Project Cycle Management

Lecture 4

Project Cycle Management

What is A Project???

� A Project is a temporary attempt (effort) undertaken to accomplish unique purpose

- characteristics of projects

– Unique purpose

– Temporary

– Require resources often from various areas – Require resources often from various areas

– Should have a primary sponsor and/or customer

– Involve uncertainty

• Applies to products and Services

• Depends on other projects and organization operation

• Exist within a Hierarchy - Program, Project, Task, Work Package, Work Unit

- Is full of Conflict - With Functional Group, with other Projects, within Projects

Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle

� A Project life cycle is a collection of project phases

� Project phases vary by project or industry, but some general phases include concept, development, implementation and support

� Products also have life cycles � Products also have life cycles

� The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) : is a framework for describing the phases involved in developing and maintaining information systems

� Typical SDLC phases include planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support

Appropriate Models of Project Life Cycles

• Academic Model (Nicholas J., 2003)

Conception

Definition/

Planning

Execution

Operation/

Termination

Academic Model Managerial Actions

Phase 1 Conception– Determine that a project is needed

– Establish objectives

– Estimate the resources that the organization is willing to commit

– Sell the organization on the need for a project organization

Make key personnel– Make key personnel

Phase 2 Definition /Planning– Define the project organization approach

– Define the project targets

– Prepare schedule for the execution phase

– Define and allocate tasks and resources

– Build the project team

Academic Model Managerial Actions

Phase 3 Execution� Perform the work of the project (i.e., design, construction,

production, site activation, testing, delivery, etc)

Phase 4 Operation / Termination

• Assist in the transfer of the project product

• Transfer human and non human resources to other

organizations

• Transfer or complete commitments

• Terminate the project

• Reward personnel

Appropriate Models of Project Life

Cycles (EC, 2004)

Strategy

Appropriate Models of Project Life Cycles

(EC, 2004)

• This cycle highlights three main principles:

1. Decision making and procedures are defined at each phase;

2. The phases in the cycle are progressive – each phase should be

completed for the next to be tackled; and

3. Programming and project identification draws the results of

monitoring and evaluation as part of a structured process of

feedback and institutional learning.

Practical Model, EC

Phase 1 Programming

• The situation at national and sector level is analyzed to identify problems, constraints and opportunities.

• This involves a review of socio-economic indicators, and of national and donor priorities. national and donor priorities.

• The purpose is to identify the main objectives and sector priorities, and thus to identify programs and projects.

Practical Model, EC

Phase 2 Identification

• identify project ideas that are consistent with

partner and donor priorities;

• assess the relevance and likely feasibility of these project ideas;• assess the relevance and likely feasibility of these project ideas;

• prepare a Financing Proposal; and

• prepare a financing decision for a Program of

projects.

Practical Model, EC

Phase 3 Formulation

• Confirm the relevance and feasibility of the project idea

• Prepare a detailed project design, including the

management arrangements, financing plan, cost-benefit

analysis, risk management, monitoring, evaluation and audit;

and

• Prepare a Financing Proposal and a financing decision.

Practical Model, EC

Phase 4: Implementation

• Deliver the results/outputs, achieve the purpose/objective and

contribute effectively to the overall objective/goal of the project;

Manage the available resources efficiently; and• Manage the available resources efficiently; and

• Monitoring and reporting

Practical Model, EC

Phase 5: Evaluation & Audit

A. Evaluation

– make an “assessment, of an ongoing or completed project,

program or policy, its design, implementation and results.

– determine the relevance and fulfillment of objectives,

developmental efficiency, effectiveness, impact and

sustainability.

– provide information that is credible and useful, enabling the

incorporation of lessons learned into the decision-making

process of both recipients and donors”.

Practical Model, EC

Principles of evaluation are:

– independence of the evaluation process from the programming and implementation functions;

– Credibility, through use of appropriately skilled and independent experts and the transparency of the evaluation process, including wide dissemination of results;including wide dissemination of results;

– Participation of stakeholders, to ensure different perspectives and views are taken into account; and

– Usefulness of the evaluation findings and recommendations, through timely presentation

of relevant, clear and concise information to decision makers.

Practical Model, EC

B. Audit

The purpose of an audit is to:

• Assess an activity/subject that is the

responsibility of another party against identified suitable

criteria, and

• express a conclusion (i.e. opinion) that provides the intended • express a conclusion (i.e. opinion) that provides the intended

user with a level of assurance about the activity/subject being

audited.

Practical Model, EC

The auditor expresses a conclusion on:

• The legality and regularity of project expenditure and income

i.e. compliance with regulations; and/or

• Whether project funds have been used efficiently and

economically i.e. in accordance with sound financial economically i.e. in accordance with sound financial

management; and /or

• Whether project funds have been used effectively i.e. for

purposes intended.

Practical Model, EC

Practical Model, EC

Water Resources Assessment

• Main Resources

– Surface water

– Groundwater

– Unconventional

• Tools

– Flood routing/delineation models

– Runoff models

– GIS

– Finite element

– Finite difference

– Lumped parameters models

Surface Water

• General Equation

I(t) – O(t) = ΔS/Δt

• O Inputs• Oin Inputs

– Precipitation

– Base flow

• Oin Outputs

– E/ET

– Infiltration

– Intakes

Qin

Qout

S

System Boundaries

• Reservoir

– Balance

ΔS/Δt=(P*Ares+Qin)-(E*Ares+Qout)

– Residence Time– Residence Time

S/I(t)

• Watershed

ΔS/Δt=(P*A)-(ET*A+Qout)

Groundwater

• Definitions– Saturated Zone: VWater=Vvoids

– Unsaturated Zone: VWater < Vvoids

– Moisture Content: VWater < Vtotal

– Voids/Pores: allow the flow of water– Water Table: surface where the water pressure in the pores – Water Table: surface where the water pressure in the pores

equals Zero– Porosity: n = Vvoids / Vtotal (~0 - 0.7)– Hydraulic conductivity [L/T]= represents how easily water can

flow through formation• Gravel >50 m/day• Course Sand: K = 30-50 m/day• Fine sand: K = 10-30 m/day• Silt: K = 1-10 m/day• Clay: K < 1 m/day

Groundwater

• Definitions

– Formations types with respect to water bearing

• Aquifer = permeable layer that contains and transmits water in large quantitieswater in large quantities

– Confined

– Unconfined

• Aquiclude = impermeable layer that may contain water but transmissivity is very low

• Aquitard = semi permeable layer that transmits water in the vertical direction only

• Aquifuge = impermeable layer that neither contains nor transmits water

General Cross Section of Gaza Aquifer

calcareous sandstone, unconsolidated sands

Clay

Eocene chalks and limestone

marls, marine shales, and claystones

Groundwater

– Darcy

Adl

dhKQ −=

dl

dl

dhKvq −==

g

pzh

ρ+=

µ

ρgCdK

2

=

Intrinsic permeability

Groundwater

– Average pore velocity

dl

dhKq −=

n

qv =

– Problem:

A tracer traveled 3 days and 6 hours between 2 wells that are 20 m apart. Water elevation difference between the wells is 0.5m, porosity n=0.15. Estimate v, q, K

dl n

Groundwater Balance

dl

dhKq −=

dSdhK

ddhK

ddhK

d=

−+

−+

−

dt

dS

dz

dhK

dz

d

dy

dhK

dy

d

dx

dhK

dx

dzyx =

−+

−+

−

dt

dhS

dz

dhK

dz

d

dy

dhK

dy

d

dx

dhK

dx

dszyx =

−+

−+

−

Ss [1/L] = Specific Storage = volume of water that a unit volume of aquifer releases under a unit decline in hydraulic head

S [dimensionless] = Storativity = volume of water that a unit surface area of aquifer releases under a unit decline in hydraulic head

Groundwater Balance

• Pollutants transport mechanisms

– Advection

– Diffusion

– Dispersion

*DvDl += α

dt

dC

dl

dCv

dl

CdD

dx

dll =+

2

2

Mechanical dispersion coefficient Diffusion coefficient

Average Nitrates Concentrations (PWA, 2005 Data)

Average Chlorides Concentrations (PWA, 2005 Data)

-4

2

1

-3

0

1

0

2

-1

0

0

-2

-4

N

EW

S

Average Groundwater Level (PWA, 2005 Data)

0

1

2

-1

3

4

-2

5

6

-3

-4

7

-5

8

-6

9-8

-7

-9 10

-10

-1

Gaza StripGroundwater Level Contours (m)

0 2 4 6 Kilometers

Soil Map

Gaza Strip

Soil TypeDark brown / reddish brownLoess soilsLoessal sandy soilSandy loess soilSandy loess soil over loessSandy regosols

Built Up

Areas

Gaza StripBuiltup AreasLocal roads.shp

Agricultural

Areas

Gaza Strip

All crops.shpAlmondsCitrusCitrus mixed witDatesGrapesGreenhousesHorticultureOlivesRainfed Crops