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TRANSCRIPT
"Saya/Kami* akui bahawa saya telah membaca karya ini dan pada pandangan saya/kami* karya ini adalah memadai dari segi skop dan kualiti untuk tujuan
Penganugerahan ljazah Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan K.imia."
Tandatangan
Nama Penyelia I
Tarikh
Tandatangan
Nama Penyelia II
Tarikh
Tandatangan
Nama Penyelia III
Tarikh
* Potong yang tidak berlrenaan
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Extraction of Lemon Oil from Citrus limon Peel via Ultrasonic assisted
Extraction
AILSUPPIAH PERPU$'t'.K~N
UNNERSITI MALAYSIA ~~HANG No. Porole.han N p·-··~--i o. snggiien
031 313 7& Tarikh ·e-&
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l1 1 JUl 200~ J.-~g r 1\-e<i-s i
A thesis submitted in fulfillment oft e r::":'e~qu~t~re,...,.,ments tOnh:e- award of the degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering
University Malaysia Pahang
MAY 2008
i
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ii
I declare that this thesis entitled "Extraction of Lemon Oil from Citrus timonium
Peel via Ultrasonic assisted Extraction" is the result of my own research except as cited
in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not
concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature : ......... ~ .. : ................... .
Name of Candidate : Dhanakumar all Suppiah
Date : 16MAY2008
iii
DEDICATION
I dedicated this research to my self
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
'To take action without thinking is something a stupid does~ to take action after
thousand times thinking is something a scientist does'. This word resembles what I've
done for the past one year in completing this research. In completing this research, I
have gained many in exchange of time,energy and money that I had.
They say you cannot achieve any thing alone in life, same goes with me. I get
many helps from friends and lectures. They helped me in various kind of ways .I would
like to take this opportunity to pour my gratitude's to each of them .First and foremost I
would like to thank my family for their help and for being at my site every time.
Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisor for teaching me all the things about plant
extraction and also I would like to say thanks Io other lectures for being very nice to me.
It is honored to have many loyal good friends that always been very helpful. I
thanking them for the all the things they had done for me.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE PAGE 1
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
LIST OF TABLES X
LIST OF FIGURES XI
LIST OF SYMBOL XII
LIST OF APPENDIXES Xlll
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Research Objective 3
1.4 Research Scope 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 4
2.1.1 Botanic Details of Lemon 4
2.2 Lemon Essential Oil 5
2.2.1 Medicinal Uses
2.3 Major Compound
2.4 Extraction Procedures
2.5 Ultrasonic Extraction
2.5.1Extraction Mechanism
2.6 Sonicated -assisted extraction
2~6.1Principles and Mechanism
2.6.2Practical Issues For Sonication-assisted Extraction
2.6.3 Effects of ultrasound characteristics
2.6.4 Operating Conditions
2.6.5Advantages and Disadvantages of
Sonication-assisted Extraction
2.6.6 Potential Applications of USE
2. 7 Laboratory and Large Scale Ultrasonic
Extraction
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Raw Material
3.2 Solvents
3.3 USE
3.4 GC-MS
4 RESULT & DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Effects of Solvent and Time
4.2.1 Control Experiment
2.2 Quality Analysis of Lemon Oil
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7
7
8
11
13
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14
15
15
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22
22 25
27
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5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
2.2 Recommendation
LIST OF REFERENCES
APPENDICES
29
30
31
34
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TITLE PAGE
2.1 Botanic Details of Lemon 4
2.2 Comparison between different extraction methods of 9 100 g of dill seeds, using hexane
2.3 Dry residue (g/100 g extract) obtained by direct 10 sonication
2.4 Influence of milling degree on the extraction of clove 11
flowers
4.1 Average result for quantity analysis of lemon oil 23
4.2 Maceration and ultrasonication 26
4.3 Major compound and quality of each constituent in oil 27
extracted with diethyl ether (30minutes time of
extraction)
4.4 Major compound and quality of each constituent in oil 27
extracted with dichloromethane (30 minute time of
extraction)
4.5 Major compound and quality of each constituent in oil 28
extracted with n-hexane (30minute time of extraction)
X
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE
2.1 Lemon fruit
2.2 Experimental setup for indirect extraction using a
cleaning bath
2.3 Experimental setup for indirect extraction using a
cleaning bath
PAGE
5
17
17
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xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
em Centimeter
mmHg Millimeter Mercury
p.L Microliter
g Gram
oc Degree Celsius
% Percentage
GC Gas Chromatography
MS Mass Spectrometry
a Alpha
p Beta
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE
A Solvent Boiling Chart
B Quantity Result
C MS...Chemstation Library ID
PAGE
34
35
36
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