kuliah mikro virus
DESCRIPTION
mmmmmTRANSCRIPT
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VIROLOGI
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VIRUS
• Virus adalah parasit berukuran mikroskopik • Virus bersifat parasit obligat, disebabkan karena
virus hanya dapat bereproduksi di dalam material hidup
• virus mengandung sejumlah kecil asam nukleat (DNA atau RNA, tetapi tidak kombinasi keduanya)
• Dinding td : protein, lipid, glikoprotein, atau kombinasi ketiganya
• Dapat dilihat dengan mikroskop Elektro
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• virus berdasarkan tropisme dan cara penyebaran
1. Virus Enterik 2. Virus Respirasi 3. Arbovirus 4. Virus onkogenik 5. Virus hepatitis
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• Berdasarkan morfologi, virus dibagi berdasarkan jenis asam nukleat dan juga protein membran terluarnya (envelope) menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu :
1. Virus DNA 2. Virus RNA 3. Virus berselubung 4. Virus non-selubung
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• Virus di klasifikan menjadi 7 kelompok berdasarkan alur fungsi genomnya (klasifikasi Baltimore ) yaitu:
1. Virus Tipe I = DNA Utas Ganda 2. Virus Tipe II = DNA Utas Tunggal 3. Virus Tipe III = RNA Utas Ganda 4. Virus Tipe IV = RNA Utas Tunggal (+) 5. Virus Tipe V = RNA Utas Tunggal (-) 6. Virus Tipe VI = RNA Utas Tunggal (+) dengan DNA
perantara 7. Virus Tipe VII = DNA Utas Ganda dengan RNA
perantara
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Virus Mumps
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Pendahuluan
• Parotitis / gondongan• Ditandai dengan membesarnya kel parotitis
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Klasifikasi
• Group V ((-)ssRNA• Order: Mononegavirales• Family: Paramyxovirus• Genus: Rubulavirus• Type species Mumps virus
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• Klasifikasi virus Rubela: Famili: Togaviridae Genus: Rubivirus Spesies: Rubella virus
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• RNA virus rantai tunggal• Penularan melalui droplet infection• Replikasi di naifaring dan kel limfe regional• Inkubasi 7 - 15 hari
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Nama Lain Campak
• measles• red/hard measles
• morbilli• morbili• rubeola• tampek
• gabagen (Jw)
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Aspek virologi
• RNA (nucleic acid core)• helical (tipe capsid/capsid symmetry)• ber-envelope (virion : naked atau ber-
envelope)• sitoplasma (site of capsid assembly)
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Aspek virologi
• sensitif (reaction to ether treatment)• 150 – 300 nm (diameter virion)
• Morbillivirus (genus)• Paramyxoviridae (familia)
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Virus Campak mempunyai beberapa protein
• protein F (fusion) → fusi virus ke dalam membran sel, penetrasi virus ke dalam sel hospes, hemolisis
• protein M (matrix) → pemberian envelope pada nukleokapsid dan penyebaran virion ke sel-sel yang
berdekatan• protein L (large) & P (polymerase) → transkripsi
dan replikasi genom
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Virus Campak mempunyai beberapa protein
• N (nucleoprotein)• protein H (hemagglutinin) → adsorpsi virus ke
dalam reseptor sel hospes ; proteksi sangat terkait dengan antibodi terhadap protein H ;
antibodi yang dideteksi sebagian besar merupakan antibodi terhadap protein H
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Sifat-sifat lain
• mampu melakukan multiplikasi ke dalam makrofag
• infeksi alamiah → kekebalan selama hidup (lifelong immunity)
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Vaksinasi
• campak : kategori diwajibkan/diharuskan ; campak I 9 bulan, campak II 5, 6, 7 tahun ; organisme hidup
yang dilemahkan• MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) : non-PPI ;
dianjurkan; I 15 bulan, II 5, 6 tahun ; organisme hidup yang dilemahkan
• PPI : Program Pengembangan Imunisasi
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Klasifikasi
1. Enterovirus2. Rhinovirus3. Hepatovirus4. Parecovirus5. Aphtovirus6. Cardiovirus
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Members of the Picornaviridae Cause Many Serious Diseases of Man and Animals
Genus Enterovirus
- Poliovirus type member, 3 major types cause paralysis.
Genus Rhinovirus
- cause respiratory tract infections, acid labile, cause
colds in humans (110 types) and pigs.
Genus Hepatovirus
- Hepatitis A, contagious liver infections.
Genus Cardiovirus
- EMC group, cause heart and brain inflammation acid labile, source is a rodent reservoir.
Genus Apthovirus
- Foot and mouth disease, most destructive in Africa.
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Gastroenteritis virus
• Gastroenteritis: Salah satu penyakit yang banyak menyerang manusia dari berbagai usia
• Gastroenteritis: Inflamasi lambung dan usus• Penyebabnya: virus, bakteri, parasit• Simtom Klinik: mulai muntah diare akut
(diarrhea) kematian• Episode simtom: abdominal cramping, malaise,
headache, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, diare.• Simtom bisa muncul sendiri-sendiri atau sekaligus
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Gastroenteritis virus 1950-1970: Echovirus, adenovirus, Coxsackie A dan B virus (diisolasi dari
tinja pasen, tapi apakah virus tsb penyebab diare blm jelas)
1972: Norwalkvirus (virus pertama yang diyakini berkaitan dengan diare); Rotavirus Grup A (ditemukan Bishop pada mukosa duodenal, dan kini dikenal sbg virus penyebab diare berat pada anak-anak)
1975: Enteric adenovirus serotype 40 dan 41 (berkaitan dengan diare); Astrovirus (dikenal sebagai penyebab umum diare; jarang ditemukan pada tinja)
1979: Calicivirus (berkaitan dg norwalkvirus)
1980-1990s: Rotavirus B dan C; Norwalk-likeviruses (ini calicivirus juga); Torovirus; picobirnavirus, enterovirus 22 (ditemukan pada tinja, tapi apa penyebab diare atau bukan belum jelas)
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Gastroenteritis virus
Jika dikelompokan virus penyebab gastroente ritis terdiri dari 4 suku:
• Rotavirus (Reoviridae) (dsRNA)• Human calicivirus (Caliviridae) (ss RNA)• Enteric adenovirus (Adenoviridae) (dsDNA)• Astrovirus (Astroviridae) (ssRNA)
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Gastroenteritis virus
Epidemiologi gastroenteritis virusVirus Rotavirus A, adeno Rotavirus
B&C astro, calicivirusUmur < 5 tahun semua umurTransmisi droplet, kontak mamin, kontakPencegahan vaksin (dev) Public health
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Gastroenteritis virus
Resiko Tinggi• Anak-anak dan lansia• Pegawai rumah sakit, keluarga perawat• Wisatawan di negara berkembang• Immunodeficient• Khemoterapi (misal orang yg sedang transplan
tasi sumsum)
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Rotavirus
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STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF ROTAVIRUSSTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF ROTAVIRUS
• 60-80nm in size
• Non-enveloped virus
• EM appearance of a wheel with radiating spokes
• Icosahedral symmetry
• Double capsid
• Double stranded (ds) RNA in 11 segments
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ROTAVIRUS- PROPERTIESROTAVIRUS- PROPERTIES
• Virus is stable in the environment (months)
• Relatively resistant to handwashing agents
• Susceptible to disinfection with 95% ethanol, ‘Lysol’, formalin
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AdenovirusAdenovirus
• Incubation period 3 -10 days
• Diarrhea lasts for 10 -14 days
• Can also cause intussusception, mesenteric
adenitis, appendicitis
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Viral Hepatitis5 types:A: fecal-oral transmission
B: sexual fluids & blood to blood
C: blood to blood
D: travels with B
E: fecal–oral transmission
VaksinasiPreventable
Adapted from Corneil, 2003
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Natural History of Hep C
Adapted from Lauer and Walker, NEJM 2001
Healthy Liver
Acute Infection
Chronic Infection
20% Clear the
Virus
80% Virus Continues to Damage
Liver
Only 20% willshow symptomsInitially !
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Natural History Con’t
ChronicHepatitis
Cirrhosis20-30%
LiverCancer
1-4%/year
Most symptoms begin to show only when liver is more severely damaged
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Signs and Symptoms• A few may have specific liver related
symptoms initially:– Pale stool (poo)– Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes)
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