kinh tế học chất lượng môi trường

Nguyn Hong NamEmail: [email protected]

Khoa Mi trng v thTrng i hc Kinh t Quc dn

Nguyen Hoang Nam Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng

KINH T V QUN L MI TRNG

Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng

Nguyen Hoang Nam

Ni dung Chng II

2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT

2.1. M hnh hot ng ca th trng v hiu qu kinh t

2.2. Nguyn nhan kinh t ca nhim MT

2.2.1. Ngoi ng

2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng la hang hoa cng cng

2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT

2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t

2.3.2. nhim ti u

2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc

2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng


Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.1. M hnh hot ng ca TT & hiu qu KT

Cu


P

QQ2 Q1

P1

P2

D MB

0


Nguyen Hoang Nam


Cung



P

S MC (mt phn)

QQ2Q1

0

P1

P2

Nguyen Hoang Nam


Cn bng TT



P

Q

S

D

EP*

Q*0

CS

PS

Nguyen Hoang Nam


Hiu qu Pareto

Mt s phn b ngun lc l chiu qu Pareto (hoc t c tiu Pareto) nu khng c kh nngdch chuyn ti mt s phn bkhc c th lm cho bt c ngino kh ln m cng khng lm chot nht l bt c mt ngi no khckm i

MSB=MSC



Wilfredo Pareto (1848-1923)

Nguyen Hoang Nam


Tht bi th trng

Tht bi ca th trng la thut ng ch cac tnh hung trong o im can bng ca cac th trng t do cnh tranh khng t c s phan b ngun lc co hiu qu

Cach phan b MB = MC (can bng th trng) khac vi cach phan b MSB=MSC (hiu qu Pareto)



Nguyen Hoang Nam


Nguyn nhn ca tht bi th trng

Tnh trng cnh tranh khng hoan ho

Tac ng ca cac ngoi ng

Vn cung cp cac hang hoa cng cng

S thiu vng ca mt s th trng



Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2. Nguyn nhn kinh t ca nhim MT

2.2.1. Ngoi ng

2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng la hang hoa cng cng



2.2.1. Ngoi ng2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng

Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2.1. Ngoi ng



Khi nim

Ngoi ng (externality) la hin tng xy ra khi mt ch th kinh t nay tac ng lam phat sinh chi phi hoc li ich cho ch th kinh t khac, nhng ch th tac ng khng phi bi thng chi phi o hoc khng c thanh toan li ich o.

Ngoi ng la hin tng tn ti nhng chi phi hoc li ich bn ngoai th trng


Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2.1. Ngoi ng



Phan loi

Ngoi ng tiu cc

Ngoi ng tich cc


Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2.1. Ngoi ng



Ngoi ng tiu ccHam chi phi ngoi ng (EC) th hin nhng chi phi, thit hi ca ch th b tac ng tng ng vi cac mc sn lng ca hot ng sn xut gay ra ngoi ng tiu cc lam nhim mi trng.

Ham chi phi ngoi ng cn bin (MEC) th hin chi phi, thit hi tng thm khi sn xut thm mi n v sn lng

Mi quan h gia EC va MEC?

MEC

Chi phi ($)

San lng (Q)

MEC

Chi phi ($)

San lng (Q)

MEC

Chi phi ($)

San lng (Q) Q0


EC

Qx

Px

Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2.1. Ngoi ng



Ti mc gi P1, lng cung l Q1

Ngoi ng tiu cc

Hiu qu ca nhn t c khi:

MB = MC E1(P1,Q1)

MB: Li ich ca nhan cn bin

MC: Chi phi ca nhan cn bin

P1: Mc gia t hiu qu ca nhn

Q1: Mc sn lng t hiu qu ca nhn

($)

San lng

S = MC

(1 phn)

D = MB

Q1

P1 E1


Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2.1. Ngoi ng



Ngoi ng tiu cc

Hiu qu x hi t c khi:

MSB = MSCE*(P*,Q*)

MSB=MB+MEB=MB+0

MSC=MC+MEC

P*: Mc gia t hiu qu xa hi

Q*: Mc sn lng t hiu qu xa hi

MEC

($)

San lng

MC

MSCMB = MSB

Q1

P1

P*

E1

E*E2

E3

Q*

B

0

W1W*0 Lng thai


A

Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2.1. Ngoi ng



Ngoi ng tiu cc

So sanh phc li x hi (PLXH) gia E1 v E*:

TSB TSC PLXH

Q* AE*Q*O BE*Q*O ABE*

Q1 AE1Q1O BE2Q1O ABE* -E*E1E2

PLXH = TSB - TSC

MEC

($)

San lng

MC

MSCMB = MSB

Q1

P1

P*

E1

E*E2

E3

Q*

B

0

W1W*0 Lng thai

A


Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2.1. Ngoi ng



Ngoi ng tch cc

Ham li ich ngoi ng (EB) th hin nhng li ich ca ch th b tac ng tng ng vi cac mc sn lng ca hot ng sn xut gay ra ngoi ng tich cc.

Ham li ich ngoi ng cn bin (MEB) th hin li ich tng thm khi sn xut thm mi n v sn lng.

Mi quan h gia EB va MEB?

MEB

Li ich ($)

San lng (Q)


EB

Qx

Px

Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2.1. Ngoi ng



Ti mc gi P1, lng cung l Q1

Ngoi ng tch cc

Hiu qu ca nhn t c khi:

MB = MC E1(P1,Q1)

Hiu qu x hi t c khi:

MSB = MSCE*(P*,Q*)

MSB=MB+MEB

MSC=MC+MEC=MC+0


MEB

($)

Sn lng

MSC = MC

MSB

Q*

P*

P1E1

E*

E2

Q1

MB

A

B

0

E3

Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2.1. Ngoi ng



Ngoi ng tch cc

So sanh phc li x hi (PLXH) gia E1 v E*:

PLXH = TSB - TSC

TSB TSC PLXH

Q* AE*Q*O BE*Q*O ABE*

Q1 AE2Q1O BE1Q1O ABE* -E*E1E2


MEB

($)

Sn lng

MSC = MC

MSB

Q*

P*

P1E1

E*

E2

Q1

MB

A

B

0

E3

Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2.1. Ngoi ng



Bai toan

Gi s hot ng sn xut xi mng trn thi trng c hm chi ph cn binMC = 16+ 0,04Q, hm li ch cn bin MB = 40 - 0,08Q v hm ngoi ngcn bin MEC/MEB = 8 + 0,04Q

(Trong o Q l sn phm tnh bng tn, P l gi sn phm tnh bng $)

a. Xc nh mc sn xut hiu qu c nhn v gi tng ng?

b. Xc nh mc sn xut hiu qu x hi v gi tng ng?

c. Tnh gi tr thit hi do hot ng sn xut ny gy ra cho x hi?

(So snh phc li x hi)


Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.2.2. Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng



Hng ho cng cngHng ho cng cng (public goods) l hng ho m vic tiudng ca ngi ny khng lm nh hng hay cn tr kh nngtiu dng hng ho o ca nhng ngi khc.

c im:

Khng loi tr (non-excludablity)

Khng cnh tranh (non-rivalry)

Hai c im ny gy ra tht bi th trng

Phn loi:

Hng ho cng cng thun tu

Hng ho bn cng cng


Nguyen Hoang Nam




Cht lng mi trng l hng ha v n c gi tr s dung v gi tr. Trong o, gi tr ca hng ha cht lng mi trng c hnhthnh do:

Sn xut m rng, cht lng mi trng b suy gim vtqu kh nng t phuc hi ca thin nhin, i hi s can thip ca con ngi

Cc chi ph khi phuc cht lng mi trng c tin tha, v tr thnh c s hnh thnh gi tr ca cht lngmi trng.

Hng ha cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng v c 2 thuc tnh: khng loi tr v khng cnh tranh.


Nguyen Hoang Nam




Cht lng mi trng l hng ha cng cng tht bi ca thtrng, dn n:

Xu hng b khai thc s dung qu mc

Do tnh cht khng loi tr ca cht lng mi trng, ngi khai thc cht lng mi trng khng phi try chi ph x hi, nn h c ng lc tham gia khaithc cht lng mi trng nhiu hn, to nn p lcsuy gim cht lng mi trng

Xu hng cung cp khng

Do tnh cht khng loi tr ca cht lng mi trng, nn c s tn ti nhng ngi n khng hay ngi ntheo (free-rider) m khng th kim sot c


Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.3. Cac gii phap kinh t khc phuc nhim MT




2.3.2. nhim ti u



2.3.1. Nguyn l ca cc gii php kinh t2.3.2. nhim ti u2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc2.3.4. Cc gii php th trng

Nguyen Hoang Nam



Nguyn l: chi ph hoc li ch pht sinh phi c thanh ton

Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin (Polluter Pays Principle -PPP ) hoc

Ngi lm li cho mi trng phi c h tr

Muc tiu ca cc gii php kinh t l mc nhim ti u



Nguyen Hoang Nam

2.3.2. nhim ti u



Mc nhim ti u (hay mc cht lng mi trng ti u) lmc nhim m ti o li ch rng x hi l ln nht (NSB max) hoc chi ph x hi l nh nht (NSC min)

Mc nhim ti u cha chc l mc nhim bng 0

Mc nhim ti u ca cc nc khc nhau c th khc nhau


Salt Lake City

Nguyen Hoang Nam



C 2 cch tip cn c bn t mc nhim ti u:

Kim sot sn lng (gi thit vi trnh , quy trnh kthut nht nh th sn lng s c quan h thun vi lngthi)

Kim sot lng thi



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Kim sot sn lng: sao cho sn lng thc t mc hiu qux hi (Q*). V ti Q*, li ch rng ca x hi l ln nht (NSB max khiMSB=MSC)

Cng cu kinh t nhm kim sot sn lng:

Thu nhim ti u (Thu Pigou)

Tr cp


2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot sn lng

Arthur Cecil Pigou(1877-1959)

Nguyen Hoang Nam



Thu nhim ti u (Pigouvian tax - t*)Thu nhim ti u l khon thu m ngi gy nhim phi trcn c vo thit hi do vic x thi gy nhim ca h gy ra.

Nguyn tc xc nh mc thu: t* = MEC (Q*)

Hiu qu c nhn:MB = MC Q1

Hiu qu xa hi:MSB = MSC Q*

anh thu dch chuynng cung

MEC

($)

MC

MSC

MB = MSB

Q1

P1

P*

E1

E*

Q*

A

B

0

W1W*0 Lng thai

MC + t*

E2P2



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Thu nhim ti u (Pigouvian tax - t*)Thay i v phc li x hi:

Doanh thu thu ca Nh nc:T = t*x Q* = P*E*E2P2

Thng d sn xut (PS):

Trc thu:

PS1 = P1xQ1 TC(Q1) = P1E1B

Sau thu:

PS* = P*xQ* TC(Q*) T = P2E2B

Gim P1E1E2P2 Thng d tiu dng (CS)

Trc thu: CS1 = TB(Q1) P1xQ1= P1E1ASau thu: CS* = TB(Q*) P*xQ*= P*E*A Gim P1E1E*P*

MEC

($)

MC

MSC

MB = MSB

Q1

P1

P*

E1

E*

Q*

A

B

0

W1W*0 Lng thai

MC + t*

E2P2



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Thu nhim ti u (Pigouvian tax - t*)

u im: Tn dung c b my ca ngnh Thu

Nhc im:

Khng phn bit gia doanh nghip c cng ngh sch vkhng sch Khng khuyn khch c vic p dung cngngh mi v cng ngh gim thi

Ch p dung khi kim sot s nhim do loi cht thi c linquan n 1 hay 1 s t sn phm (VD: nhim phng x, chtrong khng kh); khng th p dung kim sot nhimbui, nhim hu c ngun nc



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Tr cp (Pigouvian subsidy - s*)Vi ngoi ng tch cc, nh nc tr cp khuyn khch tng snlng = mc sn lng ti u x hi (Q*)Nguyn tc xc nh tr cp: s* = MEB (Q*)

($)

Snlng

MC

Q*

E*

P*

P1

MEB

MSB

E1

Q1

MB

E2MB + s*

Tr cp cho ngi tiu dng Tr cp cho ngi sn xut

($)

Snlng

MC

Q*

E*

P*

P1

MEB

MSB

E1

Q1

MB

E2

MC - s*



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Bai toan

Gi s hot ng sn xut xi mng trn thi trng c hm chi ph cn binMC = 16+ 0,04Q, hm li ch cn bin MB = 40 - 0,08Q v hm ngoi ng cnbin MEC/MEB = 8 + 0,04Q(Trong o Q l sn phm tnh bng tn, P l gi sn phm tnh bng $)

a. Xc nh mc sn xut hiu qu c nhn v gi tng ng?b. Xc nh mc sn xut hiu qu x hi v gi tng ng?c. So snh phc li x hi ti mc hot ng ti u c nhn v x hi thyc thit hi do hot ng sn xut ny gy ra cho x hi?d. iu chnh hot ng v mc ti u x hi, cn p dng mc thu lbao nhiu? Tnh tng doanh thu thu?e. Thu mi trng c phn b nh th no cho ngi sn xut vngi tiu dng?f. So snh thng d sn xut trc v sau khi p dng thu mi trng?g. Th hin kt qu trn th?



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Kim sot lng thi: sao cho lng thi thc t mc thi tiu (W*)

Mc thi ti u:

Mc thi ti u l mc thi m ti o chi ph x hi do vic xthi gy nhim mi trng ca hot ng sn xut l nh nht.

Chi ph x hi bao gm chi ph gim thi ca ngi sn xut v chi ph thit hi ca nhng ngi b tc ng do s nhim mitrng.

Chi ph x hi = AC + DC

Trong o,

AC (Abatement Cost): Tng chi ph gim thi

DC (Damage Cost): Tng chi ph thit hi


2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Kim sot lng thi

Nguyen Hoang Nam



Tng chi ph gim thi (AC): l nhng khon chi ph ca ngi snxut gim lng thi t hot ng sn xut a vo mi trng. Chi ph gim thi c th l chi ph lin quan n hot ng x lcht thi, ci tin cng ngh sn xut, ti ch - ti s dung, dngsn xut

Hm chi ph gim thi cnbin (MAC) phn nh miquan h gia chi ph gimthi tng thm khi gimthm 1 n v cht thi avo mi trng

MAC

Chi ph($)

Lng thi

(t)WmW

CE



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Tng chi phi thit hi (DC) bao gm nhng chi phi, thit hi ca ch th b tac ng v ca x hi pht sinh do hot ng sn xut gy nhim mi trng. Ham chi phi thit hi cn bin (MDC) th hin chi phi, thit hi tng thm khi x thi thm mi n v cht thi vo mi trng

MDC

Chi phi ($)

Lng thi W (t)

MDC

Chi phi ($)

Lng thi W (t)

MDC

Chi phi ($)

Lng thi W (t) W0



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Xc nh mc thi ti u

Mc thi ti u dn ti mc nhim ti u. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh ncnhm t mc thi ti u l chun mc thi, ph thi, giy php x thi c thchuyn nhng



MAC

Chi ph($)

Lng thi - W

WmW*

A1

E*

MDC

0 W1W2

A2 B1

B2

Cm

C0

Nguyen Hoang Nam



Chun mc thiChun mc thi l gii hn do lut php quy nh cho php ngi snxut c thi mt lng nht nh cht thi vo mi trng. Ni cchkhc, chun mc thi l mc thi ti a cho php c quy nh bi lutphp.

Cch xc nh: WS = W*

Chi ph mi trng ca DN l: AC

u im: Kim sot cht ch, kp thivi cht thi c hi

Nhc im: Khng linh hot phnng vi nhng bin ng thtrng

P*

W1 W2

A

B

C

Pht

Wm

MACChi ph($)

Lng thi(t)W*=WS

E*

(S)



0

Nguyen Hoang Nam



Ph thiPh thi l khon tin m ngi sn xut phi tr cho mi n v thi camnhCch xc nh: Mc ph (f) = MAC(W*) Tng ph np (F) = f x W*

Chi ph mi trng ca DN l:

AC + F

u im: Cho php doanh nghip chng la chn mc thi trn c sso snh MAC vi f

Nhc im: Khng linh hot phnng vi nhng bin ng thtrng

MACChi ph($)

Lng thi(t)WmW*

f*E*

W1 W2

A

B

C

(F)

D



0

Nguyen Hoang Nam



Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng

Giy php x thi l giy php do c quan qun l mi trng ban hnh, cho php doanh nghip c thi 1 lng nht nh 1 loi cht thi vomi trng

Giy php x thi c th trao i, mua bn ty theo nhu cu v kh nnggim thi ca cc doanh nghip.

C ch vn hnhBc 1: Xc nh tng s lng giy php x thiBc 2: Pht hnh giy php x thi cho cc doanh nghipBc 3: Doanh nghip quyt nh vic mua, bn giy php ty theo

iu kin ca DN hnh thnh th trng giy php x thiBc 4: C quan qun l qun l s hot ng ca th trng giy

php



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhngPhn tch hnh vi ca ngi x thi:

Gi s c 2 doanh nghip nm gn nhau cng x thi 1 loi cht thi, v ththit hi mi trng cn bin l nh nhau bt k l do n v cht thi canh my no. Tuy nhin, do quy trnh sn xut khc nhau, nn 2 DN cMAC khc nhau (MAC1 > MAC2). Muc tiu chnh sch: Gim tng lngthi t 2Wm xung WmCp gip php cho mi DN: Wp = Wm/2

Vi gi giy php P, cc doanh nghip siu chnh lng thi:

W1 + W2 = Wm ; W1 = W1*; W2 = W2

*

Kt qu: DN1 mua, DN2 bn

Lng mua v bn: W1*- Wp WP

S giy php

Wm

MAC1Chi ph($)

Lng thi

MAC2

P

W1*W2

*

AB

C

DE



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng

u im: t c mc thi mong mun vi chi ph thp nht (t hiu qu chi

ph) Khuyn khch cc doanh nghip u t gim thi c th bn giy

php T ng iu chnh vi nhng bin ng ca th trng

Nhc im: i hi th trng pht trin c nhiu ngi mua, ngi bn giy

php th trng giy php cnh tranh Khng p dung c vi cc loi cht thi c hi



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Bi ton 1

Gi s c 2 hng sn xut ha cht thi xung dng sng gy nhim ngunnc dng sng. gim mc nhim, cc hng a lp t cc thit b x lnc. Cho bit chi ph gim thi cn bin ca hng nh sau :MAC1 = 800 QMAC2 = 600 0.5Q

a. Nu c quan qun l mi trng mun tng mc thi 2 hng ch cn1000m3 bng bin php thu mt mc ph thi ng u cho 2 hng th cnt ra mc ph l bao nhiu?b. Xc nh tng mc ph ca mi hng?c. Nu c quan qun l vn mun t mc tiu chun mi trng nh trcnhng ch quy nh chun mc thi ng u cho 2 hng th chi ph gimthi mi hng?



Nguyen Hoang Nam



Bi ton 2C 3 doanh nghip sn xut cng loi sn phm v thi ra cng loi cht thi. Hm chi ph x l cht thi cn bin ca 3 doanh nghip ny ln lt l:

MAC1= 380 10W MAC2 = 80 W MAC3 = 100 5W. Trong o, W la lng thi tinh bng tn, chi phi tinh bng USDa. Xac nh lng thi ca mi doanh nghip khi khng co quy nh ca c quan qun l mi

trng.b. C quan qun l mi trng mun gim tng lng thi ca ba doanh nghip xung cn 60

tn bng vic quy nh chun mc thi ng u cho cc doanh nghip. Hay tinh lng thi va chi phi tuan th ca mi doanh nghip.

c. Nu c quan qun l mi trng quyt nh phan phi min phi cho mi doanh nghip 20giy php x thi tng ng vi quyn c thi 20 tn cht thi va cac giy php nay co th c mua ban trn th trng. Gi s gia giy php trn th trng la 60USD/giy php.- Vi mc gia nay, cac doanh nghip co tin hanh trao i giy php vi nhau khng? - Doanh nghip nao s ban giy php va ban bao nhiu? Doanh nghip nao mua giy php va mua bao nhiu?- Vic mua va ban giy php o mang li li ich rng la bao nhiu cho mi doanh nghip?

d. Cng cac iu kin nh cau hi 2, nu gia giy php trn th trng la 10$/giy php, cac doanh nghip co trao i giy php vi nhau hay khng? Ti sao?

e. Minh ha kt qu bng th



Nguyen Hoang Nam



H thng t cc hon tr

Trong h thng t cc - hoan tr, ngi tiu dng phi tr mt khon tin cho ch ca hang khi mua cac sn phm ma sau o co th tai ch, tai s dung (nh bia, nc ngt ng trong chai thu tinh, c quy t, may git c). Khon tin nay s c hoan li nu sau o, khi ngi tiu dng em tr li thu tinh, c quy t cho ca hang hoc mt im thu gom nao o tai ch, tai s dung.


2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Cc cng cu khc

Nguyen Hoang Nam



K qu bo v mi trng

K qu bo v mi trng la vic ca nhan hay t chc trc khi tin hanh hot ng sn xut hay kinh doanh c xac nh la gay ra nhng thit hi cho mi trng phi co ngha vu gi mt khon tin hoc kim khi qui, a qui hoc cac giy t tr gia c bng tin (gi chung la tin) vao tai khon phong to ti mt t chc tin dung m bo thc hin ngha vu phuc hi mi trng do hot ng sn xut hay kinh doanh gay ra theo quy nh ca phap lut.


2.3.3. Cc cng cu kinh t ca nh nc\Cc cng cu khc

Ta n s x th no hiu qu nht? Nu quyn ti sn (i vi dng sng) thuc v c s trng ng, liu c th t

c lng thi ti u W* m khng cn s can thip ca nh nc (bng ThuPigou, chun thi, ph thi)?

Nguyen Hoang Nam





Trng hp: c s trng ng u ngun v ngi anh c cui ngun camt dng sng

Quyn ti sn c quan trng khng?

Quyn ti sn trong kinh t hc(Property rights) v quyn s hutrong lut (Ownership rights) lquyn c quy nh bi lut php,cho php mt c nhn, mt doanhnghip hay mt cng ng quynchim hu, s dung v nh ot ivi mt ngun lc/ti sn no o.

Nguyen Hoang Nam



M hnh tha thun nhim

nh l Coase:Khi cc bn c th tha thun m chiph giao dch l khng ang k, c chth trng s lm cho hot ngchng nhim tr nn c hiu qubt k quyn ti sn c n nhnh th no.

Ronald Harry Coase (1910-2013)Nhn gii Nobel nm 1991



Coase, 1960

Nguyen Hoang Nam




M hnh tha thun nhim

Vy vi iu kin

Chi ph giao dch khng ang k

Quyn ti sn c n nh r rng

Cc bn s t tha thun t ti mc lng thi ti u


Ngun clip: Learn liberty

Nguyen Hoang Nam




2.3.4. Cac gii phap th trng

M hnh tha thun nhim

Mt s v d thc t

Ngi khai thc s bin vcc cng ty du bangLouisiana

Cc tp oan m rng lnhvc sn xut, tr thnh cctp oan a lnh vc s humt vng cha nhiu ngunlc khc nhau

Nguyen Hoang Nam





M hnh tha thun nhim

Hn ch ca nh l Coase Quyn s hu i vi ti sn mi trng thng khng c

xc nh r rng Chi ph giao dch ln pht sinh trong qu trnh am phn ca

cc bn lin quan Thi chin lc ca cc bn d lm am phn tht bi Nhiu vn mi trng lin quan n cc th h tng lai,

vy ai s i din cho th h tng lai C th tn ti nhng e da trong qu trnh am phn lm am

phn tht bi

Nguyen Hoang Nam



Kin i bi thng

Khi cc am phn tht bi, cc bn c th nh n s can thip ca nhnc di hnh thc 1 vu kin. Ta n s xc nh mc bi thng Kin i bi thng l gii php th trng mang mu sc php lut

Hn ch ca gii php kin i bi thng: Quyn s hu i vi ti sn mi trng thng khng c xc nh

r rng Chi ph ln do cc vu kin mi trng thng ko di, phm vi nh

hng rng Vu kin mi trng cng l mt dng ngoi ng tch cc xy ra t

hn nhu cu thc ca x hi C th ta n phn x khng cng bng



Nguyen Hoang Nam Chng II: Kinh t hc cht lng mi trng

kinh tế học chất lượng môi trường

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