KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE: USING PRE-EXISTING NORMS TO

OVERCOME CURRICULAR AND CULTURAL BARRIERS TO

STUDY ABROAD FOR BUSINESS STUDENTS

Bill Burress, Karleigh Koster, Mark Kurt

Introductions

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Presenters

Bill Burress, Associate Director of Study Abroad, Elon University

Dr. Karleigh Koster, Assistant Director for International Programs, Indiana University Kelley School of Business

Dr. Mark Kurt, Associate Professor of Economics, Elon University

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Rationale & Goals

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Why did we propose this session?

We have certain perceptions of student behavior; do our perceptions match student behavior?

How can we use existing behavioral patterns to encourage better outcomes?

Session Goals

Exchange perspectives on distinct needs and challenges of business students

Examine related behavioral patterns to see how needs and challenges translate to participation

Collaborate to propose paths forward

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Literature Review

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Paper Takeaway

Sánchez, Fornerino, and Zhang (2006) US students more likely to study abroad for pleasure than any other reason; students w/ less supportive families more likely to study abroad to learn a skill

Toncar, Reid, and Anderson (2006) Business students more likely to insist on receiving credit, believe SA will enhance career prospects, & view working abroad as more valuable than classes

Hackney, Boggs, and Borozan (2012) Examined factors that influence willingness to study abroad – prior experience is diff. b/w short & long

Li, Olson, and Frieze (2013) Desire to study abroad is positively correlated w/ high neophilia, helping motivation (women) & achievement motivation (men)

Pope, Sánchez, Lehnert (2014) Students in professional degree programs may study abroad for reasons that eliminate gender differences

Research Project

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Comparative between two very different institutions

Graduating seniors in Elon LSB and IU KSB

Survey designed to illuminate:

Program selection habits of students who studied abroad

Barriers faced by students who didn’t study abroad

Demographic variables

Goal: create broad-based profiles of the types of students that pursue various opportunities in order to help ensure that program offerings and student needs are aligned

Survey Background

Administered through Qualtrics

Multi-institution

Indiana University- Kelley School of Business (large public)

Elon University- LSB (medium private)

Population: graduating senior business students

Question Types:

Demographics

Factors for Study Abroad

Factors Against Study Abroad

Questions

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Demographics:

- Origin, ethnicity, gender identity

- Institution, GPA(truncated), major(s) business or non-business

- Times studies abroad, program characteristics

Factors:

For and against studying abroad (See Handout)

5-point Likert Scale

Important for me- Indifferent - Important for me to avoid

RESULTS

Summary Statistics

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Sample SizeNumber of STA ExperiencesGender Ethnicity ResidencyGPAMajor Program Type

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Table Q10: Number of Study Abroad Experiences

# of STA All Elon IU

0 32.7% 14.8% 41.2%

1 46.2% 53.6% 42.7%

2 16.2% 23.5% 12.7%

3 3.5% 7.1% 1.8%

4 1.4% 1.1% 1.6%

N 569 183 386

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Table Q10: Duration

Duration All Elon IU

Short Term 45.3% 46.5% 44.4%

Long Term 54.7% 53.5% 55.6%

N 349 142 207

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Table Q21: Residency

Residency All Elon IU

Out of State 78.8% 91.8% 72.3%

In-State 21.2% 8.2% 27.7%

N 569 183 386

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Table Q16: Gender Identity

Gender All Elon IU

Male 50.4% 49.7% 50.8%

Female 49.0% 48.6% 49.2%

Prefer No Reponse 0.5% 1.6% 0.0%

N 569 183 386

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Table Q8: Ethnicity

Ethnicity All Elon IU

African American 1.4% 2.2% 1.0%

Asian 8.3% 1.6% 11.4%

Hispanic/Latino 1.1% 0.6% 1.3%

Caucasian 86.1% 90.2% 84.2%

Two or more 0.5% 5.5% 1.0%

Other 0.2% 0.0% 0.8%

No Response 2.5% 0.0% 0.3%

N 569 183 386

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Table Q20: GPA

GPA All Elon IU

3.5 or better 50.3% 47.0% 51.8%

3.0-3.49 43.2% 43.7% 43.0%

2.5-2.99 5.6% 7.1% 4.9%

2.0-2.49 0.9% 2.2% 0.3%

Total 569 183 386

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Table Q22: Primary Major

Primary Major ALL Elon IU

ACC 16.2% 13.2% 17.6%

FIN 31.0% 34.1% 29.5%

ECO 6.0% 6.0% 6.0%

MKT 28.2% 22.5% 30.8%

MGT 5.5% 10.4% 3.1%

IB 3.9% 11.0% 0.5%

ENT 2.8% 2.8% 2.9%

Other 6.5% 0.0% 9.6%

N 568 182 386

WHY NOT STUDY ABROAD?

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Table Q28 Factors For Not STA- AllFactors 1 2 3 4 5 1+2 4+5

Factor 1 4.68% 17.54% 9.94% 24.56% 43.27% 22.22% 67.84%

Factor 2 23.98% 30.99% 6.43% 18.13% 20.47% 54.97% 38.60%

Factor 3 1.75% 3.51% 11.70% 30.41% 52.63% 5.26% 83.04%

Factor 4 8.77% 14.04% 19.88% 16.96% 40.35% 22.81% 57.31%

Factor 5 15.79% 33.33% 19.88% 19.30% 11.70% 49.12% 30.99%

Factor 6 2.92% 10.53% 8.77% 23.98% 53.80% 13.45% 77.78%

Factor 7 2.92% 11.70% 12.87% 27.49% 45.03% 14.62% 72.51%

Factor 8 2.34% 10.53% 13.45% 32.16% 41.52% 12.87% 73.68%

Factor 9 2.92% 20.47% 11.70% 19.88% 45.03% 23.39% 64.91%

Factor 10 1.17% 4.68% 10.53% 32.16% 51.46% 5.85% 83.63%

Factor 11 7.60% 18.13% 15.20% 30.41% 28.65% 25.73% 59.06%

Factor 12 7.60% 19.30% 19.30% 26.90% 26.90% 26.90% 53.80%

Factor 13 2.92% 18.71% 14.04% 30.99% 33.33% 21.64% 64.33%

Factor 14 12.28% 22.22% 14.04% 18.13% 33.33% 34.50% 51.46%

Factor 15 11.11% 19.30% 20.47% 22.81% 26.32% 30.41% 49.12%

Factor 16 0.58% 5.26% 19.88% 35.09% 39.18% 5.85% 74.27%

Factor 17 1.75% 5.85% 16.96% 28.07% 47.37% 7.60% 75.44%

Factor 18 20.47% 31.58% 16.96% 15.79% 15.20% 52.05% 30.99%

Factor 19 4.68% 8.77% 23.39% 33.33% 29.82% 13.45% 63.16%

Factor 20 6.43% 12.28% 10.53% 16.37% 54.39% 18.71% 70.76%

30% Threshold 1+2

75% Threshold 4+5

Factors for Not Studying Abroad

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Important Factors

I didn’t think my family could afford it (High)

Enjoyed my home campus and didn’t want to leave (High)

Thought a different type of experience would be more valuable (High)

Didn’t plan until too late

Couldn’t get classes that helped me graduate on time

Unimportant Factors

Wasn’t interested in the locations

Didn’t know anyone else studying abroad

Didn’t think it was safe

Couldn’t decide on a program

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Table Q28 Difference in Factors For Not STA- Elon - IU

Factors 1 2 3 4 5 1+2 4+5

Factor 1 -0.2% 5.9% 4.2% -12.5% 2.5% 5.80% -10.04%

Factor 2 -6.7% -4.3% -7.4% 10.5% 7.8% -10.92% 18.30%

Factor 3 -2.0% 6.4% -8.2% 17.3% -13.5% 4.39% 3.81%

Factor 4 -4.9% 10.0% -12.4% 1.4% 5.9% 5.13% 7.26%

Factor 5 -2.5% -12.2% 18.9% 9.2% -13.4% -14.64% -4.27%

Factor 6 -3.4% 3.6% 5.6% -6.7% 0.9% 0.21% -5.80%

Factor 7 1.9% 2.2% 0.9% -10.7% 5.7% 4.09% -4.97%

Factor 8 -2.7% 8.8% -5.0% -0.4% -0.7% 6.10% -1.10%

Factor 9 -3.4% -2.6% 7.4% 8.5% -9.9% -5.98% -1.46%

Factor 10 3.9% -5.4% 3.6% 15.3% -17.3% -1.49% -2.07%

Factor 11 -3.5% -10.4% 8.6% 1.6% 3.6% -13.88% 5.25%

Factor 12 1.7% -11.7% 19.6% -4.8% -4.8% -10.01% -9.58%

Factor 13 -3.4% 4.6% -0.5% -4.3% 3.5% 1.25% -0.79%

Factor 14 1.6% 21.4% -5.7% 0.1% -17.4% 23.00% -17.33%

Factor 15 8.1% 3.9% 7.8% -0.1% -19.8% 12.05% -19.86%

Factor 16 -0.7% -6.0% 8.5% 17.1% -18.9% -6.71% -1.77%

Factor 17 -2.0% 8.9% 17.1% 4.3% -28.3% 6.92% -23.98%

Factor 18 2.6% -4.9% 6.6% 8.0% -12.2% -2.35% -4.27%

Factor 19 -0.2% 0.4% 4.5% 13.9% -18.6% 0.21% -4.67%

Factor 20 3.1% -3.7% 8.8% -8.4% 0.2% -0.61% -8.18%

14.5% Threshold 1+2

14.5% Threshold 4+5

Note: Negative value means that IU participants found this more important

Different Factors by Institution

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Important Factors

Enjoyed my home campus and didn’t want to leave (IU)

Didn’t plan until too late (Elon)

Unimportant Factors

I didn’t think my family could afford it (Elon)

Didn’t plan until too late (IU)

Couldn’t get classes that helped me graduate on time (IU)

Couldn’t decide on a program (IU)

WHY STUDY ABROAD?

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Table Q31A Overall Factors for Study Abroad ProgramFactor For STA 1 2 3 4 5 1 + 2 4+5

Factor 1 50.8% 29.8% 17.1% 0.8% 1.4% 80.7% 2.21%

Factor 2 29.6% 32.6% 32.9% 1.9% 3.0% 62.2% 4.97%

Factor 3 39.0% 36.5% 20.2% 3.3% 1.1% 75.4% 4.42%

Factor 4 48.9% 33.7% 13.0% 2.8% 1.7% 82.6% 4.42%

Factor 5 40.1% 31.2% 25.1% 2.5% 1.1% 71.3% 3.59%

Factor 6 14.4% 16.3% 41.2% 17.1% 11.0% 30.7% 28.18%

Factor 7 15.2% 29.0% 31.2% 15.2% 9.4% 44.2% 24.59%

Factor 8 48.6% 32.6% 14.6% 2.2% 1.9% 81.2% 4.14%

Factor 9 23.2% 35.1% 32.9% 6.6% 2.2% 58.3% 8.84%

Factor 10 12.4% 19.6% 45.6% 17.7% 4.7% 32.0% 22.38%

Factor 11 12.2% 32.6% 40.6% 9.4% 5.2% 44.8% 14.64%

Factor 12 22.1% 43.1% 29.6% 4.4% 0.8% 65.2% 5.25%

Factor 13 23.8% 34.8% 34.8% 4.4% 2.2% 58.6% 6.63%

Factor 14 6.1% 14.9% 50.6% 14.6% 13.8% 21.0% 28.45%

Factor 15 17.7% 13.8% 42.3% 16.6% 9.7% 31.5% 26.24%

Factor 16 8.8% 22.1% 39.8% 17.1% 12.2% 30.9% 29.28%

Factor 17 14.1% 32.9% 40.6% 6.9% 5.5% 47.0% 12.43%

Factor 18 11.9% 28.2% 45.0% 7.7% 7.2% 40.1% 14.92%

Factor 19 4.7% 19.1% 50.8% 16.3% 9.1% 23.8% 25.41%

70% Threshold 1+2

25% Threshold 4+5

Factors for Studying Abroad

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Important Factors

Courses allow degree progress

Desire to visit this location

Program calendar worked well

Desire to study business

Desire to travel as much as possible

Avoidance Factors

Gain language proficiency

Travel with faculty member from home institution

Others from same social organization on same program

Do internship abroad

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Table Q31F Difference Factors for Study Abroad Program between Elon- IU

Factor For STA 1 2 3 4 5 1 + 2 4+5

Factor 1 -10.52% -7.69% 17.43% 0.86% -0.08% -18.21% 0.78%

Factor 2 -4.94% -6.71% 7.62% 3.53% 0.50% -11.65% 4.03%

Factor 3 5.21% -6.48% 0.86% 0.03% 0.39% -1.28% 0.42%

Factor 4 -14.05% 3.92% 8.57% -0.16% 1.72% -10.13% 1.56%

Factor 5 -10.34% -20.29% 28.79% 2.58% -0.75% -30.63% 1.84%

Factor 6 0.52% 0.63% 11.68% -6.48% -6.35% 1.14% -12.82%

Factor 7 -7.73% -8.55% 15.00% -0.90% 2.18% -16.28% 1.28%

Factor 8 -7.89% 3.53% 2.32% 0.78% 1.25% -4.35% 2.03%

Factor 9 -8.89% -6.40% 16.72% -2.21% 0.78% -15.29% -1.43%

Factor 10 -6.43% 0.66% 9.82% -6.28% 2.23% -5.77% -4.06%

Factor 11 -2.54% -4.43% 3.52% -0.10% 3.56% -6.97% 3.46%

Factor 12 -9.28% -12.11% 16.69% 3.84% 0.86% -21.39% 4.70%

Factor 13 -6.42% -8.21% 12.28% 2.70% -0.36% -14.62% 2.34%

Factor 14 1.01% 1.85% 4.75% -4.51% -3.09% 2.86% -7.60%

Factor 15 0.55% -1.96% 12.07% -6.67% -3.99% -1.41% -10.66%

Factor 16 1.98% -8.14% 14.04% -8.75% 0.87% -6.16% -7.88%

Factor 17 2.13% -4.91% 6.93% -1.55% -2.60% -2.78% -4.15%

Factor 18 -3.21% -5.99% 15.32% -5.24% -0.88% -9.20% -6.12%

Factor 19 1.09% -2.95% 4.28% -0.51% -1.91% -1.86% -2.42%

14.5% Thershold 1+2

10% Threshold 4+5

Note: Negative value means that IU Participants found this factor more important

Difference in Factors by Institution

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Important Factors (IU)

Courses allow degree progress

Desire to study business

English-speaking location

Program would look good on my resumé

Others from same social org on same program

Location relevant to career

Avoidance Factors (IU)

Gain language proficiency

Internship

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Table Q31G Difference Factors for Study Abroad Program between Short - Long TermFactor For STA* 1 2 3 4 5 1 + 2 4+5

Factor 1 -20.45% 5.80% 14.85% 0.74% -0.94% -14.65% -0.20%

Factor 2 -10.39% 5.08% 5.08% -0.83% 1.07% -5.32% 0.24%

Factor 3 -5.70% 9.73% -1.32% -2.92% 0.22% 4.03% -2.70%

Factor 4 6.46% 4.03% -9.57% -0.09% -0.83% 10.49% -0.91%

Factor 5 -10.96% -7.97% 19.43% 0.44% -0.94% -18.93% -0.50%

Factor 6 -13.35% -5.67% 20.59% -4.92% 3.34% -19.01% -1.58%

Factor 7 -6.82% -0.31% 22.62% -5.78% -9.71% -7.14% -15.48%

Factor 8 -20.66% 6.01% 10.94% 5.06% -1.35% -14.65% 3.71%

Factor 9 3.22% 4.47% -2.39% -4.58% -0.72% 7.68% -5.30%

Factor 10 7.56% 6.14% -5.76% -7.65% -0.28% 13.70% -7.93%

Factor 11 -1.70% -1.97% 2.61% 2.91% -1.85% -3.67% 1.05%

Factor 12 0.80% 9.58% -10.61% 0.13% 0.11% 10.37% 0.24%

Factor 13 3.33% -4.37% 0.36% 0.24% 0.44% -1.04% 0.68%

Factor 14 10.45% 13.77% -0.68% -15.77% -7.78% 24.23% -23.55%

Factor 15 -4.29% -5.47% 17.56% -6.08% -1.72% -9.76% -7.80%

Factor 16 1.12% -5.51% 9.23% -5.45% 0.62% -4.39% -4.83%

Factor 17 -8.42% -20.89% 25.11% 1.95% 2.25% -29.31% 4.20%

Factor 18 -1.28% -19.97% 13.79% 5.52% 1.95% -21.26% 7.47%

Factor 19 1.51% -10.79% 7.31% -3.77% 5.74% -9.28% 1.97%

14.5% Thershold 1+2

10% Thershold 4+5

Note: Negative value means that Long Term Participants found this factor more important

Different Factors by Duration

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Important Factors (long-term except noted)

Courses allow degree progress

Desire to study business

Gain language proficiency

Desire to travel as much as possible

Travel with faculty member from home institution (short-term)

Friends/fellow org members abroad at same time on different programs

Avoidance Factors (long-term)

English-speaking location

Travel with faculty member from home institution

STUDENT PROFILES

Student Profiles

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Short-term Long-term

Tourers Location-driven; influenced by word of mouth

Look for courses, location, travel opportunities; influenced by word of mouth, resumé & price

Risk-averse Peers + faculty member participation very important; influenced by word of mouth

Peers + faculty member participation, travel opps very important; influenced by word of mouth; less concerned w/ degree progress & resumé

Pragmatists Interested in internship opportunities; price-sensitive

Internship opportunities & price important; less concerned w/ friends, calendar, traveling

Student Profiles

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Interesting notes:

Foreign language proficiency is not consistently seen by any student profile as important

Studying in emerging markets is positively correlated with resumé building and wanting to study abroad with a faculty member, but isn’t consistently seen by any student profile as important

Population & Limitations

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Survey skewed to those who did study abroad (68% of respondents)

Survey is based on retrospective, self-reported data

How well can respondents capture the factors around a decision they made a year or more ago?

How well can respondents answer why they made a decision not to do something?

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COLLABORATION

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