kinesiology laboratory activities 38.317 instructor:...

Kinesiology Laboratory Activities 38.317 Instructor: Dr. Lewis

Lab 1:

• Report format • Assignment of Groups – 2‐3 people/group (NO MORE THAN THREE IN A GROUP) • Lab report #1 Write‐up due in one week at the beginning of next lab.

Activity One:

• Palpation of Bony Landmarks – Utilize the Trail Guide and other anatomy books to palpate these bony landmarks:

o Radial styloid process o Head of radius o Olecranon process o Humeral medial and lateral epicondyles o Ulnar Styloid Process o Acromion Process o Coracoid Process o Clavical – medial and lateral ends o Manubrium o Inferior angle of the scapula o Medial Border of the scapula o Spine of the scapula o Cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinous and transverse processes o Iliac crest o Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) o Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) o Greater trochanter of the Femur o Medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur o Patella o Tibial tuberosity of the Tibia o Fibula head o Medial and Lateral Malleoli o Calcaneus

Boney Palpation of Hand and Wrist (Part 1)

A. Bony Palpation Activity Radial Styloid Process Anatomic snuffbox Scaphoid – tubercle Pisiform Hook of the Hamate Metacarpals 1st thru 5th metacarpal Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints Phalanges Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints


After you perform the palpations – answer these questions, while using palpation to derive the answers: (*Note: Don’t forget to use anatomical terminology (superior, inferior, posterior, anterior, medial, lateral, etc.) in your description!*)

1. What does the radius and ulnar do during pronation and supination of the forearm? 2. What does the scapula do when flexing the shoulder overhead? 3. What does the clavicle do when flexing the shoulder overhead? 4. What happens to the spinous processes when you flex and extend the spine? 5. What happens to the transverse processes when you side bend the spine? 6. What has to move to make the ASIS and PSIS move? 7. What does the greater trochanter seem to do when you lift your leg to the side? Rotate it in

and out? 8. Where is the patella in relation to the medial and lateral femoral epicondyles? The tibial

tuberosity? 9. Based on the position of the medial and lateral malleoli of the ankle during standing, which

side to side movements are more typical during an Ankle Sprain? Why? Activity Two:

• Determine osteokinematics, planes and axes of major joints (from anatomical neutral position moving in just one plane at a time). Present information below in chart form. You may set up your own chart

o Glenohumeral, elbow, forearm, wrist, spine, hip, knee, ankle (distal talofibular joint) o Determine the number of degrees of freedom for each joint. Justify based on joint

types. o Describe what happens when you flex your knee in a closed chain position (foot is

planted on the ground) compared to when you perform knee flexion in an open chain (when the foot is off the ground) position. What impact would this have for human movement on a daily basis?

Joint Plane Axis Degrees of

Freedom

Joint Type

Glenohumeral

Elbow

Forearm

Wrist (radiocarpal joint)

Spine

Hip

Knee

Ankle


Lab 2 Muscle Mechanics – Length Tension Relationships, Velocity Tension Relationships, Active and Passive Insufficiency Activity 1:

A. Subject(s) perform grip strength analysis with 5 different hand grip sizes. Record grip strength for each grip size.

B. With grip size that yielded the greatest strength – repeat test with wrist flexed. Activity 2:

A. Biodex – subject completes velocity spectrum on Right Knee, concentric/concentric contractions of quad and hams, at Six different velocities:

The subject’s printout produces the following output information. Graph this information on a chart. Explain what you see. Activity 3:

A. Subject sits on edge of plinth and extends knee. Note the range of motion (ROM) of the knee. Have subject sit straight up (back with normal lordotic curve – place hand there to keep them honest) and then straighten knee. Note ROM of the knee and any subjective feelings.

Activity 4:

A. Subject lying prone with pillows under hips so that there is at least 30 degrees of hip flexion. Flex a knee to 90 degrees, test maximal isometric knee flexion strength (subjectively note force). Repeat with pillows removed from under hip. Note force. Repeat with pillows under the knee so that there is at least 20 degrees of hip extension. Note force.

Results: Show your results in a chart or graph format Discussion – What happened in all of the above “experiments”? Why?

Velocity # Repititions 45 5 60 5 90 10 120 10 180 10 240 10

Velocity # Repititions 45 5 60 5 90 10 120 10 180 10 240 10


Activity 5: Exercise Analysis‐Upper Extremity Meet in groups of 3‐4 and prepare the following information to present to the class. Use resources available such as textbooks, skeletons, work out equipment, and the internet in the computer lab to develop a thorough presentation of exercises. Your presentation must have accurate and specific information, clarity of information. Each student must participate in presenting information. This is an oral assignment, there is no need to write up this section in your lab report. 1) As a group present 3 different strengthening exercises for each of the assigned functional muscle groups below. One exercise must be without the effects of gravity (gravity eliminated) and one exercise must be with gravity resisted (against gravity). Remember to utilize different positions to accomplish this. Utilize different equipment such as theraband, dumbbells, cuff weights and specific gym equipment. Do not use all gym equipment for each exercise. You may use notes during your presentation. 2) Identify the type of muscle contraction in each direction of the exercise as concentric or eccentric 3) Present the exercises in order of beginner or easiest to those requiring more strength to accomplish. Muscle Groups Group 1 Shoulder flexors and Shoulder extensors Group 2 Shoulder abductors and Shoulder internal & external rotators Group 3 Elbow extensors and Wrist flexors and extensors Group 4 Elbow flexors and Forearm supinators/pronators LAB 3 Muscles Involved for Each GROUP: Group 1: Shoulder Flexors – Deltoid (anterior fibers) Pectoralis Major (upper fibers) Biceps brachii Coracobrachialis Shoulder Extensors – Deltoid (posterior fibers) Latissimus dorsi Teres Major Infraspinatus Teres minor Pec major Triceps brachii

Group 3:Wrist Flexors Flexor Carpi radialis Flexor Carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus (assists) Wrist Extensors Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum (assist) Elbow Extensors Triceps Brachii Aconeus


Group 2: Shoulder Abductors Deltoid (all) Supraspinatus Shoulder internal rotators Deltoid (ant fibers) Latissimus dorsi Teres Major Subscapularis Pectoralis major Shoulder external rotators Deltoid (post fibers) Infraspinatus Teres minor

Group4:Elbow Flexors Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Flexor Carpi ulnaris (assist) Palmaris longus Ext carpi radialis longus and brevis (assist) Forearm supinators Biceps Brachii Supinator Brachioradialis (assists) Forearm Pronators Pronator Teres Pronator quadratus Brachioradialis


Lab 3: Mechanical Considerations during Qualitative Analysis of Movement Activities: Activity 1. A. Pick one of the following tasks to analyze qualitatively –

1.Push up (Glenohumeral, scapulothoracic, elbow) 2.Bench press

B. Have the subject perform the task repeatedly using the same form. Every group member must perform the activity to be able to contribute to analysis (unless medically unable).

1. Determine the osteokinematic motion, planes and axes of movement for the major joints during the activity.

2. Draw a diagram from starting point A to midpoint B. Then draw the return motion from point B to point A. Indicate the effects of gravity using arrows. Label diagrams and assign titles.

3. Pick one of the joints – one of the planes you have looked at in # 1. Draw a diagram that includes the major muscle groups. Describe the direction and type of contraction that one major muscle exhibits. What type of lever is created?

Activity 2 Analyzing Techniques for increasing flexibility. With one partner use the hamstring muscle group to practice each of the following four stretching techniques. Use a goniometer to measure hip flexion before starting. Then measure again after each technique. What did you feel as the tester and what did the subject feel? Hold‐Relax Contract‐Relax Agonist Contraction Hold‐Relax with Agonist Contraction


Push Up: Phase I (Down)

Joint Motion Functional Group Agonist Synergist

Contraction Type Plane/Axis

Gravity Relation

Scapulathoracic (Scapula) Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Elbow

Push Up: Phase II (Up)



Gravity Relation


Bench Press: Phase I (Up)



Gravity Relation


Bench Press: Phase II (Down)



Gravity Relation



Lab 4 Activity Analysis Upper Extremity 1) Palpation of the Hand and Wrist (Part 2): Soft Tissue Extensor Side Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) Extensor digitorum communis (EDC) Extensor indicis proprius (EIP) Extensor Digiti quinti (EDQ) or extensor digiti minimi (EDM) Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) Flexor Side: Palmaris Longus Flexor carpi radialis (FCR)

Thenar eminence muscles (made up of Abductor Pollicis Brevis – superficial; Opponens Pollicis ‐ Middle; Flexor pollicis brevis (FPB) ‐ Deep

Hypothenar Eminence muscles (made up of Abductor digiti minimi ADQ/M, Opponens digiti minimi, and Flexor Digiti minimi)

Phalanges Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) ligaments

2) Activity: Activity Analysis Upper Extremity Analyze the following task –

1. Military Press 2. sit up (trunk [vertebral column], hips)

Make sure to include a table with the following information:

Break the activity into different phases List the osteokinematic motion (joint motion) of the: glenohumeral and scapulothoracic, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints as well as the elbow, forearm and wrist.

identifying the functional group of muscles (i.e. flexors) identify the agonists (primary muscles doing the movement) identify the planes and axes of each joint Type of muscle contraction Do the muscles resist gravity, is gravity assisting the contraction, or does gravity have no effect?


Create a chart to display your data. In the same lab report section as the chart, narrate the action utilizing the planes and axes to make your analysis more clear, descriptive and to the point. Be sure to organize your analysis in such a way that the sequential movement or consecutive movement can be appreciated (i.e. the elbow is flexing at the same time the shoulder is flexing). Use diagrams to explain how muscles are contracting throughout the activity. Include arrows to indicate the direction of muscle pull. Identify when passive insufficiency, active insufficiency, or length tension principles are involved for a muscle during this activity. Identify one lever system created by one of the muscles working during this activity – in one plane.

Military Press: Phase 1 (Up)



Gravity Relation

Glenohumeral

Scapulothoracic

Acriomioclavicular

Sternoclavicular Elbow Forearm Military Press: Phase 2 (Down)



Gravity Relation

Glenohumeral Scapulothoracic Acriomioclavicular Sternoclavicular Elbow Forearm Wrist


Sit Up: Phase I (Up)



Gravity Relation

Trunk Hips

Sit Up: Phase II (Down)



Gravity Relation

Trunk Hips


Lab 5 A. Activity Analysis: Trunk 1. Have a partner lie supine on a table with hands on shoulders and hips and knees extended. Palpate the small of the back to detect whether it is contacting the table or whether it is arched upwardly. Ask the partner to press the small of the back to the table (posterior pelvic tilt) and palpate the abdominals. Which muscles are acting as agonists and which as antagonist, as this is done? Assume your partner is unable to press the back to the table. Which muscles should be strengthened and which should be stretched? 2. Having completed Experience 1 above, have your partner bend the knees so the feet can be placed flat on the table. Palpate the small of the back and notice that it is easily touching the table. Which muscles have been slackened by placing the legs in this new position? 3. Now ask your partner to straighten the legs and raise them briefly a few inches off the table. What happens to the small of the back? Why? 4. Ask your partner to lie supine and have your partner bend the knees so the feet can be placed flat on the table. Ask your partner to perform diagonal abdominal curls touching the right elbow to the left knee. What muscles are working on the way up? Are the contractions concentric or eccentric? What muscles are working on the way down? Are the contractions concentric or eccentric? 5. Now, ask your partner to stand and slowly forward flex the trunk. What are the agonist muscles in this experiment? Is the contraction concentric or eccentric? Explain. Written answers to the questions must be submitted followed by a brief discussion on any discoveries you made during this lab. Apply any theories previously studied in Kinesiology. No formal lab report layout necessary for Lab 5, just written responses in paragraph form. Assignment due in one week. B. Exercise Analysis – Lower Extremity Meet in groups of 3‐4 to prepare the exercises for the following functional muscle groups. You will then present your results to the class during lab class. Use resources available such as textbooks, skeletons, work out equipment, and the internet in the computer lab to develop a thorough presentation of exercises. Your presentation must have accurate and specific information, clarity of information. Each student must participate in presenting information. This is an oral assignment; there is no need to include this section in your lab report. 1) As a group present 3 different strengthening exercises for each of the assigned functional muscle groups below. One exercise must be without the effects of gravity (gravity eliminated) and one exercise must be with gravity resisted (against gravity). Remember to utilize different positions to accomplish this. Utilize different equipment such as theraband, dumbbells, cuff weights and specific gym equipment. Do not use all gym equipment for each exercise. 2) Identify the type of muscle contraction in each direction of the exercise either concentric or eccentric. 3) Present the exercises in order of beginner or easiest to those requiring more strength to accomplish.


Muscle Groups Group 1 Back muscles, and Hip Abductors Group 2 Hip internal rotators, and Ankle inversion & eversion, and ankle plantarflexors and

dorsiflexors Group 3 Hip flexors, Hip extensors, & Knee flexors Group 4 Hip external rotators, Knee extensors, and abdominals


Muscles Involved for each Group: Group 1: Back Muscles Erector Spinae Group ‐SpinalisThoracis ‐Spinalis Cervicis ‐Longissimus Thoracis ‐Longissimus Cervicis ‐Iliocostalis Lumborum ‐Iliocostalis Thoracis ‐Iliocostalis Cervicis Transversospinalis Group ‐Multifidi ‐Rotatores ‐Semispinalis Capitis Splenius Cervicis Quadratus Lumborum Intertransversarii Interspinalis Hip abductors Glut maximus Glut medius Glut minimus TFL Sartorius

Group 2:Hip internal rotators Semitendinosis Semimembranosus Gluteus Medius (anterior fibers) Gluteus minimus Adductor magnus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Gracilis Pectineus TFL Ankle inversion Tibialis Anterior Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Extensor hallucis longus Ankle Eversion Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Extensor digitorum longus Ankle plantar flexors Gastroc Soleus Tibialis posterior Ankle Dorsiflexors Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus

Group 3: Hip flexors Rectus femoris Gluteus medius (ant fibers) Gluteus minimus TFL Sartorius Psoas major Iliacus Hip Extensors Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Gluteus maximus Glut medius (post fibers) Adductor magnus Knee Flexors Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendonosis Gracilis Sartorius Gastrocnemius and Popliteus

Group 4:Hip External rotators Biceps Femoris Gluteus Maximus Sartorius Piriformis and 5 other external rotators Psoas major Iliacus Knee Extensors Rectus femoris

Vastus Lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius

Abdominals Rectus abdominis External Oblique Internal Oblique Transverse abdominis


Lab 6 Activity Analysis: Upper Extremity and Trunk 1) Analyze the Upper Extremity and Trunk during the following motion. A) Baseball bat swing (leading arm) As before, make sure to include a table with the following information:

Break the activity into three different phases: wind up, swing (force phase) and deceleration. List the osteokinematic motion (joint motion)of the:

Trunk (spine), glenohumeral, scapulothoracic joints and the elbow, forearm, wrist and fingers. identify the functional group of muscles (i.e. flexors) identify the agonists (primary muscles doing the movement) identify the planes and axes of each joint and the motion as a whole Type of muscle contraction Does gravity resist, assist, or have no effect on the motion?

Narrate the action utilizing the planes and axes to make your analysis more clear, descriptive and to the point. Be sure to organize your analysis in such a way that the Temporal and Spatial dynamics can be appreciated (i.e. do joints move sequentially or simultaneously?) Use diagrams as needed to explain how agonist functional muscle groups are contracting throughout the activity. Identify when passive or active insufficiency, the length tension curve is involved for a muscle during this activity. Identify one lever system created by one of the muscles working during this activity – in one plane. 2) Label the class of lever in the diagrams on the pages that following.

Baseball Bat Swing: Phase I (Wind Up)



Gravity Relation

Vertebral Column (Spine) Scapulathoracic (Scapula) Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Elbow Forearm Wrist Fingers


Baseball Bat Swing: Phase II (Swing)



Gravity Relation

Vertebral Column ( Spine) Scapulathoracic (Scapula) Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Elbow Forearm Wrist Fingers

Baseball Bat Swing: Phase III (Deceleration)



Gravity Relation

Vertebral Column (Spine) Scapulathoracic (Scapula) Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Elbow Forearm Wrist Fingers


2) Label the lever class on the following diagrams. A) Look at the diagrams below and determine whether it is first, second or third class lever. Label the Force, Axis, and Resistance. Force: Where the muscle originates on the bone. Axis: The joint the muscle crosses, where the motion occurs. Resistance: The load that is being moved.

B) Look at the diagrams below of the Biceps brachii flexing the elbow. Describe what happens at each elbow range of motion in relation to the Bicep contraction. Discuss the force components. At what position is it the strongest? The weakest? Reference: Hinson, M.M. Kinesiology. 2nd Ed. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, 1981


Lab 7 Activity: Activity Analysis – Lower Extremity and Trunk Describe the following tasks

1. Squat As before, make sure to include a table with the following information:

Break the activity into different phases List the osteokinematic motion (joint motion) of the:

Spine, pelvis, hip, knee and ankle. identify the agonists and synergists identify the planes and axes of each joint and the motion as a whole Type of muscle contraction Does gravity resist, assist, or have no effect on the motion?

Narrate the action utilizing the planes and axes to make your analysis more clear, descriptive and to the point. Be sure to organize your analysis in such a way that the Temporal and Spatial dynamics can be appreciated (i.e. do joints move sequentially or simultaneously?) Use diagrams as needed to explain how agonist functional muscle groups are contracting throughout the activity. Identify when passive or active insufficiency, the length tension curve is involved for a muscle during this activity. Identify one lever system created by one of the muscles working during this activity – in one plane. Identify one force couple.


Squat: Phase I (Down)

Joint Motion Functional Group Agonist Syngerist


Gravity Relation

Vertebral Column (Spine) Pelvis Iliofemoral (Hip) Tibiofemoral (Knee) Talocrural (Ankle)

Squat: Phase II (Up)

Joint Motion Functional Group Agonist Syngerist


Gravity Relation

Vertebral Column (Spine Pelvis Iliofemoral (Hip) Tibiofemoral (Knee) Talocrural (Ankle)


Lab 8 Activity: Posture, Gait and Abnormal Gait Part I: Postural Analysis – perform a postural analysis all group members. Discuss the impact of any “resting” deviations from “normal” posture on movement. Discuss strategies to improve any postural deviations identified. 1. When performing a standing postural analysis from the lateral view, check the box where the plumb line should be in relation to the following body landmarks.

Landmark Anterior Posterior Through

Ear Tip of the acromion Thoracic spine Lumbar spine Hip Knee Ankle 2. Draw a figure in the lateral view. Identify in the following table whether the anterior and posterior curved are concave and convex.

Spine Region Posterior Curve Anterior Curve Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral 3. Make a chart on the board, list each class member and indicate whether the classmate is right‐ or left‐handed.

Observe you partner from the posterior view and determine if either the right or left shoulder is higher.

Enter the information on the chart on the board.

When all have entered their data, analyze the data for any correlation between shoulder position and hand dominance.


4. Observe the standing posture of each person in your lab class using a plumb line. A. Observe them from the lateral view

Drop a plumb line. The segments of the body should be so that the line of gravity falls: a. Slightly anterior to lateral malleolus b. Slightly anterior to midline of knee (with hip extended) c. Slightly posterior to the hip joint axis (with hip extended) d. Anterior to sacroiliac joint Are the spinal curves normal? Exaggerated? Left Lateral View: Deviations from Normal Alignment Ankles Knees Hips Lumbar Spine Thoracic Spine Acromion Process Ear Top of Head

Right Lateral View: Deviations from Normal Alignment Ankles

Knees

Hips

Lumbar Spine

Thoracic Spine

Acromion Process

Ear

Top of Head

B. Observe them from the anterior view a. Notice the foot, ankle and knee b. Is there valgus or varus of the knee? c. Is the ankle pronated or supinated? Anterior View: Deviations from Normal Alignment Ankles

Knees

Hips

Sternum

Shoulders

Face

Arms


C. Observe then from the posterior view a. Are there any lateral deviations of the spine? b. Is the pelvis level? Look at the iliac crests c. Are the shoulders level? Which shoulder is higher? Dominant arm or nondominant? d. Are the shoulder blades “winging”? e. Is the calcaneous (heel of foot) in pronation or supination? Posterior View: Deviations from Normal Alignment Ankles

Knees

Hips

Sternum

Shoulders

Face

Arms

Note: Any muscle involvement Neuromuscular considerations Mechanical factors Principles Any violations Additional Questions: 1. Now ask a female student to put on high heels and go through the above analysis. How did high heels change the static posture? 2. Now ask the person to lift one leg off the floor (without the shoes) and perform single leg stance. Now analyze the posture. Pay close attention to the pelvis. Does it remain level? What muscles are working to maintain the pelvis in position? 3. Describe improvement for posture ( i.e. exaggerated lordotic curve) 4. Describe the method for change. (i.e. strengthen abdominals) Part II: Gait Analysis – Analyze the gait of group members walking back and forth. Pay particular attention to the sagittal plane and the hip, knee and ankle. Notice any deviations from normal gait. 1. A. A line drawn between successive midpoints of heel strike would reveal what about a person’s walking base? _______________________________________________________________________. B. What is the highest at midstance and lowest at heelstrike? _____________________________. C. The number of steps taken per minute is called? _____________________________________.

D. As the center of gravity shifts from side to side during walking, there are equal amounts of ? __________________________________________________________________________________.

2. A. In what way are the Trendelenburg sign and Trandelenberg gait similar? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.


B. In what way are Trendelenberg sign and Trendelenburg gait different? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. 3. Match the following term(s) with the appropriate description:

_____ Occurs during swing phase

A. Single Leg support, Midstance

_____ Body weight shifts allowing one leg to swing

B. Weight acceptance, heel strike

_____ Body stance phase

C. Leg advancement

4. Match the description with the appropriate period of the gait cycle.

_____ Occurs during approximately 40% of the gait cycle

A. Nonsupport

_____ Center of gravity is the lowest point

B. Single‐leg support

_____ Does not occur in walking

C. Double‐leg support

5. Match the following descriptions with the appropriate period or point of the gait cycle.

_____ Between end of toe‐off and end of acceleration

A. Initial contact

_____ Between end of foot flat and end of midstance

B. Foot flat

_____ Between end of midstance and end of heel‐off

C. Midstance

_____ The leg swung as far forward as it is going to D. Terminal stance _____ Body weight begins to shift onto stance leg E. Preswing

_____ Between the end of acceleration and end of midswing

F. Initial swing

_____ Just before and including when toes leave the ground

G. Midswing

____ Entire foot is in contact with the ground H. Deceleration


6. List in order of occurrence the components of the gait cycle using both traditional terminology and RLA terminology.

Traditional RLA

STANCE STANCE

Heel strike Initial contact

XX

SWING SWING

7. Match the following terms and definitions. _____ Distance between heel strike of one foot and the heel strike of the other

A. Stance phase

_____ Side‐to‐side distance between heels B. Stride Length _____ Distance between heel strike of one foot and heel strike of the same foot

C. Step width

_____ That part of the gait cycle when the foot is in contact with the ground

D. Swing phase

_____ That part of the gait cycle when the foot is not in contact with the ground

E. Step length

8. Joint movement during gait is produced by muscle contractions, gravity, and joint response in a closed kinetic chain. Determining the direction of joint movement, within a phase and from one phase of gait to the next, is necessary to analyze which muscles are working and what type of contraction a muscle is performing. For each phase of the gait cycle indicate. a) The position (or motion) that is occurring at each joint

b) Briefly describe what is happening. Examples are: unchanged; slight flexion from full extension; and increasing dorsiflexion.

*Exercises adapted from: Lippert, L; Duesterhaus Minor, M.A. Laboratory Manual for Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy 2nd ed. F.A. Davis Company, 2007. 297‐301, 305‐309. Lab 8 continues on next page…


Lab 8: Part II: Gait Analysis Lab class will meet in Room 310, Use the 3 computers on the right. In this laboratory experience you will utilize a software program that will allow you to analyze gait. It will demonstrate what muscles are working, the “moment” at the joints, and the ground reaction force throughout the different phases of gait. 1. GaitLab Follow the instructions and answer the questions below. Hit any key to start the computer. When asked for a password, just click ok. Double Click on shortcut to GaitLab Screen with “HUMAN KINETICS PUBLISHERS” will appear, Hit Enter. Screen will appear with a running man, Hit Enter. Next screen will be “Welcome to GaitLab”, Hit Enter. At the next Menu Select “Animate” MUSCLES Select “Muscles”. A screen will appear that demonstrates on a model what muscle groups are working during the different phases of gait. You are viewing a person from the sagittal view. The muscles that are shown are gluteus medius, quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior and triceps surae. The EMG activity is color‐coded: Red is active, pink is partially active, and black is quiescent. To pause the action, press the pause key OR the CTRL & NumLock Keys at the same time. Restart the animation by pressing any key. You should be able to advance the animation frame by frame using this sequence of keys. Hit CTRL C to escape back to the menu. MOMENTS Select “Joint Moments”. A screen will appear with a model demonstrating what moments occur at the hip, knee and ankle during the different phases of gait. The radius of the circle is proportional to the magnitude of the moment. The hip, knee and ankle are plotted to the same scale. The solid circles represent extension and dorsiflexion moments. The hollow circles represent flexion and plantarflexion moments. Hit CTRL C to escape back to the menu. GROUND FORCES Select “Ground Forces”. A screen will appear that demonstrates what ground reaction forces that are occurring during the different phases of gait. The ground reaction force plotted by a green vector indicates the magnitude, direction and point of application. Hit CTRL C to escape back to the menu. Select “Dynamic”. A screen will appear that demonstrates the muscles, moments and ground forces occurring at the same time.


Use the dynamic screen (or any of the other screens) to answer the following questions. The phases of gait are: Swing phase: Acceleration, Midswing, and Deceleration Support Phase: heel‐strike, flat foot, midstance, heel‐off and toe‐off. Notice the following items during all of the phases. 1. In what phase(s) are the following muscles active? Gluteus medius, quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, triceps surae. 2. Look at the moments at the hip, knee, and ankle. In what phase are they the largest? 3. In what phase(s) are the ground forces the highest? And the lowest? Part III: Abnormal Gait Patterns Attached are the descriptions of many abnormal gait patterns. Read all descriptions and attempt imitation to understand the abnormal patterns. Discuss the deviations from normal gait. Is more muscular effort required when walking this way? If so, what groups of muscles? Part IV: Dartfish Demonstration

kinesiology laboratory activities 38.317 instructor:...

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