korean grammar in use beginning to early intermediate

ul/ Beginning to Early Intermediate 1m""Y

* Contains all grammar points covered by TOPIK Levels 1 and 2!

* Learn at a glance the differences between similar grammatical constructions!

* Practice a variety of expressions used in the same situation!

* True to life dialogues incorporating the introduced grammar points!

DARAKWON

L -Preface 4 How to Use This Book 6

Introduction to the Korean Language

1. Korean Sentence Structure ........... . .. ... 14

2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives . 15 3. Connecting Sentences ............. . .. .. . 16

4. Sentence Types 17

5. Honorific Expressions ......... .. .. .. .............. 20

Getting Ready

(to be) (to exist/be. to have) Numbers Dates and Days of the Week.

Time

Unit 1. Tenses Present T ense A/) G Present Tense A/V-/

Past Tense A/V-/ -

26

.28

.. 31

37

39

42

45

49

Future Tense V-()2 (1), ." 52 Progressive Tense V- (1) " ,, 54 Past Perfect Tense A/V-/

56

Unit 2. Negative Expressions Word Negation 60

A/V-/ (A/V- ) .. 62 V-/ (V- ) 65

Unit 3. Particles N/

G N/ - N/

~ N/. N(O I).N N| N @

68

. 71

74

... "." .... " 76

.. 78

, 81

G N ~""" "" ......... . . "" ... .. . , .,, 83 N ..................... 86 N N.N N 89 N/ ...... " ....... ... . , 91 N 93

N - 97 N . ,, 99 N() ." , " .. """.".".",,,.,,,,,,,,. 102

N() (1) .. " "".""." "", .. "", """. 105 N(OI) @ . ... . 107 f! N ."""."""."" ..... ..... . " .. " ... " '" 110 N. N , 112 N 114 N 116

Unit 4. Listing and Contrast A/V- .... ..... " ............................ 120

G V- ..... " .... .. , ...... , ...... ", ...... " ..... , .. 123 A/V- .... " ..... "". "." " ...... " ... "" 125

~ A/V-() L / (1) .......... " ........... "".127

Unit 5. Time Expressions N . v- ...... "" .. "" ... "" .... 130 G N . V-()L " " "" ............. 133

V- ....... ....... .. ............................ 136 ~ V-o .................... ............. " ...... 139 N . A/V)2 UH ..... : ........ " .... " ..... 142

v-( ..... .............. 145 G N . V- .. ...... ........ .. ... ..... 148 v- 151 N . V- ............. 153 v-()L 157

Unit 6. Ability and Possibility v-() / .. . , ..... .... 160 v-() / . .. . ...... . .. 163

Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition V-( v- A/V-O / . A/v-O .

166

169

171

174

A/V-( . 176 A/V- Ict( A/V-O |

Unit 8. Expressions of Hope v- A/V-/

Unit 9. Reasons and Causes A/V-/ (6) .... A/V-() @ N . A/V-

Unit 10. Making Requests and Assisting

.. 179

182

184

.. 188

191

193

v-Ou . v-o ? 198

v-Ou . v-/ ? . .. 201

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Unit 11. Trying New Things and Experiences v-/ V-()L /

Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions V-()2 @ G V-()2 @

V-()

204

207

. 210

212

214

v-(? ................... ... ... 217 v-()2 ? CD 219

Unit 13. Intentions and Plans A/V- @ 222 v-()2 ......... 225 G V-() @ .. 228

Unit 14. Background Information and Explanations A/V-()L/ @ 232 v-() (6) .... ... ... ...... ..... . ..... 235

Unit 15. Purpose and Intention v-() / . 238 v-( .. ... .. 240 v-() 243 N/ (. V- ( - 245 v-71 .... .... .......... ....... .. ..... 248

Unit 16. Conditions and Suppositions A/V-( V-( A/V-O

252

255

.. 257

Unit 17. Conjecture A/V- @

~ A/V-()2 @ A/V-() ? @ ~ A/V-()L//()2

260

262

265

267

Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech f -()L/-/-() N

~ A/V- A-

~ A-/

Unit 19. Expressions of State V- @ V-o A-/ ~ V-

Unit 20. Confirming Information A/V-()L/ V- / A/V-?

Unit 21. Discovery and Surprise A/V-/

~ A/V-

Unit 22. Additional Endings A-()L ? v-? A/V-()L/

Unit 23. Quotations Direct Quations ~ Indirect Quotations i Innc1Cd1

272

275

278

281

284

287

290

293

296

299

301

304

306

310

312

316

319

322

Unit 24. Irregular Conjugations - (Irregular Conjugation) E (1ar Cugation) (Irregular Conjugation) @ I (Irregar Cougation)

326

329

332

335

q (IrreguJlarar Coonn1Jjugat@gattionmomn1) . 3 3 7 i (1Irregul|ar ComnjLlLjLuj G A (1Irglar Cougation) . 342

Appendix

Good Things to Know .346

Answer Key 354

Grammar Explanations in Korean 360

Grammar Index . 375

1. Korean Sentence Structure 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 3. Connecting Sentences 4. Sentence Types 5. Honorific Expressions

1. Korean Sentence Structure Korean sentences consist of either a subject + predicate (verb)" or a subject + object +

predicate (verb)."

. . subject + predicate subject + predicate

Carol goes. Car sleeps.

. . subject + object + predicate subject + object + predicate

Eric eats an apple. Eric reads a book in the library.

Paicles are attached to words in Korean sentences. They express the role that their respective words play in the sentence. After the subject of a sentence, the paicle 01 or is used. After an ect the particle r is used. And after an adverbial, the particle or is used. (See also Unit 3. Particles)

. . subject adverbial

While the predicate of a Korean sentence always comes at the very end of the sentence, the order of subjects, objects, and adverbials changes depending on the intention of the speaker. Regaro ess of their order in the sentence, however, the role of each of these pas can still be identified

be

. . bject + subject + verb bject + adverb + subject + verb

an apple Eric eats a book in rhe library Eric reads

In addition , when the subject can be c1early understood from the context, it can be omitted.

A ? What is Eric doing? B () . (He is) eating an apple. A ? Where do (you) go? B . (1) go to school.

2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives One of the characteristics of Korean verbs and adjectives is that they both are conjugated

according to tense, piteness level, passive and causative forms, and speech styles. Verbs and adjectives consist of a word stem and word ending, with their base forms comprised of the word stem plus This form is also called the dictionary form.' Accordingly, a dictionary search for such words will reveal their base forms, such as (to 9 (to come), (to eat) , and (to wear). When conjugated, the word stems of verbs and adjectives do not change; rather, is replaced with the appropriate form depending on the speakers intention .

Verbs

(ggoes)

() +- (present formal ending) (go/goes) (referring to a superior/elder)

word stem word ending ) +-- (honorific) + - (present formal ending) (ro go)

(went) )+-'- (past tense) + --' (present formal ending)

Introduction to the Korean Language 15

Adjectives

(is good) () +- (present formal ending)

word stem word ending (was good) { +-'- (past tense) + - (present formal ending)

(to be good) eems be good) () +-- (guess) +- (formal ending)

3. Connecting Sentences There are two ways to connect sentences in Korean. One is by using conjunctive adverbs (e.g. , (and), (but), (so/therefore)), and the other is by using conjunctive endings

(1.) And

Conjunctive Adverb Connection . . Its windy. And it's cold

Conjunctive Ending Connection . It's windy and cold

(2) But

n . n 4 l O C m m g . . m

-

C . . Kimchi is spicy. But it tastes good.

Conjunctive Ending Connection . Kimchi is spicy but tastes good.

(3 ) Soj Therefore

Co njunctive Adverb Connection . . It's snowing. Therefore the traffic is bad

Conjunctive Ending Connection . It's snowing, so the traffic is bad.

16

When connecting two sentences with a conjunctive adverb, it is sufficient simply to place the cunctive adverb between the two sentences. However, when using a conjunctive ending, the ending must be attached to the word stem of the predicate of the preceding sentence to connect the two sentences.

(1) + -. + . (2) + -. + .

(3) + - + .

4. Sentence Types Korean has four main sentence types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive.

Moreover, the sentence type is influenced by Korean speech styles, which can be divided in1to three main types: foorrrmna1 polite innlfrrmmna1 po|te and in1 used most in forma10rpublic situation1s including the military, news reporting, presentations, meetings, and lectures. The informal p ite sty le -/ is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared to the formal pite style, the informal pite style is softer and less formal, and therefore it is used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. Furthermore, although the formal pite style has different forms for each of the four sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive), the informal pite style uses the same form for all four types. Thus, sentence types in this style are determined by the situation and sentence intonation. For this reason, the informal pite style is less complicated than the formal polite style. As for the informal plain style

-/ , it is mainly used among int imate friends, by superiors toward persons of lower-rank, and among family members. It is considered rude to use the informal plain style w ith somebody one does not know personally or with whom one is not very close. Here we examine the formal pite and informal pite styles only.

(1.) Declarative Sentence Declarative sentences are used when explaining something or responding to a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense)

CD Formal Polite Style Declarative formal polite sentences are made by adding -() to the word stem

. I go to school. . I eat bread.


@ Informal Polite Style Declarative informal pite sentences are made by adding -/ to the word stem.

. .

I 90 to school.

I eat bread.

(2) Interrogative Sentences Interrogative sentences are used when asking a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present 1nse)

CD Formal Polite Style Interrogive formal polite sentences are made by adding -() ? to the wo stem.

? ?

00 you 90 to school?

00 you eat bread?

@ Informal Polite Style Interrogative informal pite sentences are made by adding -/? to the word stem. Because they have the same form as declarative sentences, they are made interrogative by being spoken with a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (and also by adding a question mark to the written form).

? ?

00 you 90 to school?

00 you eat bread?

(3) Imperative Sentences Imperative sentences are used when making a demand or giving advice. (See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 01 V-()|)

CD Formal Polite Style Imperative formal pite sentences are made by adding -() to the word stem.

Please write in your notebook.

Please read the book.

18

@ Informal Polite Style Imperative informal pite sentences can be made by adding -/ to the word stem, just like in the other sentence types described above. However, using -() in place of-/

is considered a more pite expression, and therefore -() should be used.

. Please write in your notebook. . Please read the book.

(4) Propositive Sentences Propositive sentences are used when making a suggestion or agreeing with someone elses suggestion. (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-()

CD Formal Polite Style Propositive formal pite sentences are made by adding -() to the word stem. -()

can be used when the person being spoken to is younger or the same age as the speaker. It cannot be used when speaking to a superior. It is considered improper etiquette to use this expression toward a superior or elder.

11 Lets meet at 11 0 clock Let's eat lu

@ Informal Polite Style Propositive informal pite sentences are made by adding -/ just like in the other sentence types described above

11 . Lets meet at 11 o'clock. . Lets eat lunch here.

The preceeding sentence types are summarized below using the verb (to go)

? . .

(1) go. (1) am going.

? / Shall (we) go? . Go! . Let s go.

The subject is omitted and understood by the situation or context.


5. Honorific Expressions Due to the influence of Confucian thought on Korean society, it is common for Korean

speakers to use both honorific and humble forms of speech in conversation according to age, family relationships, social status, and social distance (degree of intimacy).

(1.) Honoring the Subject of the Sentence Honorifics are used when the subject of a sentence is a person older than the speaker, a senior member of ones family, or a person of higher social rank. To honor the subject, -() IS added to the stems of adjectives and verbs. For verb stems ending in a vowel, - is added, and for those ending in a consonant, - is added.

090) + -- + - + -- + -

+ -- + - + -- + -()

.Il (to read) + -.- + - + -.- + - + -.- + - + -.- + -()2

The teacher teaches Korean My father went to 8n last year.

(2 ) Honoring the Listener

20

Honorifics are used when the listener is older or of higher social status than the speaker and also when the speaker and listener are not acquainted with each other, regardless of age. Final endings are used to express the degree of respect, and they can be formed from each of the formal pite informal pite and informal plain styles. See also Korean Sentence Structure 4. Sentence Types)

. . |.

(3) Other Honorifics

(formal pite style) (informal pite styl (informal plain s

CD The honorific forms of some verbs are not expressed by adding -() to the verb stem but rather by using a different verb form altogether.

Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form

(to sleep) (to die)

(to speak) (to take)

(to eat) / (to exist) |

(to drink) (to have)

. Mother is not home right now. ? 0 0 you have time tomorrow?

@ Some nouns have honorific counterpas.


01 (age) (birthday)

(words) qc=fC (house)

(meal/food) (name)

(person) i tIj (wife) -i=!-'2J

. Grandpa, please have some dinner. ? How is your wife?


@ Honorific paicles can be used aer nouns indicating people.

/ | / ()

. My younger sibling gives a present to a friend.

. Grandpa gives a present to a friend.

I like strawberries

Grandma likes strawberries

@ Nouns designating persons can be made honorific by adding the suffix-.


(teacher) (professor)

(president) (doctor) ~

(pastor) (director)

. ur company president is a generous person.

. Pastor, thank you for your prayer.

@ Respect can be expressed toward the listener or target of an act ion by using the following words.


(to speak) (to ask) (to give) I / (to meet)

? Shall we speak with Dad? . Please give this book to Grandpa.

22

@ The speaker can also show respect toward the listener by lowering h is or her own status.

| I Our Words

1 also heard that news . Please stop by our house sometime , . Chief, 1 have somhing to tell you

(4) Things to Remember when Using Honorifics

CD In Korean it is common to address others by repeatedly using their name or title rather than pronouns such as (you) , (you) , (he/him), (she/he and (they/ them).

? {x) (x)

. " (x) (x)

"Yoko, did you see Jaejun at work yesterday? Jaejun (He) was looking for Yoko (you), so Yoko (you) need to give Jaun (him) a call.

is a mut title of address used maiused to address anyone other than ones spouse. Similarly, is a mutual title used only among close friends.

? Dear, did you call me? ? What are you going to do today?

~~ Introduction to the Korean Language ;

@ Special expressions such as ? (What is your name?) and ? (How old are you?) are used when asking the name or age of someone you dont know or when the person you are asking is older or has a higher social status than you .

? (O)Siirr ? (x)

? ( Mr. President (of a company), may I ask

? ( x )

@ In most cases, the word is not used to refer to the age of someone older than the speaker.

A ? Carol, how old is your grandfather?

B . (0) Hew be 75 years d this year, . (x)

@ The two honorific forms of are and .

2L

When the giver is younger than the receiver, then is used, but when the actor is older than the recipient of the action , is used

. I gave a present to Mom . Mom gave a present to me I gave a present to my little brothesister.

(to be) (to exist/be, to have) Numbers Dates and Days of the Week Time

(to be)

A 7 (= 7) Whats this? B . (= .) Its a chair.

A 7 (= 7) Is she Korean?

B . (= .) Yes, shes Korean.

A 7 (= 7) What country is this?

B . (= .) Its Korea.

Grammar Focus ...... . 01 taches to the end of a noun to make it the predicate of the sentence. 01 is used to express that the subject and predicate are the same thing. 01 can also be used to specify something. The formal descriptive form is and its interrogative form is ? The corresponding informal forms, |/ are the same for both the descriptive and interrogative forms, with the nterrogative form rising in intonation as it is pronounced: ?/? When the preceding noun ends in a vowel, is used, and when the noun ends in a consonant, is used. The negative tonn of IS . (See also Ut 2. Negat ive Expressions 01 Word Negation)

. . .

. . .

. . .

In COversatio .................. .

A ? B .

A ? B .

A ? B .

A ? B .

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using 0 1.

f~ (3)

f ~ l

(.1)

rf

A B

A B

A B

A ? B

A What is this?

B Its a bag.

A Are you a student?

B Yes. 1m a student.

A Who is that?

B That's my friend.

A Where is your hometown?

B Seoul.

?

?

?

Gett

o existlbe, to have)

. (= .)

There's a dog on the chair.

. (= . ) Our house is in Sinchon.

. (= .) I have a boyfriend.

Grammar Focus ......... . 1 expresses the existence or location of something and means to be located in/on in English

Although is typically used in the form of NOI/ N(place) the order of the subject and place in the sentence can be changed with no change in meaning: N(place) NOI/ . The opposite of is . When N| expresses a place, the following location nouns can be used.

(= ) ( )

G) on top of the desk

@ (= ) under the desk

@

in front of the desk @

behind the desk

@ @ @ @ beside the desk left of the desk right of the desk in between

X@ @ @

n the desk inside the house utside the house

@ . The computer is on the desk. @ (= ) . The shoes are under the desk. @ The chair is in front of the desk. @ The bookshelf is behind the desk. @ The plant and coat hanger are beside the desk. @ The plant is to the left of the desk. @ The coat hanger is to the right of the desk @ The desk is between the plant and the coat hanger. @ The teddy bear is on the desk. @ The dog is inside the house. @ The cat is outside the house.

2 is also used in the form NOI/ to express possession, meaning to have in English. The opposite of is . (See also Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation)

. . I have an older sister. I dont have a younger sibling

. . I have a bicycle. I dont have a car.

~~ Getting Ready L

A ? B .

A ? B .

A ? B .

A ? B .

A Where is the book?

B Its in my bag.

A Where is the bank?

B Its next to the school.

A 00 you have any Korean friends?

B Yes, I have Korean friends.

A 00 you have a computer?

B Yes, I have one.

Describe this room. Look at the picture and write the appropriate word in each blank as shown in the example.

- .

( 1 . {2} --- . 3) _ _ . {4} .

~ J . {6} .

3;

Numbers

Sino-Korean Numbers 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

/ 01 ACf I C E} 11 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

AC}A tj| EE}A tj| -H

1.000 I 10.000 100.000 1.000.000

Grammar Focus .......... . There are two ways to express numbers in Korean. One is by using Sino-Korean numbers, and the other is by using nat ive Korean numbers. Sino-Korean numbers are used to express such things as telephone numbers, bus route numbers, height, weight, address numbers, years, months, minutes, seconds, and prices.

[]

~15Ocm

o. 0 11'>> I IC~I" 1 ~ iiIS I II N\..~ I I C= l _"'1 \1) 1 1= 3 f .. I 1= I1 h~}UfJ I I rrn1 1 J.-

Getting Ready 3

1 o In Korean, large numbers are read based on units of ten thousand () instead of thousands (). lUS 354,790 is interpreted as 35,4970 and read as 35 4970 ( ). Similarly, 6,354,790 is interpreted as 635 ,4790 and read as 635 4790(- ) . 26354790 2635/4790

When a number larger than 1 begins with 1, the initia11 () is not pronounced.

110: ( x) 11.110 (x)

10: ( x) 1.110: (

@

16, 26, 36 ... 96 are pronounced [][][l ... [l. o

0 is pronounced as either or . When appearing in telephone numbers, is used . 6508-8254 [] . 01 0-4783-0274 []

There are two ways to read telephone numbers .

7804-3577 [] - []

@

* In this case 1 is pronounced [l not [1 ].

In Conversation A What floor is the office on? A ? 9. () B The 9th floor.

A What s your phone number?

B Its 019-8729-9509.

B

? B 019-8729-9509.

( [] )

A

A What bus do you take? ? A B I take bus number 705.

A How much is the book?

B Its 25 ,000 won.

B 705 . ()

l

/ll

?C

L

pu

;

A

Write the f lowing numbers in Korean as shown in the example. _ ..... ...................... ............................................................................... _ ......................................................................................... _ ...... .

A ? 8 2734-3698.

( ).

(1) A ? B .010-738-3509.

). (2) A (kg)?

B (kg). ( )(kg).

(3) A (cm)? B (cm).

( ) (cm). (4) A -- ?

B 000. ( ).

Native Korean Numbers

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(= ) (=) () (= ) |j 11 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

(=) E|;=-

9 10 I

90 100 I

B-H

Irrn rrr1

Getting Ready ..:

Grammar Focus ........... . Native Korean numbers are used to express time and units. They are generally used along with unit nouns that express the appropriate unit when counting things or people. Examples of unit nouns include and . In these cases, the Korean numbers that precede these nouns are written in slighty different forms: becomes ( ) becomes ( ) becomes ( ) becomes ( ) and becomes . (

) etc.

r

)

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

_ ..

|

Look at the picture and write the appropriate number in Korean in each blank

: .

(1) .

(2) , .

(3) ---- .

(4) .

(5)

~~ ;

. .

.

Dates and Days of the Week

2010 5 7 -

2010

ea goIO 5 0-

A ? 8 5 5( ).

A ? B .

A ? 8 2001( ) .

A Whats today's date?

B Its May 5.

A What day of the week is today?

B Its Tuesday.

A When did you get married?

B We got married in 2001

o The Korean worcls for June and October are read and written as and respectively, not and .

f) When asking what year ; is used, and when asking what month; is used. However, when asking what day', is used in place of . ?(x)~ ? ( What is today's date?

Look at each picture and write the appropriate dates in Korean.

! : - 3__l 1994.3.25. ( : :

..... t~

(1)

~Q ~~

6) 2009.6 . 6.() :

1987. 11.15. () :

2013.10. 10. () :

Time

|

U =

=

=

Grammar Focus ..... .

In Korean , hours are read using native Korean numbers while minutes are read using Sino-Korean numbers. When referring to a time when an action takes place, the pacle is attached to the end of the time noun.

Gettmg Reac

Although the literal meanings of and are before noon and aer noon, respect ively, in Korean is typically used to mean the morning hours while is used to mean the afternoon hours. Furthermore, time can also be subdivided into smaller units, including (daybreak), (morning), (noon, lunchtime), (evening), and (night).

A ? A What time is it now? B . (9: 10 A. M.) B It's 9:10 in the morning.

A ? A What time is it now? B B Its ten minutes to two. (= Its 1 :50.)

(= .) (1 :50)

A ? A What time do you wake up? B . (7: 00) B I wake up at 7:00 in the morning

}

-

Look at the pictures and write the appropriate time in the blanks

(3)

!

(1)

(4)

(7)

1::11-

(2)

(5)

(8)

1-t:J

Present Tense AjV-() Present Tense AjV-/ Past Tense AjV-/ Future Tense V-()2 @ Progressive Tense V- @ Past Perfect Tense AjV-/

PresentTense AJV-()

? Good evening. 9. This is the 9 0 clock news.

? Do you have any questions?

A ? Whats your opinion of this?

B . I think its good.

Grammar Focus .... . . The present tense of the formal p ite style in Korean is made by add ing -() . It is used mainly in formal o r public situations such as in the military, news broadcast s, presentations, meet ings, and lectures.

-

e -

-

-i

- - - -

- -

e

-

D -

m

-

-

l -? -?

42

- --+ (Declarativ + - ? - ? (Interrogative)

(to come)

- (Declarativ + -? --+ ? (Interrogative)

Ends in Vowel

+- -?

Ends in Consonant

+- -?

* Irregular form

A ? B .

A ? B .

A ? B .

(to eat)

(to sit)

Base Form

| I:ll:l

0 1

O~

1

- (Oearativ + -? ? (Interrogative)

- (Oeclarative) + -? ? (lnterrogative)

Declarative Interrogative

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

A Are you going to school?

B Yes, I mgng to school.

A 00 you eat breakfast?

B Yes, I eat breakfast.

A 00 you exercise?

B Yes, I exercise.

1. llses

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example.

B . A \? A ?

() ()

B 1 .

' A B

. ()

(4) ~ A ? B

"-"'1111 ()

(5) J!'! A ? B

(1)

()

~ (

(3)

A ? B

/

A

u

A ? B

Present Tense AN-ot/

~" i - : ~ :aa \;~

A ?

Does it taste good?

B . Yes, it tastes good

A ? Where are you going?

B . lm going to school.

. I love you, Carol.

Grammar Focus ......... ..

1e informal pite style is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared to the formal pol ite style, this style is softer and less formal and is therefore used mainly among family members, friends, and other c10se acquaintances. The declarative and interrogative forms of the informal pite style are le same. The declarat ive form is therefore made by ending the sentence in a falling tone while the nterrogative form is made by ending the sentence in a rising tone.

is used when the word stem ends in 1- or ..L. G)- is added when the word stem ends in a consonant.

+ - - i ~ If the word stem ends in the vowel 1- , one 1- is deleted.

+ 7 L @ If the word stem ends in a vowel, the following contract ion can also occur.

+ (+ 1- )

1. Tenses

is used when the word stem ends in a vowel other than ~ or ...L. G) - is added when the word stem ends in a consonant.

+ - ~ If the word stem ends in the vowel H, 1 , or ~ , the of- is deleted.

+ i - I - @ If the word stem ends in the vowel T , T and the of combine to form .

+ - ( + 1 - ) . @ When the word stem ends in the vowel 1 , I and the of combine

to form ~ . + ( + 1 - ) - -

When the predicate ends in it is changed to . (Originally, was added I to to form b is now shortened to .) I

-+ h | - - - -

The verb changes t / wh used when the preceding word I ends in a vowel and used when the word ends in a consonant. G) When the noun ends in a vowel : ( + )

- . - When the noun ends in a consonant : ( + )

- 1 -

Base Form - Base Form l l -

-

I

01

6

Vowel Ending

Consonant Ending

--Ir--- ----

---- -t---= ---

A ? A What are you doing now? B . 8 1md

1 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example.

(2) ?

() (4)

?

()

2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example . . .. . ... ........ . ... . ... .............. . ........... .. ....

1 A ;q! f~ B I ;q.

() () ..............

(2) A ? B .

() () (3)

-~ A ?

B i:;it-

() () 5) (6)

s) A ? B l ii \ ,j ~ ) ()

-

A

B

A ? B

A ? B

A B

A B

?

?

?

?

Past Tense A/V-/

1981 3 5 . (The baby) was born on March 5, 1981.

2004 2 . I graduated from college in February 2004.

2001/. .2.25

. We got married last year.

Grammar Focus ..... The past tense form of adjectives and verbs is formed by adding -/ to their word stems. When the word stem ends in the vowel ~ or ...L- is added, and when it ends in any other vowel,

- is added. For verbs and adjectives ending in - is added to form + which is then shortened to . In the case of the formal pite style, -/ and are used

Base Form - Base Form - Base Form

*AA

1. Tenses 9

!I --

I ~ -

--,

-+

* I *

01 Vowel Ending

Consonant Ending

} wwel ding

Consonant Ending

* Irregular form

A ? B .

A ? B . .

A ? B .

- -~-- - |

}A What did you do yesterday?

B I studied.

A Did you see a movie on Saturday?

B Yes, I saw a movie. It was interesting

A What did you do over the weekend?

B I listened to music

\\'hile the past tense of can be written either as or ) and the past tense of can be .. ritten either as or ) the past tense of is written only as not . + - - ( ( +- - ( ( ( (x)

50

.\fhat did Carol do this week? Refer to the calendar and choose the appropriate word from below to fi ll in each blank using -/.

6 12 l

E ~ -r 2. -, -

i

12 7 (1) (2) (3)

12 8 (4) (5) (6)

12 9 (7) . .

12 10 : (8)

12 11 : (9)

12 12 (10)

(11)

1. Tenses

F

2 .

,'11 buy a car two years from now.

. l11 90 fishing this weekend.

. ,'11 visit China during my vacation.

Grammar Focus ... .. This pattern is used to express a future plan or intention and means the same as will r is going to' in English. It is formed by adding -()2 to the stems of verbs. - 2 is used when the verb stem ends in or a vowel, and- is used when the verb stem ends in a consonant.

Base Form -2 Base Form -

*

*

*

"' Irregular form 52

In Conversation .....

A ? B .

A ? B .

A When will you return to your hometown?

8 I11 return next year.

A What will you do over the weekend?

8 I 11 ride my bike.

The foliowing calendar is from Wang Jings daily planner. What wili Wang Jing do this week? Choose the appropriate word from below to 11 in each blank using-()2 .

5 | l | |

6 7 H|

5 4. 5 5 . . (1) 2) . (3) . (4) . (5)

-

t n

(6) . (7)

1. Tenses ::;:_:,

Progressive Tense V- @

.

Dane is listening to music now.

. Minu is going home now

. . Yesterday, a friend called Wesley on the phone. Wesley was sleeping at that time.

Grammar Focus .......

This pattern expresses the progression or continuation of an action and is the equivalent of -ing In English. It is formed by adding - to the stems of verbs. To express the continuation of an action that occurred sometime in the past, - is used.

+ -

- Ba;m

-

lf

+ - -

A . B - .

A ? B .

A ? B .

A Wang Jing, lets go to the market together.

8 1m sorry, but 1m doing my homework right now.

A Why didnt you answer the phone a while ago?

8 1 was taking a shower.

A Where are you living now?

8 1m living in Seoul

To express that an action simply occurred in the past, the simple past form -/ is used. A ? What did you do yesterday? B (x) - ( 1 relaxed at home

Look at the pictures and 11 in the blanks as shown in the example

A ? B "1 .

()

(1) 3 c n Xi~} : ? (2) (1;z- .. -- A ? B () (

3)-r.'\~ g~ A (4) r f A ? ? B B () ()

1. T enses :::::

Past Perfect Tense AN-

. 1 have been to the U.S. (1 went to, and have already returned from, the U.S.)

. 1 (have) lived in China. (1 dont live in China now.)

. My father was overweight (He5 not overweight now.)

Grammar Focus ......

This pattern is used to express something or a situation that occurred in the past but did not continue or something separate from the present because it occurred much earlier than when the speaker is describing it. It approximates to did/had (in the past)' in English. It is formed by adding - tthe stems of verbs and adjectives with stems ending in the vowel ~ or ..L. Otherwise, - is added. For verbs ending in is added.

ImiiIm!la .. Il.. iil::ri'r.l'i1Eii

(}I Q O fC4 + - l -

L BaseForm -/ Base Form -/

^^~OiR

QC

-

*

Irregular form

A ? B .

.

A . B .

A ? B .

.

What's the Difference?

-/ ~I Expresses that something simply occurred in the past or that an action or situation that ended in the past has remained that way.

. (Dane may still be in Korea. We dont knowwhat happened after he came to Korea. He may be in some place other than Korea.)

1 . (Dane has been living in Seoul for one year. He previously lived in Seoul for one year, but we dont know where he lives now.)

*

A You dont smoke?

B I smoked last yea But I dont smoke now.

A Theres nobody at the seaside these days

B There were many people (ther in the summer.

A What did you do over the weekend?

B I went to Lotte World. It was really interesting.

/ I Expresses a past occurrence that does not continue to the present.

. (Dane came to Korea and later left; he is not in Korea now.)

1 . (Dane previously lived in Seoul for one year, but now he does not live in Seoul.)

1. Te'15eS ::::

What was Hayeong like 10 years ago? Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example.

,,_ g -

l ()

(10 /)

(1)

/ () ( 1 0 /)

~---- -(2)

()

( 1 0 /)

(3) !/

()

(10 /)

(4)

()

10 /)

Word Negation A/V-/ (A/V- ) v-ou (V- )

Word Negation

. She is Korean.

. She is not Korean

. I have money.

: . I dont have any money. :~

. I know Korean.

. I dont know Korean

Grammar Focus ..... Negative sentences can be made either by negat ing the entire sentence or by negating a word. When making a negative sentence by negating a word, is changed to is changed to and is changed to . Of these, is written in the form 01/ but when used in the spoken form, 01/ is often omitted

|

In Conversation .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ./1/tracK i :s

currenl silualion 01 having no money; , thus Ihe wish is emphasized.)

8. Expressions 0;

1 Look at the pictures and fi ll in the blanks using -/ .

(1)

(2)

(3) | .l.. ~ | f! ~S!|

A ? B ( )

A ? B ()

A ? B (

2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example.

.

(1)

(2)

(3)

86

.

. ()

A/V-Q @ A/V-() @ N A/V-

AN-ot/@

. Nice to meet you.

. I was in such a good mood that I danced

. | m sorry for arriving late.


-/ is used to express that the informat ion in the first clause is the reason for or the cause of the succeeding clause. It corresponds t because (of), on account of, and so .. that... in English. If the stem ends in the vowel ~ or ...L, then - is used. Otherwise, - is used. As for verbs ending in the form changes to and in the case of 01 is used, except in conversation , when is used.

Base Form -ou Base Form -/

-

188

0 1 (01) s~~

* Irregular form

-/ cannot be used in imperative or propositive sentences

. (x) - . (

These shoes are big, so please show me a different pa

? (x) - ? (

1 have to meet someone else today, so shall we meet tomorrow?

. (x) . (

1 like this one, so lets buy it. :See also Unit 9. Reasons and Causes 02 AN() (j))

Tense markers such as -/-and-- cannot come before -/.

. (x) . (

My stomach hurts on account of eating so much food.

. (x) (

1 want to wear these clothes because theyre pretty (Compare with Unit 5. Time Expressions 04 V-/)

9. Reasons and Causes :: ::!

In Conversation . rack \120;

A ? A 00 you have time on Saturday? B B This week, Im busy and dont have time

A ? B .

A Why dont you wear these clothes?

B Those clothes are so small that I can't wear them.

A ? B

.

A 00 you take the bus when you go home?

B No, because theres a lot of traffic when I get off work, I take the subway.

Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using -/.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

90

:

;

.

M .. ...

A -? B .

A ? B .

A ? B .

A ? B .

A1V-()G)

.

The road5 are 11 of traffic, 50 let5 take the 5ubway.

. It5 cold, 50 plea5e Cl05e the window.

. I took a 5hower, 50 now I feel good

Grammar Focus ..... -() expresses the reason or cause for something and corresponds to s or because in English. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or - is used, and when the verb stem ends in a consonant, - is used .

Base Form -LI Base Form -

01 01

i

---

4

* Irregular form 9. Reasons cC..:s

A , ? A Chi is there a meeting this week? B B This week Im busy, so lets have it next week

A ? A Wh present shodlg my girlfriend? B B Girr|

.

What'5 the Difference?

o Cannot be used in imperative or propositive sentences

. (x) ? (x)

Tense markers such as -/- and -- cannot be used. } (x)

o Used mainly to express a general reason.

A ? Why were you late? B .

There was a lot of traffic. so 1 was late

o Can be used with common words of

92

greeting, such as and . ( Nice to meet you.

111) 1 o Can be used with imperative or propositive

sentences, i.e., -()-() ? and -() (

Theres no time, so go quickly ? (0)

My legs are sore. so shall we take a taxi?

Tense markers such as -/-and -- can be used. . (

1 can speak Korean well because 1 lived in Korea.

o Used when stating a subjective reason o r providing a basis for a particular reason. Further, it is used mainly when the other party also knows about the topic under discussion. A ? Why were you late? B

Because (as you know) there was a 101 of traffic

o Cannot be used with common words of greeting, such as

and . . (x)

1 Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using -().

(1) A ? B .

(2) A ? B .

(3) A ? B .

(4) A ? B ?

(5) A . B .

2 Circle the correct answers .

(1) ( / ) .

(2)( / ) ?

(3) ( / ) .

(4) ( / ) .

(5) 1 ( / .

9. Reasons and CaJses

N A/V-

. The road is slippery because 01 the snow.

. | m tired because 01 the children.

. I cant speak Korean well because Im a 10reigner.

Grammar Focus .... .. . and - express the reason for or cause of the sit uation described in the second clause and correspond to because in English. - is used when expressing a clear reason and is a more Iiterary expression than -/ and -() After nouns, is added, and after verbs and adjectives, - is added to the stem.

Noun N Base Form AIV-

il::>

9

-71 cannot be used in imperative or propositive sentences.

. (x ) . (

The weather i5 cOld, 50 plea5e wear warm clothe5

. (x) --> . (

Our friend5 are waiting, 50 let5 go quickly

? (x) ? (

The weather i5 nice, 50 5hall we go to the mountain5?

In Conversation ....... ........ .

? 3 .

A ? 3

.

? 3

.

What'5 the Difference?

I

I cant eat because 01 (something related to) the baby. (Ior example, not going to slee

The teacher got angry because 01 (something) the students did. (Ior example. tell a lie)

A Why were you late?

B There wa5 a lot of traffic due to the rain.

A Can you meet me on Saturday?

B Saturday i5 my friends birthday, 501 wont be able to meet yOU.

A Will you take a trip during the vacation?

B No, 1 want to, but beCaU5e 1 have a part-time job, 1 cant gO.

1

The baby cant eat because he/she is (still) a baby

. You have to study hard because you are a student.

9. Reasons lO C:;es

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using either or - .

(1) A ? B .

()

(2) A . ? B .

(

(3) A . ? B . .

()

(4) A ? ? B .

()

196

v-ou v-/ ? G v-/ v-/ ?

v-o~/ V-o ?

."'--~O( ' ''!

Grammar Focus .....

. Please close the door.

? Would you please take our picture?

. Please show her to a seat

This pattern expresses a request to someone to perform an action and corresponds to please/would you in English. -/ ? is a more polite expression that shows more consideration for the listener than -/ . When the recipient of the action is someone higher in status than the speaker or someone to be respected , -/ is used. When the verb stem ends in ~

r ..L - /? is used. Otherwise- /? is used. For verbs that end in the form changes to - /?

Base Form

98

+ - -

-/

-

-/ ? ?

?

*

*

* Irregular form

In Conversation ..... .... .. .

A ? B ?

A . B . .

A . ?

B .

?

?

?

?

?

?

A Excuse me. Could you please help me out?

B Sure. How may I help you?

A Wang Dan, please teach me this grammar.

B Sorry. I dont understand it either.

A I have to send an email to a company in t he U.S. Would you p lease translate this into English?

B Yes, I sure wil l.

-/ is used when the speaker or the subject o f t he sentence performs an action that assists the listener or another person. When the assistance has al ready been completed, -/ or -/ is used.

. .

My big brother helps me a lot with my homework

Please wait for just a moment. . My older sister peeled some fruit for me. 1 havent given a present to my friend yet.

10. Making Requests a:"

What are the people in the following pictures requesting? Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using either -/ or -/ ?

(1)

A ?

B .

(2)

A B .

(3)

A

B .

L A

B . ?

2CiJ,

v-o~/ v-o~/ ?

?

I have two umbrellas, so shall I lend you one?

. Let me help you with that.

? Teacher, shall I help you out?

Grammar Focus ....... .

This pattern is used when attempt ing to help someone and corresponds t Shalll, Allow me, or | will in English. When the person receiving the help is of higher status than the speaker, -/

r -/ ? is used. When the verb stem ends in ~ or ..1- - /? is used. Otherwi se - /? is used. For verbs that end in the form changes to - /?

m:m1Iil .(l:o~

+ - -

Base Form

+ - -

-/

UrnIB

-/?

?

?

?

10. Making Requests "IC .;sss::; - -

? * ? * 1egular form

In Conversation A . B .

A ? B .

Whats the Difference?

-() a A simple com mand or request to the Iistener to do an action for the listener's sake.

These clothes do not look good Minu. Please change them with something else (For the sake of you, Minu.)

? . Does your foot hurt? Please sit down here (For the sake of the listener.)

A Maam, please clear off this table.

B Okay, 1' 11 clear it right away.

A Would you mind turning on the air conditioner?

B Sure, 1'11 turn it on.

r li9 a A request to the listener to do an action for the sake of the speaker.

. . These clothes do not look good on me. Please change them with something else (For my sake.)

. (1) cant see the screen. Please sit down (For my sake.)

Look at t he pictures and choose the appropriate word f rom below to fill in each blank using e ither -/0- or -/ ?

(1)

(2)

202

A ? B .

A B .

?

v-/ V-()L /

v-o~/

? Have you tried Korean ribs?

. Please try it on.

. I want to visit Jeju Island.

Grammar Focus .....

-/ expresses trying out or experiencing an action, and corresponds to try in English. When the verb stem ends in ~ or ...1... - is used. Otherwise- is used. For verbs that end in the form changes to - . In general, when used with the present tense, it expresses trying something, and when used with the past tense, it expresses having the experience of doing something

. . Kimchi tastes good. Please try some kimchi. (try) . Ive had kimchi. It tastes good. (experience)

-

20

Base Form

.

* Irregar form

A ? B .

A ? B .

-/ -/

A May I try on these shoes?

B Yes, please try them on.

A 00 you have any Korean friends?

. B No, I dont. I would like to (have the chance to)

make Korean friends.

A ? B .

?

A Have you tried drinking Korean rice wine?

B No, I havent tried it yet. What does it taste like?

When-/ is used to express the experiencing of something, it is not used together with the verb .

.(x) - . (0) I ve seen a Korean movie.

11. Trying New Things and Ex"enc

1 Look at the picture and make recommendations to a friend to go to the places in Korea shown on the map.

(1)

(2)

(3)

I ~

2 The following is a dialogue. Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using -/ .

: ? : (1) . (2) ?

: . : ? : (3) : . . : (4)

206

v-()L /

. |ve seen an Indian movie

. |ve never been late to work.

? Have you ever been to Italy?

Grammar Focus ...... . -()L / expresses having or not having a particular experience in the past and corresponds to have done/had in English. When the suect has had an experience, -() L

is used, and when the subject has not had an experience, -()L is used. If the verb stem ends in a vowel, -L / is added, and if the verb stem ends in a consonant,

/ is added. Although the form -()L / can also be used to express the same meaning, -()L / is used more 0en.

Base Form - L Base Form -

g * O

* Irregular form 11. Trying New Things and Elur -

-()L is commonly combined with -/ to form-/ w hich means to have the experience of having tried something

I have been (successIy tried to 9 to the U.S. Ive never tried (had the experience) Korean food.

A . B

.

A ? B .

A Yesterday, I met a celebrity in Myeongdong.

B Wow, Ive never met a celebrity.

A Can you bargain well at the market?

B No, Ive never been able to bargain.

-()L is not used when describing things that are often repeated or are everyday occurrences. (x) . (x)

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -()L /.

(3)

l 20

A ? B

A ? B

A ? B -

v-()2 ? (3) v-()2?() v-()

v-()? v-()2 ?(3)

v-()2?(1)

?

Shall we play some basketball?

? Why dont we rest over here?

? Which movie shall we see?

Grammar Focus ..... . -() ? is used when the speaker wants to either to suggest dng something together with the listener or to ask about the listeners preference regarding something. The subject of these sentences is which is often omitted. The English equivalent is Shall we ... ? or Why dont we .. . ? When answering , the suggestive form -() r-/ is used. (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-()) When the stem ends in a vowel or -2? is used, and when it ends in a consonant, -? is used.

Base Form -2? Base Form -? ? ? ? * ?

* ? ? * Irreg form Compare with Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 02 V-()2 ? @, unit 17. Conjecture 03A'V) 2? @)

210

In Conversation ....... .

A ? B . .

A Shall we go sing karaoke over the weekend?

B Okay, sounds good. Let5 gO.

A ? A Would you like to go for a drink after work? B . . B Sorry. Today, I have other plans. Lets do it next time.

.

The flowing is a conversation between Budi and Wang Jing. Look at the pictures and fill in t he blanks using )2? and-/.

: ? (

: (

: (1) ? ( : (2) . ( : (3) ? ( : (4) ( : 3 .

: (5) : . : (6) : . (7) : .

? ()

?() ()

12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggs:~S .:_

v-()2?

? Shall I open the window?

? What shall I wear tomorrow?

? Would you like (me to get you) some coffee or juice?

Grammar Focus .......... . -()2 ? is used when the speaker wants to make a suggestion to the listener or to ask the listener for his or her opinion. The subject is normally | r and may be omitted. In English. this expression corresponds to Shalll ... ? or 00 you want me to ... ? When responding, the imperative forms -() or-() | can be used. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or ,

? is used, and when the verb stem ends in a consonant, -? is used.

r-Base Form -2? Base Form -?

? ?

? ?

? * ? }

* Irregular form (Compare with Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 01 V)? (1), Unit 17. Conjecture 03 AIV-()? ~)

212

In Conversation -....................................... ............................... .t

V-()

. Lets eat Korean food.

. . Let's not take the bus. Lets take the subway.

. Lets not see a movie.

Grammar Focus ...... . -() is used to suggest or propose doing something with the listener and corresponds to Let's or Shall we in English. The same meaning can also be expressed by -/. When the stem ends in a vowel, - is used, and when it ends in a consonant, - is used. When suggesting not to do something, however, either - r - is used.

Base Form -() -

*

* Irregular form

214

In Conversation -........................................ ............................... f! .13

A ? A When 5hall we depart? B 10 B Let 5 leave in 10 minute5

A ? A Shall we go to a club on the weekend? B B We have a te5t on Monday, 50 let 5 not go to a ub

. Let5 5tudy together

A ? A Why don t we go hiking today? B B It rained ye5terday, 50 the ground i5 51ippery

Let next week

-() can be used in formal situations in which the speaker is suggesting or inviting a group of people to do something or when the listener is younger or of lower status than the speaker. It cannot be used toward someone older or of higher status than the speaker. In such cases, -() is appropriate.

o When suggesting or inviting a group of people to do something. . Everyone lets ali study hard. . It lunchtime. Let's ali have lunch

6 When the listener is younger or of a similar age or status as the speaker. , . Company Director: Lets have lunch together on Saturday

.. Employee: Okay, that sounds good.

. Jaejun: Yoko, lets go hiking over the weekend . Yoko: Sure, Jaejun

) When the listener is older or of a higher status than the speaker. (x)

( Teacher, please go sing karaoke together with us (x)

. ( Professor, please have lunch together with us

12. A5king Opinions and Making Suggestion5 :

Jisu is planning a trip for summer vacation with her friend, Carol. Use -() and -/ to complete their dialogue in which they plan their trip.

0" O~

:fi ~ r

)~ __)

: ? : . (1) . ( : ? ?

: . (2) " ( : . ! . ? : ! (3) " (

(4) _____ " ( : .

(5) " () : . : . ? : . (6) " (

216

V-()?

? Would you like a donut?

? Would you like to reserve a room?

? Would you like sugar in your coffee?

Grammar Focus ..... -()? is used when pitely suggesting something to the listener or when asking about the listeners preference or intention. It corresponds to Would you (mind/ like to) ... ? r Why not...? in Engl ish and conveys a much more formal and polite feeling than -() 2 ?/-()7. When the stem ends in a vowel, -7 is used, and when it ends in a consonant, -7 is used.

Base Form -? Base Form - ?

? ? -

? ?

? ?

k E? ?

~ Irregular form

12. Asking Opinions and Making Sugges-..oc- -

f A ? A What time will you come tomorrow? B 3 . B I will be there by three clock

A . A Hello, Joel. This is Lila. ? Can you talk now?

B . . B Sorry. Im in the middle of a meeting. 30 ? Would you mind calling me in 30 minutes?

A . A I want to buy a traditional Korean souvenir. B ? B In that case, why dont you go to Insadong?

Find the most appropriate response from the choices given, as shown in the example.

? @ ?

(1) ? . @ . .

(2) . @ . ?

(3) . ? . @ .

(4) . ? . @ . .

218

v-()2 ?CD

? 00 you want to go hiking?

? Would you like to have a cup of coffee?

? Would you like to go ride a boat on the Han River?

Grammar Focus ....... . -() ? is used when asking about the listeners preference or intention or when gently making a request. It is used often in spoken language among close friends and thus does not convey as polite a feeling as -? It corresponds to Want to ... ? r Howabout...? in English. When asking a question in the form of -() ? the answer can be given in the form of -() ? or

-()2 . -()2 ? can also be replaced with - ?( -()2 ?) which means the same as -() ? even though it is a negative form. When the relationship with the listener is ciose but the speaker still wants to show respect, -()? can be used. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or 2. - 2 ? is used, and when it ends in a consonant, -? is used.

Base Form -2?

?

?

Base Form

-

?

?

LX} EEg ~?

12. Asking Opinions and Making Sugges-..cr;s

? * ? ? * ?

* Irregar form (Compare with Unit 13. Intentions and Plans 03 V-()2 ~)

A . A I 11 have doenjang stew.

? What will you have, Hami?

B . B 1' 11 have beef rib soup

A ? B ?

A Yuki , what do you want to do after we finish our tests?

B Shall we go see a movie?

A . A I want to see a night view of Seoul B ? B In that case, how about going to Seoul Tower this

evening?

Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using ) ? " .... .. . ... ........ ... ..... ....... ... ............

.................................... ..... , .................... ............... ............................. ........ .. .....

. ...... ....... ........ ..... .......

(1) A ? ? B .

(2) A . ? B .

(3) A . B ?

(4) A . E ? ?

5 i . ? B . .

220

. AN- @ V-()2 V-()2 @

AIV-@

.

This year, Im going to stop smoking.

. | 11 go on the business trip.

. We will soon arrive at Incheon Airport.

Grammar Focus .....

1 - is added to the ends of verbs t o express the intention or wil l of the speaker. It corresponds t (1) wil l/am going to r (1) plan t in English. It is made by adding - to the verb stem. The negative form is made by adding - r -.

. I plan to exercise every morning.

. I wont drink alcohol any more.

When- is used to express intention or will, the subject cannot be in the th ird person.

222

. (x) - . (

Kylie will start her diet (from) tomorrow. - . (

l 11 start my diet (from) tomorrow.

2 - can also be used to convey information that something is abo ut to occur. In this se. corresponds to should r w ill in English.

. The train will arrive shortly It shd rain tomorrow.

+ - + - -

Base Form - Base Form -

L

(Compare with Unit 17. Conjecture 01 AIV- ~)

A ! B .

A Wang Dan, lets not be late to class!

A .

B .

A .

B ? .

o - i s used i diomatically in the following cases.

BIm sorry. 1 11 arrive early staing tomorrow

A 80me foreign guests are here, so 1 need someone to interpret.

B In that case, Chief, 1 will interpret for you.

A Professor An Junho will give a lecture on the Korean economy shIy

B Good afternoon. 1m An Junho.

. .Its a pleasure to meet you. 0Ne meet for the first time.) I'm Lee Minu . Thank you for preparing this food. (1 will enjoy this food.) . Mother 1m off to school.

f} - is a1so used when the speaker wants to be 1ess assertive and more gentle and p01ite when expressing a thought.

A . ? Everyone, do you understand (what 1ve discusse so far? B . No 1 dont quite understand.

13. Intentions 'ld ?'!E.."':S

1 What have the flowing people decided to do in the new year? Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -.

(1)

(

(2)

(

(3)

( x)

2 The weather forecast is being shown on television. Look at the weather map below and fill in the blanks using -.

. (1) 2) . (3)

224

v-()2

. l11 an5Wer the phone.

. . Sorry. 1 have work to do, 50 1 11 be leaving now.

. 1'11 call you in the evening

Grammar Focus ..... -() is used when the speaker wants to express a decision or intention to another person similar to a promise, and also when actually making a promise to do something with the other person. It is also used simply to express that the speaker wi ll do something. It thus corresponds to (1) w ill (d in English. This expression is used in colloquial language mainly among intimates. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or 2 , then - 2 is used, and when it ends in a consonant, - is used.

Base Form -2 Base Form - ___.

-

.

s

* Irregular form

13. Intentions a'1C ?=

This expression can be used only with verbs that express the will of the subject.

. (x) he blowing of the wind is not due to the will or intention of the wind.)

. (x) (It cannot be used with adjectives.)

Only subjects in the first person can be used.

. (x) - . (

Budi will call in the evening

. (

This expression cannot be used in questions.

?( x ) ? (

Lila, you wont be late in the future, will you?

A ? A Did you bring my book? B . 8 Sorry. 1 forgot

1'11 definitely bring it tomorrow

A , A Eric, do you know Kylies email address? ?

B , . 8 Yes, 1 do. 111 write it down (on pap for you

226


-(1m ~ IE 1 A relationship exists with the listener, and the subject's intention or thought is expressed while taking the listener into consideration A . B . (Speaker B hears what Speaker A says and states the intention to follow the advice.) A B . (Speaker B intends to call under the assumption that Speaker A expects it.)

No relationship exists with the listener, and the subject thought, intention, or plan is expressed unidirectionally. A .

B (Speaker A had already been planning to stop smoking, which was a decision unrelated to the relationship with Speaker B.) A . B | . (Speaker B plans to call Speaker A irrespective of Speaker As wishes.)

_ook at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example.

(1)

2)

3)

(4)

A . ? B . m ,

()

A

B . .

A ? B

(

()

A . B .

( x)

A . B .

( x )

13. Intentions arc ?i.'":5

v-()2@

. . lm 50 full. 1m not going to eat any more.

. 1'11 have coffee (to drink).

. Thi5 vacation, 1m going on a trip.

Grammar Focus ...... . . -() 2 expresses the fact that the speaker has the will or intention to do something. It is used often in colloquial language among intimates, and does not confer a feeling of piteness. This meaning corresponds t be going t r will in English. Used in questions, it is a way to ask the other person his or her intention (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 05 V) ? (j)) When the verb stem ends in a vowel or 2 , - is used, and when it ends in a consonant, - is used.

Base Form -2 Base Form -

1

l * Irregar form

228

1 This expression can be used only with verbs.

. (x) - . (

1 wish 1 were tall

. (x ) -> . (

1 wish 1 were pretty. See also Unit 8. Expressions of Hope 02 NV-/

2 Only subjects in the first person can be used.

. (x) . (

Hoang will go to his hometown next week

. ( l 11 go to my hometown next week.

Compare with Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 05 V-() ? Q))

m COMersatMn. A

? B .

.

A ? B .

A ? B . .

A Hami, do you want to see an action movie or a horror movie later?

B 1 dont like horror movies. 1 want to see an action movie.

A What would you like to drink?

B Id like some coffee.

A Arent you going to Li las birthday party today?

B NO, Im not going. 1m tired , so 1 plan on resting at home.

13. lntentiors'c ~Z'

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using ).

) . , .

(

(2)

(3)

(4)

230

A . B

()

A 12. ? B

()

[ ? B

()

A ? B

( x)

e AN-()L/ @ G v-() @

A1V-()L/ @

?

It s cold, so shall I close the window?

. Its raining, and I dont have an umbrella.

. My little sister is a student, and she studies really hard.

? Youve bought a lot already, so shall we go?

Grammar Focus .............. . -()L/ is used when the first clause expresses the reason or background situation for the second c lause and also when the first clause provides content introducing the second clause. It corresponds t so/therefore and and in English. When added to adjectives, - L is added tstems ending in a vowel, and - is added to stems ending in a consonant. When added to verbs,

-I is added to the stem.

232

-/ --

l | |

{ -

Base Form -() Base Form -()

-

71

| -

-

-

.. Irregar form Compare with Unit 4. Listing and Contrast 04 AIV-()L/ CD)

In Conversation

A ? A Is Yoko employed at a company? B B No, shes still a student, but she is going 1

gradte this year.

A ? A Where''s a good restalu B B Th1e r

Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using )L/.

(1)

A ? B . (2)

A ? B .

(3)

A . B .

(4)

A ? B ?

234

v-()@

.

I arrived home to (discover) the smell of something tasty.

. When I woke up in the morning, the gift had already arrived.

12. When I arrived home, it was midnight.

Grammar Focus ..... -() expresses the d iscovery of the fact described in the second clause as the rest of performing the action described in the first clause. It corresponds t when or (do something) only to discover If the verb stem ends in a vowel, - is used, and if it ends in a consonant, - is used. This form of-() denoting discovery taches only to verbs

; Base Form I - I Base Form I - -+- : | -t- | | | - l | |

| I ':' |

* Irregar form

- -7----: --1--- LI ~~ -14_ Background Information and Explanations (

When -()LI expresses the result of an action (discovery), - and - cannot precede it.

. ( x ) - . (

I arrived at the office only to discover that nobody was there.

. (x ) . (0)

When I arrived home in the evening, my mother was there. (Compare with Unit 9. Reasons and Causes 02 NV-() CD)

In Conversation A ? B .

A ? B .

.

A Did you call Jason on the phone?

8 Yes, but only to find he did not answer.

A How much was that hat?

8 10,000 won. When I went to the department store yesterday, they were having a sale.

Connect each phrase on the left to the most appropriate phrase on the right, and write sentences using the phrases as shown in the example.

(1) (2) (3)

K . @ . '-.... . @ . . @ .

@ . (4) . @.

71 l

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

236

V-() / V-()

V-() N/ () V- () V-

V-() /

'tracK 153 . Were going to Dongdaemun Market to buy clothes,

. I came to Korea to see my Korean fans.

. | m going to the bank to withdraw some money.

Grammar Focus -() / expresses going or coming to a place to perform an action, with the action stated first and the p lace second. It corresponds to (in order) to in English, When the verb stem ends in a vowel or , then- / is used, and when it ends in a consonant, -() / is used,

+ - + - _,

Base Form 1$@ 4

/ /

/ ... ----

/

.. Irregular form

238

-,--

B ase Form

-

-

-(--

}

-I } Z

/ - +

/ ----+

/

Only m ovement verbs such as (to go), (to come), and (to attend/commut are us after -(

. ( . (x)

(1) go to the market to buy clothes.

. ( (1) withdrew money to buy clhes.

Flujr

nocoome1ee) (to 9 up) n 9 down) (to enter) (to leave. (to trave l), and 0 I (to move/change residences).

(x ), (x ), ( x ), - ( x )

In Conversation . (t~ \154

A -? A Did you move (change residences)? B . B Yes, 1 moved last week

. Please come to visit over the weekend

A ? A Are you busy these days? B B Yes, 1m a bit busy.

. |m attending an academy to learn Korean dance

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -() /.

(2)

(3) ______ n l'Jf:-=-

.., ~ -0 l">t' t> !A .'0 ...... ... "'. " ... F

A ? B .

()

A ? B . .

(

A ? B .

(

15. Purpose anc le1"..!:a' _

v-()

.

1 exercise three hours a day to try to lose weight.

. 1 bought a present to give to my wife

5 . 1 drank five cups of coffee so that 1 wouldnt go to sleep.

Grammar Focus ..... -() expresses the intention or plan of the speaker. Specifically, it indicates the speaker will dwhat is stated in the second clause to accomplish what is stated in the first clause. It corresponds to (in order) to or so that in Enish. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or , then- is used, and when it ends in a consonant , - is used.


* 1egular form

240

In Conversation ~ A , ? A Jeonga do you tend an acadermy t B B Yes, I go to an academy tearn how to use

computers

A ? A We just met a little while ago, so why are you calling

B .

A .

B .


again?

B I called so that I could hear your voice.

A Even though Ive lain down in bed , I cant go tsleep.

B In that case, try drinking a glass of warm milk

II!) 1 II!) 1 o Used with movement verbs, such as

and . . (x) (

(1) 90 to the coffee shop to meel my friend.

Present, past, and future tense verbs can all follow-(). . (

(1) 90 to the coffee shop to meet my friend . (

(1) went to the coffee shop 10 meet my friend . . (

(1) will 90 to the coffee shop to meet my friend.

E) -() and -() can be used in combination with this expression.

. (0) Lets 90 to the restaurant 10 have a meal

( Please 90 10 lhe reslaurant 10 have a meal

o Can be used with all verbs. (

(1) 90 10 lhe coffee shop 10 meel my friend (

(1) am waitin9 10 meel my friend in lhe coffee shop.

Present and past tense verbs can follow -( but the meaning becomes awkward when used with a verb in the future tense. - . (

(1) 90 10 the coffee shop 10 meel my friend . (

(1) wenl 10 lhe coffee shop 10 meet my friend. - . (x)

E) -() and-() sound awkward when used with this expression.

. ( x ) . (x)

15. Purpose and Irntion 2.c.-

Why are the f lowing people studying Korean? Write the answers in the blanks as shown in the example.

| .

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

242

(5)

(3)

.

.

.

F.

.

v-()

Cira::>

. Z I plan to travel during the summer vacation.

. I intend to have two children once Im married.

. . I had planned on learning how to drive during the vacation. But I injured my arm and wasnt able to.

Grammar Focus .....

-() expresses the subjects intention or plan that has yet to be acted upon. It means plan to or intend t in English. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or 2 , - is used, and when the stem ends in a consonant, - is used. Moreover, while-() is the past tense form of -() it is used when the intended action or plan did not materialize as expected.

Base Form

| I * Irregar form

-

-

-

; t ,

+

15. Purpose a;x.: l-::e:~ -

In Conversation '..' ..... . ..... (frrac R A ? B .

A ? B . A .

j 5 A What will you do once you get your bonus?

B I plan to buy a new car.

A What do you plan to do after you graduate?

B I intend to continue my studies at graduate school.

A I plan on getting a job at a company.

Carol plans to travel during her vacation. Look at the contents of Cars suitcase and write what you t hink she intends to do during her trip as shown in t he example.

.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

(6) (7)

244

N/ () v- ()

. I take vitamins daily for my health.

. Soldiers are people who work for their country.

. I practice hard to become a great skater.

Grammar Focus This pattern is used when performing an action for the sake of something or to accomplish something. Specifically, it indicates the speaker w do what is stated in the second clause for the sake of what is stated in the first c1ause. In the case of a noun being the reason for the action, / is used. is the shened form of . Further, can also be omitted, leaving . It corresponds to for the sake of r (in ord to' in English. When used with a verb, - is added to the verb stem

- - -

1 -

-

M

+ - -

Base Form v-

15. Purpose ano I rr.-=-~;"'

|

| -

- -

- -

- cannot be added directly to adjectives. However. if -/ has been added to an adjective. making it a verb. then it can be used with - .

. (x) . (

(1) exercise to be healthy.

A . A Its nice to meet you. 1m new recruit Lee Minu B . B Pleased to meet you. 1 trust you 11 work ha

.

A ? B .

A . B .

.

=:~) al Cannot be used with -/ .-()

-() or-()2? (

(I)studi hard to enter the university (x) (x) . (x)

246

for the company.

A What do you do for your family?

B I pray for my family eve day.

A Congratulations on buying an apament.

B Thank you. We both worked hard to save money to buy this home.

- 1 Can be used with -/ -() -() and -()2? . (0)

(1) studied hard to enter the university (

(1) have to study hard to enter the university. . (

Lets study hard to enter the university. (

Please study hard to enter the universi!y.

Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using either / () or - ().

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

. ,,-

A ? B .

A . ? B

.

A ? B .

A>nP .

15. Purpose and Intem. -

v-

.

i made the decision to stop smoking for my health starting this year.

. I decided to go hiking with my friend over the weekend.

3 . Weve decided to get married three years from now.


1 - expresses the making of a prom ise with another person and is made by adding - to the verb stem.

A . . Jeonga, I love you. Let5 get married next year.

B . . Okay. Let5 get maied next year. - . .

Jeonga and I love each other. We decided to get married next year.

2 - can also express the making of a promise with oneself. That is, it can express a decision or resolution to do something. It is m ade by adding - to t he verb stem

. I resolved to exercise every day starting this year.

248

+ - + - -


E A ? A Jaejun, why are you in such a good mood today? B B Carol and I have decided to go on a date this weekend

.

A ? A Who will bring the camera tomorrow when we go

B B Budi decided to bring one.

A ? A What plans do you have for the new year? B B Ive decided to write in my journal every day

before going to sleep

While- is mainly used in its past tense forms of - / it is sometimes used in it s present t ense form of -71 . 1n such cases, it refers to the speaker and listener making a prom ise to do something.

A ? What shall we do tomorrow? B . (= .) Let's (decide to) go hiking.

....~

15. Purpose and Intention ~~

What have the f lowing people resolved to do in the new year? Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word f rom below to fill in each blank using - .

(1)

(2)

(3)

4)

(5)

250

e NV-() v-() NV-/

A1V-()

. If you spend too much time on the computer, you 11 hurt your eyes.

. 1 dance when 1m in a good mood.

. If 1 make a lot of mone |mgng to buy a house.

Grammar Focus ... .. . -() is used when stating a condition about some fact, daily occurrence, or some repetitive action mentioned later in the sentence, or when supposing an uncertain situation or a situation that has not yet been realized. It means if, when, or once in English. When expressing a supposition, adverbs such as and can also be used. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or 2 , - is used, and when it ends in a consonant, - is used.

-- IL Base Form -

|

k I L * Irregar form

252

Information about something that happened in the past cannot come before -() in a sentence Fuhermore when an action only occurs once, -()2 is used

. (x) . (

Yesterday, when I watched a movie, I cried

. (x) --> . (

Yesterday, when my younger brother/sister was not home, my friend came.

ln Conversation .----------- -- -------- -- ------------- -------------- --------- ----------Fa R ..16

A ? B .

.

A . B ? .

.

A ? B .

A What do you normally do on the weekend?

B If the weathers nice, I go hiking But if it rains or snows, then I watch TV at home.

A Im going back to my hometown next week.

B Really? Thats too bad Please stay in touch when youre back home.

A Where will you live once you get married?

B We plan to live in an apament near the company.

When the subjects of the first and second clauses are different, the particle filowing the subject of the first clause changes from / to 0 1/. . (x)- . (0)

When my brother tells a story, his friends laugh. . (x)

- ( When Tiruen does not go to work

16. Conditions and Suppositions '-' -

Connect the pict ures that go together, and then select the words from below to fill in the blanks using --{)

:

(1)

@

(2)

. @

(3)

. @

(4)

. @

11 .

~'j ^i 3 .

-.' .

- . .

~:;-

v-()

Grammar Focus .....

. If you want to play basketball well , you have to be able to jump high.

4. If youre trying to get to Dongdaemun, then please take subway line 4.

.

trac"

If you want to meet with teacher Lee, then come to school on Monday.

-() is the shortened form of -() It is used with verbs to express a plan or intention to do something in the first clause, with the condition required to fulfill that plan or intention given in the second clause. For this reason, it is common for the flowing grammatical forms to be used in the second clause: -/ / -() -() 01/ and . This expression means if you want to or if your intention is to in English. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or 2 , - is used, and when it ends in a consonant, - is used.


--- -

* * * *

* Irregular form 16. Conditions and Suppositlons 2:5

m COMersatim. A . B

.

A . B

.

A . B

.

. ~-

A 1 want to be able to speak Korean well.

B If you want to speak Korean well , then only speak Korean every day

A 1 often lose my pen.

B If you dont want to lose your pen, then write your name on it

A Mr. President, 1 want to work at your company.

B If you intend to work at our company, you have tbe able to speak Korean and use computers wel l.

Look at the pictures and connect them with the appropriate sentences.

@ .

(":) r-

@ .

(2)

256

@ .

. @ @

.

n

AN-O~/

. Grandma cant hear you even if you speak loudly.

. . I like these clothes. I want to buy them even if they are expensive.

. Even if I listen to the news, I cant understand it.

Grammar Focus ..... . -/ indicates that the situation in the second clause occurs regardless of the action or state described in the first clause. It means even if or regardless whether' in English. When the verb stem ends in ~ or ...1... - is used, and when the verb stem ends in any other vowel, - is used. For verbs that end in the form changes to .

Base Form -/ Base Form -Ot/

*

*

* Irregar form 16. Conditions and si::x:s::o:

In Conver.tion A 3 .

. B 2 50.

3 .

A We have to be in Myeongdong by 3:00. Lets take a taxi.

B Its 2:50 right now. We wont make it by 3:00 even if we take a taxi.

A . A Im so busy these days I dont have time to eat breakfast.

B - . .

B You have to eat breakfast even if youre busy. Its unhealthy not to eat breakfast.

le meaning of -/ can be emphasized by using in front of the verb, giving the expression the meaning of no matter how (much)'. -

Even iflm busy I eat breakfast No matter how busy I am, I always eat breakfast

01 . | 11 buy those clothes even if they re expensive. - No matter how expensive those clothes are, I 11 buythem.

Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using -/.

;

( -

A ? B .

A ? B .

? x

-

A B .

A/V- @ G A/V-()2 @ A/V-() ? @ D A/V-()L//()2

A/V-@

.

Wow, that looks delicious.

. ! Look at that poster. It looks interesting

. That looks refreshing.

Grammar Focus ........ ....... . - is an expression of supposition about a certain situation or state corresponding t looks like, sounds , or appears in English. It is formed by adding - to the stems of verbs and adjectives. In the case of past tense supposition, -/- is added in front of - to form-/

| AA AA, - I ..LL.

+ - - + - -


|Ijlj I!!8

L (Compare wiLn U 13. ,.,tentions and Plans 01 A/V- ()l

260

In Conversation ................. .

A . B . .

A .

B ? .

A .

B .

AI m planning to take a trip to Jeju Island this wee

B WOW, that sounds nice. I want to go, too.

A These days, I study English every day after getting ff work.

B Every day? That sounds tough.

A This is the book Ive been using to study Korean lately.

B It looks difficult.

Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using -.

(1) A . B ?

(2) A 5 . B

E L--

-o

+ I-

-E

-r1

(3) A . B

(4) A 1 . B

(5) A 1 . B ?

(6) A . B

17. cor::.:: -

A/V-()2 @

.

You 11 be hot if you wear that

. I think Hayeong willlook good in a violet shirt.

7 . I think Dane has already left work because it's 7:00.

)rammar Focus ..... .. -() expresses the speaker's

korean grammar in use beginning to early intermediate

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