lecture 04 meiji 2 & 3
TRANSCRIPT
Cum
ula
tive
his
tory
, E
do a
chie
vem
ents
,
nat
ional
unit
y a
nd n
atio
nal
ism
Private-sector dynamism
and entrepreneurship
(primary force)
Policy support
(supplementary)
Japan’s economic growth was driven mainly by private
dynamism while policy was also helpful
Policy was generally
successful despite criticisms:
--Power monopoly by former
Satsuma & Choshu politicians
--Privatization scandal, 1881
--Excessively pro-West
--Unfair by today’s standard
Rapid
industrialization
esp. Meiji and
post WW2 period
P.56
Chronology of Meiji Industrialization
1870s - Monetary confusion and inflation
US banking system adopted with little success
Printing money to suppress Saigo’s Rebellion (1877)
Early 1880s - Matsukata Deflation
Stopping inflation, creating central bank (Bank of Japan)
Landless peasants & urban poor (“proletariat”) emerge
Late 1880s - First company boom
Osaka Spinning Company and its followers
Series of company booms (late 1890s, late 1900s, WW1)
Postwar management (after J-China War & J-Russia War)
Fiscal spending continued even after war BoP crisis
Active infrastructure building (local gov’ts) & military buildup
Masayoshi Matsukata
(Councilor of Finance)
PP.57-58
P.230
Rice Price per Koku (Yen/150kg)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
2500018
73
1876
1879
1882
1885
1888
1891
1894
1897
1900
1903
1906
1909
1912
Matsukata deflation
Source: Management and Coordination Agency, Historical Statistics of Japan, Vol.4, 1988.
Inflation in Meiji Period
0
50
100
150
200
2501873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
Money in ci rculation(mi l l i on yen)
R ice price
(1868=100)
Matsukatadef l ati on
Saigo's Rebel l i on
Money and Inflation in Early Meiji
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
Banking
Transport
Commerce
Industry
Agriculture
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
Banking
Transport
Commerce
Industry
Agriculture
First
Company
Boom
Number of
companies
Legal capital (million yen)
Yoshio Ando ed,
Databook on Modern
Japanese Economic
History, 2rd ed, Tokyo
Univ. Press, 1979.
Technology Transfer
Technical Experts(Graduates of Technical Univs. & High Schools)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1880 1890 1900 1910 1920
Private sector
Public sector
PP.62-65
1. Foreign advisors (public and private sector)
2. Engineering education (studying abroad, Institute of
Technology; technical high schools)
3. Copy production, reverse engineering, technical cooperation
agreements (esp. automobiles, electrical machinery); sogo shosha
(trading companies) often intermediated such cooperation
Private-sector experts, 1910
Mining 513 (18.0%)
Textile 300 (10.6%)
Shipbuilding 250 (8.8%)
Power & gas 231 (8.1%)
Trading 186 (6.5%)
Railroad 149 (5.2%)
Food 149 (5.2%)
TOTAL 2,843 (100%)
Studying Abroad (Early Engineers)
• First students: bakufu sent 7 students to Netherlands in 1862 (naval training)
• By 1880s, 80 Japanese studied engineering abroad (shipbuilding, mechanics, civil engineering, mining & metallurgy, military, chemistry)
• Destination: UK (28), US (20), France (14), Germany (9), Netherlands (8)
• They received top-class education and could easily replace foreigners after coming back
• They mostly worked in government (no modern private industries existed at first)—Ministry of Interior, MoF, Army, Navy, Ministry of Industry
P.64
• 1871 Koburyo of Ministry of Industry; 1877 renamed to Kobu
Daigakko; 1886 merged with Tokyo Imperial University (under
Ministry of Education)
• First President: Henry Dyer (British engineer) with philosophy
“judicious combination of theory and practice”
• Preparatory course (2 years), specialized studies (2 years), internship (2
years) + government-funded overseas study for top students
• 8 courses: civil engineering, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding,
telecommunication, chemistry, architecture, metallurgy, mining (classes
in English)
• Producing top-class engineers (import substitution)—Tanabe Sakuro
(designer of Biwako-Kyoto irrigation canal & power generation);
Tatsuno Kingo (builder of Tokyo Station, BOJ, Nara Hotel, etc.)
P.64Kobu Daigakko 工部大学校
(Institute of Technology)
Parallel development or
“hybrid technology”
Employment Structure of Prewar Japan
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1885
-90
1890
-95
1895
-00
1900
-05
1905
-10
1910
-15
1915
-20
1920
-25
1925
-30
1930
-35
Indigenous (trade &service)
Indigenous(manufacturing)
Modern industries
Agri, forestry,fishery
Manufacturing: Share of Output
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1885
-90
1890
-95
1895
-00
1900
-05
1905
-10
1910
-15
1915
-20
1920
-25
1925
-30
1930
-35
1935
-40
Modernindustries
Indigenousindustries
PP.65-67
Small Large
Indigenous I I*
Modern M* M* indicates hybrid status
Tec
hnolo
gy
Factory size
Neoclassical Labor MarketDuration of Male Employment in Manufacturing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
< 1 1 2 3-4 5-6 7-9 10>
Years
Perc
ent
1902
1912
PP.79-80
Japanese workers:--Too much job hopping, do not stay with
one company
--Lack of discipline, low saving
--Barrier to industrializationSource: Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, Survey of Industrial Workers, 1901.
Female domestic workers:--Urban industrialization and rural poverty and labor surplus
female migration from villages to cities
--End of Meiji to early Showa were the peak period of jochu (housemaid)
--17.5% of non-farm female workforce, second largest after textile workers (1930)
--5.7% of households hired jochu (1930)
--There were both young and old jochu, some living-in and others commuting
--International comparison (female non-farm employment share): UK 1851
(11.4%), US 1910 (11.8%), Thailand 1960 (10.6%), Philippines 1975 (34.3%)Source: Konosuke Odaka, “Dual Structure,” 1989.
Wage: Gender Gap
Farm employment Textile weavers Domestic servants
Sen per day Sen per day Yen per month
Male Female F/M % Male Female F/M % Male Female F/M %
1885 15.1 9.7 64.2% 12.3 7.5 61.0% 1.38 0.75 54.3%
1892 15.5 9.4 60.6% 12.0 8.4 70.0% 1.55 0.82 52.9%
1895 18.5 11.3 61.1% 18.3 11.6 63.4% 1.64 0.90 54.9%
1900 30.0 19.0 63.3% 33.0 20.0 60.6% 2.70 1.56 57.8%
1905 32.0 20.0 62.5% 34.0 13.0 38.2% 3.22 1.79 55.6%
1910 39.0 24.0 61.5% 49.0 27.0 55.1% 4.56 2.96 64.9%
1915 46.0 29.0 63.0% 46.0 30.0 65.2% 4.97 3.13 63.0%
1920 144.0 92.0 63.9% 175.0 95.0 54.3% 28.86 22.68 78.6%
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, "Table of Wages."
Note: 1 yen = 100 sen.
Konosuke Odaka: World of Craftsmen,
World of Factories (NTT Publishing, 2000)
• In Japan’s early factories, traditional shokunin (craftsmen) and modern shokko (workers) coexisted.
• Craftsmen were proud, experienced and independent. They were the main force in initial technology absorption.
• Workers received scientific education and functioned within an organization. Their skills and knowledge were open, global and expandable.
• Over time, craftsmen were replaced by workers. Experience was not enough to deepen industrialization.
Prof. Odaka proves these points by examining the history of concrete firms in metallurgy, machinery and shipbuilding.
Prof. Odaka’s Working Hypotheses
• In the early years of factories, Japan’s traditional craftsmen in mechanics and metal working played key roles in absorbing new technology. Farmers and merchants were not suitable for factory operation.
• However, trained engineers, not craftsmen, created a modern production system suitable for Japan.
– Adaptation of imported system to Japanese context
– Production management system, including hired labor
– Skill formation system based on formal education and OJT
• The gap between craftsmen’s skill and modern technology had to be bridged. Hired foreigners, then Japanese engineers, provided this bridge up to WW2.
Monozukuri (Manufacturing) Spirit• Mono means “thing” and zukuri (tsukuri) means “making” in
indigenous Japanese language.
• It describes sincere attitude toward production with pride,
skill and dedication. It is a way of pursuing innovation and
perfection, often disregarding profit or balance sheet.
• Many of Japan’s excellent manufacturing firms were founded
by engineers full of monozukuri spirit.
PP.65, 179-181
Sakichi Toyota
1867-1930
Konosuke Matsushita
1894-1989
Soichiro Honda
1906-1991
Akio Morita (Sony’s
co-founder)
1921-1999
Meiji Mura (Meiji Village) is an
open-air museum of Meiji
architecture and culture, Inuyama
City, Aichi Prefecture www.meijimura.com/english/index.html
Toyota Techno Museum in Nagoya
displays textile machines in actual
operation, including Sakichi Toyota’s
1924 invention. It also explains
Toyota’s car history.www.tcmit.org/english/index.html