanelebs (igulisxmeba adiRebs) ukaviaT. v. tatiSCevis es daxa-

siaTeba XVIII s. meore naxevars gulisxmobs. principSi igives

adasturebs T. krasilnikovi, roca ambobs, rom Savi da azovis

zRvebis CrdiloeTidan wamosulma adiRebma daikaves kavkasionis

kalTebi da yubanis dablobi... gana igives ar imeorebda batoni

simon basaria yabardoelebisa da abazas tomis Sesaxeb? aRaraa

saWiro yvela avtoris debulebis ganmeoreba, romlebic afxazebis

ara adiRevelobaze miuTiTeben. sxva ambavia, ra awyobT da ras

amtkiceben sabWoTa `specialistebi~.

istoriuli sinamdvile ki isaa, rom 1864 w. gauqmebuli afxa-

zeTis samTavro iseTsave rusifikatorul wnexSi moxvda, rogorsac

danarCeni koloniebi ganicdidnen.

iyo msjeloba imperiuli politikis arsze qarTl-kaxeTisa da

imereTis samefoebis mimarT. gameoreobas azri ara aqvs, magram is

mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazeTi ver acdeboda da arc acdenia

asimilatorul procesebs. mxolod 1917 w. Tebervlis revolu-

ciis Semdeg miecaT saSualeba koloniebs Tavisuflebis raRaca

donisaTvis mieRwiaT droebiTi mTavrobis pirobebSi. rogorc am

184


mTavrobis adgilobrivi organo, 10.03.1917 w. soxumSi, SarvaSiZis

xelmZRvanelobiT, Seiqmna sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebis komiteti.

imave wlis noemberSi, ukve menSevikebis TanxmobiT, mowveuli iqna

saxalxo yriloba, romelmac Seqmna saxalxo sabWo simon basarias

meTaurobiT. im simon basariasi, romelic amtkicebda, rom Turqebis

mier oTxasi wlis manZilze Cagrulma afxazebma verc rusi kolo-

nizatorebis xelSi naxes Sveba. amtkicebda, rom momxdur-dampyobTa

gamo bevri yabardoeli da abazas tomis wevri Casaxlda afxazeTSi.

amtkicebda, rom CamosaxlebulTagan (momTabare-monadireebisagan)

bevrma ver igua miwaTmoqmedeba, gvalva da XVII s. bolos, ukan,

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadasaxlda. diax, gasasaxldnen yabardoelebi

da e.w. abazinebi da ara afxazebi.

afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom 09. 02. 1918 w. gaaforma SeTanx-

meba urTierTobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos erovnul sabWosTan. `spe-

cialistTa~ garkveuli nawili, afxaz-qarTvelTa dapirispirebiT

dainteresebuli, niSnis mogebiT acxadebs: naxeT, am SeTanxmebaSi

araa msjeloba saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb. diax,

araa. ar iyo saWiro da ar Seitanes. aq mTavari sxva ramaa. afxa-

zTa saxalxo sabWom ratom saqarTvelosTan dado SeTanxmeba da

ara yabardo, abazin, adiResTan? xom cxadia, roca giWirs, pirvel

rigSi unda moZme-mezobels mimarTo. Tu, rogorc amtkiceben, afxa-

zebi adiRevelebia, erTi warmomavlobis xalxia, ratom saZulvel

qarTvelebs mimarTes afxazebma?

damatebiT 02. 06. 1918 w. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom Tavi

afxazeTis sazogadoebriobis erTaderT warmomadgenlad gamoacxada

da daxmarebisaTvis Tbiliss (ukve damoukidebeli demokratiuli

respublikis mTavrobas), rac igivea, qaTvelebs mimarTa da ara

sxvas. ratom? pasuxi specialur `specialistebs~ ara aqvT.

ufro meti. imave wlis, imave TveSi, imave sabWom sazeimod gamo-

acxada afxazeTis Sesvla saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiis

uflebiT. albaT iseTive atonomiis uflebiT, riTac afxazeTis

samTavro sargeblobda. respublikas evaleboda sazogadoebrivi

wesrigisa da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa.

sazogadoebrivi wesrigi marTlac dasamyarebeli iyo. 1918 w. gazaf-

xulze orjer iyo soxumSi bolSevikuri gadatrilebis mcdeloba.

185


SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad respublikurma (formirebis procesSi myofma)

jarebma tuafsemde teritoria daiakves. gasaxsenbelia is faqti,

rom rodesac afxazeTs ierTebda ruseTi, mTavar SarvaSiZeTa gav-

lena jer kidev xostamde vrceldeboda. rac Seexeba md. yubanis

(md. mcire xazareTisa, md, kafa, saxeli icvleboda, arsi rCeboda)

marcxena napiris vrcel teritoriebs (uZveles, egrosis kuTvnil

teritoriebs) iq ukve ucxotomelebi, ZiriTadad adiReuri warmo-

Sobis xalxi mosaxleobda. adiReuri warmoSobis, magram afxazebs

maTTvis ar miumarTavT. ratom?

da kidev meti. 1919 w. martSi, demokratiuli arCevnebis

gziT, afxazebma saxalxo sabWos axali Semadgenloba SearCies. 20.

03. 1919 w. am sabWom miiRo aqti, afxazeTis avtonomiis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos respublikis SemadgenlobaSi. praqtikulad amiT

dasrulda mSvidobianad urTierTobis mogvarebis procesi. imave

1919 w. ruseTma kvlav moicala afxazeTisa da damoukidebeli

saqarTvelosaTvis. erTi mxriv e.w. TeTrgvardielebi gen. aleq-

seevisa da gen. denikinis meTaurobiT gegmavdenen intervencias.

meore mxriv v. lenini da bolSevikebi (s. orjonikiZe, s. kirovi)

abriyvebdnen mimdob kavkasielebs, pirdebodnen yvelafers, oRond

maT saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis winaaRmdeg eomaT.

sagulisxmoa, rom arc TurqeTis mxridan iyo safrTxe moxsnili.

bolos 1919 w. denikinma imarjva, CrdiloeTi afxazeTisa

daikava da sazRvari md. fsouze ganamwesa. qarTvel bolSevikebs

didi imedi hqondaT, rom inernacionalisti, da humanisti v. le-

nini samarTlianad moiqceoda. mwared motyuvdnen. v. leninma jer

erTi, ar Secvala md. fsouze dawesebuli sazRvari 07. 05. 1920

w. meore, piradad SeimuSava saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis aneqsiis

gegma. mesame, piradad xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos Zarcvas.

amitom iyo filipe maxaraZis mware aRiareba: bolSevikebma Cven

mogvatyues. amis Semdeg rac xdeboda afxazeTSi, rac xdeboda

afxazeT-qarTvelTa urTierTobaSi, sulac ar ekiTxeboda arc erTs,

arc meores. rusi ̀ mecnierebis~ nawili da maT demagogias ayolili

medrove afxazebi ki am sinamdviles mrude sarkeSi warmoadgenen.

186


ukanaskneli, rac afxazeTisa da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

urTierTobaSi moxerxda da mouswro, iyo 21. 02. 1921 w. dam-

fuZnebeli krebis mier konstituciis miReba. afxazeTi Sedioda

respublikis SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiis uflebiT.

dRes es faqti `specialistebis~ mier gaSifrulia, rogorc

zewola afxazeTze, rogorc afxazTa uflebebis Selaxva. ara da

mxedvelobaSi ara Rebuloben, rom am konstitucias ori dRec ar

umoqmedia, rom Tavad afxazTa surviliT da TxovniT iyo yovelive

gakeTebuli. vis sWirdeba simarTle?

simarTle ki isaa, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi iZulebiT gaer-

Tianebul `moZme~ respublikebs sinamdvileSi Sekvecili kul-

turuli avtonomiis pirobebi da uflebebi hqondaT. (am sakiTxze

avtoris `revoluciuri aneqsia~). cxadia, aseTi `saxelmwifo

gaerTianebani~ nebaze verc Sinagan organizacias moaxdendnen da miT

umetes verc eTnopolitikas awarmoebdnen. imperialisturi rusuli

propagandis Sedegia afxazTa nawilSi damkvidrebuli azri imis

Sesaxeb, rom 04. 03. 1921 w. wiTeli armiis nawilebis afxazeTSi

Seyvana qarTvelTa mxridan genocidis Tavidan acilebis mizniT

moxda. Tu aseTi samarTliani da humanuri politika hqonda bol-

Sevikur mTavrobas, Tu ase zrunavda qarTvelebis mier `Cagrul~

afxazebze, ratom ar daubruna kuTvnili istoriuli teritoriebi?

qarTvelebma rom afxazeTs daubrunes qveynis CrdiloeTi nawili

tuafsemde, rusebma ratom waarTves da miisakuTres? cxadia sab-

WoTa kavSirSi amis xmamaRla gacxadeba warmoudgeneli iyo, magram

axla, roca imave ruseTis ̀ Zmuri~ daxmarebiT afxazeTi saZulveli

saqarTvelosagan sruliad damoukidebelia, ra uSliT xels, rom

afxaz `Zmebs~ maTi samSoblos nawili daubrunon?

istoriulad cnobili faqtia, rom 1921 w. gazafxulze saqa-

rTvelos gasabWoebis paralelurad Seiqmna afxazeTis sabWoTa

respublika. im dros, ar iyo ra SemuSavebuli moskovis mier er-

Tiani pozicia, aseTive respublikebi iqmneboda sabWoTa imperiis

sxva regionebSic (mxolod azerbaijanis SigniT iyo naxiWevanis,

muRanlos yarabaRis).

187


afxazeTis respublikis sagareo orientacia bolomde garkveu-

li ar iyo. arc saxelmwifoebrivi statusi iyo gacnobierebuli.

ukve 28. 05. 1921 w. afxazebma yrilobaze damoukideblobis dafiq-

sirebasTan erTad aRniSnes saqarTvelos sabWoTa respublikasTan

mtkice kavSiris aucilebloba. ara mxolod aRniSnes, imave wlis

dekemberSi samokavSireo xelSekrulebac gaaformes. bolos es

kavSiri asaxuli iqna afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos konstituciebSi.

amis Semdeg ukve sabWoTa kavSirSi, partiis centraluri

komitetis iniciativiT ganxorcielda reformebi erovnebaTa

Sorisi urTierTobis sakiTxebSi. gadawyda rigi respublikebis

statusis Secvla. maT Soris 1931 w. moaxdines afxazeTis re-

spublikis avtonomiur respublikad gardaqmna, saqarTvelos re-

spublikis SemadgenlobaSi. es cvlileba aisaxa 1936 w. miRebul,

gamarjvebuli socializmis konstituciaSi.

dRes, rigi rusi da afxazi specialistebisa, (gvarebis dasax-

elebis gareSe, radgan ideologizirebuli ̀ mecnierebaa~ damnaSave

da ara calkeuli avtorebi), afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikad

gardaqmnas, saqarTvelos mier qveynis `okupaciad~ afaseben. diax,

1931 wlamde afxazeTi iyo `damoukidebeli respublika~ da

saqarTvelom misi okupacia moaxdina. Tu dafiqrebulan es av-

torebi ra mouvidaT ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi adre aRmocenebul

respublikebs? iqac qarTvelebma xom ar moaxdines zewola? Tu

gaxsenebiaT ra uyves qarTvelebs, roca maT kritikuli SeniSvnebi

gamoTqves sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis proeqtebTan dakavSirebiT? ro-

gor SeeZlo saqarTvelos daecva afxazTa uflebebi, roca Tavisas

fexqveS uTelavdnen da rac mTavaria, moskovis davalebiT, Tavad

afxazebi iZulebulni gamoTqvamdnen kmayofilebas. vin hkiTxavda

respublikebis xelmZRvanelobas da maT Soris qarTvelobas, sur-

daT Tu ara koleqtivizacia, `kulturuli revolucia~ da a.S.

dRevandeli viTarebidan gamomdianre, advilia ar gaiTvaliswino

e.w. socializmis mSeneblobis saSinelebani da amaSi imperiuli

sistema da politika ki ar daadanaSaulo, aramed is, viszec igive

imperiuli centri migiTiTebs. magram xom aris WeSmaritebac?

188


mokled, 1936 w. konstitucia afxazeTis respublikas saqarT-

velos SemadgenlobaSi ganixilavda. Sesabamisad gauTviTcnobieri

afxazebisaTis maTi cxovrebis yovelgvari naklis Semoqmedni

qarTvelebi gaxdnen. ukve ruseTis `imedad~ myofebma iwyes mos-

kovSi partiis centralur komitetSi saCivrebis wera qarTveli

agresorebis dasjis moTxovniT.

`saSineleba~ xdeboda. qarTveloba (gansakuTrebiT megrelebi)

masiurad usaxldebodnen afxazebs, isini mosaxleobis umravle-

sobas Seadgendnen. daviwyebuli iqna e.w. afxazeTis didi kedelis

istoriuli daniSnuleba. vis ainteresebda odiSis mTavarma, le-

van II dadianma 17 s. Sua xanebSi ratom aRadgina da gaamagra es

marTlac RisSesaniSnavi nageboba. vis dacvas lamobda mTavari

yofili koraxis-klisuras-kelasuris kedlis meSveobiT da visgan?

ra afxazebs icavda afxaz-afsarTa TareSisagan Tu megrelebs? da

rodidan gaxda odiSis samTavros es mxare e.w. samurzayano? rus

`Zmebs~ es SeiZleba arc ainteresebdeT, magram ayolil afxazebs?

araa saWiro qarTvel istorikosTa poziciis codna. magram maTi

saTayvanebeli sulmnaTi zurab anCabaZec anti afxazia?

meore ̀ saSineleba~ iyo afxazuri damwerlobis qarTuli asoe-

biT gawyoba, skolebSi qarTuli swavlebis SemoReba. sazizRari

qarTvelebi. sxvaa rusebi. o... rusebi Zmebi da humanistebi arian.

swored rusebis daxmarebiT moxerxda baton dimitri gulias mier

qarTul anbanze gawyobili damwerlobis `kirilicaTi~ Secvla.

kargia, rom skolebSic rusuli iswavleba. vis sWirdeba qarTuli,

roca qarTvelebsac rusi auwevs yurs. didia Zala rusisa da

afxazuri erTguleba-siyvarulic didi sWirdeba. diax. yvelaferi

rusuli aris internacionalizmi, xolo qarTulis swavleba –

mxolod asimilaciis procesia.

yovelives CamoTvla, rac afxaz ideolog-specialistebs qa-

rTvelebis mxriv genocidis mcdelobad miaCniaT, marTlac zedmeti

da momabezrebelia. amitom, mxolod erTi mcire sakiTxi, romelic

samoci welia aSfoTebT afxazebis gaadiRevelobis mosurneT. 1951

w. gamoica, rogorc `didi rus-afxazi specialistebi~ amboben

189


TviTnaswavli (e. i. araspecialisti, TviTmarqvia) literatori

batoni pavle ingoroyvas naSromi. mraval sakiTxTan erTad, iq

naTqvamia, rom adiRevelebi afxazeTSi gvian, XVII-XVIII ss. arian

Camosaxlebulebi da gaafxazebulebi. rogorc kaxeT-hereTSi lekebi,

qarTl-dvaleTSi osebi, adiRevelebi afxazeTSi arian mosulebi.

es debuleba mosvenebas ukargavs specialur `specialistTa~

Taobebs. sakiTxavia, Tu viRaca TviTnaswavlma, raRaca vTqvaT

da cilismwamebluri dawera, gana Rirs amis gulisTvis amdeni

garja? mas xom ar uTqvams afxazebia gvian mosulebi, afxazebi

ara mkvidri mosaxleobaa. Tqva, rom maT Soris arian gvian Camo-

salxebulebi, ara istoriuli afxazebi, ara aborigeni elementebi.

mere ra moxda? vTqvaT, roca cnobili anTropologi aleqseevi

amtkicebs, rom afxazebs ufro meti saerTo aqvT qarTvelebTan

vidre adiRevelebTan, es xom ar iwvevs mwvave reaqcias. roca v.

tatiSCevi amtkicebs, rom adiRebi TaTruli warmomavlobis tomia,

esac ar iwvevs ukmayofilebas, magram rogorc ki msgavsi azri p.

ingoroyvam gamoTqva, ar damTavrda ukmayofiloTa kritika. ratom?

afxazebs Tu is swyinT, rom qarTvelebis monaTesaved arian dax-

asiaTebuli, es sxva sakiTxia. ukve iTqva, rom afxazebi egroselebis

monaTesaveni arian, qarTlelebs ki bevrad gvian gaecnen. ra moxda?

cnobilma mecnierma a. saxarovma saqarTvelos patara imperia uwoda,

mweralma afanasievma qarTvelebs avadmyofi eri. sawyeni iyo, ma-

gram qarTvelebs amis gamo arc rusebi SeuZulebiaT da arc maTi

mecniereba da kultura. sanacvlod SemTxvevas ar uSveben rusi

Tu moruso ideologebi rom ar aRniSnon rasizmi, Sovinizmi da

kidev bevri izmi qarTvelTa Soris. mizani? mizani naTelia.

saTave antiqarTul permanetil process n. xruSCovis dros

daedo. 1956 wlis ivnisSi miiRo komunisturi patriis centraluri

komitetis prezidiumma dadgenileba Secdomebisa da naklovanebebis

Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kompartiis muSaobaSi. am process Tan axlda

saCivrebis mTeli kaskadi afxazTa mxridan.

genialuri mmarTveli iyo n. xruSCovi. i. stalinis mier 30

wlis manZilze nagebi evraziuli imperia 3 welSi moaryia. ng-

revasac xom niWi unda. politikuri sistemis rRvevis pirveli

190


mauwyebeli 09. 03. 1956 w. TbilisSi mowyobili sisxliani

aRlumi iyo. qarTvelebi daTrgunes da paralelurad imperiis

mier Cadebuli eTnikuri naRmebi aamoqmedes. afxazebma, ruseTis

mxardaWeriT, qarTvelebTan dapirispirebis pirveli raundi moiges.

moiges da gaiges, rom Zlieris ayolas SeiZleba iseTi Sedegi

mohyves, razec adre ar ufiqriaT. ruseTma gamoaRviZa ̀ afxazuri~

ultra nacionalizmi.

Tu pirveli sababi p. ingoroyvas Txzuleba iyo, meore Setevis

signali ukve 1967 w. dastambuli n. berZeniSvilis TxzulebaTa

III t. gaxda. akad. n. berZeniSvils TviTnaswavls ver daarqmevdnen,

magram ufro Zneli asatania, roca Seuracxyofas mcodne gvayenebs.

xumroba ambavia? akademikosma gabeda da afxazTa da qarTvelTa

naTesaobis sakiTxi dasva. rus specialistTa mier dalocil, gaa-

diRevelobis bilikze Semdgari afxazi eTnosisaTvis, ufro meti

Seuracyofis miyeneba warmougeneli iyo. afxazi eTnosisaTvis iTqva,

Torem vin hkiTxavda patiosan, mSromel afxazebs.

XIX s. ikvlevda ra revoluciuri moZraobis kanonzomiere-

bas, k. marqsi ambobda: mSromel masebs arc dro da arc codna

ara aqvT, rom politikuri brZolis Teoria da organizaciuli

formebi gamoimuSaon. mcodne revolucionerebma unda SeZlon es

da darazmon masebi.

mSromel afxazebsac arc imdeni istoriuli codna ar hqondaT

da arc dro Sesaswavlad, rom gaegoT, mainc ras erCis da ras

`lanZRavs~ qarTveli akademikosi. sanacvlod mravlad iyvnen eris in-

teresebisaTvis mebrZoli Tavdadebuli ̀ specialistebi~. maT warbic

ar SeuxriaT, roca ruseTis Sesabamisma specialistebma daaskvnes,

rom Tu eTnosis wevrTa raodenoba asi aTass aWarebebs, is eria da

politikuri organizaciis is forma ekuTvnis, rac ers Seefereba.

Tu eTnosis wevrTa raodenoba asi aTasze naklebia, maSin is eri ki

ara, erovnebaa da politikuri pativic naklebi unda ergos. samwux-

arod, afxazebi erovnebebis rigSi Caayenes. magram es xom moskovSi

daaskvnes. moskovSi, sadac wydeba erebisa da respublikebis bedi,

sadac evropisa da aziis qveynebisa da erebis momavals gansazRvraven.

amitom afxaz istorikosebs, eTnografebs da saerTod xalxis be-

191


diT dainteresebul specialistebs moskovze wyena ar SestyobiaT.

sxva iyo qarTveli akademikosi. marTalia man erovneba SeniRba da

berZeni-Svilad moevlina qveyanas, magram fxizlad myofma afxazma

specialistebma mainc gauges da Seuracxyofa ar apaties. gaugonari

mkrexeloba moxda: turCaninovebis, voronovebis mier msoflio

civilizaciis pionerad Seracxil afxaz adiRebs, viRac qrTvelma

gaubeda da maTTan Soreuli naTesaobis idea gaaJRera.

ra SeaCerebda, rusi an moruso specialistebis mier gawvrT-

nil, afxaz specialistTa saCivrebis nakads sabWoTa kavSiris

centalur organoebSi. moTxovna konkretuli iyo: afxazeTis

teritoriaze qarTuli (gnebavT egrosuli) toponimebis afxazuriT

Secvla, yvela wamyvani xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobis afxazTaTvis

daTmoba, umaRles saswavleblebSi afxazebis ukonkursod Caricxva.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos respublikis Semadgenlobidan

gasvla da ruseTTan Caxuteba.

sabWoTa kavSirSi yvelaferi gegmiuri iyo. Tavis droze v.

leninma daakvaliana bolSevikebi (Semdeg rom Tavs komunistebi

uwodes). arRicxvisa da kontrolis sargeblianobis sakiTxSi.

yvelaferi centralizebuli, yvela siaxle centridan. gegmiurobam

moiTxova, rom Tu afxazTa pirveli Seteva qarTvelebis winaRm-

deg 1957-8 wlebSi ganxorcielda, meore 1967-8 wlebSi, mesame

1977-8 wlebSi unda momxdariyo. gegmiuroba imitomaa gegmiuroba,

rom misi perioduloba ar unda dairRves. arc darRveula. mesame

Setevas mesame sababi male gamouCnda. xumroba saqmea? kompartiis

centraluri komitetis politbiuroSi, mosaxleobisagan finansuri

Tanxis amoqaCvis mizniT da paralelurad rusuli enis damkvi-

drebis, rogorc momavali erTaderTi saxelmwifo enisa, miiRo

axali konstitucia. sabWoTa imperiis mTel sivrceSi erTaderT

saxelmwifo enad rusuli cxaddeboda.

sabWoTa ideologebma ukuagdes v. leninis brZnuli Segoneba.

v. lenini ambobda: araa aucilebeli rusulis saxelmwifo enad

gamocxadeba. ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, cxovrebis peripetiebi

isedac aiZuleben ararusebs rusulze gadasvlas. sabWoTa propa-

gandis talRaze aRzrdilma `specialistebma~ v. leninis ideebi

Tanamedroveobis moTxovnebis mixedviT gaiges da ganaxorcieles.

192


analizi rom ar gamovides, iTqmeba, rom sabWoTa kavSiris

axali konstituciis mixedviT, respublikebs evalebodaT misi

Sesabamisi axali konstituciis miReba. aq moxda kazusi, 1978 w.

14 aprils qarTvelebma mitingze moiTxoves respubklikaSi saxelm-

wifo enad qarTulis SenarCuneba, warmogidgeniaT? saqarTveloSi

saxelmwifo enad qarTuls moiTxovdnen. rogor SeiZleba am faqts

internacionalisti rus-afxazi specialistebi, e.w. inteligencia

ar aReSfoTebina. xumroba ambavia? Tu saqarTveloSi qarTulia

saxelmwifo ena, maSin xom afxazebsac qarTulis Seswavla mou-

wevT. (am SemTxvevaSi araa saubari somexi, azerbaijaneli, osi

moqalaqeebis poziciaze).

sababi moinaxa. Sesabamisad afxazeTSi axali talRa agorda.

moskoveli diriJorebi kargad gaisarjnen. situaciis gamwvavebam

imave diriJorebis samSvidobo, saSuamavlo rolis mniSvneloba gaz-

arda. diax. moskovis ̀ brZnuli~ gadawyvetilebani daedo safuZvlad

afxazTa droebiT dawynarebas. maT miiRes iseTive uflebebi, rac

hqondaT respublikebs, magram mainc saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi.

dRes rusi ideologebi aRara malaven, rom afxazebisaTvis

rusuli iyo misaRebi ena, SeiZleba megrulic gamosdgomodaT,

magram qarTuli? mesame ena maT ara sWirdebodaT. amas garda

qarTvelma mecnierebma ar moiSales `mavne Cveva~ da afxazeTis

istorias saqarTvelos istorias ukavSirebdnen. is ar ikmares

qarTvelebma, rom afxazebis mier Seqmnili asoTi damwerloba

`miiTvises~, warsulis aRiarebuli moazrovne ioane petriwi qa-

rTvelad `gamoacxades~ da iqamde mividnen, rom afxaz-qarTvelTa

warmomavlobiT naTesaobaze alaparakdnen. Tavxedebi. amitom prin-

cipulad daisva sakiTxi qarTvelTa diskriminaciuli politikis

aRkveTis, afxazeTis saqarTvelosgan gamoyofis Sesaxeb. aRSfoTebis

talRa kargad iyo organizebuli. SeZles da afxazuri soflebi

gamoiyvanes saprotesto mitingebze. masobrivad awerdnen xels

moskovSi gasagzavn saCivrebs. (mSromelTa saCivrebi, winadadebebi

da a.S. 1984w. Semodgomaze specialurad iyo Seswavlili avtoris

mier da aRmoCnda, rom am `moRvaweobiT~ mxolod afxazebi iyvnen

dakavebuli, arc erTi saCivari rusis, qarTvelis, berZenis da

193


sxvaTa mxriv ar iyo dafiqsirebuli. ratom? pasuxs wamkiTxavi

advilad mixvdeba: unda eCvenebinaT, rom afxazeTDSi afxazebi iyvnen

Seviwrovebulebi, daCagrulebi, moskovisagan Svelis momlodineni).

miuxedavad avtonomiuri respublikisTvis moskovis mier

gawerili uflebebis mniSvnelovnad gazrdisa, mokavSire respub-

likis uflebebTan gaTanabrebisa, afxazebi mainc ukmayofiloni

iyvnen, mainc ver Caigdes yvela Tanamdeboba xelT, ver moiSores

qarTvelebi. saxeze iyo qarTvelebis SedarebiT maRali kompeten-

cia mmarTvelobis, kvalificiuri xelmZRvanelobis, sameurneo da

kulturul-samecniero moRvaweobis sferoebSi. qarTvelebi mainc

saWironi rCebodnen, Tanac viTarebaSi, roca afxaz mSromel masebs

xelmZRvanelis erovneba ki ara, efeqturoba aZlevda xels. TviT

rusi ideologebi ar malavdnen, rom afxazeTis universitetSi

qarTveli pedagogebi bevrad kvalificiurni iyvnen. subtropikuli

instituti ver ifunqcionirebda qarTvelebis gareSe. afxazebs

televizia qarTvelebma Seuqmnes, magram afxazuri gadacemebi

mwiri da fragmentuli iyo da a.S. magram amaSi xom qarTveloba

iyo `damnaSave~?

sabWoTa imeriuli politika brZnuli iyo. ar SeiZleboda

afxaz-qarTvelTa urTierTobis (ufro swored, afxazi da qarTveli

karieristi – moxeleebis) bolomde morigeba. sabrZolveli unda

darCeniliyo da darCa. qarTvelebis damoukideblobisaken ltolvis

damamuxruWebeli naRmi gegmazomierad 10 wlis Semdeg amoqmedda.

1988 w. Semodgomaze gamarTuli mitingebis dros TbilisSi,

erovnul-demokratiulma partiam gaaxmovana moTxovna saqarTvelos

sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gasvlis Sesaxeb. maTi lozungi

iyo: saqarTvelo qarTvelebisTvis. (1989 w. avtori specialurad

Sexvda partiis lider g. Wanturias. ramdenime saaTiani diskusiis

Semdeg SeTanxmdenen lozungis moxsnis aucileblobaze).

Tavis mxriv afxazebmac moiTxoves saqarTvelos Semadgenlobi-

dan gasvla da 1921 w. deklarirebuli damoukidebeli respublikis

aRdgena. 18. 03. 1989 w. gudauTis raionis sof. lixnSi saxalxo

Sekrebaze miiRes e.w. ̀ afxazuri werili~, romelsac aTi aTasobiT

adamianma moawera xeli. sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobisadmi

194


mimarTul werilSi moTxovnili iyo afxazeTis gasvla saqarT-

velos Semadgenlobidan da sabWoTa imperiis farglebSi darCena

respublikis statusiT.

(mcire mogoneba. avtori staJirebaze iyo moskovSi mSromelTa

internacionaluri aRzRdis problematikaSi garkvevis mizniT.

staJireba, rogorc saqarTvelos warmomadgenelma, magram ara qa-

rTvelma da musulmanma, gaiara istoriis institutTan arsebuli

specialuri komisiis xelmZRvanel g. n. trapeznikovTan. urTier-

Tobis procesSi gairkva, rom Tavad g. trapeznikovi taSkentSia

aRzrdili, muslimanebis moyvaruli da qarTvelebis moZulea.

raki saqarTveloSi Sesabamisi problemebis Semswavleli jgufis

xelmZRvaneli araqarTveli da Tan musulmani iyo, swavlebis

procesi `gulaxdilobis~ atmosferoSi mimdinareobda. g. tra-

peznikovma koloniur eTnosTa urTierTobebis sakuTar miRwevad

aRiara 1981 w. ganxorcielebuli iguSebisa da osebis Sejaxeba

da Semdeg misi daregulireba. gaaJRera informacia mis mier Sed-

genili raRaca afxazuri werilis Sesaxeb da rom oriode TveSi

daiwyeboda afxazeTSi masobrivi moZraoba qarTuli toponimebis

afxazuriT, Secvlis moTxovniT. 1985 w. TebervalSi ukve icoda

g. trapeznikovma ra daiwyeboda maisis TveSi.

mTavari sxvaa. afxazuri werilis ambavi daviwyebas mieca

droTa viTarebaSi. 2003 w. daistamba didi ideologi – special-

istis, afxazebis winaaRmdeg qarTvelebis `rasizmis, Sovinizmis

eTnocidis~ amsaxveli istoriis Semqmneli v. a. Snirelmanis wigni

`Войны памяти: мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье~. М., 2003. v. Snirelmani, afxazebis, `siyvaruliT~ da qarTvelebis

siZulviliT gaTanguli, mimoixilavs ra cnobil `afxazur wer-

ils~ imperiis mesveurebisadmi, aRniSnavs: `Письмо написанное в этом духе было отправлено абхазами в июне 1988 г. в адрес XIX всесоюзной конференции КПСС, причем его поднисали 60 видных деятелей абхазской науки и културы. Первоначальный текст этого письма был подготовлен еще в 1985 г... И.Р. Мархолиа и... Г.Н. Трапезниковым” (стр 276). diax. g. trepeznikobis mier dagegmili da werilis saxiT Camoyalibebuli, procesis saxiT sami

195


wlis Semdeg daiwyo. WeSmariti avtoris vinaoba ki mxolod 18

w. Semdeg gamJRavnda. `afxazuri werili~ romelmac saTave daudo

nacionalizmis meoTxe talRis azvirTebas, iseve iyo moskovSi

Seqmnili da moskovSi gagzavnili, rogorc igegmeboda da xor-

cieldeboda mTeli ormocwliani, SeiZleba oraswliani, antiqa-

rTuli procesebi. ararealuria azri afxazebisa da qarTvelebis

urTierTgaucxoebis, mtrobis, eTnokonfliqtis Sesaxeb. yvelaferi

modioda imperiis centridan da wydeboda centris SexedulebiT.

iyo da rCeba imperiis brZola saqarTvelos dasaCoqeblad afxa-

zeTis gamoyenebiT).

afxaz `mkvlevarebs~ ar aviwydebaT, rom 1991 w. mxarSi

amoudgnen qarTvelebs referendumis Catarebisa da damoukide-

blobis gamocxadebis dros. gansakuTrebiT aRniSnaven prezident

z. gamsaxurdiasadmi erTgulebas da e. SevardnaZis droindeli

xelmZRvanelobis Sovinistobas, ramac saqme omamde miiyvana da

romelic afxazTa didebuli gamarjvebiT dasrulda.

ruseTis imperialisturma wreebma moaxerxes afxazTa da qa-

rTvelTa nawilSi gaucxoebisa da SuRlis gaRviveba. maT 1992-3

ww. SeaiaraRes afxazTa nawili, gverdSi amouyenes CrdiloeT ka-

vkasieli daqiravebulebi, viTom Tavneba kazakebi, somxebi, gudauTis

samxedro bazaze dabanakebulebi da ganaiaraRes qarTuli mxare.

aviacia, mZime SeiaraReba, samxedro katarRebi mxolod rusuli

moqmedebda. amis Semdg mtkiceba, rom es iyo afxaz-qarTvelTa

eTnokonfliqti, mxolod gaugebar adamianebze gaTvlili triukia.

da kidev erTi usiamo faqti. moskovma ara mxolod afxazTa

nawilis darazmva SeZlo. specialurad Seqmna e.w. kavkasiis mTielTa

konfederacia da daupirispira qarTvelebs. sxvanairad gaugebaria

es gaerTianeba ratom dumda ruseT-CeCneTis omis da aRar Cans

daRestanSi mimdinare procesebis dros.

gasaxseneblad yvelaze mZime, z. gamsaxurdiasi da megrelTa

nawilis qmedebaa. aravin uwyis rogor warimarTeboda ruseTisa da

saqarTvelos saomari dapirispireba afxazeTSi, rom ara z. gamsax-

urdias faqtori, misgan azvirTebuli kuTxuri separatizmi, maT

mier afxazeTSi mebrZol qarTvelebsa da danarCen saqarTvelos

196


Soris megrelebis `didi sardlis~ loTi qobalias mier gadaW-

rili gza. ruseTma imperiuli ostatobiT gaaTamaSa uSiSroebis

organoebTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli e. SevardnaZe-z. gamsaxurdias

karti da sawadelsac miaRwia. saqarTvelos CamoaSores afxazeTi,

Seagdes e.w. dsT-Si (damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba),

Caayenes naxevarkoloniis mdgomareobaSi. koloniuri uRlisagan

gaTavisufleba momavlisTvis gadaido.

afxazebTan mimarTebaSi mkvlevarebi saukuneebis manZilze

aRniSnavdnen maT mWidro kavSirs samegrelosTan da aqedan danar-

Cen saqarTvelosTan. XIX s. Sua periodamde ar dasmula sakiTxi

maTi qarTvelebisagan gaucxoebis Sesaxeb. ukve iyo naTqvami, rom

bolos 1916 w. sTxoves afxazebma nikoloz II, maTi mxare quTaisis

guberniisaTvis mieerTebina.

XIX s. afxazTaTvis ucnaurad warimarTa. roca imperiam af-

xazeTi daikava, rusi mkvlevarebi arsebiTad asxvavebdnen afxazebs

abazinebisagan (afsarebisagan). Semdeg, qarTvelebis gavleniT da

didmpyrobeluri politikidan gamomdinare, afxazeTSi macxovreb-

lebs yvelas afxazi ewoda. gamovida, rom SarvaSiZeTa garSemo sof.

lixnis da gudauTis raionSi, ukve afxazebad wodebulebi adiReur

enaze mosaubreni iyvnen. aristokratia (SarvaSiZeebi, inaliSvilebi,

anCabaZeebi, marSaniebi da sxva) afxazurTan erTad qarTulsac

flobdnen, gudauTis ukve afxazebi ZiriTadad musulmanebi iyvnen,

oCamCires afxazebi qristianebi da adiReurs mowyvetilebi.

imperiuli politikis wyalobiT, raki moxerxda afxazebis

saboloo CamoSoreba danarCeni saqarTvelos mosaxleobisagan. amave

gzas Seuyenes megrelebi, svanebi da sxv., magram iq Sedegi nakleb

xelSesaxebi miiRes, ufro zustad, ver moeswro maTi sabolood

gaucxoeba.

iberiul-kolxuri samyarosagan mowyvetili afxazebis winaSe

daisva kiTxva: vin arian, saidan arian, ra miuciaT kacobrio-

bisaTvis. raki irwmunes qarTvelebTan gaucxoebis faqti, daiwyes

sakuTari istoriuli fesvebis Zieba. ukve iyo naTqvami batonebis

d. gulias, s. basarias Tvalsazrisze. pirveli kolxi-afxazebis

egviptedan (abisiniidan) mosvlasa da darCenas miiCnevda dasabuTe-

197


bulad. meore, abazinebis CrdiloeTidan Camosaxlebis istoriul

faqtze miuTiTebda.

maTgan sxvaobiT s. aSxacava afxazebs mtkvar-araqsis (kavkasiis)

civilizaciis SeqmnelTa Soris moiazrebda. miaCnda, rom yvela erTad

babilonuri samyaros wevrebi iyvnen. pirveloba kavkasiel erTa Soris

kulturis, politikur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis mxriv afxa-

zebs ekuTvniT... afxazebma Seqmnes didi samefo qarTveluri tomebis

dapyrobisa da gaerTianeba-mierTebis gziT. amitom mcdaria debuleba

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos samefosa da iq afxazeTis Semavlobis

Sesaxeb. berZnuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, es iyo afxazeTis samefo.

mefeTa titulatura afxazeTidan iwyeboda. ̀ mefe afxazTa~... da a.S.

afxazebma Seqmnes Zvel qarTulad wodebuli damwerloba. afxazTa

uSualo winaprebma, mosxebma, igi Semdeg sxvaganac gaavrceles. s.

aSxacava, iseve rogorc d. gulia da s. basaria, niko maris gavleniT,

mosxebs-abaskeb- abasxebs-abazgebs afxazebTan aigivebda. es Tval-

sazrisi WeSmaritebis Semcveli iqneboda, rom ara erTi arsebiTi

momenti. igi afxazebs uZveles droidan adiRevelebs ukavSirebda.

adiRi-afxazebi ramdenad enaTesavebodnen mosxebs, kolxebs, henioxebs,

egriselebs, Zvel afxazebs, sxva problemaa.

sabWoTa imperiis mier wamowyebulma antiqarTulma kampaniam

mizans miaRwia. TandaTan Zlierdeboda afxazTa gansakuTrebulobisa

da maTadami qarTvelebis mtruli damokidebulebis idea-fiqsi.

aseTma saerTo ganwyobam Tavisi daRi daasva iseTi seriozuli

mkvlevarebis Semoqmedebasac ki, rogorebic iyvnen batonebi zurab

anCabaZe, giorgi ZiZaria, Salva inalifa. maT Sesaxeb iyo msjeloba.

isini ver ascdnen ostaturad danergili specialistebis mier

aJitirebuli masebis gavlenas.

gansakuTrebuli roli ukve moxseniebulma i. voronovma da

g. turCaninovma Seasrules. pirveli TavgamodebiT uaryofda qa-

rTulis yovelgvar arsebobas afxazTa cxovrebaSi. misi azriT

mxolod berZen kolonistebs ukavSirdeba afxazeTSi arsebuli

politikur-ekonomikur-kulturuli istoriis naSTebi. sad iyo

kolxeTis samefo. es qarTvelebis mier Seqmnili miTia. da saer-

Tod, rogor SeiZleba afxazebze adre qarTvelebs raime civiluri

198


SeeqmnaT. afxazebi ki mxolod adiReuri warmomavlobisani arian.

meorem imdeni icrua, rom Tavadac irwmuna sakuTari ideebis

EWeSmariteba. adiReSi napovni qva, romelzec raRac niSnebi iyo

gamosaxuli, 1963 w. prof. g. turCaninovis xelSi moxvda. man

es niSnebi xeTur damwerlobas miamsgavsa. ramdenadac xeTebis

imperia Zveli welTaaRricxvis XIII s. mospo e.w. zRvis xalxebis

Semosevam, qvaze gakeTebuli `damwerloba~ profesorma am sauku-

niT daaTariRa. miiCnia rom es `damwerloba~ im afxaz-kolxebis

naxelavia, romlebic im periodSi im arealSi saxlobdnen. be-

dad profesors Sexvda afxazi aspiranti, romelic aRniSnuli

ieroglifebis afxazurad wakiTxvaSi `daexmara~. saerTo ZaliT

daadastures, rom es iyo cnoba argonavtebis kolxeTSi (igulisx-

meba afxazeTSi) mogzaurobis Sesaxeb. idea moiZebna. amas mohyva

msjeloba afxazebis urTierTobaze finikielebTan, xeTebTan da

maTi meSveobiT afxazuri damwerlobis gatana Zvel saberZneTSi,

iqidan ki mTel msoflioSi. saintereso erTi faqtia. g. tur-

Caninovma qvaze `amoikiTxa~ aietis sataxto qalaq aia-s saxeli.

raki qva q. maikopis maxloblad adiReaSi ipoves, savaraudo iyo,

rom miTSi argonavtebis Sesaxeb naxsenebi kolxeTis samefo, mefe

aietis rezidencia, q. aia, adiReaSi unda yofiliyo. gamodioda,

rom kolxeTis samefo afxazebis Seqmnili yofila, mefe aieti,

medea, absirti marTla arsebulan da pelazgebs (ara berZnebs)

marTla wauRiaT oqros sawmisi. aqedan gamomdinare i. voronovi

afxazTa istoriuli damsaxurebis uarmyofeli yofila. wamoiWra

sxva variantic. ramdenadac qva adiReaSi naxes, is adiRebis Semo-

qmedebaa, maT istorias asaxavs da ara afxazebisas.

dRevandelobidan Zneli warmosadgenia is efeqti, rac g.

turCaninovis moxsenebas mohyva soxumSi. bevrma mecnierma ar mi-

iRo seriozulad g. turCaninovis naTqvami. zogma sifrTxiliT

brZana: qvaze `amokiTxuli~ ar ewinaaRmdegeba sakiTxis afxazur

gagebas. zogma kategoriulad uaryo naTqvami. magram sazogadoeba

xom ZiriTadad araspecialistebisagan Sedgeba. maTTvis sakmarisze

metad misaRebi aRmoCnda leningradeli (axla sank-peterburgi)

profesoris Tvalsazrisi. miT ufro, rom droTa moTxovnis Sesa-

199


bamisad g. turCaninovma gaamdidra da gaaRrmava miRweva da bolos

Zveli bibliuri teqstebi ̀ waikiTxa~ afxazurad. ra ebraelebi, ris

ebraelebi. xuTi aTasi wlis win afxazebs hqoniaT damwerloba.

`unda virwmunoT~, rom saerTod damwerloba afxazebis gamogone-

baa. mxolod erTia. aseTi istoriis mqone eTnoss raSi sWirdeba

rusuli kirilicaTi axali damwerlobis damkvidreba?

saWiro araa ganmeoreba, ra rezonansi hqonda g. turCaninovis

ideebs afxazTa Soris. TviT batoni zurab anCabaZe gaorebul

viTarebaSi aRmoCnda da iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia eqstazSi

Sesuli farTe sazogadoebisaTvis.

aseT dros vin gaiziarebda qarTvelTa mier `SeTiTxnili~

istoriuli warsulis dasabuTebulobas? isini xom afxazTa is-

toriis nawilobriv miTvisebas, nawilobriv dakninebas cdilobdnen

da ai Sedegi:

qarTvelebi mudam apelirebdnen im tomTa irgvliv, romelic

Zveli ebrauli, berZeni, romaeli, istorikosebis gansjis sagans

warmoadgendnen. bibliuri meSexi, muSki, muski, mosxi, mosoxi maT-

Tvis mesxebTan gaigivebul tomebs asaxavdnen. bibliuri Tubal,

tubal, tabal, iberebis qarTlelebTan dakavSirebuli tomebi

iyvnen. ramdenadac Targamosis saxelTan moxseniebuli tomebi

erTi warmomavlobisad miiCneodnen, iTvleboda, rom isini gene-

tikur kavSirSi unda yofiliyvnen. arc erTi woniani mkvlevari

(istorikosi, arqeologi, lingvisti da a.S) ara Tvlida rom md.

halisidan aRmosavleTiT macxovrebeli tomebi, ar iyvnen iberi-

el-kolx-qarTvelTa winaprebi. piriqiT, yvela avtoritetuli

mecnieri miiCnevda, rom muski-mosxi-makroni-sasperi-tibareni-

mosiniki da a.S. protoqarTvelebia. tomTa simravlem daudo

fuZe qarTvelebad wodebuli gaerTianebis dafuZnebas. ufro meti

dauviwyari straboni azustebda ra maT geografiul ganfenilobas,

miuTiTebda im teritoriaze, sadac momavali iberebi, qarTlelebi,

kolxebi mosaxleobdnen.

realur moTxovnebs `acdenili~ qarTveli mkvlevarebi af-

xazuri Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdegod, mainc miiCnevdnen, rom

afxazebSi unda ganasxvavon is nawili, romelic istoriulad

200


aborigeni mosaxleobaa, organulad dakavSirebulia Tubal-meSexTa

STamomavlobasTan (mesxur-iberiul warsulTan) da is nawili mo-

saxleobisa, romelic qarTvelebTan erTobas gaurbis, romlisTvi-

sac miuRebelia is rac XVIII-XIXs. sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebelia,

romelic Tavs TaTruli warmoSobisad Tvlis.

yvelaze saSineli mainc is iyo, rom qarTvelebTan erTad,

afxaz mkvlevarTa da warmoudgeneli mkrexelobaa, rus cnobil

mkvlevarTa didi nawili afxazebs egroselTa da aqedan ukve qa-

rTvelTa Soreul naTesavad miiCnevda. im dronisaTvis cnobili

m. delba amtkicebda: afxazeTis istoria, saqarTvelos istoriis

nawilia, ̀ mkrexelobaa~. afSilebis, abazgebis moxseneieba, rogorc

ara adiRur, rogorc egrosul (da amdenad qarTvelebis monaTesave)

tomebad. es Ralati iyo ̀ diadi~ afxazur-adiRuri erTobisa. ufro

paradoqsaluri: TviT ̀ afxazT moZule, TviTnaswavli, araspecial-

isti~ pavle ingoroyva, ar ambobda rom afxazebi ar arian abori-

genebi, rom isini saidanRac arian Camosaxlebulebi. es afxazebze

`cilismwamebeli~ mekalme mxolod imas amtkicebda, rom istoriul

Zvel afxazebs XVII-XVIII ss. Seerivnen adiReuri warmomavlobis

masebi, maTac afxazebi uwodes da upriania sazogadoebam icodes

kavkasioneli istoriuli afxazebisa da Camosaxlebuli abazin-

afxazebis raoba. ra ari amaSi Seuracxmyofeli?

Seuracxmyofeli iyo diadi afxazuri warsulis, TviTmarqvia

qarTvelobasTan axloblobis idea.

saerTodac ucnauri iyo qarTvel mkvlevarTa damokidebuleba

afxazebis warsulisadmi. roca rusi saxelovani mecnierebi afxa-

zeTis teritoriaze moZiebul arqeologiur monapovars saerTo

qarTvelurs ukavSirebdnen da amtkicebdnen, rom qarTvelebis eT-

nogenezi egrosis ̀ kuTvnil~ sivrceSi mimdinareobda, amas afxazebi

sulgrZeli dumiliT xvdebodnen. arc imis winaaRmdegni ar iyvnen,

rom mJRavndeboda sagrZnobi kavSirebi SuamdinareTis civilizacia-

sTan. is, rom lixsiqiTa da lixsaqeTa kulturebs Soris sxvaoba

iyo, kidec esalbuneboda afxazur-adiReur sidiadeTa mexotbeebs.

sxva ambavia roca amdagvar Tvalsazriss qarTveli mkvlevarebi

axmianebdnen...

201


qarTveli mkvlevarebi, afxazTa mxridan `damTmoblobam~ ise

gaaTamama, rom kavkasionur erTnosTa neTesaobaze alaparakdnen.

daadgines enobriv ojaxTa raoba, tipologiuri Taviseburebani,

warmomavlobiTi sadauroba da rom ara is didi cvlilebebi, rac

n. xruSCovis mmarTvelobis xanidan daiwyo, albaT afxazebs qarT-

velur tomad gamoacxadebdnen. xom aiZules dimitri gulia eTqva

amgvari ram. axal viTarebaSi mouswro sulze akad. g. meliqiSvi-

lis mosazrebam: lursmuli damwerlobis teqstebSi amokiTxuli

kaSka, qaSagebi, Cerqezebi xom ar arian, xolo abeSla – afSilebi?

kvleva-Ziebis dros bevri Tvalsazrisi warmoiSveba. droTa

viTarebaSi maTi sizuste, marTebuloba mtkicdeba an uariyofa.

droni bevr rames Soben da iviwyeben. aseTi momgebiani naTqvamis

daviwyeba bevr mkvlevars da ufro metad ̀ specialists~ ar SeeZlo.

xedavT? rogorc iqna qarTelma mecnierma aRiara afxaz-adiRebis

Zveli erToba mcire aziis sivrceSi.

qarTvel mkvlevarebs braldebaT zogi iseTic, rac ar

uTqviaT, magram SeiZleba eTqvaT. kerZod, TiTqos afxazTa is-

toriis dakninebis mizniT iyo wamoyenebuli debuleba maTi I-II

ss. CrdiloeTidan mosvlis Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi gaxmovanebulia

azri, romlis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis teritoriaze abazg-afSil-sanig-

misimianTa tomebis saxelwodebebi am periodidan xdeba cnobili.

egroselTa arealSi mravali tomis Sesaxeb cnobebi sxvadasxva

dros gaiJRerebs. es sulac ar niSnavs manamde maT ar arsebobas

an am droisaTvis mosvlas migraciebis gziT.

Tanamedrove rus da afxaz specialistebs(da ara mecnierebs)

Soris kvlav mowonebiT sargeblobs debuleba megruli da svanuri

enebis TviTmyobadobis da qarTulisagan gaucxoebis Sesaxeb. am enebs

araferi aqvT `saerTo~ qarTulTan. qarTvelebma gvian `daipyres~

es eTnosebi. maTTvis dRemde ucxoa qarTuli ena. aRaraferi iTqmis

afxazur-adiReurze.

kidev erTi `debuleba~ qarTvelTa mier afxazeTis istoriis

mrude sarkeSi danaxvis dasasabuTeblad. qarTvelebi sakuTar

istorias `ganadideben~, afxazeTis istorias `amaxinjeben~, roca

afxazeTis jer samTavrosa da Semdeg samefos Seqmnas, afxazeTis

202


mier yofili lazikis (egrisis) samefos dapyrobas, Semdeg mt-

kvris marcxena mxaris qarTlis dapyrobas, kaxeTis dapyrobas,

warmoidgenen, rogorc saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis brZolas

pirvelobisaTvis, erTiani qarTuli samefos SeqmnisaTvis.

am SemTxvevaSi afxazTa Sedaveba marTebulia... wamkiTxveli

unda kargad gaecnos im dros arsebul viTarebas da daskvnac am

safuZvelze gaakeTos. jer berZnebis (bizantielebis, aRmosavleT

romis, am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi gansxvaveba araa) mier CrdiloeT

(koraxis, koraqsis, klisuras, kelasuris, kedlis CrdiloeTiT,

arsi aqac erTia), afxazeTis dapyobisa da mierTebis safuZvelze

xdeba qveynis gayofa da maT Soris didi kedlis ageba. afxazeTi

iyofa bizantiisa da kolx-iberTa kuTvnilebad (SeiZleba iTqvas

– gavlenis sferoebad).

gasaxsenebelia lazikis samefos bolo periodis istoriac. am

xaziT cnobebi sakmaod mwiria, magrma naTeli suraTis warmodgenis

saSualebas iZleva. iyo msjeloba gubaz mefeze, mis mkvlelobaze,

Semdeg misi Zmis, waTes gamefebaze, lazikaSi mefis patrikiosis

Tanamdebobamde CamoqveiTebaze. is, rac istoriuli cnobebiT das-

turdeba, ar SeiZleba uazro debatebis Temad iqces principiT:

riyeze qvas ver vxedav.

am SemTxvevaSi pozicia aseTia: nebismieri eTnosis istoriis

manZilze ucnobia SemTxveva, roca dinastia Tmobs pozicias da ar

ganagrZobs brZolas. gubaz-waTes memkvidreebi mefobidan patrikio-

samde (eris mTavrebamde) CamoaqveiTes, magram vin Tqva maT brZola

Sewyvites, ar iRvwodnen ukve patrikiosebis rangSi. sadaa cnoba ki

ara, ubralo miniSneba, rom isini gawydnen da sxva sagvareuloe-

bma miiTvises maTi titulebi? es imitom iTqva, rom odnav mainc

logikurad iqnas ganxiluli egrisis kuTvnil arealSi mefobis

institutis gauqmebisa da patrikiosis dawesebis viTareba.

cxovreba rTuli fenomenia. vin icis, ramdeni xnis, rogori

brZola da politika dasWirda lazikis (egrisis) samefos Seqmnas.

istoriam SedarebiT vrclad Semoinaxa gubaz mefis gaorebuli

mdgomareoba da brZola samefos gadarCenisaTvis. logikiT war-

mosadgenia, misi memkvidreebi, patrikiosis wodebamde CamoqveiT-

203


ebulebi, gaagrZelebdnen Tu ara brZolas damoukideblobisaTvis.

roca Tanamedrove specialistebi wamoayeneben patrikiosTa warmo-

mavlobis sxvadasxva ideas, xom unda iyos Sesabamisi mtkicebuleba.

logikurad erTaderTi daskvnaa, rom afxazeTis mTavrebi

(patrikiosebi) lazikis mefeTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebi arian. es

miT ufro savaraudoa, rom leon I, roca SeTanxmebas debs arCil

mefesTan, aRiarebs: bizantiis imperatorma Seni SemweobiT momakuT-

vna CrdiloeT afxazeTi. axla fiqrisTvis. leon patrikiosi rom

lazikidan ara yofiliyo rogorc patrikiosi, CrdiloeT (kedlis

CrdiloeT) afxazeTze xom ar ityoda momakuTvna e. i. ar iyo

Cemi da momca, miwyaloba da a.S. sawinaaRmdego ra unda iTqvas.

ra leoni, maSin jer kidev ar arsebuli adiRedan Camovida?da

aseT SemTxvevaSi xom ar ityoda CrdiloeTze. misTvis es kuTxe

samxreTi iqneboda da a.S.

leon patrikiosis lazoba sulac ar niSnavs mis qarTvelo-

bas, magram miuTiTebs mis egroseleobaze. gasaxseneblad. egrosis

kuTvnili sivrce md. yubanidan (md.kafa md. mcire xazareTisa)

trapezunamde da zRvidan lixis mTamde teritorias moicavda. iq

mravali tomi saxlobda, magram ara qarTlosianebi. isini gvian

Cndebian am arealSi. egroselebis sivrceSi SeiZleba saxlobdnen

meSexebis (muSki-muski-mesxi) raRaca nawili, SeiZleba kavkasosis

tomTa raRaca naSTebi, SeiZleba qarTlosianTa raRaca element-

ebi, magram ZiriTadi mosaxleoba egriselebi (afxazebi, svanebi,

megrel-lazebi, Wan-sanebi) iqnebodnen. im dros adiRevelebi yuba-

nispireTSic ar iyvnen da kelasuris kedlis samxreTiT, Tanac

mTavris (patrikiosis) tituliT cxadia ar iqnebodnen.

(mcire SeniSvnis saxiT unda iTqvas. lazikis samefo moicavda

did teritorias da mraval toms. maT Soris afSilebs da afSi-

leTs. abazgebi, situaciis mixedviT, xan lazTa mefes uWerdnen

mxars, xan bizantias. urTierToba ar gamoricxavda Sereuli mo-

saxleobis gaCenis SesaZleblobas. mxolod cnobisaTvis: argveTis

erisTavebi baRvaSebi gadadian qarTlSi da kldekaris saerisTaos

afuZneben. amJamad, oCamCireli s. baRapSi afxazeTis prezidentia.

baR-vaSi da baR-apSi, raime sainteresoze xom ar mianiSnebs?).

204


qarTvelebis `danaSauli~ afxazebis winaSe imdenad mraval-

ferovania, rom yvelafris CamoTvlac Wirs. rad Rirs Tundac is

ambavi, rom Tavad iseTi didi mefeebi, rogorebic daviT aRmaSene-

beli da Tamar dedofali iyvnen, Tavs upirveles yovlisa afxa-

zTa mefeebs uwodebdnen. TviT bagrat III, romelsac saqarTvelos

gamaerTianebel mefed miiCneven, dedis mxriv afxazeTis udidesi

mefis giorgi II SviliSvili iyo. igi jer afxazeTis dedaqalaq

quTaisSi gamefda, rogorc afxazTa mefe. qarTlis mtkvris marcx-

ena mxarec afxazebisa iyo da ovseTamde mas dedis memkvidreobis

ZaliT miekuTvna. qarTvlis mtkvris marjvena mxares mefobda misi

mama mefeT-mefe gurgeni, papa bagrat regueni. rac Seexeba tao-

klarjeTs iq marTalia didi daviT kurapalati mefobda, samefoc

didi hqonda (vanis tbis samxreTi da aRmosavleTi miwebis CaTvliT,

sadac man daaxloebiT 200 000 qarTveli daasaxla), magram misi

gardacvalebis Semdeg es mxare bizantiis imperatorma basil II

(bulgareTmJletelma) miisakuTra. ase, rom afxazTa am did same-

foSi qarTveluri mcire iyo da isic mierTebuli memkvidreobis

ZaliT. amitom iyo, rom am samefos afxazeTs uwodebdnen da ara

sxva rames. es grZeldeboda XV saukunemde. amis Semdeg ki samefo

gaiyo qarTlis, kaxeTis da imereTis samefoebad. magram imereTis

mefes afxazeTi (axla ukve sakuTriv afzaxeTis samTavro) ar

emorCileboda. afxazeTi ki ara, guria da samegreloc warmatebiT

eqiSpebodnen. amis Semdeg, qarTvel mkvlevarTa mtkiceba erTiani

saqarTvelos samefos Sesaxeb, sxva araferia Tu ara afxazeTis

brwyinvale istoriuli warsulis `dakninebis, miTvisebis mcd-

eloba~. gasagebia?

da kidev erTi. sazogadoebrivi istoria adasturebs, rom

rogorc ki saxelmwifos, sistemas, mmarTvel fenas gauWirdeba

Zalauflebis SenarCuneba, uzomid aqtiurdeba religia. religiis

gaaqtiureba saerTo krizisis mauwyebelia.

saqarTvelo ver acdeboda am process. 1980-1989ww. iwyeba

erovnuli moZraobis liderTa mier qristianobis faqtoris win

wamoweva. is, rac mezobel qveynebSi zedmeti eqscesebis gareSe

Caivlida, mraval religiur respublikaSi daZabulobis damatebiTi

205


faqori gaxda. araferi rom ar iTqvas somxur (monofizitur)

qristianobaze, musulmanur (e.w. azerbaijanul, borCalus tomis)

mosaxleobaze, TviT qarTvelebs Soris mravlad arian ara marTl-

madideblebi. aseT dros ver gamoiricxeboda religiur niadagze

urTierTobis daZabva da arc gamoricxula. saeWvo mimarTulebis

sastumroebis, restornebis, benzin gasamarTi sadgurebis silama-

zis salonebis kvaldakval masobrivad daiwyo ekelsia-meCeTebis

mSenebloba. is, rac sulierebis navTsayudeli unda yofiliyo,

biznesis nawilad iqca.

religiurma sakiTxebma umniSvnelo roli rodi iTamaSes

afxazTa antiqarTuli ganwyobaSi. rusi specialistebi da afxaz

mkvlevarTa nawili, am saqmeSic qarTvelTa danaSauls xedavdnen.

xumroba ambavia? garda imisa, rom afxazebs `TiSavdnen~ qristian

oCamCirelebad, musuluman gudauTelebad da maT Soris rogorc

religiur, aseve eTnikur sxvaobas xedavdnen, aseve miuTiTebdnen

warmarTuli religiis arsebobaze. cdilobdnen afxazeTis

teritoriaze arsebuli religiuri daniSnulebis Zeglebi qar-

Tuli kulturis Zeglebad eqciaT. xom cnobilia, rom andria

pirvelwodebuli, simon kananeli da mataTa trapizonis mxridan

Semovidnen egriselebis kuTvnil sivrceSi. afxazeTi iyo maTi

ZiriTadi maspinZeli. aq gaavrceles qristianoba, ra SuaSi arian

qarTvelebi? magram qarTveli nacionalistebi xom cdiloben am

istoriuli sinamdvilis misakuTrebas? xo da ra qnan afxazebma,

ar daicvan meoba?

sul `sxvagvaria~ rusebis damokidebuleba afxazebisadmi,

rogorc maTi ideologebi irwmunebian rusebis erovnul xasiaTSi

humanizmi, kacTmoyvareoba, simarTlisa da mSvidobisadmi swrafva

devs. k. marqsi mwared cdeboda, roca ambobda: ramdenadac vicnob

evropisa da msoflios erebs, aravisa aqvs mevaxSeobis iseTi unari,

rogorc rusebs. cdeboda ruseTis didi imperiis Semqmneli petre

I roca brZanebda: rusi muJiki iseTi eSmakia, nebismier dros or

ebraels ajobebso. sircxvili maT. ver ̀ gaiges~ rusebis namdvili

xasiaTi. Sors wasvla araa saWiro. XIX s. rom Tavi danebdes,

gana rusebis damsaxureba araa afxazebis `gadarCena~ qarTveli

206


`agresorebisagan~? 1918 wlidan moyolebuli vin edga mxarSi

afxazebs qarTvelebisagan damoukideblobis mopovebis saqmeSi? da

vin Cagravda, represiebs atarebda, genocidiT emuqreboda afxa-

zebs? da bolos vin daexmara afxaz patriotebs saqarTvelosagan

damoukideblobis mopovebaSi? vin icavs kanibali qarTvelebisagan

afxazeTis sazRvrebs? vin exmareba finansurad afxazeTs? visi

imediT arian afxazebi? xo da xom unda sikeTes danaxva.

`rusuli sikeTis~ damnaxavebi afxazTa Soris mravlad gamoCd-

nen da ufro mravali politikurad gauTviTcnobieri aiyolies,

samagaliTod Tundac batoni Salva inal-ifa ratom ar gamodgeba.

misi iniciativiT bevri saCivari momzadda. praqtikulad ar ar-

sebobda moskovSi gagzavnili qarTvelebis mamxilebeli werili,

romelsac igi xels ar awerda, aba ras izamda. Zveli afxazi

Tavadi inaliSvili, romlis winaprebi murzayan SarvaSiZem mo-

mavali samurzayanos (galis raionis) dasapyrobad gaiyolia,

iZulebuli iyo warsuli daemala, ubralo inteligent inal-ifad

qceuliyo. magram xom hqonda SurisZiebis grZnoba qarTvelebis

mimarT, romelnic trockistebis winaaRmdeg brZolis abriT afxa-

zebs arbevdnen. da ramdeni iyo aseTi. cxadia, rom ara qarTveli

agresorebi, sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare sisxliani gardaqmnebi

afxazeTs ar Seexeboda. humanuri ruseTi patara afxazeTs ar

awyeninebda. aviRoT Tundac genialuri reformatori n. xruSCovi.

rogori stimuli misca afxazur nacionalur SemarTebas?

ara naklebi iyo SedarebiT axalgazrda afxazi moazrovneebis

Rvawili. rusuli yuradRebiT gulmocemulebi isini agresor

qarTvelebs aRar epuebodnen da dauRalavad imeorebdnen g. tur-

Caninovis aRmoCenaTa msoflio mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. cnobili

e. Sakrili afxaz-adiRTa erToblivi eTnosis formirebas ukve

Zveli welTa aRricxvis II aTaswleulSi xedavda da Tanac mcire

aziaSi. pirvelyofili periodidan moyolebuli isini erT eTnoss

warmoadgendnen. maT im dros ukve hqondaT damwerloba, maRali

kultura da didi perspeqtiva. amitom SeZles erTi periodi mTeli

qarTuli sivrcis dakaveba da amas aRmosavleT saqaTveloSi arse-

buli adiReuri toponimebi adasturebs. marTalia Tvalsazrisis

207


damadasturebel masalas ver asaxelebda, magram xom SeiZleba

azrovnebis ZaliT warmoedgina?

odnav saxeSecvlili Sexedulebebi hqonda momaval prezident v.

arZinbas. jer kidev moskovSi muSaobis dros igrZno man rus spe-

cialistTa guliTadoba. sxvanairad rogor daajerebda kolegebs,

rom afxaz-adiRebs Zvel droSi xalibebis teritoriac ekavaT da

aq gaxdnen rkinis gamomgoneblebi, pirveli metalurgebi. dasab-

uTeba? Rirs ki amaze drois dakargva? waikiTxeT batoni Salva

inal-ifas wignebi, gaecaniT afxazur-adiReur zepir-Semoqmedebas,

naxeT rogori pativiTaa moxseniebuli mWedloba.

sxvebs arqeologi m. gunba da i. cvinaria ratom CamorCebodnen.

afxazeTSi mopovebuli yvela masala, maTi azriT, ar SeiZleba

afxazuri ara yofiliyo. afxazebs Sexeba hqondaT mxolod Zvel

berZen kolonistebTan. yvelaferi afxaz-adiRTa TviTSemoqmedebaa.

sxvanairad arc SeiZleba momxdariyo, radgan adiR-afxazebi ganvi-

Tarebis doniT bevrad maRla idgnene vidre, vTqvaT, qarTvelebi.

gana sakamaToa is ambavi, rom mtkvar-araqsis kultura maikopis

(adiRes) mxridan gavrcelda samxreTSi da ara piriqiT, rogorc

amis dasabuTebas qarTvelebi cdiloben.

yvelas CamoTvla da maTi ideebis ganxilva WeSmaritad umaduri

saqmea. isedac cxadia, ras ityvian cnobili vozba, taria, vinaria,

oturba, yofili marxolia (axla marixuba) da a.S. cxadia, maTi

samizne qarTveli ̀ okupantebi~ arian. isini ecilebian afxazebs sam-

Soblos. ̀ okupantebis~ winaaRmdeg brZola ki maTi wminda uflebaa.

unda ibrZolon sanam ar daamtkiceben, rom mxolod kavkasionis

samxreT dasavleTi ki ara, mcire aziis CrdiloeTi md. halisidan

moyolebuli vanis tbis CaTvliT maTi winaprebis samosaxlo iyo.

gulaxdilad unda iTqvas, Tu Zveli afxazebi iqnebian mxedvelobaSi,

rogorc egrosul tomTa gaerTianebis nawili, maSin maT marTlac

aqvT aseTi gancxadebis ufleba. am avtorTa da maTi amyolTa

Secdoma isaa, rom WeSmaritad afxazebTan erTad adiRevelebic

undaT ̀ daaZvelon~, egroselTa SemadgenlobaSi moaqcion, am gziT

msoflio sazogadoebrioba daajeron Tavis simarTleSi. naTqvamia:

mizani amarTlebs saSualebas. samwuxarod, is rac maTTvis gama-

208


marTlebelia, sxvebisTvis mouRebeli. kidev erTxel unda Sexsendes

am koncefciis avtorebs cnobili rusi istorikosis v. tatiSCevis

sityvebi: abaza, TaTari xalxia. `Абаза, есть народ татарской~ (cxadia sabWoTa istorikosi amas ar ityoda, magram aseulobiT

wlebis win moRvawe didi mecnieri, ar iyo nostradamusi).

mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis xelmZRvanelobam, kacTmoyvareobisa da

humanizmis principebis motiviT (iangariSe axali imperiis Seqmnis

mizniT), saqarTvelos CamoeWra misi teritoriebis didi nawili (ra

eqna, md. fsous CrdiloeTi afxazeTi ukve aTvisebuli hqonda) da

formalurad damoukidebeli afxazeTis respublika aRiara, moixsna

yovelgvari SezRudva okupanti qarTvelebis lanZRvis da diadi

afxazur-adiReuri istoriis gamobrwyinebis gzaze. Tqma ar unda

afxazeTia pirveli adamianebis samSoblo da es uZvelesi adamianebi

ukve adiR-afxazebi iyvnen. isinia, ara mxolod kavkasiis, aramed

saerTod uZvelesi enis, kulturis, saxelmwifoebrivi organiza-

ciis Semqmnelebi. maTi kulturis arealSi Zalze gvian mosulma

qarTvelebma gadaiRes afxazuri damwerloba. (aq mokrZalebuli

Sexseneba _ SeniSvna msoflio `mecnierebis~ am `korifeebs~: Tqve

dalocvilebo. Tu qarTuli damwerloba afxazuris safuZvelze

ganviTarda, Tu qarTuli anbani, praqtikulad Zvel-afxazuria,

maSin, ratom uaryaviT am anbanze xelaxla gamarTuli afxazuri

damwerloba da rusul kirilicaze gadaawyveT? SemTxveviT esec

`agresorma~ qarTvelebma xom ar gaiZulaT? ̀ muxanaTi~ qarTvelebi.).

qarTvelebi mxolod muxanaTebi ki ara, umadurebic aRmoCndnen.

jer erTi, gvian Causaxldnen adiR-afxazebs da mxares saqarTvelo

uwodes. meore, adiR-afxazebma Seuqmnes qarTvelebs samefo. amitom

iwyeboda qarTvel mefeTa titulatura: `mefe afxazTa~... da sxv.

mesame da mTavari. ki ambobdnen mefe afxazTa, magram adiRobas gangeb

ar axsenebdnen. ara da upriani iqneboda eTqvaT: mefe adiR-afxazTa

da sxv. magram ra unda mohkiTxo istoriis falsifikatorebs. aba

naxeT ras wers qarTvelebis saamayo geograf-istorikosi vaxuSti

batoniSvili: `xolo anakofiis dasavleTi ars afxazeTi, pirve-

lad wodebuli egreTve egrisi~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~, t. IV, gv.

783). diax, egrisi afxazeTs ewodeboda. qarTvelebma ki istoria

209


ise warmoadgines, TiTqos egrisi mxolod samegrelo iyo, amiT

xom afxazeTis istoria droSi Seikveca. Tu egrisis kuTvnili

sivrce mrovelis mier sul mcier Zv. w. a. III aTaswleuls mainc

moicavs, iq afxazTa winaprebi moiazrebian pirvel rigSi. marTa-

lia saxelwodeba afxazi da afxazeTi minimum sami aTasi wlis

Semdeg gaiJRerebs, magram egrebis, egroselebis saxeliT xom

arsebobdnen? amitom upirania garkveviT iTqvas, rom egrisi da

egriselebi afxazebia. samegrelosa da megrelebis moculobiT

egriselebis Semofargvla, qarTvelebis mier afxazeTis istoriis

damaxinjebis mcdelobaa.

ara naklebi `mniSvneloba~ religiurobis sakiTxma SeiZina.

qarTvelebi dumiliT uvlidnen gverds sakuTar mosaxleobaSi mu-

sulmanebis faqts da raodenobas. sanacvlod cdilobdnen gaeTiSaT

oCamCireli qristiani afxazebi gudauTis musulmani afxazebisagan.

`amtkicebdnen~, rom gudauTis musulmani afxazebis umetesoba

gaafxazebuli afsar-adiRia an Turqi. isini farTed iyenebdnen gu-

dauTis raikomis mdivan k. ozganis Turquli warmomavlobis faqts.

miuTiTebdnen, rom 15-16 ivlisis (1989 w), sisxliani Sejaxebisas

qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg bevri gaafxazebuli Tuqri monawileobda.

amtkicebdnen, ramdenadac afxazeTis mTavarTa rezidencia sof.

lixnSi mdebareobda, CrdiloeTidan gadmoyvanili mebrZolebi,

mis garSemo saxldebodnen, TandaTan iviwyebdnen Tavis abazin-

adiRevelobas (qarTvelebi maT afsarebs uwodebdnen), warmarTobas,

musulmanur religias eziarebodnen da bolos afxazdebodnen.

ufro zustad XIX s. CaTvliT maT rusebi abazinebs uwodebdnen,

qarTvelebi ki, raki afxazeTSi cxovreobdnen – afxazebs. bolos

rusebmac maT afxazebi uwodes da saerTo antiqarTul moZraobaSi

CarTes.

qarTvelebis aseTi pozicia religiis sakiTxSi, miznad isax-

avda erTi mxriv afxazebis gaTiSvas, meore mxriv ki CamoSorebas

kavkasiis musulmani mTiulebisagan da qristianuli ruseTisagan.

madloba ufals, afxazebi fxizlad iyven da ar misces qarTve-

lebs imperiuli principis `gaTiSe da ibatone~, ganxorcielebis

saSualeba. cnobilma specialistma stanislav lakobam ̀ daamtkica~,

210


rom afxazebi uZvelesi qristianebia da musulmanoba gvian XVII

s. gavrcelda. da vis SeuZlia imis `uaryofa~, rom qristianobis

gamavrcelebeli wminda nino gemiT mivida afxazeTSi, moaqcia axal

religiaze eri da aqedan gadavida qarTlis samefoSi. diax! jer

afxazebi, Semdeg qarTlelebi da sxvebi. mTavaria, rom am mxrivac

pirveli xar, qarTvelebs ajobe.

qarTvelebsarc demografiuli sakiTxi darCeniaT uyuradRebod.

afxazTa gasaRiaianeblad sul imas imeroebdnen: afxazeTSi afxazebi

mosaxleobis 17%, qarTvelebi 47%. miCqmaluli iyo is faqti, rom

XIX s. afxazebi md. enguridan xostmde cxovrobdnen, rom q. soWi

afxazuri iyo da rom ara muhajiroba, umravlesobaSic iqnebodnen.

qarTvelebi amave dros arafers ambobdnen afxazTa represiebze,

qarTvelebis ZaliT Casaxlebaze da a.S. sanacvlod mudmivad say-

vedurobdnen afxazebs, cotani xarTo, magram yvela prestiJuli

da `Semosvliani~ Tanamdeboba Tqven gikaviaTo. Tavxedebi. afxa-

zeTSi afxazi unda iyos privilegirebuli. aba sxva vin? amasTan,

mxedvelobaSi misaRebia v. kvarWia-sa da T. aCugbas demografiuli

`kvlevebis~ Sedegebi: 1870 wlamde afxazeTSi mxolod afxazebi

cxovrobdnen. XVII s. bolos maTi raodenoba 600 aTass Seadgenda,

XVIII s. bolos 200 aTass... pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisisaTvis

isini mosaxleobis 60% warmoadgendnen. albaT aseve darCeboda,

rom ara qarTvelTa muxTloba. 1926 w. da 1939 w. mosaxleobis

aRwerebis dros samurzayanoelebi qarTvelebad Caweres da ara

afxazebad. mTeli XX s. manZilze qarTvelebi meqanikurad, siste-

maturad amcirebdnen afxazTa raodenobas da bolos 17.8% Sekveces.

qarTvelebi yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen im faqts, rom mosaxleobis

umetesoba marTalia megrulad metyvelebda, Tavs megrelad (da ara

qarTvelad) miiCnevda, magram rac mTavaria TviTSegneba afxazuri

hqondaT. esac xom qarTuli imperialisturi politikis Sedegia.

Tanac rogor urcxvad `amtkicebdnen~: XVII s. bolos afxazebma

afsarebis daxmarebiT miitaces samegrelos teritoria da dai-

wyes megrelebis asimilacia. asec rom yofiliyo qarTvelebs ra

ekiTxebaT megrelebisa da afxazebis urTierToba, megrelebi xom

qarTvelebi ar arian. qarTvelebs ar awyenT amis codna. gasagebia?

211


qarTvelebTan xangrZlivi davis procesSi miviwyebuli iqna

istoriis is ukuRmarTi movlenebi, rac ruseTis imperiis poli-

tikis Sedegad ganviTarda afxazeTSi. uaresic rom eqna ruseTis

mTavrobas, mainc mosaTmeni iqneboda, radgan qarTvelebTan WidilSi

is iyo afxazebis damcveli. rusebis mxardaWeris gareSe afxazebi

qarTul imperializms ver daamarcxebdnen. daamarcxebdnen ki ara,

brZolis dawyebasac ver moaxerxebdnen.

Sors rom ar movedoT, sakmarisia 1992-1993 w. gadamwyveti

omis mogebis istoriis gaxsneba. afxazebis im nawils, romlebic

saomrad emzadebodnen, sworedac rom ruseTma misca iaraRi. sx-

vanairad gudauTis samxedro bazas axlosac ver gaekarebodnen.

ruseTma aiZula saqarTvelos mTavroba fskovis sahaero-sadesanto

polki mSvidobis damcvelebad mieRo. ruseTis specialistebma

Seqmnes e.w. kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederacia, SeaiaraRes

da qarTvelobas miusies. ruseTis specialistebma monaTles ka-

zakebi, rogorc viTom daumorCilebeli, cakle ararusuli fena

da isinic qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg SeaiaraRes. rusul-somxuri

aliansis SegonebiT Camoyalibda e.w. bagramianis somxuri brigada.

isinic rusuli iaraRiT aRWurvilebi daerivnen daucvel qarTul

mSvidobian mosaxleobas. mokled, rusuli iyo saomari samzadisi,

ruseTis samxedro StabebSi SemuSavebuli gegma, rusuli iaraRi,

rusuli fuli, rusuli sainformacio uzrunvelyofa.

da ra eqnaT qarTvelebs. sakvirveli isaa, rom omi mTeli

weliwadi mimdinareobda da ara erTi Tve. sakvirvelia, rom qa-

rTvelebs ruseTidan moevlinen mTavarsardali (e. SevardnaZe),

Tavdacvis ministri (v. nadibaiZe), kritikul momentSi zurgSi

danis damrtymeli (z. gamsaxurdia) da omi mainc xangrZlivi aR-

moCnda. safiqralia, rom xangrZlivobac ruseTs awyobda. unda dam-

arcxebuliyo saqarTvelo da dasustebuliyo afxazeTi. ase ufro

momgebiani iqneboda winaswar cnobili Sedegi. omis dasrulebis

Semdeg dgeba analizis periodi.

ra gviCvena am omma?

pirveli, es iyo afxazebsa da qarTvelebs Soris warmoebuli

`eTnokonfliqti~, Tu ruseTis mier dagegmili da saWiro dros

amoqmedebuli naRmi?

212


meore da arsebiTi. Sesadarebelia ZalTa Tanafardoba da is,

rac moxda rusuli regularuli samxedro Zalebis amoqmedebis

Semdeg.

Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos. ori aTasi wlis manZilze ara

yfila konfliqti qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris. 1661 w., roca

qarTl-kaxeTis mefe vaxtang V dasavleTSi gadavida da imereT-

guria-samegrelo-raWa-leCxumi-svaneTi daimorCila, zugdidSi

myof mefes, afxazeTis (im dros ukve dadianebisagan gandgomili

afxazeTis) mTavari ewvia morCilebis da erTobis cnobiT. Tu

SeuZliaT, sxvebma daamtkicon am cnobis siyalbe. diax, afxazeTis

mTavars da saerTod afxazebs, jer kidev gacnobierebuli hqondaT

erTobis grZnoba.

qarTvelebs, rogorc umravlesobas meti moeTxovebaT da metad

unda gaiangariSon afxazebTan `konfliqtis~ saerTo dadebiTi da

uaryofiTi. aq specialurad araa gadmocemuli dapirispirebis

peripetiebi. mTavari is ki araa rac iyo, mTavaria momavali.

mokle mimoxilvis mizani iyo eCvenebina, rom afxazebi Zveli

Tu axali, afxazeTSi macxovrebeli Tu wasuli, uciloblad kavka-

sionelebs warmoadgenen da Sedian kavkasionelebis erTian ojaxSi.

***

kavkasionelebis CamoTvla sruli ar iqneba Tu ar SevexeT

danarCen egroselebsa da qarTlosebs.

egroslebi, Tanamedrove megrelebi da svanebi, raWvelebi da

leCxumelebi, saerTod dasavleT saqarTvelos aborigeni tomebi,

sakuTriv afxazeTSic mudam mosaxleobis udides Tu ara, mniS-

vnelovan nawils Seadgendnen. afxazuri da megruli gvarebis

identuroba, megrelebis gaafxazebis an afxazebis gamegrelebis

Sedegi ki ar unda iyos, aramed maTi egroselobisa, naTesaobisa

aTaswleulebis manZilze. amitomac iyo, rom Tanaarsebobis arc

erT periodSi ar aRiniSneboda asimilaciis faqti.

sailustraciod mivmarToT dRevandeli afxazeTis farglebSi

e. w. qarTvelebisa da afxazebis demografiuli Tanafardobis

213


monacemebs: 1886 w. afxazeTSi cxovrobda 28320 afxazi (Zveli

da axali) da 34806 qarTveli; 1926 w. 55918 afxazi da 67 414

qarTveli; 1959 w. 61193 afxazi da 158221 qarTveli; 1970 w.

83097 afxazi da 213322 qarTveli; 1989 w. 93267 afxazi da

239872 qarTveli.

Tanafardoba mxolod mosaxleobis ukanaskneli, 1989 w.

aRweris Semdeg Seicvala. rogorc Tanamedrove rusi da afxazi

mkvlevarebi amtkiceben, qarTvelebma moaxdines afxazTa `genoci-

di~, romlis Sedegad afxazeTSi afxazi mosaxleoba umravlesoba

gaxda, qarTvelebi bevrad naklebi darCa, vidre afxazia. aseTia

`qarTuli imperialisturi~ qmedebis Sedegi afxazeTSi.

es rac Seexeba afxazeTSi qarTvelebisa da afxazebis ra-

odenobrivi Tanafardobis sakiTxs, Torem moZme somexi da rusi

mosaxleoba kidevac rom iyos ufro meti, es saxifaTo ar aris.

isini uaRresad gagebiT ekidebian afxazTa Tanamdebobriv siamayes,

ekonomikuri ZalauflebiT kmayofildebian da jer xanobiT mainc

administraciul-politikuri `ar ainteresebT.~

Zvel afxazebs garda egroselebs laz-egriselebi da svanebi

ganekuTvnebian. amitom iyo, rom Zveli mkvlevarebi aRniSnavdnen:

adre arsebul kolxidas (romlis mniSvnelovan nawils momavali

afxazeTi warmoadgenda), axla lazika ewodebao. (prokopi kesari-

eli, ioane lide, agaTia sqolastikosi). rogorc kolxida, aseve

misi memkvidre lazika vrcel teritorias moicavda. gasaxsenebelia

is faqti, rom Zveli laia, laiaSi, Semdeg Zveli lazika iyo is

cixe-qalaqi, romelsac pompeusma nikofsi (an nikefsi) uwoda da

saidanac iwyeboda saqarTvelos teritoriuli sazRvrebis daxa-

siaTeba (nikofsiidan darubandamde da a. S.). swored am lazikas

gamoeyo VI s. abazgiis samTavro da uSualod bizantiis imperiis

daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida. aqve unda mieTiTos, rom abazgiis (Sem-

deg mas afxazeTi ewoda sanigeTTan, afSileTTan, misimilianeTTan

erTad). mowyveta deda lazikisa- gan droebiTi aRmoCnda. VIII s.

leonidebma (leon I, mTavarma da leon II, mefem), kvlav gaaer-

Tianes es ori mxare. Sesabamisad, afxazeTis samTavros mosaxleoba

gaerTianda yofili lazikis samefos mosaxleobasTan.

214


aq, kidev erTi sakiTxia mxedvelobaSi misaRebi. erTnarqosi

egrosi da egroselebi leonti mrovelis mixedviT Tubalia. ase-

Tive Tubal-Tobel-tabali rogorebic iyvnen misi ganayari Zmebi

haosi, qarTosi, bardosi, movakani, herosi, lekosi da kavkasosi.

egrosisa da egroselebis (da ara egriselebis) damkvidreba lixis

mTis dasavleTiT ar moxdeboda cariel miwebze. iseve, rogorc

qarTosianebs (baris iberebs) aq mTis iberebi daxvdnen, romlebic

migrantebis miwoliT CrdiloeTiT gadavidnen, aseve egroselebs

daxvdnen adgilobrivi tomebi. mrovelis mixedviT, ukacieli

(dRevandeli gagebiT ukacrieli) mxare mxolod lekosianebsa

da kavkasianebs unda aeTvisebinaT. Sesabamisad, ismis bunebrivi

kiTxva: vin, rogori warsulis mqone tomebi unda daxvedrodnen

egroselebs? am kiTxvis pasuxs mxolod `biblia~ da `qarTlis

cxovreba~ iZlevian. ukve iyo msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom biblia

erTad asaxelebs Tubal-Tobals da meSexs. pirveli warmomavlobis

tomebi Semdeg iZenen tabalis (asureTulad) da bolos iberis

saxels (ioseb flaviosi), meoreni ki muSq, musk, mesxoi, mosxi,

mesxebad xdebian cnobilni da kapadokielTa winaprebad iTvlebian

(igive ioseb flaviosi).

axla gavixsenoT tabal Targamosis samflobelos sazRvrebi.

kavkasionidan-oreTis (xmelTaSua zRvamde), urmia-vanis tbebidan

muSqebis samflobelomde. Zalze vrceli midamoa. ara nakleb

vrceli iyo muSqebis are. egeosis auzidan moyolebuli Targamo-

sianebamde. ekavaT maT pontos (speris, Savi) zRvis aRmosavleTi

sanapiro Tu ara? kiTxva logikuria, pasuxi saZebneli.

arc `biblia~ da arc `qarTlis cxovreba~ konkretul pa-

suxs ar iZlevian. magram am SesaZleblobas arc uaryofen. sxva

wyarobebi?

uZveles cnobas iZleva Zv. w. a. Vs. avtori helanike mitile-

neli. pontos zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros mkvidr tomebs Soris

igi `mosxebs~ asaxelebs. dadasturebulad sando straboni Tavis

geografiul aRwerilobaSi kolxebs zeviT (Crdilo-dasavleTiT)

aseve `mosxebs~ aTavsebs (T. yauxCiSvili. strabonis geografia.

Tb. 1957. gv. 120).

215


gviani periodis udidesi mkvlevari niko mari eWvs gareSe

ayenebda debulebas svanebis mesxuridan momdinareobis Sesaxeb. misi

azriT abasxi, abaski, abazgi (aqedan obezi, ebze) mesxuri fuZidanaa

nawarmoebi. rodesac flavius ariane (95-175 ww.) samsaxurebrivi

movaleobis gamo Savi zRvis pireTSi mogzaurobda, momavali af-

xazeTis teritoriaze afsilebsa (afSilebsa) da sanigebs Soris

abaskebis toms asaxelebda, bunebrivia, ariane ara fiqrobda, rom

amiT safuZvels umagrebda niko maris naTqvams.

Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi miuTiTeben am arealSi mesxuri war-

momavlobis toponimebis arsebobaze.

SeiZleba Tu ara varaudi, rom egroselebs lixis mTas iqiT

meSex-muSq-musk-mesxoi-masxi-mosxi-mesx-uri warmomavlobis mo-

saxleoba daxvdaT da maTi Seviwroebis, SeerTebis, gandevnis gziT

moipoves sasicocxlo areali? sxva SemTxvevaSi sakiTxs axsna

sWirdeba. sxva axsna ki ar Cans.

Tu daiSveba aseTi varaudis realoba, maSin logikur Car-

CoSi jdeba Zvel mkvlevarTa mier mocemuli cnoba tomTa raobis

Sesaxeb. aseve logikuri xdeba mesxi, mosxo, masxi, abasxis daka-

vSireba abask, abazg, afxazTan. da ra gamodis aseTi naTqvamidan?

egroselebi (da ara egriselebi) arian Tubal-meSexis STamoma-

valTa urTeirTSerevis Sedegi? da Tu asea, maSin TubalTa da

meSexTa Tanafardobas sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, sxvadasxva doniT unda

gamoewvia dialeqtebis gaCena, romelic momavalSi enobriv sxvao-

bamde migviyvanda?

tomTa simravle erTi eTnosis farglebSic SeiZleboda da arc

dialeqtTa simravles gamoricxavda. aseve Cveulebrivi movlena

iyo tomTa, tomis SigniT da miT ufro eTnosTa mimarTbaSi saxel-

wodebasa da TviT saxels Soris sxvaoba da simravle. vTqvaT aseTi

cnobili faqti: saukuneTa manZilze md. enguris marcxena mxaris

egroslebs kolxebsac uwodebdnen, lazebsac, zanebsac, egrise-

lebsac, megrelebsac, odiSelebsac. marjvena mxaris egroselebic

iwodebodnen sxvadasxvanairad. maT Soris, afxazebadac iwode-

bodnen samurzayanos macxovrebeli egriselebi. iyvnen isini XIX

s. CaTvliT TviTmarqvia afxazebi, Tanamedrove adiR-afxazebTan

216


mimarTebaSi Tu iyvnen istoriuli afxazebi, romelTa mniSnvelovani

nawilis gadaadgileba moxda? pasuxi did dakvirvebasa da garkveul

gabedulebasac moiTxovs, principulobasTan erTad.

sakiTxs meore mxarec aqvs. Zvel avtorTa (da ara mxolod

maTi) mowmobis Tanaxmad meotebi da sindebi mxolod sarmatebis

laSqrobis dros (Zv. w. a. VI) xdebian sacnaurni. isini ikaveben

azovis zRvis aRmosavleT, Waobian adgilebs. maTi samxreTi saz-

Rvari tamanis naxevarkunZuli da md. yubanis zRvasTan SesarTa-

vis marjvena mxarea. md. yubanis (md. mcire xazareTisa) marcxena

mxridan Worox-trapezuntamde egroselebisaa. am arealis yvelaze

ufro cnobil da mravalricxovan tomTa gaerTianebas mogvianebiT

icnoben henioxebis saxeliT.

henioxebis Sesaxeb mSralad, magram arsebiTad ukve iTqva. iq,

sadac CrdiloeTis henioxebi ixseniebian, (istoriuli afxazeTis

teritoriaze) mravali tomia dafiqsirebuli. maT Sesaxebac mra-

vali azria gamoTqmuli. gasaxsenebelia ori momenti: 1. henioxebi

tomTa oTxi gaerTianeba iyo Tavisi oTxi mefiT; 2. tomebis sax-

elwodebani maSin fiqsirdeba, roca qreba saxelwodeba-henioxebi.

es tomebi Cndebian henioxebis arealSi, henioxebis Semdeg.

aqedan gamomdinare ibadeba kiTxva: aerTianebda Tu ara he-

nioxoba egroselTa yvela ZiriTad birTvs? Tu ara, maSin saWiro

xdeba imis axsna saidan gamoCndnen afxazebis, lazebis, svanebis

winapari tomebi am arealSi.

am tomTa Soris Zveli avtorebi asaxeleben soanebs, soano-

kolxebs, sanigebs, mkvlevarTa umetesoba maT svanebs miakuTvnebs.

maT Sesaxeb straboni aRniSnavs: ̀ maxloblad (fTirofagebis) arian

svanebi. svanebi TiTqmis saukeTesoni arian simamacisa da Zalis

mxriv. floben isini irgvliv yvelafers da upyriaT kavkasionis

mwvervalebi, romlebic dioskuriis zemoT aris. hyavT maT basi-

levsi da sabWo 300 mamakacisagan Semdgari, da rogorc amboben

hkrefen laSqars 200 000 kacis raodenobiT.~

mkvlevarTa mowmobiT svanebs epyraT kavkasionis ara mxolod

mwvervalebi, aramed mTaTa kalTebi kavkasionis garSemo. ufro

zustad kavkasionis dasavleTi nawilis garSemo.

217


svanebis mosaxleoba kavkasionis samxreT nawilSi dRemde

grZeldeba da eWvs strabonis cnoba ar iwvevs. mkvlevarTa um-

ravlesoba imazec Tanxmdeba, rom adreul periodebSi svanebs

kavkasionis CrdiloeTi nawili ekavaT. kamaTs mxolod is iwvevs,

svanebi aRwevdnen Tu ara md. yubanis marcxena napirs. prof. k.

meretukovi uamrav masalas iZleva imis dasturad, rom svanuri

toponimebi da hidronimebi mimobneulia md. yubanamde da zog

SemTxvevaSi `sazRvars iqiTac~. mogvianebiT svanTa sacxovrebel

areals iranul enovani da Turqul enovani tomebi ikaveben da

aborigenebs an SeierTeben an gandevnian. yovel SemTxvevaSi, XVIII

s., svanebi jer kidev iTvlebian CrdiloeT kavkasiis macxovre-

blebad. cnobilia, rom 1743 w. yabardoelebma, ruseTis mTavrobas

misweres Crdilo kavkasielebis eTno Semadgenlebis Sesaxeb da

aRniSnes: adiRebis, yaraCaelebis, Temirgovelebis garda svanebic

cxovrobeno. werilSi naTqvamia: «Четвертый народ Сони , ,, живут на вершинах реки Баксана, близ вершин реки Кумы и Кубани». (Известия Северо-осетинского научно исследовательского института. т VI,ордж. 1934). zedmetia ganmarteba, rom CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi svanebs eZaxian soni an ebze. exeba ra imave Crdilo

kavkasionel tomebs hugo Suxardti aRniSnavs, rom yvela mo-

nacemiT, am tomebs Soris svanebs da svanur enas erT dros

gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekavao. misi TqmiT, svaneTi «С севера отделяется Кавказским хребтом от тюркских языков, в области которых сванский язык, судя по некоторым данным занимал некогда господствующее положение.» (Г. Шухардт. О географии статистике картвельских (южнокартвельских) языков. Тифлис, 1899, с. 20).

mkvlevarebi, kavkasionis CrdiloeT nawilSi, araerTgzis

miuTiTeben svanuri materialuri kulturis naSTebis arsebobaze. am

mxriv nayofierad iSromes T. mibCuanma, z. ratianma, g. gasvianma da

sxva. da am masalis ganmeoreba sakiTxSi sicxades ver gaaRrmavebs.

ufro sainteresoa Zveli avtoris, menandres miTiTeba, rom

svanebi `...erTi im tomTagania, romelic kavkasiis garSemo cxov-

robs...~ (georgika, t. III, gv. 221). garkveviTaa naTqvami: ara mxolod

218


samxreTSi an CrdiloeTSi, aramed garSemo, rac niSnavs kavkasionis

dasavleTi nawilis im kuTxesac, romelic Savi zRvis pirs gasdevs.

anTropologebma karga xania daadgines kavkasielTa (da ara

mxolod kavkasionelTa) tipiurobis sakiTxi. aRmoCnda, rom svanebis

Crdiloeli mezoblebi, romelbic Turqul enovani da kavkasionis

midamoebSi gvian Casaxlebulebi arian, anTropologiurad kavkasiur

tips ganekuTvnebian. aqedan keTdeba logikuri daskvna: am adgilebSi

macxovrebelma svanebma asimilaciis Sedegad SeiZines Turquli ena,

religia, adaT-wesebi, Seerivnen mosulebs, magram anTropologi-

uri monacemebi SeinarCunes. ukve iyo Tqmuli, rom yaraCaelTa da

balyarTa nawils jerac axsovs svanuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.

rac Seexeba kavkasionis dasavleTs, aq Tubal-tabal, Targa-

mosianel egroselebs daxvdaT muSq-musk-mesx-kolxTa tomebi. Zv.

w. a. III aTaswleulSi (Tu ufro adre ara) es Sexvedra, urTier-

Toba iyo Zaladobrivi Tu mSvidobiani, amis gansazRvra rTulia.

mTavaria, rom aTaswleulebis Semdeg, rodesac cnobadebi xdebian

calkeuli tomebi, maT Soris gamoarCeven mesxur-lazuri da

egrosul-svanuri warmomavlobisas.

aq mcire ganmartebaa saWiro. niko mari, Tavad svanebsac mesxebis

ganayarad miiCnevda. aseTi daSveba SesaZlebelia erTi pirobiT:

unda ganimartos mesx-lazTa da svanTa erTi mxriv da svan-mesxTa

da egriselTa (da ara egroselTa) urTierT mimarTebis sakiTxi.

Tu enaTmecnierebi amtkiceben Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulSi megru-

lisa da svanuris jer mxolod dialeqtis doneze daSoriSorebis

SesaZleblobas, maSin jer kidev SeiZleba msjeloba saerTo enis

Sesaxeb. aseve SeiZleba msjeloba megrelebisa da svanebis erTiani

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. da Tu svanebi mesxuri warmomavlobisani

arian, igive unda iTqvas megrelebze. aseT Sem- TxvevaSi ki ismis

kiTxva: vin, romeli tomebi arian egroselebi? ratom aris rom

leonti mroveli roca durZukTa Casaxlebaze saubrobs, mefe

saurmagis mier, kavkasionis arealSi, egroselebSi axsenebs megre-

lebs da svanebs. ra cdeboda? Tu egrosi ar iyo Targamosianeli?

kiTxva sulac araa ritorikisaTvis. imis mixedviT Tu ra daskvna

gakeTdeba, SeiZleba msjeloba bevri Zveli tomis Sesaxeb. dadas-

219


turebulia, rom niko mari saxelwodebebs abasxi, abazgi, abaski,

aqedan momdinare obezi, ebze erTi fuZidan momdinare sityvebad

miiCnevda da maT qveS svanebsac gulisxmobda. strabonis mixedviT

tamanis naxevarkunZuli sindebs (adi- RevelTa winaprebs meotebTan

erTad) ekavaT. maTi navsadguri sindikadan 400 stadiis manZilze

(stadia 177,6 metrs Seadgenda) batiebi iyvnen, maT mosdevdaT

kerketebis (850 stadia), Semdegi iyvnen axeelebi (500 stadia).

gadmocemiT axeelebi (aqavelebi) sapelazgodan (balkaneTis nax-

evarkunZulidan) gadmosaxlebulebi iyvnen Savi zRvis pireTSi

berZnuli koloniebis (faqtoriebis) daarsebasTan dakavSirebiT.

axeelebis samxreTi ekavaT henioxebs

1000 stadiis manZilze da midiodnen pitiuntamde (biWvin-

Tamde). straboni biWvinTasa da dioskurias (soxums Soris manZils

360 stadiad angariSobs. am daangariSebiT kavkasionis dasavleTi

nawili (zRvis piri) henioxebs ekuTvnodaT. ramdenadac henioxebis

mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli svanebi iyvnen, gamodis rom am mxareSi

svanebsac ucxovriaT.

magram mxolod svanebs? roca Zveli avtorebi msjeloben

Zveli lazikis Sesaxeb, es xom miTiTebaa imaze, rom anapidan

samxreTiT Zvel droSi lazebs ucxovriaT. roca Zv. w. a. Vs.

avtori acxadebs, rom kerketebis zeviT saxloben mosxebi, xolo

qvemoT henioxebi, es xom maT Soris sxvaobaze miTiTebaa. roca

axseneben suano-kolxebs, es svanur-kolxur Sereul mosaxleobaze

metyvelebs. aseve Seicavs miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom am Sereuli

mosaxleobis garda SeiZleba yofiliyvnen sxva (wminda) kolxebi,

sxva (wminda) svanebi da a. S.

dasaSvebia msjeloba imis Sesaxebac, rom henioxoba, rogorc

ara tomobrivi, aramed vTqvaT religiuri maxasiaTebeli aerTianeb-

da rogorc egroselebs, aseve kolxur-lazuri warmomavlobis

sxva tomebsac. sxvanairad henioxoba kavkasionis CrdiloeTidan

Woroxamde gaugebaria da sxva ganmartebas saWiroebs.

am mcire msjelobidan gamomdinare cxadi xdeba, rom egrosele-

bi kavkasionis uZveles mosaxleTa Soris iyvnen.

rCeba qarT-osis (qarTlosis) monaTesave tomTa sakiTxi.

220


***

kavkasionis centraluri samxreTi mxare qarT-osis monaTe-

save tomebs unda rgebodaT. leonti mroveli ara orazrovan

gancxadebas akeTebs qarTosianTa miwa-wylis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb.

SexsenebisaTvis. mroveli wers: `misca qarTloss da uCina saz-

Rvari: aRmosavliT hereTi da mdinare berdujisi; ...CrdiloT

sazRvari Rado, mTa mcire, romeli gamosdis Stod kavkasisgan

da mohkidavs wueri dasasrulsa Radosa, romelsa aw hqvan lixi~

(qarTlis cxovreba, t. Tb. 1955. gv. 4).

dasamaxsovrebelia, rom egrosisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTlosi-

saTvis kavkasionis ara mxolod CrdiloeTi mxare ar gamouyviaT,

aramed Tavad mTagrexilis ZiriTadi nawilic. qarTebis CrdiloeTi

sazRvari kavkasionis erTi Sto iyo. ratom? saWiro xdeba gaxseneba

saxelwodebebisa: baris iberebi da mTis iberebi. marTalia saxel-

wodebebi SedarebiT gvian unda damkvidrebuliyo, magram arsebiTia

imis aRniSvna, rom iyvnen mTis iberebi. aq kidev erTi (SeiZleba

dakarguli an umniSvnelo) cnoba gaxsenebisaTvis: xados mTis

(SeiZleba esa mrovelis meir sazRvrad dadgenili Rado) gaswvriv

iyo sasazRvro cixe-koSkebis narCenebi. SeiZleba es mTisa da baris

iberTa gamyofi iyo? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Rvawlmosili niko ber-

ZeniSvilis mosazrebas qarTlis sazRvris, wilkanis (winkaris) da

a. S. Sesaxeb, saWiro gaxdeba ufro mizanmimarTuli kvleva, vidre

es dvalebTan da ovsebTan mimarTebaSi aris Catarebuli. iyvnen

dvalebi, wanarebi, vainaxebi kavkasosis naTesavi tomebis erTad-

erTi warmomadgenlebi Tu maTSi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT TuSebi,

fxovelebi, WarTlelebi. da ara marto isini?

mxolod yuradRebis gamaxvilebis mizniT. bevrad gvian periodSi

vaxuSti batoniSvili saqarTvelos samefos aRwerisas, ramdenime

sayuradRebo cnobas iZleva. kerZod, exeba ra giorgi III laSqrobas

ambobs: `scna giorgi mefeman, Seikribna spani Tvisni imer-amerni,

zemo-quemoni...~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV. Tb. 1973. gv. 167). sain-

teresoa vin SeiZleba yofiliyo ̀ zemo~-s SemadgenlobaSi? meoregan

221


avtori exeba ra `zemo-qvemos~ sakiTxs, azustebs maT sazRvars da

ambobs `...zemo-quemoTa zRuad ponto-kaspiamde~ (gv. 168.).

Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde bevri ̀ zemo~ cxovrobda. im dros

saqarTvelos samefos or zRvas Soris kavkasionis CrdiloeT-

samxreTi ekuTvnoda. Sesabamisad am naTqvamSi mravali eTnosisa

da ufro meti tomebis moazreba SeiZleba.

da mainc aris erTi sayuradRebo cnoba. imave periodSi giorgi

III salaSqrod `gadmoiyvanna ovsni~. erTiani ZaliT ilaSqra da-

rubandis mxares da rac mTavaria `...warmosulman muniT moarbia

basiani, romelica saxkrveli iyo kacTagan~ (gv. 169). sakiTxavia,

romel basianzea saubari? darubandidan wamosul laSqars gzad

mxolod CrdiloeTis basianis darbeva SeeZlo. araa gamoricxuli,

rom im dros basianelebi calke toms Seadgendnen da Tu isini

urCobdnen, SeiZleba maTi morCilebaSi moyvana CaiTvala aucile-

blad. Tu es asea da mefis laSqari sxva `zemo~ macxovreblebi,

vTqvaT ovsebi monawileobdnen, maSin dasadgenia basianis mosaxleoba

romel toms ekuTvnoda. basiani, moqceuli egroselebis, alanebs

(ara ovsebs) da dvalebs Soris, ramdenad inarCunebda TviTmyofado-

bas an xom ar iyo mosaxleoba ukve durZukebTan asimilirebuli?

sxva adgilas vaxuSti batoniSvili aRniSnavs. giorgi mefem

`...gamoiyvanna kualad ovsni, kavkasni da ZurZukni~ (gv. 270).

saintereso ganmartebaa: kavkasni am SemTxvevaSi gansxvavdebian ara

mxolod ovsTagan, aramed ZurZukTaganac. Tu mroveli durZukebs

kavkasianTa mxoldo erT did nawilad miiCnevs, aq xazgasmulia

maTi ara ZurZukeloba. vin? dvalebi da wanarebi aRiarebuli arian

kavkasielebad (kavkasionebad). sxva? vaxuSti batoniSvili aRwers

ra qnoRo-maRran-dvaleTis sazRvrebs, didi da patara liaxvis

saTaveebiT, aRniSnavs, rom aq ukve osebi saxloben. daskvna aseTia:

`xolo raodenni osni davswereT am adgilebTa Sina, pirvelad

saxlebulan qarTvelni glexni~ (gv. 363). `qarTvelni glexni~

ueWvelad moicavs Sereul mosaxleobas.

Tu dvaleTSi jer kidev ismoda dvaluri metyveleba ukve

osurTan erTad, dvaleTis samxreTi mxare jer kidev aerTianebda

qarTvel da gaqarTvevlebul glexobas. aseTi daskvnis safuZv-

222


els araerTi istoriuli cnoba iZleva. imave avtoris mowmobiT:

kavkasosma `... daipyra queyana lekanis sazRvridam, vidre pon-

tos zRuamde, kavkasis mTis CrdiloeTi veliTurT.~(gv. 632.).

aq araorazrovnadaa miTiTebuli kavkasionis CrdiloeTi mxare,

dablobebis CaTvliT. ramdenadac kavkasosis monaTesave tomebi

samxreTidan Crdilo- eTiT migrirebdnen, logikuria, rom maT mier

daclil mamulebSi qarTebi saxldebodnen. Sexebis, mezoblobis

arealSi iqmneboda Tu ara Sereuli mosaxleoba? qarTdeboda Tu

ara migrirebulTa darCenili nawili? aseTi azris dasturad

Cans batoniSvilis aseTi naTqvami: xevsurebisa da fSavelebis e.

i. fxovelebis gamo

`...kaxni ZurZukTa, RliRuTa da qistTa Tvisad~ `sdeben~ `...

garna maT ara uwyian ese mier JamiT, odes gandgnen~ (gv. 534),

ubralo interesis sakiTxi rodia cnoba, romlis mixedviT vainaxebs

kaxni Tavisianebad miiCneven, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad vainaxebma

amis gageba `gandgomis~ Semdeg miiviwyes.

dasafiqreblad unda iTqvas: tomobriv-Temobrivi ganxriT, ram-

denad Seswavlilia kavkasionis aborigeni mosaxleoba? istoriis

ra saunjes inaxavs TviTeuli eTnosi, tomi, Temi da sofel-auli?

Rrma xeobebSi momwyvdeuli, karCaketili meurneobiT dakavebuli

mosaxleoba sxvaTagan gaucxoebis gzas adgeboda da saTuTad

inaxavda im sulier faseulobas, rac Taobebis Semoqmedeba da

memkvidreoba iyo. daCqarebulma progresma, gankerZoebis jebirebis

rRvevam SeiZleba samudamod daukargos kavksionelebs is Zvirfasi,

romlis mniSvneloba miZinebul mdgomareobaSia. ramdenad SeZleben

kavkasionelebi istoriuli meobis, kavSirebis SenarCunebas?

da rogoria kavkasionelebis ganviTarebis tendenciebi?

***

kavkasionelTa mokle, sqematuri dasaxiaTebac cxadyofs maT

mravalerovnulobas, erovnebaTa SigniT da erovnebaTSorisi urT-

ierTobebis sirTules. maTi saxelmwifo mowyoba isea agebuli,

rom eTnikuri siWrelis Tavidan acileba verc erTma erTeulma

ver SeZlo. kavkasionelebi bevria da maT Soris gansxvavebaa ara

223


mxolod enobrivi an dialeqtis doneze, aramed asakobrivi, sax-

elmwifoebrivi, religiuri, kulturuli da a. S.

kavkasionelebi bevrad mcire teritorias ikaveben, vidre

kavkasielebi, naklebia maTi politikuri, social-ekonomikuri,

sulier-kulturuli roli msoflios xalxTa istoriasa da

TanamedroveobaSi. amave dros kavkasionelebi erTi-meorisaganac

gansxvavdebian amave monacemebiT.

istoriuli ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, wamyvan da

warmatebul kavkasionelebad azerbaijanelebi gvevlinebian. maT

udavo favoritobas veravin Seecileba. da es ganapiroba bev-

rma faqtorma. pirvel rigSi esaa raodenobrioba mosaxleobisa.

sul cota, orjer mainc sWarboben azerbaijanelebi qarTvelebs.

sruliad sakmarisia gavixsenoT aseTi monacemi: 1801 wlisaTvis,

rodesac ruseTis imperia kavkasiis dapyrobas iwyebda, qarTvelebis

xvedriTi wili samxreT kavkasiaSi iyo 420, azerbaijanelebisa ki

260. axla, XXI s. dasawyisSi azerbaijanelebis raodenobrivad,

iseve rogorc Sobadobis tempiTa da xasiaTiT toli ara hyavT.

aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda karCaketilobis daZlevas azerbai-

janelebis warmatebaSi. esaa daqsaqsuli, xSirad urTierTdapiri-

spirebuli saxanoebis erT saxelmwifod gaerTianeba. saukuneebis

manZilze gancalekevebuli saxanoebi SedarebiT sust erTeulebs

warmoadgendnen. gaerTianebam, erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnam, rac

1918 w. ganxorcielda SesaZlebeli gaxada erTiani msoflmxedvelo-

bis, politikis, ekonomikis Seqmna. saxanoebis sazRvrebi gadailaxa.

eTnikurma warmomavlobam realobas dauTmo adgili.

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula, erTian saxelmwifoSi, erTiani

eris kategoriis dafuZnebam. Tu adre 15 saxano erTimeores eTiSe-

boda, maT Soris eTnikurobis niadagze, 1935 wlidan es barieri

warmatebiT iqna gadalaxuli. am wels gamoqveynda dekreti m. ka-

lininis xelmoweriT, romlis mixedviT, azerbaijanis teritoriaze

da masTan erTad samxreT kavkasiaSi macxovrebeli musulmanebi

erovnebiT azerbaijanelebi xdebodnen. 1926 w. mosaxleobis aR-

weris dros jer kidev Turqebad wodebulebi, 1939 w. aRweriT

uklebliv azerbaijanelebad Caweres. geografiuli teritoriis

224


saxelwodeba mis mosaxleobaze gavrcelda. aRara hqonda mniSvn-

eloba pirovneba TaliSeli iyo, nuxeli, naxiWevaneli, borCalo-

eli Tu sxva, iyo warmoSobiT leki, sparseli, Turqi, TaTari Tu

sxva, Tu is musulmanuri religiis mimdevari iyo, avtomaturad

azerbaijaneli xdeboda.

axalgazrda azerbaijanel ers, sakmaod xnieri religiuri

aRmsarebloba-musulmanoba akavSirebda. marTalia, am religiasac

axasiaTebda Sinagani ganStoebani (sunitebi, Siitebi, miuridebi da

sxva), magram arsebiTi iyo yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebSi

moqceulTaTvis musulmanoba. saqme imaSia, rom sabWoTa qveynebSi

religia daTrgunvili iyo da aRmsareblebs ar hqondaT mis prin-

cipebSi Rrmad gaTviTcnobierebis saSualeba. mTavari iyo musul-

manoba da ara misi romelime ganStoeba. amave dros, es religia,

gamorCeuli adamianTa cxovrebisa da Tanacxovrebis yvela mxaris

daregulirebis unariT (sisruliT), uaRresad did gavlenas ax-

denda da gansazRravda sazogadoebis rwmeniT TvalTaxedvas. masTan

SedarebiT sxva religiebi aSkarad uferuldebodnen. ase iyo, ase

aris. samwuxarod yovelTvis ver xerxdeboda da ver xerxdeba

zRvaris dacva religiurobasa da fanatizms Soris.

gadamwyvet faqtors azerbaijanis favoritobaSi, mainc bune-

brivi pirobebi warmoadgens. energo resursebis didi maragi, maTi

mopovebis pirobebi, realizaciis SesaZlebloba da sxva, rac

mokled unda daxasiaTdes rogorc geografiuli garemo, azer-

baijanelebs upiratesobas aZlevs, ara mxolod kavkasionelTa an

kavkasielTa, aramed msoflios bevri xalxis winaSe. f. engelsis

Tvalsazrisi geografiuli garemos rolis Sesaxeb sazogadoebriv

ganviTarebaSi, azerbaijanis magaliTze demonstrirdeba.

logikuria, rom SesaZlebloba sinamdviled mxolod garkveul

pirobebSi gardaiqmneba. am pirobebs Soris gadamwyveti mniSvn-

eloba saxelmwifoebriv politikas eniWeba. sxva kavkasionelebi-

sagan gansxvavebiT, azerbaijanis mozomilma saSinao da sagareo

politikam uzrunvelyo qveynis swrafi dawinaureba da rolis

zrda, rogorc regionSi, aseve msoflio masStabiT. amave dros,

igi erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelic naklebi danakargebiT gamovida

225


im saerTo krizisidan, romlis saxelia sabWoTa kavSiris daSla

da damoukideblobis mopoveba.

azerbaijans did warmatebebTan erTad didi danaklisic aqvs.

mTiani yarabaRis Camocilebam da yarabaRis `damoukidebeli re-

spublikis~ Seqmnam gamousworebeli zarali miayena azalgazrda,

mzard qveyanas. yarabaRis konfliqti dagegmili, momzadebuli da

ganxorcielebuli imperiis centris mier, miznad urCi regionis

dasjasa da samxreT kavkasiaSi erTguli satelitis, somxeTis

mxardaWeras isaxavda miznad. yarabaRis konfliqti metropolis

nebarTvisa da monawileobis gareSe ver ganxorcieldeboda da arc

momxdara. jer xanobiT mainc azerbaijanis saxelmwifos misi erTi

Semadgeneli gamoaklda. es iyo mZime, yovelmxrivi mniSvnelobisa da

grZelvadiani dartyma. da miuxedavad am danaklisisa, azerbaijani

kvlav rCeba yvelaze warmatebul qveynad kavkasionis regionSi.

igives Tqma kavkasionis Crdilo-aRmosavleTisa da saerTod

kavkasionis erT-erT umsxviles respublika daRestanze samwux-

arod ar SeiZleba.

daRestani, iseve rogorc kavkasionis CrdiloeTis respub-

likebi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ar ganTavsuflebula,

kvlav ruseTis koloniad rCeba. Sesabamisad am respublikebis

uaxloes mizans Tavisuflebis miRweva warmoadgens. mizani gansaz-

Rvravs miRwevis gzebis xasiaTs.

dRes daRestani CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-

beli moZraobis lideria. marTalia moZraobas saxelmwifoebrivi

organizeba ar axasiaTebs, rogorc es CeCneTis respublikaSi iyo

(j. dudaevisa da a. masxadovis prezidentobis dros), magram brZo-

lis partizanuli formebi mainc didi rezonansis matarebelia.

adre Tu gvian moskovi iZulebuli gaxdeba aRiaros daRestneli

xalxis bunebrivi ufleba TviTgamorkvevisa da damoukidebel

saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb.

daRestnis mosaxleobas miznis miRwevis gzaze mravali

barieri eRobeba. pirvel rigSi esaa Sinagani dezorganizacia.

ukve iyo msjeloba mosaxleobis siWrelis Sesaxeb. roca saqme

aTeulobiT eTnikur-enobrivi jgufis moqmedebis koordinirebas

226


exeba, logikuria, rom es mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi organize-

bis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moxdes. mosaxleobis organizebis es

meqanizmi ki metropoliis samsaxurSia. SeiZleba metropolias

rwmeniT arc emsaxurebodes, magram erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel

moZraobas rom ar xelmZRvanelobs es faqtia. aqedan gamomdin-

are faqtia isic, rom moZraoba daqsaqsulia, araorganizebulia

da mosaxleobis mTel Zalisxmevas saWiro mimarTulebiT ver

warmarTavs. mebrZoli Zalebis maorganizebel Zalad religiuri

institutebi gamodian da isinic gaxleCilni momxreebad da

mowinaaRmdegebad. aseT pirobebSi brZola warmatebuli ver iqneba

iseTi damTrgunveli Zalis winaSe, rogorsac ruseTis samxedro-

politikuri manqana warmoadgens.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola sxvadasxva formebiTa

da meTodebiT SeiZleba warimarTos, SeiZleba hqondes mSivdobi-

ani, Cumi protestis, ideologiuri, SeiZleba mwvave politikuri

brZolis forma miiRos. SeiZleba igi samxedro-politikur qmede-

bebSi gadaizardos, an sulac kombinirebuli saxiT gamovlindes.

saerTod ki, Teoriis cnobiT, rac ufro Zlieria mebrZoli mxaree-

bis interesTa sxvaoba da xSiri konfliqtebi (Tundac calkeuli

mcire dajgufebebis doneze, rogorc es CrdiloeT kavkasiaSia)

miT ufro didxans gagrZeldeba konfliqturi procesi;

Teoria imasac gveubneba, rom rac ufro Zlieria konfliqti,

miT ufro centralizebuli da organizebuli arian mxareebi. rac

daRestnisa da axla ukve yaraCai-CerqezeTisa da balyareTis mxareSi

ar SeiniSneba. aq ufro calkeuli patara dajgufebebis amboxs aqvs

adgili. es ki konfliqtologiis mesame principis SesaZleblobas

zrdis. es gulisxmobs rom Tundac xSiri, magram naklebad mwvave

konfliqtebis dros integrirebis, daregulirebis Sansi izrdeba,

gansakuTrebiT, roca konfliqti xangrZlivad grZeldeba.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis gamwvave-

bas konfliqtebis donemde Tan erTvis, ideuri da socialuri

urTierTobebis daZabulobac. es erTi mxriv dabla swevs ganmaTa-

visuflebeli moZraobis motivacias, meore mxriv ki afarToebs

konfliqtis socialur safuZvels. amasTan, rac ufro didi

227


sxvaobaa mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris (rac ufro uTanabro ga-

nawilebaa materialuri dovlaTis) miT ufro Rrmaa konfliqti.

amave dros, rac ufro srulad gaiazreben dabali fenebi Tavis

mdgomareobas, miT ufro meti simwvave eqneba konfliqts. da rac

ufro farTea masebis CarTuloba, miT ufro sayovelTaobis xas-

iaTs iZens konfliqti.

erovnebaTSorisi da socialuri konfliqtebis gadajaW-

vis dros, metropoliaSi socialuris gaZlierebas koloniebSi

erovnulis gaZliereba Tan sdevs. da rac ufro Zlieria social-

uri konfliqtis polarizacia, miT Zlieria erovnul niadagze

aRmocenebuli konfliqti.

konfliqtis aRmocenebas win uZRvis erovnuli usamarTlobis

Segneba. da rac ufro maRalia Segnebis done, miT metia kon-

fliqtis aRmocenebis SesaZlebloba.

Teoria kidev erT princips gvkarnaxobs. mis mixedviT, rac

ufro ararealur an idealur-subieqtur interesebs ukavSird-

eba konfliqti, miT ufro mwvaved mimdinareobs igi. amasTan rac

ufro xisti meTodebiT cdilobs metropolia mis daregulirebas,

miT ufro Rrmavdeba konfliqti. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi erovnul-

ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba religiur saburvelSia gaxveuli.

religiuri motivi ki konfliqts ufro mwvave xasiaTs aniWebs.

es Tavis mxriv Semdeg princips ukavSirdeba. misi arsi SemdegSia,

rac ufro mwvave xasiaTi aqvs konfliqts, miT ufro advilia

mowinaaRmdege mxareebis warmoCena.

swored am dros gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens metropoliis

politikisa da sistemis elastiuroba. ruseTis mTavrobis mier

imis gaazreba Tu ra ufro Zviri daujdeba, mojanye mxarisadmi

gamgebiani, liberaluri damokidebuleba, kompromisi Tu xisti

Zalismieri moqmedeba, bevrad ganapirobebs brZolis xangrZlivo-

basa da simwvaves.

CrdiloeT kavkasionSi CeCeni xalxis brZola TavisuflebisaT-

vis iyo imis maCvenebeli Tu ra SeuZlia organizebul, mcirericxo-

van ers TviT iseTi Zlieri mCagvrelis winaaRmdeg, rogorsac

ruseTis imperia warmoadgens.

228


ori aTeuli welia gasuli CeCneTis pirveli omis dawyebidan

da amis gamo, SeiZleboda garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTeba, Teori-

ulad winaswar gaTvlili rom ar yofiliyo mkvlevarTa mier.

konfliqtis zogadi kanonzomiereba gveubneba: pirvel rigSi

unda Seecado, Seuqmna siZneleebi mowinaaRmdegs (metropolias).

siZneleebis Seqmna gamoixateba mowinaaRmdegis moqmedebaTa Sez-

RudvaSi, misTvis Tavisufali moqmedebis SeuZleblobis piro-

bebis SeqmnaSi. igive gulisxmobs mowinaaRmdegis funqciebisa da

rezervebis saSenod gamoyenebas. swored es mxare moqmedebisa iqna

racionalurad gamoyenebuli j. dudaevis mTavrobis mier.

amas mosdevs principebi, rac praqtikulad f. engelsis mier

Seqmnili ajanyebis warmatebis koncfciidan gamomdinareobs. f.

engelsis aRniSnuli koncefcia Semdeg v. leninma Camoayaliba,

rogorc sakuTari migneba _ ajanyebis warmatebebis Sesaxeb. am kon-

cefciis Tanaxmad, pirvel yovlisa sanam moqmedeba daiwyeba, saWiro

(strategiuli) mimarTulebiT Zalebis koncentracia unda moxdes

im odenobiT, romelic sakmarisia warmatebisaTvis, moqmedebis daw-

yeba unda moxdes mowinaaRmdegis sakordinacio centrebze, ise rom

igi faqtis winaSe aRmoCndes an sxvanairad, molodinis pirobebSi

myofisaTvis, mainc moulodneli iyos moqmedeba.

visac axsovs CeCneTis omis peripetiebi, igi ueWvelad dae-

Tanxmeba, rom Teoriis rekomendaciebi maqsimalurad iyo gaTval-

iswinebuli j. dudaevis mier. swored aman ganapiroba miRweuli

warmatebebi. Tu saboloo angariSiT metropoliam mainc moaxerxa

mojanye respublikis damorCileba, aq gasakviri araferia. ZalTa

Tanafardoba sxva Sedegs ar iZleoda. dapirispirebulTa dana-

kargebis Tanafardoba (rogorc adamianuri, ise materialuri)

cxadyofs, rom Sedegis miuxedavad am omSi metropolia gamovida

damarcxebuli.

Teoria aseve iZleva rekomendaciebs moqmedebis ciklurobis

sasargeblod. bevrad Zlier mowinaaRmdeges Ria, pirdapir brZo-

laSi ver ajobeb, saWiro xdeba moqmedebis cikliroba, moqmedeba

farulad, mowinaaRmdegis molodinis sawinaaRmdegod. ara mxolod

fizikurad, aramed ideuradac Tundac motyuebisa da muqaris gziT,

229


rac mopirispiris dezorganizebas ukavSirdeba.

zemoT naTqvami Tanabrad ar Seexeba CrdiloeT kavkasionis

yvela respublikas.

CeCneTSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis erTi cikli

dasrulebulia. moCvenebiTma simSvidem Secvala Ria brZolis pe-

riodi. saWiro gaxda miRebuli danakargebis aRdgena, Wrilobebis

moSuSeba, Zalebis gadajgufeba, analizis gakeTeba. garegnulma

mSvidobam mcdari daskvnebi ar unda dabados. ers ara aqvs ufleba

ar ibrZolos TavisuflebisaTvis. vinc sabolood Seurigdeba beds,

is wyvets arsebobas, adgeba asimilaciis gzas.

CeCneTisagan gansxvavebiT inguSeTma molodinisa da Cumi moq-

medebis taqtika irCia. Secdoma iyo Tu ara es taqtikuri xazi?

erTi mxriv SeiZleba imis Teoriuli gaazreba, ra mohyve- boda

CeCneTTan erTad inguSeTis aSkara janys. isedac mcire mosaxleo-

biT da teritoriiT respublika metropoliisa da misi erTguli

satelitis osebis respublikis zewoliT sabolood ganadgur-

deboda.

ra SemTxvevaSi hqonda ganTavisuflebis Sansi aseT mcire

respublikas?Tanamedrove etapze marqsizmis xseneba cud tonad

iTvleba. ara da mxedvelobaSia marqsizmi, leninizmisa da sabWoTa

praqtikis gareSe. (ganmartebisaTvis unda iTqvas, rom leninizmi

marqsizmis sawinaaRmdego movlenas warmoadgenda erovnebaTSorisi

urTierTobebis sakiTxSi). marqsizms erTi winadadebiT aqvs sakiTxi

Camoyalibebuli. misi arsia: ar SeiZleba Tavisufali iyos eri,

romelic sxvas Cagravs. ra gamodis am debulebidan? 1. Tavisufali

eri sxvis Cagvras ar moindomebs; 2. Tu eri sxvas Cagravs, niSnavs

TviTonaa daCagruli sakuTari mTavrobis mier; 3. aseT qveyanaSi

paralelurad arsebobs socialuri da erovnuli Cagvra. amasTan,

socialuri Cagrulzec vrceldeba; 4. Cagrulma erma aSkarad unda

ibrZolos socialuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg da amiT xeli Seuwyos

mCagvreli eris SigniT socialuri winaaRmdegobis gamwvavebas; 5.

roca mCagvreli eris mSromeli, Cagruli nawili miaRwevs Tavi-

suflebas, maSin Cagruli eric ganTavisufldeba.

axla vnaxoT ra moxda praqtikulad:

230


sabWoTa kavSiris daSla ganapiroba socialur-ekonomikurma

winaaRmdegobebma. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba yofil

mokavSire respublikebSi (maT Soris kavkasionur azerbaijansa

da saqarTveloSi) imdenad susti da araorganizebuli iyo rom

damoukideblobis mopovebaze mxolod ocneba Tu SeiZleboda.

sanacvlod gaSiSvlebuli da gamwvavebuli iyo social-ekonomi-

kuri winaaRmdegobaTa sistema Tavad metropoliaSi. swored am

faqtorma ganapiroba imperiis daSla da koloniebis SedarebiT

umtkivneulo ganTavisufleba. respublikaTa nawilma iZulebulma

`miiRes damoukidebloba~.

iyo Tu ara erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba kavkasionis

arealSi? kiTxvis dasmac ki mkrexeleobaa. vinc icis ruseTis (metrop-

olis) da koloniebis (respublikebad, avtonomiur respublikebad,

avtonomiebad wodebulebad) urTierTobis istoria mTlianobaSi

(XIX-XX ss). manZilze is wamiTac ar daeWvebula rom erovnul

damoukideblobisaTvis brZola mudmivad mimdinareobda. icvleboda

taqtikuri xasiaTis formebi da meTodebi, brZola ki permanentul

xasiaTs atarebda. aqedan gamomdinare, araa saWiro imis mtkiceba, rom

XX s. bolo 15 w. misi aRmavlobis fonze mimdinareobda.

da mainc sabWoTa imperiis daSla erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebul

moZraobas ar gamouwvevia. es iyo msoflio ZalTa Tanafardobis

Secvlis da imperiis SigniT socialur-ekonomikuri winaaRmde-

gobebis gamwvavebis Sedegi. bevri dauRvinebeli `beladi~ mii-

werda imperiis mesaflavis pativs, magram obieqturad ase ar iyo.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom imperia daiSala zevidan da ara qvevidan.

Tavad daSlis gamocxadeba 1991 w. dekemberSi ar iyo procesis

dasawyisi, magram arc damTavrebas moaswavebda.

ruseTis federaciuli saxelmwifo ar iyo arc socialuri

revoluciis Sedegi da arc erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZrao-

bisa. miuxedavad xmamaRla aRiarebuli demokratiuli principebisa,

mimarTvisa erovnebebisadmi `aiReT imdeni damoukidebloba, ram-

densac moereviT~, saxelmwifo rCeboda Zveli sistemis CarCoebSi

da darCenili mraval aTeuli erisa Tu erovnebis sapyrobiled.

ganviTarebis Semdgomma ori aTeuli wlis movlenebma naTelyves

sinamdvile.

231


gansaxilvel sakiTxs rom Zalian ar gavcdeT, oriode wina-

dadebiT gavixsenoT ra iyo da riT Seicvala.

ra iyo: 1. e. w. sabWoTa wyobileba, miiCneoda socialistu-

rad, sinamdvileSi iq iyo saxelmwifo kapitalisturi sistema

dafuZnebuli, ganviTarebis dabali safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTe-

beli ekonomikisa da xalxis kulturaze. 2. Sesabamisad sabWoTa

kavSirSi ZiriTadi iyo winaaRmdegoba maRalganviTarebul warmoebiT

urTierTobasa da CamorCenil sawarmoo Zalebs Soris. es aferxebda

qveynis kapitalistur ganviTarebas da moiTxovda Sesabamisobis aR-

dgenas: 3. sabWoTa kavSirSi moxda warmoebiT urTierTobaTa formis

SesabamisobaSi moyvana sawarmoo ZalTa xasiaTTan. sxva sityvebiT,

moxda is, ris Sesaxebac f. engelsi afrTxilebda revolucionebs:

Tu iseT CamorCenil qveyanaSi, rogoricaa germania, moxdeba so-

cialisturi revolucia, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneba

siRatakis Tanabari ganawileba. aseT dros ki xelaxla aRmocendeba

is, ris winaaRmdegac xdeba revolucia. gagrZeleba aRar Rirs. Tu

1895 w. germania socializmisaTvis CamorCenili qveyana iyo, 1917

w. ruseTi raRa unda yofiliyo. Sedegic Sesabamisi moxda. sabWoTa

kavSirSi ideologia iyo mosocialisto, politikuri sistema

saxelmwifo kapitalizmis Sesaferi, ekonomika da urTierTobani

saSualod ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi.

cxovreba (ganviTarebis interesebi) moiTxovda saxelmwifo

kapitalizmis urTierTobebidan konkurenciul kapitalizmis

urTierTobebze gadasvlas da es moxda sabWoTa kavSirSi. es iyo

ganviTarebis kanonzomierebiT gamowveuli modernizacia kapital-

isturi wyobilebis farglebSi.

logikuria, rom sabWoTa imperiaSi `didi rusi xalxi~, Ta-

vad daTrgunvili Tanamdebobis burJuaziis mier, verc sxva erebs

mianiWebda Tavisuflebas. Sesabamisad, ruseTis federaciis eTni-

kuri subieqtebi, Tumca respublikebad iwodebian, mainc erovnuli

Cagvris uRelSi arian Sebmulebi. sxvaoba maT Soris mxolod

gaazrebis doneSi, brZolis taqtikur sxvaobaSia.

cxadia erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba sabWoTa impe-

riaSi mudmivad mimdinareobda, magram obieqturi da subieqturi

232


pirobebis gamo, ar iyo im donis, rom imperiis rRveva gamoewvia.

TviT e. w. mokavSire respublikebma zevidan, ise swrafad mi-

iRes damoukideblobis aRiareba, rom Sesabamisad momzadebac ver

moaswres. amitom iyo, roca ruseTma, ukrainam da belorusiam

gamoacxades slavianur respublikaTa kavSiris Seqmna, yazaxeTis

xelmZRvanelobam usayvedura, gaerTianebis gareT datovebis gamo.

amitom moxda aseve, rom Sua aziis respublikebma (TurqmeneTis

gamoklebiT) saswrafod miaSures e. w. damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa

Tanamegobrobas~ (dsT).

krizisis, rRvevis periodma SedarebiT umtkivneulod Caiara

da amitom ara mxolod ruseTis federaciaSi gaerTianebulma

eTnosebma ver miiRes damoukidebloba, aramed yofili mokavSire

respublikebis Tavisuflebac naklovani darCa. aqedan gamomdinare,

bunebrivia rom CrdiloeT kavkasionis formalurad aRiarebuli

respublikebi ar arian dakmayofilebulni da brZolas ganagrZoben.

is rac moxda CeCneTSi aris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZo-

lis gagrZeleba axal viTarebaSi da axali taqtikuri xerxebiT.

Tqma ar unda, roca mokavSire respublikebi damoukideblobas

iZendnen, CrdiloeT kavkasiel eTnosebs, rom erTsulovneba

SeZlebodaT da erTad gamosuliyvnen, warmatebac meti iqneboda,

metropoliam Wkvianuri nabiji gadadga, roca maTi statusi av-

tonomiidan `respublikamde~ aamaRla. gaCndnen respublikebi Ta-

visi prezidentebiT, magram saxelis Secvlam mdgomareobis Secvla

rodi gamoiwvia. ra bedenaa kolonias ewodeba olqi, avtonomiuri

respublika, respublika Tu sxva ram. kolonia koloniad rCeba.

es ar gamoricxavs moskovis maTdami damokidebulebis gansx- vave-

bulobas. CrdiloeT kavkasionSi aseTi gansxvavebuli statusi

Tavidanve mieniWa oseTs. Tavad osi mkvlevarebis mier Seqmnili

naSromebi, naTelyofen am regionis cvalebad mdgomareobas impe-

riis farglebSi. am mdgomareobiT maT SesaniSnavad isargebles,

maT Soris mezobeli eTnosebis xarjze. osebis mier inguSeTis

teritoriis dakavebaze da inguSebis iqidan gandevnaze ukve iTqva.

ufro met warmatebas miaRwies maT saqarTvelos xarjze. imperiis

233


xelSewyobiT moaxdines dvaleTis mitaceba, qarTlSi Casaxleba,

rokis gvirabiT masTan dakavSireba da rac mTavaria e. w. samxreT

oseTis respublikis Seqmna. axla dRis wesrigSia e. w. CrdiloeT

da samxreT oseTis respublikaTa gaerTianebis sakiTxi.

ara naklebi iyo adiReuri eTnosis warmatebani. erTi mxriv

maT didi zarali ganicades, roca maTi nawili TurqeTSi iqna

gasaxlebuli. meore mxriv maT garkveuli kompensacia miiRes is-

toriuli afxazeTis farglebSi.

mxolod imperiis centris xelSewyobiT moxda xiznebis daka-

vebul mxareebSi gabatoneba, maTTvis privilegiebis miniWeba.

marTebulad aRniSnavs cnobili mkvlevari batoni g. anCabaZe,

rom xiznebs, qarTvelebisaTvis Tavis droze afsarebad wodebul

mosaxleobas, (ruseTisaTvis abazinebad wodebulebs) qarTvelebis

gavleniT ewodaT XIX s. afxazebi. adiRevelebma CrdiloeT ka-

vkasiaSi dakarguli poziciebis kompensacia afxazeTis xarjze

moaxdines.

ruseTis imperiuli politikis Sedegad, CrdiloeT kavkasiuri

eTnosebidan, adiRevelebma da osebma SeZles warmatebis miRweva

da kavkasionis samxreTSi TavianTi axali saxelmwifoebis Seqmna.

axla maTTvis dRis wesrigSia Zveli da axali samSobloebis gaer-

Tianebis sakiTxi. amis miRwevac mxolod metropoliis daxmarebiT

SeiZleba. amitom gasakviri araa, rom es ori eTnosi kavkasio-

nelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi monawileobas ara

Rebuloben. asea dRes. xval?

amrigad, kavkasioneli eTnosebidan yvela araa erTnairad mo-

qceuli ruseTis, axla ukve `demokratiuli imperiis~ orbitaSi.

Sesabamisad TviTeul maTgans Tavisi uSualo miznebi da amocanebi

aqvs. amitom fiqri maTi erTiani frontiT moqmedebaze iluziaa. Tu

iseTi axlobeli, ufro zustad erTi eTnosis ori frTa, CeCnebi

da inguSebi (vainaxebi, kavkasosis Camomavlebi) saerTo taqtikur

miznebs, formebs da meTodebs ver isaxaven, rogor SeiZleba se-

riozuli fiqri saerTo kavkasionur erTobaze. aq yvelas sakuTari

mizani, gza da amocanebi gaaCniaT.

234


***

kavkasionelTa dRevandeloba da ganviTarebis SesaZlebeli gza

ar iqneba met-naklebad gadmocemuli Tu mokled, magram arsebiTad

ar daxasiaTda saqarTvelod cnobili qveyana. saqarTvelod iTqva,

radgan arsebobis manZilze icvleboda eri da qveynis saxelwodeba.

dRes am saxelwodebaTa raobisa, Tanafardobisa da sazRvrebis

sakiTxi ara nakleb aqtualuria, vidre iyo istoriuli zeobis

periodSi. kerZod, problematuria afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos,

amasTan kavSirSi egrisisa da lazikis urTierTmimarTeba, radgan

saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli saqarTvelos farglebSia afxazTis

de-faqto respublika.

ara naklebi saWirboroto problemaa qarTlis SemadgenlobaSi

moqceuli e.w. samxreT oseTis damoukidebeli respublika.

saqarTvelod saxeldebuli qveynis teritoria ̀ sam damoukideb-

el~ respublikas moicavs. umTavresi, saqarTvelo, am or erTeuls,

Tavis ganuyrel nawilad miiCnevs da iRwvis maTTan urTierTo-

bis dasaregulireblad. misgan gaucxoebis gzaze damdgari orive

erTeuli, ruseTis federaciad wodebul imperias esazRvreba da

misi mfarvelobiT cdilobs de-faqto damoukidebloba de-iureSi

gadaiyvanos.

sam respublikas Soris urTierTobis ganviTareba, bevradaa

damokidebuli Tavad saqarTvelos saSinao da Semdeg sagareo poli-

tikaze. ara da, 1991 w. Semdeg, rac saqarTvelom sabWoTa imperiis

Semadgenlobidan gasvla da damoukidebeli demokratiuli respub-

likis Seqmna gamoacxada, arsebiTi ryevebia orive mimarTulebiT.

sabWoTa imperiaSi ar wydeboda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraoba, magram imperiis rRveva mas ar gamouwvevia. miT umetes

ver SeZlebdnen amas saqarTvelo da misi iakobineli liderebi.

jer jidev 1968 w. bolos da 1969 w. dasawyisSi Sexvedrebis

dros moxsenda momaval avtoritet z. gamsaxurdias ganviTarebis

tendenciebisa da erovnulisa da socialuris Tanafardobis kanon-

zomierebis Sesaxeb. prognozi gamarTlda. sabWoTa imperiis rRveva

saerTaSoriso asparezze ZalTa Tanafardobis cvlilebebma da

235


socialur-ekonomikurma krizisma ganapirobes. amitom iyo imperiis

daSla ganxorcielebuli zevidan.

myvirala iakobinelebma imperiis rRveva sakuTar aqtivs mi-

aweres da respublikaSi fsevdo Zveli wyobilebis ngreva daaaC-

qares ise, rom warmodgena ar hqondaT axali rogor SeeqmnaT da

ra sxvaoba iqneboda Zvelsa da axals Soris, magaliTad: 1. 1991w.

mart-aprilSi gamocxadebuli rkinigzis blokada. saRad moazrovne

adamianisaTvis rogori warmosadgenia, rom samtrediaSi rkinigzaze

mimosvlis blokireba sabWoTa imperiaSi satransporto komunika-

ciebis moSlas gamoiwvevda. arc gamouwvevia. sanacvlod respubli-

kis SigniT moiSala adre arsebuli wesrigi. liderebma ixmaures,

qveyana dazaralda; 2. aravin icis rogori geniosi metalurgi iyo

premier-ministri T. sigua, magram miwasTan da soflis meurneo-

basTan rom mwyralad iyo, cxadia. dRes tabudadebuli f. engelsi

amtkicebda: miwis nacionalizacia kapitalisturi RonisZiebaa. igi

mxolod radikalur kompleqsur RonisZiebebis dros Rebulobs

komunistur xaxiaTs. sabWoTa kavSirSi miwa nacionalizirebuli

iyo, magram mas kapitalisturi xasiaTi hqonda SenarCunebuli.

(am sakiTxze avtoris 1974 w. dastambuli statia `Ф. Энгельс о характере огосударствления~). vTqvaT da damoukideblobis gzaze

damdgarma liderebma es ar icodnen. is mainc unda scodnodaT,

rom civilizebul qveynebSi fermerebi erTiandebian, qmnian koop-

erativebs da erTad awarmoeben meurneobas. sakmarisia mieTiTos:

espaneTSi frankosa da portugaliaSi salazaris Semdeg glexTa

kooperativebis Camoyalibebaze. saqarTveloSi? aTwleulebi das-

Wirda msxvil sasoflo-sameurneo rentabeluri sistemis Seqmnas.

am sistemis moSla, miwis glexebs Soris wvril erTeulebad

danawileba mxolod metalurgs mouvidoda WkvaSi. gakeTda. raa

Sedegi? baris da Toxis imediT glexobam oriode weli iwvala

da miwasTan Wirils SeeSva. axla ki fiqroben glexuri koopera-

tivebis upiratesobaze, magram xom daikarga dro? 3. jer kidev

1989 w. martSi, respublikis maSindel xelmZRvanel j. patiaSvils

gaegzavna werili saqarTvelos komunistiuri partiis, sakavSiro

kompartiis rigebidan gamosvlis mizanSewonilebis dasabuTebiT. es

236


SesaZlebels gaxdida SenarCunebuli yofiliyo erTianoba respub-

likis SigniT. Semdeg kidev orjer daisva es sakiTxi xelmZRvan-

elobis winaSe. winadadebaze reagireba mxolod 1990 w. ianvarSi

moaxdines, roca ukve moqmedeba dagvianebuli iyo. wamkiTxvelma

gaixsenos, rom aseTi nabiji baltiispirelebma (litvelebma) 1990

w. gadadges da amiT bevrad mogebulebi darCnen; 4. revoluciebis

kanonzomiereba ambobs, rom pirvel etapze wina planze gamodian

myvirala liderebi, romelTa xvedri Zvelis ngrevaa. rogorc

wesi, aseTi liderebi ispobian an male uferuldebian da adgils

uTmoben ufro zomierebs. saqarTvelos sinamdvile ver ascda

am kanonzomierebas. 1992 w. respublikis saTaveSi aRmoCndnen

Zveli, komunistebad wodebuli gvardiisa da mxedrion-gvardiis

warmomadgenlebi. (sazogadoebriv televiziaSi Caiwera avtoris

prognozi, magram cxadia ar gadaica, radgan man Tqva: momavali

saparlamento arCevnebis dros, yaCaRi partiaSvilebi Seekvrebian

iaraRian yaCaRebs da uaxloesi momavali am blokisaa). gamarTlda

gardaqmnebis kanonzomierebis es Taviseburebac; 5. erovnuli moZ-

raobis dauRvinebelma myvirala liderebma Tavidanve droSasaviT

aafriales lozungi nato-Si gawevrianebis Sesaxeb. paralelurad,

seriozulad moazrovneni saqarTvelos neitralur qveynad gadaqce-

vis lozungiT gamodiodnen. nato Tu neitraliteti? e. SevardnaZem

Semoitana saSualo gzis cneba da mas obieqturi neitraliteti

uwoda. Semdeg ki am azrs saerTod SeeSva da isic nato-s aqti-

uri mZebneli gaxda. wamkiTxavi unda dafiqrdes, ras iZleva nato

SeiaraRebaze uzarmazari sabiujeto xarjisa da ucxo qveynebSi

adamianuri msxverplis gaxda. amas emateba ruseTis gadamtereba

da didi teritoriuli danakargebi. dRes, gayiduli qveynisagan

Znelia neitralitetisaken Semobruneba, magram arc uperspeqtivo.

meore mxriv, dasafiqrebelia, vis winaaRmdeg sWirdeba qveyanas didi

jari, xarjebi da a.S. ra iqneboda qveyanas rom neitralitetis

politika aerCia. egeba gadavrCebodiT did danakargebs?

magaliTebis CamoTvla Zneli araa. Zneli sakuTari umecrebis

aRiareba da swori politikis warmoebaa. im ufskrulidan amosva,

237


romelSic Tvalaxveulebi CavcvivdiT, did dafiqrebasa da gabedul

moqmedebas moiTxovs.

samwuxarod sabWoTa wyobilebis dros ise iyo saqme dayeneb-

uli, rom marTvis sadaveebi xelSi partiul da biurokratiul

Cinovnikebs epyraT. iq mosaxvedrad saWiro iyo pioneruli, kom-

kavSiruli, Semdeg ki partiuli da sabWoTa aRzrda-moRvaweobis

skolis warmatebiT gavla. amas ki yvelaferi sWirdeboda mec-

nieruli kvalifikaciis garda, maTi mTeli mecniereba partiis

yrilobisa an plenumis moTxovnaTa codna iyo. mecnieruli kvali-

fikaciis mqoneTa rigebidan mmarTvelobis sistemaSi erTeulebi

xvdebodnen. Tavad mecniereba daTrgunvili iyo.

saxelmwifo organizaciis biurokratiuli principiT ageba

aiZulebda adamianebs zurgi eqciaT mecnierebisaTvis da ebrZolaT

maRali TanamdebobisaTvis. principis mixedviT, saxelmwifo insti-

tutebSi, rac ufro maRali iyo Tanamdeboba, miT meti, xelfasebi

da sxva saxis privilegiebi. es ubiZgebda adamianebs gamxdariyvnen

zemdgomi Tanamdebobis pirTa usityvo morCilebi, emliqvnelaT,

sxvebi ebezRebinaT da a.S. xolo maT, vinc codnis SeZenis gziT

wavidodnen, unda scodnodaT, rom maTi bedi `xelmZRvaneli amx-

anagebis~ neba-surviliT warimarTeboda.

(naTqvamis WeSmaritebaSi eWvis Semtanma unda gaixsenos vin

avsebda saxelmwifo marTvis institutebs jer kidev komunistebis

dros; rogori warmatebiT SeinarCunes arseboba prezident z.

gamsaxurdias dros; ra codnisa da yaidis xalxi exvia garSemo

mas, rogori siswarafiT da erTgulebiT gadabargdnen isini

e. SevardnaZis banakSi; rogor Seavses e.w. moqalaqeTa partiis

rigebi; rogor aRmoCndnen Semdeg nacionalur moZraobaSi; axla

ki `qarTuli ocnebis~ lideris garSemo irazmebian. isini arc

dainteresebulan ra SeiZleba iyos namdvili qarTuli saxalxo

ocneba. vis sWirdeba codna, roca lideri milionebs iZleva da

mets pirdeba?)

mcodneTa pozicia biurokratiasa da maT patronebs ar anaRv-

liaT. maTi xma arc ismis saerTo aRtyinebis fonze. saxelmwofis

marTvis sadaveebi mtkicedaa monopolizirebuli rCeulTa mier.

238


monopolizirebulia sainformacio saSualebebic. didi dakvirveba

ar sWirdeba imis dadgenas, rogor upyriaT presa, televiziebi

mcire ricxovan jgufebs, rogori erTferovania maTi produqcia.

vis sWirdeba ubralo xalxis gagoneba. mTavaria ras brZaneben

mmarTvelebi da fulianebi.

satiralia amdeni `brZeni~ lideris, maTTan mitmasnilebisa

da maTi Semfasebeli eqspertebis gauTavebeli msjelobis mosmena.

damoukideblobis `mopovebis~ dRidan moyolebuli, ar wydeba

azrTa gaziareba saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formis Sesaxeb. ve-

rafriT ver daalages konstitucia ise, rom misi yovelwliuri

saxecvlileba ar dasWirdeT. ratom?

yovel axlad movlenil mmarTvels surs CasacmeliviT moir-

gos konstitucia. sxvebic cdiloben valSi ar darCnen da aris

gauTavebeli kamaTi mmarTvelobis saxelmwifo formis Sesaxeb.

arian monarqiis aRdgenis momxreni da Sesabamisad midis Zieba Ta-

vaduri Tu aznauruli warmomavlobis dasabuTebis mizniT. arian

saprezidento mmarTvelobis, saparlamento respublikis, Sereuli

modelis momxreni da mowinaaRmdegeni.

raze daoben ganswavluli liderebi da specialist-eqspertebi?

dava saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formas Seexeba. sakiTxi marT-

lac mniSvnelovania. nebismieri sagnis formaa is, ris mixedviTac

adamianebi ecnobian sagans. magram es sakmarisia? filosofosi ar

unda iyo, rom mixvde: sagans SeiZleba formiT ecnobi, magram mTa-

vari misi arsia. rodesac liderebi da eqspertebi daoben rogori

saxelmwifo mowyoba ujobT, isini formaze msjeloben da ara

Sinaarsze. aqedan daskvna: iqneba konstituciuri monarqia, saprezi-

dento, saparlamento respublika Tu maTi raRaca modifikacia, ra

Tqma unda mniSvnelovania, magram ara gadamwyveti. (upriania imis

gaxseneba, rom filosofiur kategoriaSi `forma da Sinaarsi~,

rogorc wesi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas Sinaarss akuTvneben. isaa

formis ganmsazRvreli).

politikosebi, eqspertebi, mkvlevarebi roca msjeloben qveynis

ukeT mowyobaze, roca konstitucias Wrian da keraven ama Tu im

mmarTvelis neba-survilis mixedviT, sityvas ar Zraven saxelmwifo

239


organizmis agebis principze. ainteresebT sagnis forma da ara

Sinaarsi. (kidev erTxel. upriania krilovis igav-arakis gaxseneba:

cxovelebma moisurves orkestris Seqmna. ver SeZles da dava mou-

vidaT imaze, vin, sad unda mjdariyo. maTTvis mniSvnelovani iyo

forma, _ vin, ra adgils daikavebda da ara Sinaarsi, _ icodnen

Tu ara musikalur instrumentebze dakvra).

ori aTeuli weli gavida damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan da

dRemde ver garkveulan mmarTvelebi, politikosebi, eqspertebi:

biurokratizmis principze agebuli saxelmwifo sistema, demokra-

tiuli ver iqneba. eZaxe biurokratizms demokratizmi, ucvale

saxeli (forma), Sinaarsi amiT ar Seicvleba. qveynis demokrati-

uli gziT ganviTarebas, saxelmwifo organizmis demokratiul

principze ageba sWirdeba. am mimarTebiT erTia erovnuli interesi

da sul sxva saxelmwifo interesi. eronvuli interesi moiTxovs

demokratiul pirncips, saxelmwifo interesi biurokratiuli

principis SenarCunebas. interesTa es SeuTavsebloba socialur

fenaTa gansxvavebulobisa da dapirispirebis wyaroa, rac momavalSi

SeiZleba konfliqtSi gadaizardos.

komikuri iqneboda, tragikuli rom ar iyos viTareba, roca av-

toritaruli miswrafebis politikosebi Tavs demokratebs uwodeben.

ormagad tragikulia, rodesac maT eqspertebi aseTad warmoudgenen

sazogadoebas. gauTviTcnobierebelma sazogadoebam SeiZleba irwmu-

nos saxelmwifo sistemis, mmarTvelTa demokratiuloba. aseT dros

mosalodnelia mosaxleobis apaTia, nihilizmi demokratiis gagebis

mimarT da misi raRaca axliT Secvlis moTxovna.

ara da, saxelmwifo organizmis agebis demokratiuli principi

abstraqtul grZel msjelobas ar moiTxovs gasagebad, amasTan,

mosaxleobis farTo fenebis interesebs sruliad Seesabameba. misi

ZiriTadi Semadgenelia: 1. saxelmwifo sistemaSi ar unda iyo Tanam-

deboba, romelic arCeviTi ar iqneba; 2. ar unda iyos Tanamdebobis

piri, romelic angariSvaldebuli ar iqneba amomrCevelTa winaSe; 3.

umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebs, aseve deputatebs ar unda hqondeT

kvalificiur muSakze meti xelfasi; 4. unda moispos yovelgvari

privilegia Tanamdebobis pirebisaTvis.

240


mxolod SexsenebisaTvis: gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis II

konvenciis Tanaxmad Cinovnikebis xelfasi dadgenil pensiebze meti

ar unda iyos. logikuria, rom xelfasebis mnimumsa da maqsimums

Soris Tanafardoba ar unda aRematebodes 1:5.

wamkiTxvelma Seadaros pirincipis es moTxovnebi arsebul

realobas da ise imsjelos demokratiulobis xarisxze. miRebuli

Sedegis mixedviT gansazRvros, daujereben aseT politikur siste-

mas, mis mmarTvelebs danarCeni ori respublikis macxovreblebi

da moindomeben Tu ara saqarTvelosTan erTobas.

suraTi rom SedarebiT sruli iyos, saerTaSoriso ZalTa

Tanafardoba da iq saqarTvelos rolic unda iqnas ganxiluli.

XX s. bolos dasrulda civi omis periodi. daiSala varSa-

vis xelSekrulebis monawile qveynebis samxedro banaki. daiSala

sabWoTa kavSirad wodebuli ruseTis imperia. bevrma Tavdaxsnilma

qveyanam miaSura natos-s samxedro politikur kavSirs. yvelam ver

moaxerxa gawevrianeba. maT Soris saqarTvelom.

amJamad ruseTi samxedro Zlierebis gzas adgas da cdilobs

Zveli koloniebi kvlav SeierTos ukve damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa

Tanamegobrobis abriT. masTan gaerTianebis survilis uqonlobam

daakargvina saqarTvelos afxazeTTan da e.w. samxerT oseTTan

arsebuli kavSirebi.

meore mxiriv, saqarTvelos gadaylapvas Tu ara, yidvas cdi-

lobs mezobeli TurqeTi.

Tavis mxriv, amerika da nato saqarTvelos arc Rebuloben da

arc Tavs anebeben.

aseTia realoba. bunebiriva, rom yvela sakuTari interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedebs da patara saqarTvelos gulisaTvis

didi problemebis Seqmnas erideba. aseT dros ra gzas unda daadges

saqarTvelo, rom did saxelmwifoTa WidilSi ar dazaraldes da

dakarguli ori erTeulis Semorigeba moaxerxos?

gaTvaliseinebuli una iqnes msoflioSi moqmedi globaliza-

ciisa da antiglobalizaciis procesebi. maTTan dakavSirebuli

integracia, unifikaciis, erTi mxriv da proteqcionizmis tenden-

ciebi. jer kidev f. engelsi werda kapitalisturi ganviTarebis

241


bunebis Sesaxeb, romelic eronvuli sazRvrebis gadalaxvaSi da

msoflio bazris CamoyalibebaSi gamoixateba. k. marqsis daskvniT,

paralelurad unda warmarTuliyo yoveli adamianis msoflio

pirovnebad gadaqcevis procesi. cota ufro adre, i. kanti msoflio

zavis gardauvalobas winaswarmetyvelebda. brZeni winaprebis es

daskvnebi xorcieldeba, miuxedavad imisa, rogoria sawinaaRmdego

movlenebi. (sailustraciod, didi kvleva saWiro araa: trans-

erovnuli kompaniebi Cveulebrivi movlenaa. arc sxvisi cxovrebis

wesis gadaReba da gavrceleba anu vesternizaciaa ucxo movlena.

komunikaciisa da inforamaciis Tanamedrove miRwevani adamians

msoflio movlenebis kursSi ayenebs da aiZulebs ifiqros Soreuli

kuTxis Tu qveynis SigniT mimdinare procesebze. msoflio ambe-

biT dainteresebuli ukve msoflio pirovnebaa. miuxedavad ori

msoflio da sxva omebisa msoflio zavis miswrafeba mainc gzas

ikvlevs).

gaTvaliswinebuli una iqnes isic, rom araa dasrulebuli

imperiebis msxvervisa da erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis procesebi.

saxelmwifoTa mraval erovnuloba ki ara mraval eTnikurobac

badebs gancalkevebas. TviTgamorkvevis tendencias. SeiZleba saqme

kuTxur TaviseburebaTa niadagze TviTgamorkvevis procesebamde

davides. traibalizmi (tomobrioba) araa sabolood gadalaxuli.

is, rac dasrulebulad miiCneva TviTgamorkvevis saqmeSi, yovelT-

vis samarTlianobas ar Seicavs. kerZod, saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi

ar emTxveva erovnul sazRvrebs. eri SeiZleba gaxleCili aR-

moCndes da es brZolis gagrZelebis safuZvels qmnis. aris eris

raRaca nawilis migrirebis Sedegad, sxva eris an saxelmwifos

sazRvrebSi Seqmnili erTeulebi, romelTac, garkveul pirobebSi,

TviTgamorkvevis miswrafeba uCndebaT. mxedvelobidan ar unda iqnes

gaSvebuli demografiuli da masTan dakavSirebuli religiuri

faqtorebi da sxv.

eTnikur urTierTobaTa problemebi msoflios bevr qveya-

nas awuxebs. bevrjer misula saqme konfliqtur situaciamde.

gamovlindeboda yovelive mSvidobian miting-demonstraciebSi Tu

darbeva-SetakebebSi, es konkretuli viTarebidan gamomdinareobda.

242


mecniereba ki arkvevs zogads konfliqtebs Soris, magram arc in-

dividualobis ugulvebelyofa SeiZleba. ara da, xSirad cdiloben

erT CarCoSi moaqcion sxvadasxa qveynebSi da viTarebaSi mimdinare

konfliqturi procesebi. maT Soris es saqarTvelosac Seexeba.

calke aRniSvnis Rirsia mosaxleobis demografiasTan dakav-

Sirebuli depopulaciis an piriqiT, mzardi populaciis Sedegebi.

gansakuTrebiT mwvaved es daberebis Semcvel eTnosebs exebaT. Tu

amas daCqarebuli asimilaciuri movlenebic daerTo, SeiZleba

eTnosis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxic dadges.

is, rac msoflio sazogadoebis SigniT xdeba, saqarTvelos

gverds ver auvlis. ganviTarebis bevri tendencia faruli Tu

aSkara saxiT aqac moqmedebs. Sesabamisad, unda SemuSavebuli

iqnas politika, romelic nakleb zianis momtani da SedarebiT

perspeqtiuli iqneba. qveyanas, samwuxarod, ara aqvs grZelvadiani

samoqmedo gegma. Sedegic Sesabamisia.

iTqva, rom saqarTvelos gars iseTi saxelmwifoebi emezobleba,

romelTa qmedebebis moTokva did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. ar aris

mezobeli, romelsac raimes misakuTreba ar surdes. marTlac kargi

urTierTobani akavSirebs azerbaijanTan, magram arc panTurqizmis

arsebobis daviwyeba ivargebda. mcodneTaTvis saidumlos ar war-

moadgens azerbaijaneli mkvlevarebis nawilis miswrafeba, Tavi

istoriuli albanelebis memkvidreebad warmoadginon, xolo yofil

albaneTsa da iberias (qarTls) Soris sazRvari q. rusTavamde da

Tbilisamde gadaswion. sakmarisia gaxseneba, rom albanur qalaq

yofil gardmans dRevandel qarTul q. gardabanTan aigiveben. amave

dros e.w. saingilos qarTul mosaxleobas ar eZelva kulturuli

avtonomiis SesaZlebloba. cnobilia, rom ingiloebis Txovnis

safuZvelze, e. SevardnaZem, Tavis mxriv g. alievs sTxova yuradReba

mieqcia qarTuli mosaxleobis sawuxarisaTvis. ukanasknelma, nacv-

lad daxmarebisa, raikomis mdivan musaevs ubrZana asimilaciuri

procesi daeCqarebina. amave dros, azerbaijanidan weliwadSi asamde

religiuri msaxuri Cadioda saqarTvelos musulmanur mosaxleo-

baSi qadagebiT: gamravldiT, Zala simravleSia.

kidev ufro mZime suraTi ixateboda sasomxeTTan urTierTo-

243


baSi. sakmarisad ar iqna miCneuli 1921 w. e.w. neitraluri zonis

(20km. siganis sasazRvro miwebis) somxeTisaTvis gadacema sabWoTa

diderebis mier. sasomxeTSi qarTvel mosaxles ver naxav. yvela

gasomxebulia. mada WamaSi modis. somex mkvlevarTa nawili cdi-

lobs qvemo qarTlis somxur miwebad warmodgenas. gamocemuli aqvT

ruqebi, sadac Tbilisi da gori somxur qalaqebad saxeldebian.

aRaraferi iTqmis samcxe-javaxeTis misakuTrebis cdebze. is, rom

somxuri agresia azerbaijanis winaaRmdeg warimarTa, ar xsnis

saqarTvelos mimarT igives ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas. maTi

gegmebi axalqalaq – axalcixis gavliT, goderZis uReltexilidan

q. baTumSi damkvidrebis Sesaxeb, didi xnis ocnebaa. arc daukliaT

da arc daakleben mcdelobas.

rac Seexeba TurqeTs, istoriul warsuls rom Tavi danebdes,

rom ar iyos msjeloba tao-klarjeTze, mainc naTelia preten-

ziebi aWaris mimarT. amis da miuxedavad, dRes TurqeTTan raime

dapirispireba gamoiricxeba. am mxriv ufro ekonomikuri eqspansiaa

mosalodneli.

rCeba ruseTis federacia, romelic ar malavs Tavis agresiul

zraxvebs da arc mcdelobas aklebs. is ori erTeuli romelic

saqarTvelos CamoSorda da ruseTis imperiis ̀ strategiul part-

niorebad~ iqca, mxolod misi xelSewyobiT da miTiTebiT moqmedeben.

swored ruseTis mier iqna saqarTveloSi kompaqturad damkvi-

drebuli somexi da osi mosaxleoba. es ori nawili eTnosebisa

aris imperiis avangardi saqarTvelosTan brZolaSi. dRevandel

viTarebaSi araa perspeqtiva ruseTis agresiuli damokidebulebis

neitralizebisa. Sesabamisad araa perspeqtiva ori Camocilebuli

nawilis dabrunebisa. ramdenic ar udna ecados saqarTvelo, kidec

rom moindomon Camocilebulma nawilebma masTan kavSiri, ruseTis

xelmZRvaneloba amas ar dauSvebs. kavSiris gasaRebi moskovSi,

krelmSia.

maS ra perspeqtiva arsebobs? 1. msoflio asparezze nela, ma-

gram mainc xdeba dapirispirebis gamokveTa da ZalTa Tanafardobis

cvla. saubaria ara SeiaraRebul Zalebze da maT moqmedebaze. am

mxriv birTvuli iaraRis didi maragis mqone ruseTTan urTierToba

244


gamoiricxeba. (cnobili iyo, rom sabWoTa kavSirad wodebul ru-

seTis imperias birTvuli iaraRis iseTi maragi hqonda, romelic

sakuTar teritoriaze afeTqebis SemTxvevaSi, ramdenjerme mospo-

bda sicocxles planetaze. cxadia, `demokratiulma~ ruseTma es

maragi ̀ gaaumjobesa~ da gazarda). msjeloba SeiZleba iyos mxolod

finansur-ekonomikur da samecniero-teqnikur ZalTa Tanafardobaze.

(isic cnobilia, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg amerikaSi da

evropaSi Sesabamisi kadrebis gadineba moxda.) am mxriv sagrZnobi

upiratesoba e.w. dasavleT samyaros gaaCnia. amoqmedebis SemTx-

vevaSi mas SeuZlia ruseTSi saerTo krizisis gamowveva. krizisi

aamoZravebs mosaxleobas da SeiZleba `demokratiuli~ ruseTis

imperia daiSalos. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki gaCndeba Sansi kavkasionelma

eTnosebma miiRon realuri damoukidebloba. maT Soris igulisx-

meba saqarTvelo da misi Camocilebuli nawilebi; 2. ramdenadac

pirveli SesaZlebloba did dros moiTxovs da aravin uwyis am

dronis manZilze ruseTi moaxdens Tu ara am nawilebis iseTsave

asimilacias, rac moxda md. fsous CrdiloeT afxazeTSi 1919

wlis Semdeg, SeiZleba saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobam gadadgas

nabiji sagareo veqtoris Secvlis mizniT. cxadia, ruseTis mizani,

rodesac afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis okupacias axdenda,

iyo mTliaand saqarTvelos morCilebaSi moyvana, misi CamoSoreba

efro-kavSirisa da nato-sagan. isic cxadia, rom ruseTi yovel

Rones ixmars, raTa nato kavkasionis regionSi ar gaimezoblos

da Tavsatexi ar gaiCinos. Tu saqarTvelo e.w. evraziur kavSirs

miuerTdeba, izrdeba Camocilebuli nawilebTan gaerTianebis

SesaZlebloba. amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia is valdebule-

bebi, rac saqarTvelom ikisra dasavleTis winaSe. sasworze devs

Camocilebuli teritoriebi da is vali – valdebulebani da

perspeqtivebi, rac realurad arsebobs. ra, rad uRirs qveyanas?

3. or sapirispiro SesaZlebels garda aris mesamec. 2008 w. omma

daanaxa, rad uRirs dasavleTs da meore mxriv ruseTs saqarTvelo.

Sedegma bevri ram gamoamzeura, maT Soris dasavleTis uniaToba da

ruseTis dauokebloba. amas garda sacnauri gaxda sxva mezoblebis

mzaoba, mieRoT Tavisi wili. mxolod SexsenebisaTvis. sabWoTa

245


kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gasvlis momentisaTvis, saqarTveloSi

upiratesoba hqonda qveynis neitralitetis ideas. xelisuflebas

misTvis zurgi rom ar eqcia da aSkarad nato-sken ar gadaxriliyo,

moxdeboda is, rac Tavs dagvatyda Tu SevZlebdiT katastrofisagan

Tavis aridebas? vin icis.

dRevandeli xelisufleba TavgamodebiT rom ar miiltvodes

natosken da iaraRs ar aJRarunebdes, Seicvleboda misdami ruseTis

damokidebuleba Tu ara? vin icis.

dRes, ruseTi cdilobs garSemo Seqmnas buferuli `saxelm-

wifoebi~ da Tavi daizRvios nato-s mezoblobisagan. saqarTvelos

aqvs Tu ara SesaZlebloba neitralitetiT gaemijnos or dapiri-

spirebul Zalas da, rogorc neitralurma, rogorc miumxrobelma

qveyanam moipovos Sesabamisi dafaseba?

ruseTi, mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi, bunebrivia, cdilobs

aimaRlos usafrTxoebis done da am dros mtrulad ganwyobili

saqarTvelos nacvlad, keTilmosurne, miumxrobeli, neitraluri

mezobeli, mas sapasuxo daTmobebisaTvis ganawyobda Tu ara? vin

icis.

saqarTvelos Camocilebuli ori de-faqto damoukidebeli

respublika dRes gaerTianebis nebismier variantze ityvis uars.

ruseTis nebarTvis gareSe, masTan SeuTanxmeblad, isini araferze

ar daTanxmdebian. magram Tu ruseTi Seicvlis damokidebulebas,

ra realuri winadadeba aqvs qarTul mxares? avtonomiuri re-

spublika? es afxazeTisaTvis ganvlili etapia. igive SeiZleba

iTqvas osebze. maTma TanamoZmeebma CrdiloeTSi ukve respublikis

statusi SeiZines. amaTac igives survils dauSli?

maS ra SeuZlia SesTavazos qarTvelobam afxazebsa da osebs?

ganvlilma wlebma cxadyves, rom Zveli terminologia, Zveli mid-

gomebi warsuls Cabarda. saWiroa axleburi azrovneba, arsebuli

realobis gaTvaliswineba.

am axleburi midgomebis aucileblobaze qarTvelebsac ufiqri-

aT da afxazebsac. magaliTisaTvis: roca m. gorbaCovma wamoayena

idea saqarTvelos federaciuli mowyobis Sesaxeb, garkveuli Za-

lebi, pirovnebebi, Semfaseblur azrs gamoxatavdnen aqac da iqac.

246


cnobili viaCeslav Cirikba emxroboda ra federaciuli mowyobis

ideas, aseT Sinaarss uZebnida: afxazeTi, aWara, samxreT oseTi da

saqarTvelo Tavis teritoriebze suverenitetiT isargebleben.

saerTo eqnebaT sabaJo da sasazRvro kontroli, sagareo politika.

federaciuli centrisaTvis funqciebis delegirebis sakiTxi, mo-

laparakebis sagania. aseve cnobili stanislav lakoba kavkasionur

konfederacias aZlevda upiratesobas. konfederaciaSi misi azriT,

dasawyisisaTvis afxazeTi, CeCneTi da saqarTvelo moiazrebodnen.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom kavkasionelTa konfederaciuli gaeTianebis

idea arc axalia da qarTvelebisTvis arc raime ucnaurobis Sem-

cveli. mxolod egaa, kavkasionelebi ramdenad uflebamosilni

arian mis gansaxorcieleblad?

magaliTi imitomaa gaxsenebuli, rom iTqvas: TviT Seurigebel

mowinaaRmdeged miCneuli afxazi politikosebic fiqroben raRaca

formiT gaerTianebaze. aseT dros unitaruli saxelmwifos natvriT

da Zveleburi midgomiT saqme win ver wava.

qarTvelebma, gaerTianebis Sesaxeb winadadebis wamoyenebamde,

kargad gaiazron istoriuli warsuli da memkvidreobiT miRebuli

realoba.

saqarTvelo, erT enovani, erT religiuri, mkacrad centrali-

zebuli Znelad warmosadgenia. aseTad arc yofila arsebobis man-

Zilze. mudam iyofoda tomobriobis, gansakuTrebulobis mixedviT.

Tu odesme erTiandeboda, Sinagan struqturul Taviseburebebs

inarCunebda. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi iyofoda or-sam samefod da

amdenive an met samTavrod. aseTi dayofa ar niSnavda maT saboloo

gaucxoebas, magram arc mtkice erTobas qmnida.

roca ruseTis imperiam daipyro saqarTvelo, samcxe-saaTabago

da aWara mtkiced epyraT Turqebs. midioda Widili danarCeni sam-

Tavroebis Camosacileblad. lixs iqiT, imereTis samefos garda,

romelsac formalurad ekuTvnoda dasavleTis teritoriebi,

arsebobda guriis, samegrelos anu odiSis da afxazeTis samTav-

roebi. amas garda iyo svaneTi, leCxumi, raWa, Tavisi originaluri

TaviseburebebiT.

247


mTlianobaSi aRebul am teritorias saukuneTa win da sauku-

neTa manZilze afxazeTis samefo ewodeboda. saqme mxolod is araa,

rom mefeTa titulatura iwyeboda ̀ mefe afxazTa~ da a.S. ukve iyo

msjeloba, rom monRolebisagan otebuli rusudan dedofali, roca

quTaiss gadavida, qarTveli istorikosi aRniSnavda; mas `mSobli-

uri afxazeTi~ damSvidebiT epyrao. ara mxolod ucxoeli, aramed

qarTveli istorikosebic dRevandel e.w. dasavleT saqarTvelos

afxazeTs uwodebdnen. dRes amis ar gaTvaliswineba istoriis

gadasxvaferebas daemsgavseboda.

(am sakiTxTan kavSirSi, mosazrebis da ara mtkicebis formiT

unda iTqvas: qarTvelebi afxazeTs ganixilaven, rogorc saqarT-

velos ganuyofel nawils uZvelesi droidan dRemde. ramdenad

dasabuTebulia es? leonti mroveli, rodesac qarTlosianebze

da egroselebze iZleva cnobas, maT Soris naTesaobasTan erTad

sxvaobasac xom usvams xazs? da Tu saukuneTa Semdeg egroselTa

samxerTi nawilis qarTizacia moxda, CrdileTSi xom SeinarCunes

siwminde? egroselebis am nawilma Seqmna kolxidis (kolxeTis)

an egrisis (egrosis) samefo. (dasaxeleba dasaxvewia) egroselebis

am nawilma, bevrad mogvianebiT, aseve Seqmna afxazeTis jer sam-

Tavro, Semdeg samefo. am samefom dinastiuri memkvidreobiT miiRo

egroselTa teritoriebi lixis mTamde. Tu mTavrebma (patriki-

osebma), qarTlis mefe-mTavrebis meSveobiT Tu kavSirSi, daimkvi-

dres mTavroba md. kelasurs CrdileT egroselTa samyofelSi,

romelsac afxazeTi erqva da md-de mcire xazareTisa vrceldeboda.

es ar niSnavs am samTavros an gaqarTvelebas, an qarTlis samefos

SemadgenlobaSi moqcevas. afxazeTis jer samTavro, Semdeg samefo,

damoukidebel erTeuls warmoadgenda. (es ra Tqma unda ar gamor-

icxavda dinastiur, samxedro, politikur kavSirebs). afxazeTis

samefom daipyro (ukve daipyro) mtkvris marcxena mxaris qar-

Tli. es niSnavs, rom daipyro dRevandeli e.w. samxreTi oseTi da

CrdiloeT oseTis dvaleTis mxaris teritoriebi. erTi periodi

afxazeTma kaxeTic ipyro da hereTs (dRevandeli azerbaijanis

dasavleTs gadaswvda). bunebrivia afxazeTis mier mierTebul qa-

rTlosisa da herosis teritoriebsac afxazeTi ewoda. qarTvelebi

248


am process qarTvel samefo-samTavroebs Soris pirvelobisaTvis

brZolas uwodebdnen. sinamdvileSi?

kidev erTi bundovani sakiTxi. lazebisa da egroselebis

urTierT mimarTeba. mxedvelobaSia ara is, rom egrisis (kolxi-

dis) samefo lazikis (Tu momavali lazikis samefos) ra nawils

ierTebda an piriqiT, lazika egroseTa ra nawils flobda. mxed-

velobaSia lazTa da egroselTa erTobisa da sxvaobis problema.

maT Soris Zveli laia, laiSis Zvel lazikad qcevis sakiTxi.1

ufro saWiroa Zvel mogzaurTa Txrobis gacnobiereba imis Sesaxeb,

rom dRevandeli afxzeTis teritoriaze egrulad metyvelebdneno.

xom ar arian megrelebi da afxazebi erTi egrosuli tomis ga-

nayarebi? xom ar arian dRevandeli megrelebi Zveli afxazebi

an piriqiT? ratom armbobs ase vaxuSti batoniSvili `xolo

anakofiis dasavleTi ars afxazeTi, pirvelad wodebul egreTve

egrisi~ gv. 783.

z. anCabaZe, roca lixs dasavleT samefo-samTavroebs axa-

siaTebda, aRniSnavda, rom XVIIs. Sua periodamde afxazebi da

megrelebi erT odiSis samTavros qmnidnen. mxolod levan II

dadianis uxiakobam aiZula setemon SarvaSiZe, Camocileboda da

daewyo brZola damoukidebeli afxazeTis samTavros gaZliereba –

ganvrcobisaTvis. Tavis mxriv odiSis (samegrelos) mTavrebi, Tavs

mefeda grZnobdnen da zogjer warmatebul brZolasac awarmoebdnen

imereTis mefis winaaRmdeg.

odiSis mTavars tols ar udebda guriis mTavari. yofili

margveTis mxaris es nawili damoukideblobis iseTsave pretenzias

acxadebda. imereTis mefes ara mxolod mTavrebi eurCebodnen.

samefo teritoriul-tomobrivi niSniT iyo dayofili.

1. cnobili Turqi mogzauri evlia Celebi afxazeTis CrdiloeT sazRvris Sesaxeb

aRniSnavs: `...sazRvris dasasrulia dasavleTiT ...kafas vilaieTis mflobelobaSi

myofi tamanis naxevarkunZulis axlos mdebare anapis cixis navsadguri~ evlia

Celebis mogzaurobis wigni. nakv. I., Tb., 1971, gv. 81.

`cixe dgas koncxze, romelic abazebsa da Cerqezebs Soris sazRvarze mde-

bareobs.~ (gv. 108)

Tavad afxazebi `...erTmaneTSi megruladac laparakoben, radgan mdinare faSas

gaRma mxare mTlianad samegreloa~ (gv.100)

249


Tavad imereTis samefo xSirad mtrul urTierTobaSi iyo

qarTlis (Semdeg ki qarTl-kaxeTis) samefosTan.

eTnikur-tomobrivi TvalsazrisiT yvelaze Wreli qarTlis

samefo gaxldaT. qarTlelebis garda mis farglebSi Sedioda

dvaleTi. mis teritoriaze kompaqturad saxlobdnen borCalus

tomis warmomadgenlebi. samcxe-javaxeTi Turqebs emorCileboda.

mefe erekle II dros Camosaxlebuli somxebi da osebi mcir-

ericxovnebis gamo mxolod xiznebis statuss jerdebodnen. sxva

iyo samefos mTiani mxaris mdgomareoba. uZvelesi dronidan moyole-

buli wanarebi (dRevandeli moxeveebi), gudamayrelni (mTiulebi),

fxovelebi (fSav-xevsurebi) garkveul tomobriv gansxvavebulobasa

da damoukideblobas (avtonomias) inarCunebdnen.

arc kaxeTis samefo iyo erTferovani da erTgvarovani.

mTlianobaSi aRebuli TuSeTi, War-belaqani (saingilo) sagrZno-

blad gansxvavebuli statusiT sargeblobdnen, vidre Sida kaxeTi.

Sida kaxeTSic ki iyo sxvaoba qiziyelebsa da danarCen kaxelebs

Soris.

wamkiTxvelma Tavad gaakeTos daskvna: am samefoebs, samTavroebs,

mxareebs erTianobaSi ra ewodeba?

ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobam da koloniad

gadaqcevam, Sedegad samefo-samTavroebis gauqmeba moitana. es ar

niSanvda qveynis tomobriv-samxareo dayofis mospobas. damatebiT,

osebisa da somxebis masobrivi CamosaxlebiT, bunebriv dayofas

eTnikuri niSniT dayofac daemata. ufro meti. ruseTis mTavrobam

samxedro-politikuri mosazrebiT, jer dvaleTi CamoaSora saqa-

rTvelos da iZulebiT Camosalxebul osebs cakle politikuri

erTeuli Seuqmna, Semdeg ki qarTlis didi nawili (Tbilisis CaT-

vliT) erTgul somxebs daumorCila. aRaraferi iTqmis kavkasionis

CrdiloeT miwebis CamoWraze da CrdiloeT afxazeTis miTvisebaze.

dRes, rom calke arsebobs afxazeTis da e.w. samxreT oseTis

respublikebi, somxebi da borCaluelebi (axla azerbaijanelad

wodebulebi) politikur-ideologiur pretenziebs acxadeben, rom

ZalaSia tomobriv-samxareo dayofa da am erTeulTa interesebi,

cxadia da mtkicebas ar saWiroebs. ra gziT miiRweva maTi ara

250


mxolod erToba, aramed interesTa dakmayofilebac? esaa mTavari

gamomwvevi problema da mdgomareobidan gamosavalic aq unda veZioT.

qarTvel politikosebs Soris Warbobs unitaruli saxelmwi-

foebrivi gaerTianebis momxreTa raodenoba. myvirala politikuri

lozungebi da miswrafebebi isea sazogadoebis nawilSi gamjdari,

rom yoveli sxva idea miuRebeli xdeba. zomieri politikosebi

sifrTxiles amjobineben da Tu Sinaganad kidec TanaugrZnoben

sakiTxebis sxvagvarad gadawyvetis SesaZleblobebs, xmamaRla mainc

amas ar an ver amJRavneben. politikuri kariera realuria, idea

mxolod ideaa.

droa gamofxizlebis. droa axali realobisa da Seqmnili

viTarebidan gamosavalis ara mxolod Zieba-dasabuTebis, aramed

praqtikuli realizebis...

unitaruli saxelmwifo mowyobis idea warsulia. konfedera-

cia, romelic SeiZleba Seiqmnas kavkasionel eTnosTa monawileobiT,

mimzidveli Soreuli momavlis ocnebaa. realoba saqarTvelos

danarCen or nawilTan da maTTan erTad aWarasTan federaciuli

gaerTianebisaken svlaa. vinZlo ar davagvianoT...

kavkasionta etnogenezi damatebebit -...

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