B CNG THNGTRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM TP. HCM

Tiu lun c hc mi trng

GVHD:Trn Thy NhnSTTH tnMSSV

1Dng anh Tun2009120044

2Nguyn Vn Quc2009120111

3Nguyn Thnh Tun2009120107

4L ng Huy

I. Khi nim c cht dung mi Dung mil mt cht lng, rn, hoc kh dng ha tan mt cht tan rn, lng, hoc kh khc, to thnh mt dung dch c th ha tan trong mt th tch dung mi nht nh mt nhit quy nh. c trng chung ca dung mi l tnh d bay hi, c th tan trong m cng c th tan trong nc, nn c nhiu kh nng gy tc ng c hi n con ngi qua ng h hp,ng thi c th gy chuyn ha sinh hc bn trong c th con ngi. Mt s cht dung mi hu c ph bin c tc ng nh hng xu n sc kho con ngi gm cc cht VOCs, Benzen, Toluen.II. Ngun gc ca c cht dung mi.

a phn cc dung mi c ngun gc nhn to.Dung mi c sn xut ra ch yu nhm phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghip.Ngi ta chia dung mi ra loi l dung mi hu c v dung mi v c.Trong cc dung mi c th gy nh hng xu n con ngi thng l cc dung mi hu c, cc dung mi v c (tr nc) thng c gii hn trong nghin cu ha hc v mt s quy trnh cng ngh.

VD: dung mi hu c c s dng ch yu trong cng tc lm sch kh (v d nh tetrachlorethylene), cht pha long sn (v d nh toluene,nha thng), cht ty. Dung mi hu c l loi dung mi cha nguyn t ccbon hu c (Ccbon trong cu trc cc cht hu c). Dung mi hu c c s dng ch yu trong cng tc lm sch kh (v d nh tetrachlorethylene), cht pha long sn (v d nh toluene, nha thng), cht ty sn nh bng mng tay v cc dung mi ty keo (acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate), trong ty ti ch (v d nh hexane, petrol ether), trong cht ty ra (citrus terpenes).III. Phn loi c cht dung mi. Cc dung mi hu c c th tan trong m cng nh c th tan trong nc, ng thi chng c th chuyn ha sinh hc trong c th ngi.

Nhng dung mi tan trong m, khi i vo c th th chng tch t trong cc m m bao gm c h thn kinh.

Nhng dung mi tan trong nc, th khi tip xc vi da, cc dung mi ny ha tan trong m hi v i vo cth, ri sau chng c th phn b khp ni trong c th.

Nhng dungmi khng b chuyn ha sinh hc th c th b o thi ra ngoi theonc tiu.

Cn i vi nhng dung mi chuyn ha sinh hc th s trao i cht xut hin trong nc tiu v tc thi ca chng ph thucvo s tip xc cc dung mi ti ni lm vic.

i vi tt c cc ha cht dung mi, s gim st sinh hc c th bao gm c vic c lngnng cc hp cht khng thay i trong mu.

Tt c cc dung mi hu c u c mt c tnh chung l nhanh chng hp th trong phi v khi b nhim cc c cht dung mi th chng lm cn tr qu trnh trao i cht ca c th.

C nhiu loi dung mi hu c gy c cp tnh v mn tnh cho ngi v ng vt khi tip xc trc tip vi chng.

Sau y l mt s loi dung mi tiu biu m chng ta thng s dng trong cc phng thin ghim hoc trong sn xut:

Benzen (C6H6) : Benzen l mt hydrocacbon thm, cht lng khng mu, d bay hi, dung mi ha tan c nhiu cht nh m, cao su, vecni, da si, vi len v.vv. Benzen l mt nguyn liu quan trng trong sn xut cng nghip, tuy nhin do benzen c c tnh cao nn mt s nc nc c lut cm s dng benzen. Rt nhiu cng vic m cng nhn phi tip xc trc tip vi benzen nh sn xut du m, than ; cng nghip ha cht, cng nghip sn xut sn, vecni, men, mc in; cng nghip dt, thuc da, sn xut vi si, len. Toluen (C6H5CH3) :Toluen l cht lng, d chy, t bay hi hn benzen v ha tan c trong nhiu cht. Toluen c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip sn xut sn, nha thng, ko, sn xut cao su, trng km. Xylene:

Xylene cng l mt loi dung mi hu c. Nhn chung, xylene t

c hn v t c s dng hn so vi toluene. Xylene c s dng

trong sn xut sn, vecni v tng hp cc thuc nhum; xylene cng

c thm vo cht t nh l cht ph gia. Xylene c ng dng trong phng th nghim tng hp paraffin.

Carbon tetrachloride:

Cng thc CCl4, nhit si 77,2oC, p sut bay hi 20oC l 91

mmHg. Carbon tetrachloride phn hy thnh phosgene (COCl2) v

hydrochloric acid di tc dng nhit. CCl4 c s dng nh l mt dungmi v cc cht trung gian trong cc qu trnh cng nghip.

Tetrachloroethane:

Tetrachloroethane c s dng nh l mt cht trung gian sn

xut tetrachloroethylene v trichloroethylene. Tetrachloroethane c s

dng rng ri. Tuy nhin, y l mt loi dung mi cc c nn hin nay

n c thay th bng cc dung mi khc.

Methylene chloride (dichlormethane):

Methylene chloride l loi dung mi bay hi mnh, c s dng

trong sn xut phim cellulose acetate v cng l mt thnh phn ca sn.

Carbon disulfide (CS2):Carbon disulfide c bit n t nm 1850; ha cht ny c

coi nh l mt loi dung mi ha tan cao su v n c s dng trong sn

xut si t nhn to v lm cht trung gian sn xut pht pho.

Mt ng dng quan trng ca CS2 l lm si t nhn to. Trong

qu trnh sn xut si t nhn to th sn phm ca cc qu trnh ha hc to ra sn phm cui l H2SO3.IV.c tnh c th ca cc loi c cht dung mi. Benzene:

Benzene l mt loi dung mi ha tan c rt nhiu cht nh m,

cao su, vecni, da, si, vi, len Trong cng nghip ha hc, benzene

c s dng trong qu trnh tng hp.

a) Tnh cht

Benzene l mt hydrocarbon thm, c cng thc C6H6 c chit t

than hoc du m.

Benzene l mt cht lng khng mu, d bay hi, c mi. Nng

chy nhit 5,48oC, si 80 C. nhit bnh thng, benzene nh hn nc, d = 0,87g. Hi benzene nng hn khng kh, 1 lt hi benzene iu kin tiu chun nng 3,25g. Khi benzene hn hp vi khng kh t l 1,4 6% c kh nng gy n.

b) Tc hi

Benzene hp th thng qua phi v qua da. Khi tip xc liu cao

gy c cp tnh, suy gim thn kinh trung ng, gy chng mt, nhc

u, ngp th v dn n ri lon tiu ha nh km n, xung huyt nim

mc ming, nn, ri lon huyt hc, thiu mu. Khi ngng tip xc vi

benzene bnh vn b ko di do benzene tch ly trong cc m m, ty

xng gy ra bnh bch cu. Nu b nhim mn tnh th gy xo trn

ng d dy, rut, nhim sc th bch cu, gy xo trn DNA di truyn.

Hp cht ca benzene phc tp khi chuyn ha thnh sinh hc, benzene

d dng kt hp vi protein hoc nucleic acid trong c th.

c) Liu lng gy c: 10 15g hp th trong c th, gy t vong

cho ngi v ng vt. Toluene

a) Tnh chtToluene (methylbenzene) c cng thc C6H5CH3 l cht lng, nhit

si 110,6oC, p sut bay hi 31oC l 40 mmHg, c t trng nh hn

nc d = 0,8, t bay hi hn so vi benzene, ha tan nhiu cht, c s

dng lm dung mi thay th. Toluene l mt loi dung mi d bt chy.

Toluene c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip nh sn xut

sn, nha thng, keo. Toluene c coi nh l mt loi dung mi trong

sn xut cao su, trng phim km. y cng l nguyn liu th cho cc

phn ng tng hp hu c.

b) Tc hi

Khi ht phi, toluene hp th vo phi, cn khi tip xc trn da th

toluene i qua ng da; v toluene c tnh tan tt trong m nn n i qua

da, tan mt phn trong lp m di da v tch t li ti cc m m, nh

hng n h thn kinh v no. i vi ngi, khi nghin mt th g

th d b nhim toluene hn l ngi khng nghin. Khi b nhim toluene

nng th khng c thuc gii c v dn n ci cht.

c) Nhim cp tnh

Khi b nhim trn 100 mg/kg toluene, gy ra hin tng hoa mt,

chong vng, au u, co git v c kh nng dn n hn m. Toluene

khng tc ng n h thn kinh ngoi bin v di s tip xc toluene

bnh thng th chng cng khng gy nguy him cho b no.

d) Nhim mn tnh

Ht phi kh toluene thng xuyn s c nhng triu trng nhc

u, chn n, xanh xao, thiu mu, tun hon mu khng bnh thng.

Nu phi lm vic lin tc trong tnh trng tip xc vi toluene s dn

n tnh trng thn th, mt tr nh v d xc ng.

Xylene

a) Tnh cht

Xylene cng l mt loi dung mi hu c. Nhn chung, xylene t

c hn v t c s dng hn so vi toluene. Xylene c s dng

trong sn xut sn, vecni v tng hp cc thuc nhum; xylene cng

c thm vo cht t nh l cht ph gia. Xylene c ng dng nhiu

trong phng th nghim tng hp paraffin.

b) Tc hi

Khi ht phi hi xylene th t 60 65% c gi li trong phi,

gy tn thng cho phi. Khi tip xc vi xylene th n c hp th

qua da v o thi qua nc tiu. Qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc ca

xylene cng ging nh toluene: khi c th b nhim xylene th xylene s

chuyn ha thnh methylhippuric acid v du hiu ny tm thy trong

nc tiu.

Ngi ta cha pht hin nhim mn tnh bi xylene. Tuy nhin,

nhng cng nhn lm vic, khi tip xc vi xylene, u phn nn rng,

h cm thy c v ngt trong ming v gy bt rt kh chu, ng thi

b mc chng vim da. Carbon tetrachloride

a) Tnh cht

Cng thc CCl4, nhit si 77,2oC, p sut bay hi 20oC l 91

mmHg. Carbon tetrachloride phn hy thnh phosgene (COCl2) v

hydrochloric acid di tc dng nhit. CCl4 c s dng nh l mt dung

mi v cc cht trung gian trong cc qu trnh cng nghip.

b) Tc hi

CCl4 lm suy gim v tn thng hu ht cc t bo trong c th,

nh h thng thn kinh trung ng, gan v cc mch mu. Tnh nhim

c xut hin dn n suy nhc cc c quan ni bo, c tim c th b

suy yu v chng gy lon nhp tim, tm tht; xut hin nh hng cc

cht c n tt c cc b phn. Suy thoi thn, phi c th dn n

suy thoi m. Mng trong mch mu c th b tn thng. Biu hin

chnh khi b nhim c carbon tetrachloride l hn m, vng da.

c) Nhim c cp tnh

Do ht phi v do nhim c qua da vi liu lng ln. Liu gy c

cho ngi ln l 2 5 ml, gii hn tip xc l 5 ppm. Khi b ng c, nn nhn b au bng, bun nn, i ma chng mt, mch b chm hoc btthng h huyt p. Nu tnh li, bnh nhn c cc triu trng nh bunnn, bing n... khong mt hai tun sau c biu hin tn hi n gan,vng da; tn hi v thn, tng cn t ngt nng dn n hn m.

d) Nhim c mn tnh

Khi nhim c nng thp do tip xc thng xuyn vi CCl4

th bnh nhn c cc triu chng nh mt mi, bing n, nn ma thng

xuyn, bng kh chu c cm gic lc no cng nh bun nn, mt

khng nhn r, mt tr nh v mt kh nng nhn bit mu, vim da

Tetrachloroethane

a) Tnh cht

Tetrachloroethane c s dng nh l mt cht trung gian sn

xut tetrachloroethylene v trichloroethylene. Tetrachloroethane c s

dng rng ri. Tuy nhin, y l mt loi dung mi cc c nn hin nay

n c thay th bng cc dung mi khc.

b) Qu trnh hp th tetrachloroethane

Khi ht phi hoc tip xc loi dung mi ny, n c hp th qua

phi v da; sau , n c bi tit ra ngoi nhng qu trnh bi tit din

ra chm. Qu trnh hp th cht ny vo c th din ra phc tp.

c) Tc hi

Tetrachloroethane l loi dung mi c nht ca nhm chlorine

hydrocarbon. Tetrachloroethane c mi ging nh mi ca chloroform

nhng kh nng gy m ca n cao hn gp hai hay ba ln chloroform.

Tetrachloroethane gy ra hai hi chng c bit, l nhim c

h thn kinh v tc ng trc tip v mnh m ln gan. Ngi ta thy

rng, cc ph n, trong qu trnh sn xut ngc trai nhn to, phi tip

xc vi loi dung mi ny khin h d b rng mnh, chng mt v au

u. Nu tip xc nng ln hn th c triu chng au gan v kt

qu b vng da, c th dn n ci cht.

Methylene chloride (dichlormethane)

a) Tnh cht

Methylene chloride l loi dung mi bay hi mnh, c s dng

trong sn xut phim cellulose acetate v cng l mt thnh phn ca sn.

b) Qu trnh hp th ca methylene chloride

Methylene chloride hp th qua phi v c th hp th qua da. Khi

i vo c th, methylene chloride chuyn i thnh CO2, qua giai on

trung gian l carbon monoxide kt hp vi hemoglobin to thnh

carboxyhemoglobin. Sau khi b ng c methylene chloride khong 150

ppm th n s to ra sn phm tng ng carborxyhemoglobin v 35

ppm carbon monoxide trong cng mt thi gian. Trong c hai trng hp,carboxyhemoglobin tng ln khong 5%. Nhng ngi nghin thuc l,khi b nhim methylene chloride th lng carboxyhemoglobin s cao hnngi khng ht thuc l.

c) Tc hi

Methylene chloride c tnh cht gy m. Tip xc khong 300 ppm

th ngi trong tnh trng bun ng; khi tip xc vi liu cao hn th

ngi tip xc s b mt tr nh. Ngi ta khm ph ra rng, khi tip

xc lu di vi methylene chloride th ngi tip xc d b bnh v tim.

Carbon disulfide (CS2)

a) Gii thiu

Carbon disulfide c bit n t nm 1850; ha cht ny c

coi nh l mt loi dung mi ha tan cao su v n c s dng trong snxut si t nhn to v lm cht trung gian sn xut pht pho.

Mt ng dng quan trng ca CS2 l lm si t nhn to. Trong

qu trnh sn xut si t nhn to th sn phm ca cc qu trnh ha hc

to ra sn phm cui l H2SO3.

b) Qu trnh hp th ca CS2

Con ng b nhim CS2 l do ht phi hi CS2 bay hi, n i qua

phi chim n 7090%, nhng cng xy ra khi cht ny hp th qua da.

Khi carbon disulfide i vo c th th chng kt hp vi cc amino acid,

cc cht tiu ha v cc protein trong mu v trong cc m. Qu trnh

oxy ha to ra CO2 v gii phng ra gc sulfur, kt hp vi men

cytochrome P450. Kt qu ca qu trnh l to ra gc oxygen t do v

oxygen t do ny s ph hy men cytochrome. Ngi ta tm thy hp

cht c cha sulfur trong nc tiu ca nhng cng nhn lm vic tip

xc vi carbon disulfide.

c) Tc hi ca carbon disulfide

Carbon disulfide l mt h c a dng, n gy nhiu tc ng

m ngi ta khm ph ra. Ch yu nht, ng c CS2 lm cho mt tr

nh, gy ri lon tm thn, gy tc gin mt cch v c m khng t kim ch c, mt ng, nh hng n h tun hon mu, gy bnh tim.

V. MT S LOI C CHT DUNG MI KHC. Carbontetracholoride (CCI4)

Ngun gc: Dung mi hu c dng e dp tt la v lm sch, kh dng trong gia nh v trong cng nghip.Tc ng ca c cht

Phng thc i vo c th: Cht ny i vo c th ch yu qua ng h hp, d dng tch t trong m m, mt na lng hp th c chuyn ha o thi ra ngoi.Tetrachloride hp th qua ng h hp thng tch t trong thn v tc ng ln thn, hp th qua ng tiu ha thng tch t trong gan v tc ng ln gan.CCl4 trong c th d dng tc dng vi cc enzyme trong c th to ra gc t do CCl3+ lm tng tnh kim trong c th v lm mt hot tnh enzyme. Gc CCl3+ gy c cc mnh cho t bo.Biu hin nhim c: tc ng ln h thn kinh v gan. Ngi tip xc vi loi dung mi ny hay b rng mnh, chng mt v au u. Nu tip xc lu s nh hng ti gan dn ti vng da v c th cht. Methylene chloride (CM7CI7)

Gii thiu chung:Methylene l cht lng khng mu, c nhit si thp (40oC), d ha hi, t tan trong nc tan tt trong ru, ete, aceton v cloroform. c s dng trong sn xut fim xenlulo accetate v trong sn, cao su; lm sch cc thit b; dng chit tinh du hublong, chit cafein,...Tc ng gy hi

Phng thc i vo c th:Methylen chloride i vo c th qua da v ng h hp, trong ch yu l qua ng h hp.Khi vo c th cht ny s c chuyn ha nh h enzyme Cyp450 thnh CO2. Cht trung gian ca qu trnh chuyn ha ny l cacbon monoxide tc dng vi Hemoglobin trong mu gy c h h hp.Methylene chloride nhanh chng c o thi ra ngoi sau khi i vo c th. ng o thi ch yu l qua kh th v qua nc tiu.Biu hin nhim c:Methylen chloride l cht c thn kinh, c tnh cht gy m. Tip xc vi nng ppm th ngi tip xc trong tnh trng ng. Nu tip xc vi nng cao hn s gy mt tr nh. Biu hin ca nhim c bun nn, kh th, ho, tc ngc, .v c th t vong khi nng c cht cao. Carbon disulfide (CS?)

Ngun gc: Carbon disulfide l dung mi ha tan cao su v c s dng trong sn xut si t nhn to v lm cht trung gian sn xut photpho.Phng thc i vo c th: Carbon disulfide i vo c th ch yu qua ng h hp (khong 90%) v mt phn hp th qua da.Khi vo trong c th cht ny tc dng vi cc amino axit, protein trong mu v trong cc m.Sn phm chuyn ha ca disulfide kt hp vi men cytochrome P450 lm gim kh nng chuyn ha cht c ca men ny.Tc ng: Nhng biu hin khi nhim c CS2 l mt tr nh, gy ri lon tm thn, d tc gin, mt ng, h tun hon mu b suy yu gy ra bnh tim.VI. nh hng ca cc c cht dung mi trong thc tTrong thc t hin nay vic s dng cc dung mi hu c trong sn xut ,ch bin,trong cc ngnh cng nghip l khng th thiu.V nhng nh hng ca n n sc khe con ngi l iu khng th trnh khi.Nhng dung mi hu c chng ta c th bit n nh benzene, Toluene,.vv,nhng dung mi theo nhiu cch khc nhau nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip n con ngi,nh th ch nh hng n sc khe con ngi trong mt thi gian ngn,hoc nng hn c th nh hng di hn v li nhng di chng nng n,trng hp xu c th nh hng n tnh mng.

Mt vi v d thng xy ra trong thc t

S vic gn 2000 cng nhn tp on Hongfu Vit nam b hi chng nhim c thn kinh do mi trng lm vic c dung mi hu c qu cao m c th l dung mi hidrocacbon, etyl axetat v N-propyn axetat. Gy chng mt, au u, bun nn, mt mi, ho, kh th v mu thiu xy.

- Bnh nhim c Benzen ngh nghip, vi liu thp hn, hm lng khong 20-30 mg/l khng kh, thng thy c giai on kch thch thn kinh, tip n giai on suy sp c th dn n tnh trng try tim, sau 20-30 pht, nn nhn m man.

Hm lng benzen trn l0mg/l gy nhim c bn cp, sau vi gi nn nhn thy kh chu, nhc u, chng mt, nn.Th nhim c nh ging nh ngi say ru. Nim mc mu ti l mt du hiu c in.Trong nhim c cp tnh, benzen nh hng ch yu n no.

Bnhvim da tip xc ngh nghip do dung mi hu c.- Cp tnh:+ Khi pht nhau sau vi pht n vi gi sau tip xc vi dung mi hu c.

+ Xut hin ti ni tip xc, gii hn r.

+ Nh cm gic chm chch, rt bng, da kh cng hoc my ay thong qua.

+ Nng th , ph n, au, mn nc, mn m, lt da, hoi t.

+ Lnh nhanh sau vi ngy hoc vi tun sau khi ngng tip xc.

- Mn tnh:+ Xut hin sau vi tun, vi thng hoc vi nm tip xc vi dung mi hu c

+ Biu hin da, bc vy, da nt n, nga lichen ha, gii hn tn thng khng r rng, d nhim khun th pht. Mt vi cch phng trnh nhim c cht dung mi.iu tr:- Cch ly ngay ngi lao ng ra khi mi trng lao ng c dung mi hu c;

- Ra sch da bng nc sch c th loi b rt nhiu cc cht gy kch ng hoc cht gy d ng t ln da. Hy chc chn ra sch x phng hon ton ra khi c th.

- Dng m corticoid bi vo vng tn thng.

D phng:- Lp t h thng thng gi, ht bi, hi khi c ni sn xut;

- Thng tin tuyn truyn cho ngi lao ng v ch s dng lao ng tc hi ca dung mi hu c i vi sc khe v bin php d phng;

- Trang b y v s dng hiu qu phng tin bo v c nhn;

- Tm ra, thay qun o sau ca lm vic;

- nh k o nng dung mi hu c v nh gi iu kin lm vic ngi lao ng;

- Khm tuyn: khm ton thn ch n cc tn thng vim da v lm xt nghim vi dung mi hu c vi nhng cng nhn s phi lm vic tip xc vi dung mi hu c v khng tuyn nhng cng nhn b nhy cm vi dung mi hu c vo nhng v tr ny;

- Khm sc khe nh k: khm ton din; ch n bnh vim da tip xc v bnh d ng ton thn;

- Khm bnh ngh nghip: thc hin khm bnh ngh nghip cho nhng ngi lao ng lm vic trong mi trng c dung mi hu c theo ng hng dn ca B Y t, ch cc xt nghim cn lm sng pht hin sm bnh vim da tip xc.