l8. b. cognition chp 7
TRANSCRIPT
COGNITIONLecture 8. Part B. Chapter 7.
INTELLIGENCEPRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill three criteria:
1. Standardization2. Reliability3. Validity
INTELLIGENCEPRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
STANDARDIZATION
Standardizing a test involves administering the test to a representative sample of future test takers in order to establish a basis for meaningful comparison.
INTELLIGENCEPRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
STANDARDIZATION Standardized tests establish a normal
distribution of scores on a tested population — a bell-shaped pattern called the normal curve.
INTELLIGENCEPRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
RELIABILITY
A test is reliable when it yields consistent results. To establish reliability researchers establish different procedures:1. Split-half Reliability: Dividing the test into
two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are.
2. Reliability using different tests: Using different forms of the test to measure consistency between them.
3. Test-Retest Reliability: Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.
INTELLIGENCEPRINCIPLES OF TEST CONSTRUCTION
VALIDITY
The degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure or predict.
1. Content Validity: Refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait.
2. Predictive Validity: Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.
RELIABLE AND VALID
TEST
Construct (i.e., “intelligence)
Scores on test
Test MUST be RELIABLE to be VALID!Menu
LO 7.5 Measuring Intelligence and How Intelligence Tests Are Constructed
RELIABLE BUT INVALID
TEST
Construct (i.e., “intelligence”)
Scores on test
Test can be RELIABLE but still be INVALID!Menu
LO 7.5 Measuring Intelligence and How Intelligence Tests Are Constructed
UNRELIABLE AND INVALID
TEST
Construct (i.e., “intelligence”)
Scores on test
Menu
LO 7.5 Measuring Intelligence and How Intelligence Tests Are Constructed
Mary's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has ________ reliability and ________ validity.
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25% 25%25%25%A. low; highB. high; lowC. low; lowD. high; high
LANGUAGE Language = An open and symbolic
communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas
Open = free to change Symbolic = no connection between a sound and the meaning or
idea with associated with it.
LANGUAGEINTERESTING FACTS
Protolanguage – very rudimentary language, also known as pre-language, used by earlier species of homo.
Evolution of language and the brain are intertwined Particularly the frontal lobe
Evolved to grammatical language
LANGUAGEINTERESTING FACTS
English is language with most words – app. 250,000 Countries where English (or other Germanic languages) is
spoken account for more than 40 percent of the world GDP, while comprising only about 8 percent of the world's population
Every human being is born with the capacity to make every sound of every language in the world perfectly. With time, we filter out the sounds we don’t need for our primary language and focus on the ones we do.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/guide/languages.shtml
LANGUAGESTRUCTURE
Spoken language is built of basic speech sounds, called phonemes; elementary units of meaning, called morphemes; and words. Finally, language must have a grammar, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with others. Semantics refers to the rules we use to derive meaning from the morphemes, and syntax refers to the rules we use to order words into sentences.
LANGUAGESTRUCTURE
Phonemes: The smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language. For example:
bat, has three phonemes b · a · tchat, has three phonemes ch · a · t
English has about 40 different phonemes
LANGUAGESTRUCTURE
Morpheme: The smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of a word. For example:
Previewed = pre . view. edUneventful = un. event. ful
LANGUAGESTRUCTURE
Grammar - A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Grammar
SyntaxSemantics
LANGUAGESTRUCTURE
Grammar> Semantics Set of rules by which we derive meaning
from morphemes, words, and sentences. For example:
Semantic rule tells us that adding –ed to the word laugh means that it happened in the past.
LANGUAGESTRUCTURE
Grammar> Syntax The rules for ordering words into
grammatically sensible sentences. For example:
In English syntactical rule is that adjectives come before nouns; white house. In Spanish it is reversed; casa blanca.
“Blue happy processes swim angrily down stream”
The smallest distinctive sound unit is a ___________ and the smallest unit that carries meaning is a ____________.
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25% 25%25%25%1. Phoneme, morpheme2. Syntax, grammar3. Morpheme, phoneme4. Semantics, morpheme
LANGUAGESTRUCTUREJamaican patois
me glad for to see you” (pro: I am glad to see you)…”
West African languages form their sentences and forms of verbs differently in the basic morphological structure
LANGUAGE AND THOUGHTLinguistic relativity hypothesis
the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language
LANGUAGE AND THOUGHTCognitive universalism
theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language
WHAT DAY DO YOU WANT OFF?
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33% 33%33%1. Tuesday 16th Oct 2. Thursday 18th
Oct3. Thursday 1st
Sept