LAST 170 Study Guide

Conceptual Considerations

John Chasteen characterization of U.S. thinking on Latin America Racial/Cultural and Environmental Determinism

Too much non­white blood made them not self disciplined/intelligent Were catholic, lacked a protestant work ethic Tropical climate made them just lay around Generally a lazy people

Modernization Theory Backward mentalities Traditional social structures They need to be “modernized”

Dependency Theory Latin America stood in a dependant manner to the civilized world(still is

dependent on America and other better countries) Export raw material import finished products

Social Constructionism Still some of the dependency model More concern with how latin americans view their multicultural background “identity politics” and “national identities” how gender, race and class identities are constructed

Michel Rolph Trouillot’s Theory of Historical Narratives History is understood as a distinction and overlap of the socio historical process and the

narratives about it Positivism­what happened “socio­historical process” Constructivism­what is said to have happened “narratives about it” 3 capacities of people within the socio­historical process

Agents: occupants of structural positions Ex: the classification/group a person falls into; teacher, student

Actors: in constant interference with with a context Ex: The people involved with historical narratives and their roles; him

talking, us listening Subjects: voices aware of their vocality

Ex: people talking about something after it happens, also consider astrike; it only matters because of what the people involved think; us talkingnotes and talking about class later

Cycles of Silences (the opportunity for something to be remembered), The moment of: Fact creation

the fact that there were no written records of the Haitian revolution/sources

Fact assembly when you go back doing research looking for info, records/archives

Fact retrieval making of narratives, so writing a research paper

Retrospective significance or history its actual impact Alamo

Mercantilism Economic Theory National wealth measured in bullion Aim for favorable balance of trade

greater exports than imports Seapower

merchant fleets military power

Colonies supply raw materials large labor forces

Active role of the state regulate commerce tariffs on imports

Mass labor, Slavery, Plantation Societies, Extraction Societies Discuss the ways the need for mass labor (slaves in Brazil and Cuba, indigenous forced

labor in Bolivia) informed specific racial categories in the Americas. The indigenous/enslaved/darker were forced into subservient labor positions that

made them poor right from the start. They were also viewed as “other” with theEuropean­born being the upper class and the lower class being considered less.These initial concepts carry through to today in some form.

Discuss some of the social, economic, and cultural consequences of the development ofplantation societies (sugar, coffee, bananas) as we saw in the case of Brazil and Cuba.

Social: The plantation societies inherently set up an owner and a workerrelationship. In this relationship the owner has all the power and the worker mustfollow orders. There is also the concept from “The Masters and the Slaves”(Freyre) of the owner having his way with the workers which has implications intoviews on sexuality.

Economic: In a plantation society a small few own a majority of the land,everyone else has to work on their farms for minimal pay. The plantations have aneed for large amounts of labor to do very menial tasks. Does not develop otherindustries, ie no processing, etc. Requires a lot of land to be profitable.

Cultural: Combining the fact that from an economic viewpoint the workers tendedto come from the slave/forced indigenous labor demographic and the socialconstruct of the master and the slave a general concept of the “white” Europeansas the wealthy civilized people and the darker slaves as less civilized emerged.

Also combining the concepts from “The Masters and the Slaves” implications ofthe darker slave as the sexual individual and the whiter female as worthy ofmarriage.

Discuss some differences and similarities between sugar economies (Brazil, Cuba) andextraction economies (Bolivia).

Sugar: Brazil, Cuba, West Indies Constrained by climate Plantation economy (land owning elite: a lot of land in few hands) Reliance on African slaves “get rich quick”

Extraction: Colombia, Bolivia, Peru Mining of silver and gold most important economic activity Relies on indigenous labor and some slaves Extractive society Leads to extreme inequality

Both: Place the country with either economy in a dependant economic stance to

the civilized world through the export of raw materials and the import offinished goods.

Cause extreme inequality in a social context that also has racialimplications

Rely on large labor forces

Geographic Considerations: Beringia; What role does it have in the peopling of the Americas?

Evolution of mankind occurred in Africa. The american natives were obviously ofthe same species so it is assumed that they migrated from Eurasia at some point.The most likely explanation is a mass migration from Asia across the Beringstraight between Russia and Alaska. So without a migration across here theAmericas would have been unpopulated.

General Historical Context: La Reconquista/ The conquest of Granada (How did this contribute to Iberian social

organizations and cultural practices?) Spain recpaptured Granada, Spain from the Moors in 1492. This re­united the

Iberian peninsula. The marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle ofCastille helped unite Spain also. This also led to the start of the Inquisition.

“Los Reyes Católicos/ The Catholic Kings” Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle of Castille. Married in 1469 (sixty­nine

amiright?). Dubbed this by Pope Alexander the Sixth. What were three converging events of 1492? Which were more important than others at

the time?

Conquest of Granada­most important. Reunited the Iberian peninsula. Expulsion of the Jews­second­most­important. Spain=very Christian/don’t like

Jews (see The Inquisition). Columbus reports that he found Asia, even though he landed in the

Bahamas­least important. Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty signed in 1494, by Spain and Portugal. This treaty divided the newlyfoundlands outside of Europe. Meridian was set at 18 degrees west, which explainswhy Brazil (farthest west) speaks Portuguese and just about everyone elsespeaks Spanish.

Name 5 principles of Mercantilism as a political economic orientation of the Spanishempire.

National Wealth measured in Bouillon (gold/silver) Favorable balance of trade

greater exports than imports (sounds like a good idea America) 0 sum game­commercial exchange where what you recieve is equal (or

slightly greater) to what you give up Sea power­important for trade (merchant fleets) and national power (navy) Colonies

supplied raw materials for manufactured goods large labor forces

Government had an active role in mercantilism regulated commerce set tariffs on imports

THOSE FIRST FEW WERE JUST GENERAL PRINCIPLES OFMERCANTILISM, THE FOLLOWING ARE SPANISH UNIQUE

integral to imperial bureaucracy prohibited colonial trade with other European countries Limited trade routes­a few colonial ports and one peninsular port (easier to control

and tax) What were the two principle sources of Colonial production of wealth?

Sugar (Plantation) Economy Brazil, West Indies, Cuba Constrained by climate Plantation Economy: land owed by a rich dude (elite) (much land

controlled and owned by few (white) people Reliance on African slaves “get rich quick” mentality­outcome: most of the richest countries early on

(these sugar colonies) are now among the poorest in the world (Haiti) Spanish American Extraction Economy

Colombia, Bolivia, Peru Most important economic activity: mining gold and silver (bullion) Reliant on indigenous people and some African slave labor

Extractive society­society built around the extraction of precious and rarenatural resources

Leads to extreme inequality (so does plantation though...we shoulddiscuss)

When was the Haitian Revolution? What is its world historical significance? Lasted from 1791­1804. 500,000 slaves were living in Haiti (Saint Dominique, wealthiest colony of the

New World). Prime exports were sugar, coffee, and indigo. Inspired by theFrench Revolution (who ironically controlled Haiti), there was a large slaveuprising. Led by Toussaint Louverture (former slave), Haiti became the thesecond independent country in the Americas (USA USA USA!). They were alsothe First Black Republic of the World. Lastly, this was the only successful slaverevolution that resulted in the revolters becoming an independent country, ever.After Haiti revolutioned, Cuba became a much larger sugar producer (second toBrazil)

Country case studies (Brazil, Cuba, Bolivia)Be able to compare the major political events shaping these countries' histories as brieflypresented in readings and in lecture (colonization, independence, revolutions, dictatorships,current leaders). Be able to compare key economic factors for these countries (major products,significant shifts in production)Be able to find similarities and differences in the social structures of these countries (differentethnic groups, causes of inequality and discrimination, foreign presence) Discuss basicsimilarities between the movement of Afro­Cubanismo (Gerardo Machado/Fernando Ortiz) andthe inclusion of Africanness in Brazilian cultural identity (Getulio Vargas/Gilberto Freyre)Discuss the MST movement’s goals and methods.

Brazil: Major Products:

1526 Brazil began supplying Portugal with Sugar 1626 Brazil was the main sugar supply for all of Europe Today Brazil is still the largest producer of sugarcane Later 1800’s some shift towards coffee

Major Political Events: Initial colonization by Portuguese Freedom gained during the Napoleon crisis when the King of Portugal left his son

behind to govern Portugal. Later there was a Constitutionalist movement to freethe country.

The main “revolution” is really the MST. Current:

7th Largest Economy in the World President: Dilma Rouseff (Workers Party like previous president Luiz

Inacio da Silva, “Lula”)

Social Structure: Controlled by a small agrarian elite. Large poor class of slave/native origins. The concept that race doesn’t exist, only class.

Cuba Major Political Events:

Initial colonization by Spain served as a strategic location into and out of the new world

Freedom: Cuban wars of Independence 1868­1878 and 1895­1898. U.S. stepped in after the sinking of the Maine in 1898 and helped Cuba get

its freedom from Spain (Spanish­American War). Still heavy U.S. occupation 1898­1917 including the Platt Amendment

1903­1934. In 1933 there was a revolutionary movement that failed but succeeded in

ending the Platt Amendment. Shuffling of leaders, some American puppets others independant Cubans

Machado was an American puppet, he was overthrown in 1934 byBatista. Batista was re­elected in 1940

Batista (American controlled) takes power 1952 Attack on Moncada in 1953, Fidel was involved and jailed “history

will absolve me,” then exiled Fidel, Raul, and Che return to Cuba in 1956, hide in mountains

running a guerilla campaign Triumph of the Revolution in 1958 when Batista flees

Cuba is free under Fidel’s rule, but still needs food ­> reliance on USSR USSR falls in 1990, Cuba ultimately free

Current: Socialist Government President: Raul Castro Fidel Castro was president 1959­2008

Major Products: The French Revolution in part led to the slave revolution in Haiti which had

previously been a major supplier of sugar. This led to a rise in sugar production inCuba (and Louisiana).

Social Structure Identity in Cuba comes primarily from a nationalism basis with all of the socialist

banners, etc trying to motivate the people. Also of note is the musical identity through Son and Salsa.

Bolivia Major Political Events

Originally part of the Incan Empire Atahualpa was the Sapac Inca (king/”child of the sun god”) and he had a

(step?)­brother Huascar whom he had killed. Atahualpa was captured by the Spanish and didn’t want his brother to ransom him

because the Incan empire was on the brink of civil war One brother had the support of the social/economic elite while the other had the

support of the military leaders. Francisco Pizzaro led the Spanish conquest of the Incas (1526­1533) Battle of Cajamarca in 1533

Major Products export of raw materials ­ Such as silver (from Potisi)

Social Structure Under the Incas there was the ayllu which provided labor for communities and the

state Under the Spaniards mita was a reciprocal labor system that was a tax of sorts

(Something like 3­4 months of forced labor every 7 years for every man) Indigenous people are in the Andean highlands on the eastern half of the country Whites/Mestizo are in the lowlands in the western half

Political Events Spanish played 2 fighting brothers against each other

­­incomplete­­

Cuba Discuss the different historical conditions of Cuban dependency to other powers (Spain,

US, USSR)? Spain

Columbus lands in Cuba in 1492, Spain sets up settlement there in 1512 Much of indigenous population died off from Spanish disease (smallpox) “Control of Cuba was vital for the control of the New World…on its

defense rested the defense of the Spanish Empire”­Fortress of the Indies Ship building was Cuba’s first major industry in mid­1500’s Strategic location in and out of the new world Entering the 1800’s Cuba’s value to the Spanish became its tremendous

sugar production. Wars of Independence:

1868­1878 1879 1895­1898­finally won independence from Spain (also end of

Spanish­American War)Mambí army: Cuban Revolutionary fighters

Saw large participation by Afro­Cubans Nationalist discourse of racial fraternity emerged in the

midst of ongoing racism US

Sinking of the Maine in 1898, started the Spanish­American War. ThenTeddy Roosevelt won it (with his big stick) and America took over.

Platt Amendment (1903­1934) America occupied Cuba 1898­1902, 1906­1909, 1912, 1917. America controlled Cuba commerce in the early 20th century

Cuban monocultural dependence on sugar US controlled 75% of sugar production in 1925 US purchased up to 80% of their sugar

Gerardo Machado (Cuban president: 1925­1933) Populist president­favors “normal” people over the “elites” Known as “The Butcher”­acted as a US puppet

Fulgencio Batista Ousted Machado, led anti­US sentiment, got Platt Amendment

removed. American media represented Cuba as a tourist destination Showed on I Love Lucy American presence increasingly linked to political corruption Lucky Luciano and Meyer Lansky­American mobsters, dominated Cuban

gambling, building hotels with casinos. Havana Riviera was Lansky’s biggest hotel and casino.

Cuban Revolution­led by Fidel, eventually succeeds in Dec. 31, 1958 Soviet Union

Bay of Pigs=1961 Missle Crisis­1962 Dependent on Soviet Union to trade with because of US embargo. Kind of allied with them, but still pissed them off (Angola)

USSR Collapses­Cuba doesn’t have many people to trade with, known at SpecialPeriod

US dollar is legalized Tourism­shitload of Canadiens go there Prostitution/Jineterismo Resurgence of class and race based disparities

What was the Platt Amendment?

Gave USA the right to intervene on any Cuban affair (foreign or domestic) if USinterests were in Jeopardy.

Set a US territory on the island: Guantanamo Bay Base How did the relationship between Cuba and Spain, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. play a role in

the process of the Cuban Revolution? At one point Cuba revolted from each of the countries above. They became

independent from Spain in 1898 in the Spanish­American War. Then they sort ofbecame America’s bitch, with America controlling a lot of their trade and putting apuppet president in Cuba. Cuba then became independent of America in 1958, led

by Fidel Castro. This made them dependent on USSR for most of their trade. What was the “triumph of the revolution”?

Batista flees Cuba December 31, 1958. Everyone is happy. What was the role of the U.S. in Cuba in the years before the revolution?

Controlled commerce. Regulated trade. Made them produce a lot of sugar. Forcethem into being a monoculture. Viewed and used Cuba as a tourist destination.Run by the mob, sort of similar to Vegas.

What was the role of the U.S. mafia in Cuba in the years before the revolution? Ran hotels and casinos. Controlled a lot of the money from tourism. Cuba was

similar to Vegas. Discuss the early and contemporary challenges to the Cuban Revolution?

Fidel attacked Batista (then president), attack on Moncada, failed, sent to jail.During exile in Mexico Fidel meets Che. Went back to the island in 1956, rebelarmy gains momentum in guerrilla campaign. Successful 12/31/58.

Early Rising tension with US over nationalization of sugar refineries Refining of Soviet Oil in context of political retribution against Batista

supporters leads to US embargo 1961 ­ Bay of Pigs invasion 1962­ Missile Crisis Che killed in Bolivia helping their revolution Cuba supports liberation in Africa and Mid East (Angola). Makes things

between America and USSR even tenser. Current

Fall of Soviet Union 1990 Special Period Legalized US Dollar

Tourism Prostitution Resurgence of class and racial disparities

What was the Operation Mongoose? What were its four components? A plan to make Cuba revolt against its new communist rulers after the failed Bay

of Pigs. Also wanted to assasinate Fidel. Disable or render useless power plants Pschological warfare­propaganda, anti­communist radio ads Lay mines to disrupt Cuban shipping Assasinate Castro and overthrow communist regime

Why does Brennan claim that Cuban independence did not fully come about until the1990s?

Because Cuba was still somewhat controlled by someone until their leader at thattime, USSR, dissolved.

Name three major reforms in the early years of the Cuban revolution. Nationalization of the economy, sugar refineries adn telecommunications.

Literacy campaign­college kids had to take a school break and go teach people(usually remote villagers) to read and write

Social justice programs Free public health care Free public education Elimination of officially sanctioned racial discrimination Food distribution

Bolivia Discuss some key aspects of the Inca Empire that allowed it to become one of the

largest social groups in the Americas at the time of the encounter. Administrative / logistical unification of large areas

Roads Efficient communications (runners)

Adaption to tropical mountain environment Terraces Domestication of the potato Ability to farm or raise livestock (llamas / alpacas)

What is the relationship between mass constructions and labor? What does it tell us

about a society? They have a surplus There exists a strong state power able to secure mass labor and to organize

everything Discuss the changing role of the Bolivian state in shaping the economy from 1952­2009

Spanish took over in 1533 ­ It became an extractive economy ­ more than7million pounds of silver reached Sevilla

Today the country is one of the poorest in Latin America ­ 60% below povertyline.

1952­1979: National Revolutionary Movement (MNR) (1952) Nationalizing of tin mining; Agragian and educational reform; universal

suffrage (everyone can vote) 1980­1990s

Neoliberalization of the economy (basically undoing the nationalizationprocess)

Lay offs; state divestment in mining; privitazition, diminished power oflabor unions

Efforts towards eradication of coca cultivation 2000’s

Water War (2000) Gas War (2003) In both of these cases a privatization attempt was made, but people

revolted

What has been the changing role of labor unions in this political process? What has beenthe role of women’s organizations?

Women’s organizations have been huge What is Potosí? What was its significance during the colonial period?

The highest city in the world. At one point it was also one of the most wealthy ­ Itproduced over 137 million pounds of silver. Pop ~200k in 1660’s, rivaling Londonand larger than Paris. Today pop. ~120k, quec

Discuss the MAS and its relationship with the cocaleros ­ Still lead by EvoMorales, who was a coca farmer. He is making a big push to show how Cocahas real uses (tea, chewing, etc).

Name three reforms pursued by the government of Evo Morales [FIGURE THIS OUT!!!]PLEASE DO!! Educational Reforms Agrarian Reforms Renegotiation of the oil/gas contracts with foreign businesses

What is the basis of the current political tensions regarding autonomous movements ofsome Bolivian departments (provinces)? What are the departments in question? Howdoes this correspond to the ethnic diversity of Bolivia?

The low lands (which are mostly white / mestiso) don’t like that their president isan indigenous. They tried to pedition to become independent, but it didn’t reallywork. The individual states got more power, and the overall govt’s power wasreduced a little.

What are some of the uses of coca among Andean peasants? Tea Chewing (increase oxygen flow? It helps with altitude sickness or something)

RaceExplain how the following authors conceptualize race: de la Cadena, Guimarães, Goldstein,Vaughan and Roland.

De la Cadena ­ De la Cadena describes race in Latin America as emphasizingthe ‘spiritual’ and ‘cultural’ aspects of race over the ‘biological’.

Guimaraes ­ Racism is a way to justify social order. 5 social mechanisms thatpermit the functioning of race, and it is hard to combat because it is invisible(never had any Jim Crow laws). Brazil.

Goldstein ­ Color blind erotic democracy, subtle unspoken relationship, twokisses

Vaughan and Roland (wrote La Lucha) ­ Roland was darker so assumed to beCuban; given weaker drinks, a hard time at clubs and restaurant, treated hermuch worse until they found out she wasn’t Cuban, but a tourist

Name and explain 5 social mechanisms that permit the functioning of racism as a systemin

change in social legitimization of discourse on differences. Inequalities are due to

culture, not race. (Guimaraes) notion of color replaced race (Guimaraes) Race relations have broad social support. Unequal treatment before law was

common. (Guimaraes) non­racialism linked to anti­racialism (If you even talk about race, you are being

racist). (Guimaraes) Makes it hard to talk about. poverty and dependence lead to subordination promoting discrimination (class as

a justification) Brazil according to Guimarães.

Basically brazil has only 1 mixed brazilian race. Discriminiation is done on class,not race. There are 5 mechanisms that allow racism to exist in Brazil, and sincerace is invisible, it is hard to fight it (unlike in the US where segregation was legalat one point. It is easy to fight something that was written down or is a law).

Describe the racialized and sexualized constructions of the mulata (Roland, Goldstein) Mulata women were seen as people you would want to hook up with or to have

as a lover, but not someone you would want to marry . This could be why sextourism is big in some countries (such as Cuba)

Discuss the discourse of racial democracy and how it was established in Brazil andCuba.

The idea of a racial democracy is that racism doesn’t exist ­ only class is used todiscriminate (and that is OK). There is only 1 mixed Brazilian Race.

Racial Democracy claims that people can change their race by what they wear,their profession, etc. However in Goldstein’s reading (the one about thegrandmother and the child), this is shown that it isn’t always true. 2 kissesexample ­ unspoken racism still exist

De La Cadaena­Stanford professor, embrace former lower­class­ness How is race conceptualized in Brazil, Cuba and the U.S.? What are some of the

differences that you find? The U.S. ­ Race is largely based on phenotype (primarily skin color) Cuba ­ Embraced afro­cubanism. Believe in different races, but don’t make a big

deal about it.

Music/Dance/PhotographyDiscuss what is nationalism, and how and why do nationalist projects use music and dance tocreate nationalist sentiment. Why is music effective for the construction of solidarities/groupidentities? What is samba? How did it come to be considered the national song/ dance form ofBrazil? How does Raphael describe the historical process of samba schools in Rio during the20th Century? What is Cuban son? What is its relationship to salsa?What is salsa? How is Celia Cruz, according to Aparicio, both a sign of nationalist Cuban pride,and of transnational Latinidad?

Nationalism was defined in lecture as: A political discourse that makes people feel connected to

a an identity group called ‘nation’ and therefore feel they have the right to have a state. Itgenerates a ‘national sentiment’

Basically it tries to make it so that people think of the nation as their state. Remembering that astate is the political organization that controls violence while a nation is defined by the membersof a group that identify as a group. So basically it allows the political control to include people thatwant to be members of that nation.

Constructing national sentiment is best done through repetition of expressive practices. In otherwords the national anthem before sporting events is the best example as it is always repeatedbefore every major sporting event and it is very symbolic of the U.S. Music is a great way to dothis because it is often catchy/gets stuck in your head and can communicate more emotion thananything written as well as including the ability to communicate to the illiterate. Radio iseverywhere, which allows music to be transmitted easily. Easily mass­mediated.

Summary of “why music?”1) Strong and multiple indexical connections are possible­takes on extra meaning2) Repetitive, redundant.3) Non­literate dependent4) Easily mass mediated/radio.

SambaSamba in the simplest sense is a style of music. In the early days it was an Afro­Brazilianreligious style of music that was not well defined as there was a lot of variation from place toplace. Afro­Brazilian religious rituals were considered witch­craft and so the music was initiallylooked down upon until it gained popularity in Europe and then it gained respect from Brazilianaristocracy. Around the time the capital moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia the officials in Riowanted to increase tourism so Carnival was promoted more and as part of that Samba schoolsbecame more formal with government regulation. This ultimately took it from its natural roots andmade it more official with specific restrictions designed to keep the parade moving so foreignviewers wouldn’t get bored.

Cuban SonCuban style of music sung mostly in Spanish. It is a blend of European and African styles. Stringinstruments (European) are used like the guitar as well as percussion instruments (African) likethe drum and clave. The 1st recording of a Son was in 1918 by Sexteto Habernero. As for thesinging the verses are more of a European influence while the call and answer sections are fromAfrican heritage. Son is “cubanidad” which pretty much means Cuban culture or being Cuban.

SalsaSalsa is essentially Cuban Son, but altered in a way to commercialize it to the mass marketssuch as America and Europe. The name change to Salsa was also for this reason. Salsa ismore of a creation from New York, but also Puerto Rico. This change may have come about

because of the tensions between the US and Cuba making it so Cuban musicians could nottravel to the US. Salsa came about in the 1960s­ early 1970s and featured more percussion andbigger horn (trumpet?) sections than Cuban Son. The term salsa was promoted by the recordlabel La Fania, which had signed most if not all of the major Son/Salsa musicians including CeliaCruz.

Celia CruzThe only woman superstar of the Son/Salsa music genre (at least at that time) 1925­2003.“Embodiment of cubanidad, La Reina de la Salsa, Queen of Rhythm.” Joined La SonoraMatancera in 1950 which became known as Guarachera de Cuba. They left Cuba in 1960(presumably because of Fidel Castro’s government) and then Celia took on a solo career in1965. (around the same time “salsa” became a recognized musical genre) She donated 3 itemsto some museum or hall of fame: (??) A wig, a pair of shoes and a rumbera dress. The dressshowed off her afrocuban side because of its traditional side. The shoes represented herTransnationalism across Latin America because they were crafted by a Mexican shoemaker.The blonde wig symbolized her entering the mainstream American/Hollywood scene. She wouldsometimes shout “Azucar” which translates to sugar. This one word is given a lot of meaningbecause of Cuba’s past with the sugar plantation culture and the racial/gender discrepanciesthat were/are a product of that past.

Talked to a friend of mine that had 2 semesters of old exams. Nothing special really but here aresome summaries:

Fill in blank2 ways brazilian independence was different than the rest of the spanish speaking countries?­gained freedom from portugal not spain­no bloodshed

2 major reforms enacted in socialist cuba­literacy campaign­agrarian reform

4 countries with portion in amazon­ ok so there was a fill in the blank asking for 4 countries that had territory containing theamazon, we didn’t cover that so I doubt it will be on there but it stuck out to me

2 major events on iberian peninsula around the time of columbus’ discovery?­conquest of granada­explusion of jews

2 key aspects of inca empire that lead to their success?­roads

­strong central govt

platt amendment was a 1 word fill in blank, very obvious

Short AnswerThese were he short answer prompts for 2 different exams 2 separate semsters:(note there is a 1 word difference, these are the exact ORDER as well)celia cruz, carmen miranda, MST, fidel castro, touissant l’overture, freyre, che, vargas, catholickings, claves

celia, carmen, mst, fidel, touissant, freyre, bartolina sin federation, vargas, catholic kings,claves

Multiple Choice pretty straightforward for the most part, didn’t really remind me of the quiz questions, a fewthings I didn’t know easily:“encomiendas” given to conquerers in new world­this was really random, maybe we didn’t cover it or maybe it was in some obscure readingabout brazil

this is something the Spanish did, basically the ecomienda told a colonist how manynatives they were responsible for; he had to make sure they didn’t start wars or revolt and alsohad to teach them Spanish and about Catholicism. Sort of similar to slavery, made them workhard for little pay. Especially common in regards to the Incas.

note that a 5 year ban on agro fuels was NOT a cause of the food shortage but it WAS aproposed solution, the question was phrased “which of the following was NOT a reason for thefood shortages...” in both midterms I saw

which was not a social mechanism perpetuating racism in brazil?A: upper class belief in biology as reason for racismso basically look the actual reasons over:change in social legitimization of discourse on differences, notion of color replaced race, racerelations supported by broader social hierarchy, non­racialism linked to anti­racialism, povertyand dependence lead to subordination promoting discrimination (class as a justification)

did have a few multiple choice questions about son and samba, weren’t terrible mostly intuitive