Leading to the Civil WarLeading to the Civil War

CausesCauses

Problem #1 in 1819Problem #1 in 1819

Status of the Country in 1819Status of the Country in 1819Henry Clay- Speaker of the House of Rep.Henry Clay- Speaker of the House of Rep.22 states in the Union22 states in the Union

11 free & 11 slave11 free & 11 slave Missouri ready to become a stateMissouri ready to become a state

Submitted state constitution for approvalSubmitted state constitution for approval Sen. Tallmadge -NY proposed ban on slavery Sen. Tallmadge -NY proposed ban on slavery

in Missouriin MissouriTallmadge AmendmentTallmadge Amendment

Clay made compromise insteadClay made compromise instead

Missouri Compromise of 1820Missouri Compromise of 1820

Missouri admitted as a slave stateMissouri admitted as a slave state Maine admitted as a free stateMaine admitted as a free state Established line of 36Established line of 36° ° 3030‘‘ N latitude for rest of N latitude for rest of

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana PurchaseAbove line would be freeAbove line would be freeBelow line would be slaveBelow line would be slave

Both Jefferson & John Quincy Adams Both Jefferson & John Quincy Adams predicted problems with the precedent setpredicted problems with the precedent set

““a mere preamble, a title page to a great, a mere preamble, a title page to a great, tragic volume.tragic volume.““ – J.Q. Adams – J.Q. Adams

Period of Stability?Period of Stability?

Politically slavery issue remained "calm" Politically slavery issue remained "calm" through early 1800sthrough early 1800sHouse- forbid to discuss it House- forbid to discuss it ““gag rulegag rule””

J.Q. Adams tried to anyway = tempers J.Q. Adams tried to anyway = tempers (Jackson video)(Jackson video)

Abolitionist movement swept thru northAbolitionist movement swept thru north Underground Railroad provided route to Underground Railroad provided route to

freedomfreedomHarriet TubmanHarriet Tubman

North/South geographyNorth/South geography

Dividing lines between North and SouthDividing lines between North and SouthMason-Dixon LineMason-Dixon Lineƒ Between PA & MDBetween PA & MD

Ohio RiverOhio RiverƒNorth of it free because of Northwest North of it free because of Northwest

Ordinance (Articles of Confederation)Ordinance (Articles of Confederation)

Northern LifestylesNorthern Lifestyles

had effects of Industrial Revolutionhad effects of Industrial Revolutionfactories, railroads, canals, many citiesfactories, railroads, canals, many cities

larger populationlarger population more wealthmore wealth variety of cultures and customsvariety of cultures and customs

seen with immigrationseen with immigration abolitionists gaining strengthabolitionists gaining strength

Southern LifestylesSouthern Lifestyles

very similar throughout the Southvery similar throughout the South primarily rural regionprimarily rural region some cities on coastssome cities on coasts few railroads or canalsfew railroads or canals very socially similar, very much like Englandvery socially similar, very much like England

wealthy families dominated society & politicswealthy families dominated society & politics Mostly one religion, Anglican (Church of Mostly one religion, Anglican (Church of

England)England) Viewed slavery as a "moral & economic evilViewed slavery as a "moral & economic evil””

had to existhad to exist

Attitudes toward slavesAttitudes toward slaves

Most in country back then believed whites Most in country back then believed whites superior to blacks superior to blacks

Tried to prove it scientifically Tried to prove it scientifically Afraid of social interaction between racesAfraid of social interaction between races Feared losing jobs to a free black populationFeared losing jobs to a free black population

Especially in northEspecially in north Believed the blacks needed to be "taken care of"Believed the blacks needed to be "taken care of"

Problem #2 – Manifest DestinyProblem #2 – Manifest Destiny

Arkansas in as slave state, Michigan in as free stateArkansas in as slave state, Michigan in as free state Oregon Country boundary settled, no slavery thereOregon Country boundary settled, no slavery there Mexican War going onMexican War going on

Texas admitted as a slave state- started WarTexas admitted as a slave state- started War Florida entered as slave stateFlorida entered as slave state Balance restored with Iowa & Wisconsin-freeBalance restored with Iowa & Wisconsin-free Q: What to do with new lands we will win from Q: What to do with new lands we will win from

Mexico?Mexico?4 proposals presented in Congress4 proposals presented in CongressAll with lots of arguingAll with lots of arguing

Four proposalsFour proposals

1.1. Wilmot Proviso - David Wilmot of PAWilmot Proviso - David Wilmot of PA proposes to ban slavery in any lands proposes to ban slavery in any lands

2.2. extend Missouri Compromise line – Pres Polkextend Missouri Compromise line – Pres Polk "solve" problem all the way to the Pacific Ocean"solve" problem all the way to the Pacific Ocean

3.3. Southern proposal from John C. CalhounSouthern proposal from John C. Calhoun said Congress had no right to regulate slaverysaid Congress had no right to regulate slavery Fifth Amendment argument (property rights)Fifth Amendment argument (property rights)

4.4. Popular Sovereignty – Senators Cass & DouglasPopular Sovereignty – Senators Cass & Douglas people of the territory would VOTE whether or people of the territory would VOTE whether or

not to allow slaverynot to allow slavery

Free – Soil PartyFree – Soil Party

Wilmot Proviso proposal kept returningWilmot Proviso proposal kept returningKept passing in House and not in SenateKept passing in House and not in Senate

Led to creation of the Free- Soil PartyLed to creation of the Free- Soil Partydemanded no extension of slavery to west demanded no extension of slavery to west wanted free homesteads in the westwanted free homesteads in the westFirst political party that took a stand on slaveryFirst political party that took a stand on slavery

Election of 1848Election of 1848

Polk refused to run againPolk refused to run again Democrats & Whigs had members in both North Democrats & Whigs had members in both North

& South = compromise candidates& South = compromise candidates = candidates who avoided the real issue!= candidates who avoided the real issue!

Dem- ran Lewis Cass Dem- ran Lewis Cass Whigs- ran General Zachary TaylorWhigs- ran General Zachary Taylor Free-Soilers- ran Martin Van BurenFree-Soilers- ran Martin Van Buren Results: Van Buren & Cass shared Democrats Results: Van Buren & Cass shared Democrats

votes and thus Taylor wonvotes and thus Taylor won But…Free Soilers- won 12 seats in the HouseBut…Free Soilers- won 12 seats in the House

63 votes just to choose new Speaker of the House63 votes just to choose new Speaker of the House

Problem #3 -Compromise of 1850Problem #3 -Compromise of 1850

Proposed by Henry Clay to settle MANY issuesProposed by Henry Clay to settle MANY issues

1.1. Admit California as free stateAdmit California as free state opposed violently by N & S, esp. Seward of NYopposed violently by N & S, esp. Seward of NY Webster urged for UnionWebster urged for Union

2.2. Rest of Mexican Cession made into 2 territories- Rest of Mexican Cession made into 2 territories- Utah & NMUtah & NM people there decide about slavery= popular people there decide about slavery= popular

sovereigntysovereignty

3.3. Slave trade abolished in Washington DCSlave trade abolished in Washington DC

4.4. New Fugitive Slave LawNew Fugitive Slave Law If caught helping faced fines &/or jailIf caught helping faced fines &/or jail

The Great DebateThe Great Debate

6 months of arguing6 months of arguing again Webster, Clay, & Calhounagain Webster, Clay, & Calhoun

Calhoun too ill, other Senator from SC had to Calhoun too ill, other Senator from SC had to read his speechesread his speeches

died before debate's enddied before debate's end Pres. Taylor also died before decisionPres. Taylor also died before decision Millard Fillmore, new President, signed the Millard Fillmore, new President, signed the

compromise into lawcompromise into law After Compromise, 4 S states threatened to secedeAfter Compromise, 4 S states threatened to secede N.- vowed to keep Underground RR goingN.- vowed to keep Underground RR going But- tempers cooled...because economy was goodBut- tempers cooled...because economy was good

18521852

Election of 1852Election of 1852Winfield Scott, Whig, Mexican War heroWinfield Scott, Whig, Mexican War heroVs. DemocratsVs. Democrats’’ Franklin Pierce of NH won Franklin Pierce of NH won supporting compromisesupporting compromise

Uncle TomUncle Tom’’s Cabin s Cabin is publishedis publishedWritten by Harriet Beecher Stowe of OhioWritten by Harriet Beecher Stowe of Ohio

daughter of abolitionist ministerdaughter of abolitionist ministersold 300,000 copies in the first yearsold 300,000 copies in the first yeartold of cruelty of slaverytold of cruelty of slaverySouth accused her of painting false picture of lifeSouth accused her of painting false picture of life

Problem #4 – Kansas Nebraska ActProblem #4 – Kansas Nebraska Act

Need transcontinental RR - connect the countryNeed transcontinental RR - connect the countryStephen Douglas wanted the RR thru ChicagoStephen Douglas wanted the RR thru Chicago

proposed Kansas - Nebraska Act to get his RRproposed Kansas - Nebraska Act to get his RRcreate 2 new territoriescreate 2 new territories

Kansas & NebraskaKansas & Nebraskause popular sovereigntyuse popular sovereigntythus all southerners vote for his railroad linethus all southerners vote for his railroad line& Missouri Compromise effectively repealed& Missouri Compromise effectively repealed

Response – Response – ““BleedingBleeding”” Kansas Kansas Each wanted to get more votes so Kansas Each wanted to get more votes so Kansas

became a battlegroundbecame a battleground Missouri especially sent over men to vote -SMissouri especially sent over men to vote -S N. -Emigrant Aid SocietyN. -Emigrant Aid Society Henry Ward Beecher sent rifles "Henry Ward Beecher sent rifles "Beecher's Beecher's

BiblesBibles" to get thru mail" to get thru mail May 1856, proslavery mob attacked Lawrence May 1856, proslavery mob attacked Lawrence

burning homes & storesburning homes & stores John Brown & sons led revenge attack & killed John Brown & sons led revenge attack & killed

5 proslavery folks5 proslavery folks several hundred people died &US troops sent inseveral hundred people died &US troops sent in

Response to KansasResponse to Kansas

In Senate: Brooks - Sumner Affair In Senate: Brooks - Sumner Affair Beating of Senator Sumner by Rep. BrooksBeating of Senator Sumner by Rep. Brooks

Republican Party formed to oppose slaveryRepublican Party formed to oppose slaverysame one as todaysame one as todayquickly gained support in the northquickly gained support in the north

Election of 1856Election of 1856Dem. won with James Buchanan of PADem. won with James Buchanan of PA

(only bachelor president)(only bachelor president)But, Rep. ran Fremont of CA and won 11 But, Rep. ran Fremont of CA and won 11 states, all free- (a sign!)states, all free- (a sign!)

Dred Scott CaseDred Scott Case

Case on behalf of a slave that argued since he had Case on behalf of a slave that argued since he had lived in a free state (WI) he was a free manlived in a free state (WI) he was a free man

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote decision, on Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote decision, on appeal from Missouri caseappeal from Missouri caseDealt with three issues:Dealt with three issues:

1- Was he a citizen w/ the right to sue in federal 1- Was he a citizen w/ the right to sue in federal court?court?

ruling = no, so could not start this court caseruling = no, so could not start this court caseadded that no person of African blood had added that no person of African blood had rights of citizenshiprights of citizenship

2- Did living in free territory make him free?2- Did living in free territory make him free?

Dred Scot CaseDred Scot Case (continued) (continued)

No, living in free territory had no bearing on No, living in free territory had no bearing on the matterthe matter

3- Was the Missouri Compromise 3- Was the Missouri Compromise constitutional?constitutional?

No- it was unconstitutional!No- it was unconstitutional!Congress could not ban slavery anywhereCongress could not ban slavery anywhereprotected by 5th Amendment (Calhoun!)protected by 5th Amendment (Calhoun!)

South thrilled with decisionSouth thrilled with decision Republicans were outragedRepublicans were outraged

decided – must win the presidency so could decided – must win the presidency so could choose new justiceschoose new justices

Congressional ElectionsCongressional Elections

Republicans targeted Cong. seats of Democrats Republicans targeted Cong. seats of Democrats who compromised with Southwho compromised with South

Set Abraham Lincoln v. Stephen Douglas in ILSet Abraham Lincoln v. Stephen Douglas in IL Lincoln – Douglas Debates – 7 held in IllinoisLincoln – Douglas Debates – 7 held in Illinois

issues including slaveryissues including slaveryhuge crowds attendedhuge crowds attended

newspapers printed exactly what was saidnewspapers printed exactly what was said Lincoln used Dred Scott case against DouglasLincoln used Dred Scott case against Douglas in answering, Douglas explained how pop. sov. in answering, Douglas explained how pop. sov.

could be used against the southcould be used against the southHis answer called the His answer called the ““Freeport DoctrineFreeport Doctrine””

Results of Senate RaceResults of Senate Race

Douglas won Senate raceDouglas won Senate race but...southerners now knew they could not trust but...southerners now knew they could not trust

Douglas againDouglas againthus he would never be presidentthus he would never be president

Also, Lincoln now seen as the Republican Also, Lincoln now seen as the Republican candidate for the next election for Presidentcandidate for the next election for Presidentcountry found out who he was from debatescountry found out who he was from debates

Problem # 5Problem # 5 – John Brown– John Brown’’s Raids Raid

John Brown plans & raids federal arsenal in John Brown plans & raids federal arsenal in Harper's FerryHarper's Ferry

idea was supply guns to start a slave revoltidea was supply guns to start a slave revolt ended up being a stand off for 36 hoursended up being a stand off for 36 hours surrendered with 4 survivors to Robert E Leesurrendered with 4 survivors to Robert E Lee tried, found guilty, and hanged for treasontried, found guilty, and hanged for treason Response to BrownResponse to Brown’’s executions execution

The North called him a heroThe North called him a heropublic saw him as a martyrpublic saw him as a martyrThe South was outraged, furiousThe South was outraged, furious

Election of 1860Election of 1860

Rep- Abraham LincolnRep- Abraham Lincoln S. Dem- John BreckinridgeS. Dem- John Breckinridge N. Dem- Stephen DouglasN. Dem- Stephen Douglas Constitutional Union party- John BellConstitutional Union party- John Bell Issues of Election revolved around slaveryIssues of Election revolved around slavery

Bell stood for compromiseBell stood for compromisew/ Democrats split, helped Lincoln & Bellw/ Democrats split, helped Lincoln & Bell

Results of ElectionResults of Election

Lincoln won 60% of N. votesLincoln won 60% of N. votes Breckinridge won most of the S.Breckinridge won most of the S. Douglas & Bell split border statesDouglas & Bell split border states With Lincoln's victory, southerners feared for With Lincoln's victory, southerners feared for

their rights and for more John Brownstheir rights and for more John Browns also- free states now outnumbered slave -18:15also- free states now outnumbered slave -18:15 South Carolina 1South Carolina 1stst to secede to secede in next 8 weeks, Miss, FL, Ala, Geo, Louis, & TXin next 8 weeks, Miss, FL, Ala, Geo, Louis, & TX Confederate States of America was createdConfederate States of America was created

Jefferson Davis, 1Jefferson Davis, 1stst President President

ResponseResponse

Pres. Buchanan said it was wrong, but saw it Pres. Buchanan said it was wrong, but saw it as Lincoln's problemas Lincoln's problem

Sen. Crittenden of KY proposed to restore Sen. Crittenden of KY proposed to restore Missouri Compromise lineMissouri Compromise line

LincolnLincoln’’s Inaugurations InaugurationNation wanted to hear what he would sayNation wanted to hear what he would say"the Union of these states is perpetual.""the Union of these states is perpetual."federal gov't- will not give up property in federal gov't- will not give up property in southsouth