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PARENTHESIS

- Parenthesis can be versatile for writers. These examples illustrate their uses;use them to enclose the following:

Examples, directions, explanations, and clarifications:1. Retain ampersands when they appear as part of an official name (Barnesand Noble, Ben and Jerry‟s).2. At that point, you may want to consult with a professional. (Refer to theresources chapter for a list of tax advisers).

3. Here is a selective glossary of editing and production of items. (Synonymsare in italics; cross-referenced terms are in bold italics).4. Precede the dollar amount with the initials US only to avoid confusion (in,say, an article about Australia, where the basic unit of currency is also calledthe dollar ).

Numerals that confirm a spelled-out number in a contract:5. The confirmation letter is due within thirty (30) days.

Abbreviations (usually) after the first reference to the full version of theterm:6. The country‟s import and export levels are regulated by the NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA).

Note: if the abbreviation is well known or is used again within the nextsentence or two after the full name, omit the parenthesized abbreviationimmediately after it.

Numbers or letters that distinguish items in a run-in list:7. The constituent parts are (1) the thingamajig, (2) the watchamacallit, and(3) the whatsit.

Note: sometimes, only the close parenthesis is used in this format. However,usually, neither numbers nor parentheses are necessary in such cases.

Modifying words or phrases, or interjections:8. The writer will (one hopes) produce well-crafted prose.9. It turns out that he had (gasp!) told the truth.

Translations, pronunciations, or equivalents:10. She ran from the kuma ( bear ).11. Stay at the warung (wah- ROONG) near the mosque.The area code in a phone number or a unit in a mathematical or logicalexpression:13. (213) 867-5309

14. a ( b+c) = d

In-text citations:15. However, the literature is ambivalent on this issue (Howard, FinHoward 1925; Marx et. al. 1912).

Punctuation in parentheses:A full sentence in parentheses is capitalized and is followed by a

preceding the closing parenthesis:- Have these resources on hand before you begin. (Items lis

parentheses are desirable but not essential.)

- A partial sentence in parentheses is not capitalized and is not fol by a period but may precede a question mark or exclamation point:

Use a dark, fine-pointed pen (erasable pens allow for neat alteror pencil.

Now that you‟re finished (you are finished, aren‟t you?), w proceed.

Apostrophe (‟)

the sign ('), as used: to indicate the omission of one or more letters ina word, wh

unpronounced, as in o'er for over, or pronounced, asin gov't for government;

cate the possessive case, as in man's; or to indicate plurals of abbreviations and

ols, as in severalM.D.'s, 3's.

Are you uncertain about when to use an apostrophe? Many people have difficultwith this punctuation mark. The best way to get apostrophes right is to understanwhen and why they are used. There are two main cases – click on the links belofind straightforward guidance:

Using apostrophes to show possession Using apostrophes to show omission

People are often unsure about whether they should use its (without an apostrophor it ‟ s (with an apostrophe). For information about this, you can go straight to thsection it's or its?

Apostrophes showing possession

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http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abbreviations

http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/apostrophe#apostrophes_showing_possession

http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/apostrophe#apostrophes_showing_omission

http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/apostrophe#it_s_or_its


http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/apostrophe#apostrophes_showing_omission

http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/apostrophe#apostrophes_showing_possession

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abbreviations

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You use an apostrophe to show that a thing or person belongs or relates to someone orsomething: instead of saying the party of Ben or the weather of yesterday, you canwrite Ben’s party and yesterday’s weather .

Here are the main guidelines for using apostrophes to show possession:

Singular nouns and most personal names

With a singular noun or most personal names: add an apostrophe plus s:

We met at Ben‟s party.The dog‟s tail wagged rapidly.Yesterday‟s weather was dreadful.

Personal names that end in – s

With personal names that end in - s: add an apostrophe plus s when you would

naturally pronounce an extra s if you said the word out loud:

He joined Charles‟s army in 1642.Dickens's novels provide a wonderful insight into Victorian England.Thomas's brother was injured in the accident.

Note that there are some exceptions to this rule, especially in names of places or

organizations, for example:

St Thomas‟ Hospital

If you aren‟t sure about how to spell a name, look it up in an official place such as theorganization‟s website.

With personal names that end in - s but are not spoken with an extra s: just add anapostrophe after the - s:

The court dismissed Bridges' appeal.Connors' finest performance was in 1991.

Plural nouns that end in – s

With a plural noun that already ends in - s: add an apostrophe after the s:

The mansion was converted into a girls‟ school.The work is due to start in two weeks‟ time.My duties included cleaning out the horses‟ stables.

Plural nouns that do not end in -s

With a plural noun that doesn‟t end in – s: add an apostrophe plus s:

The children‟s father came round to see me.He employs 14 people at his men‟s clothing store.

The only cases in which you do not need an apostrophe to show belonging is ingroup of words called possessive pronouns - these are thewords his, hers, ours, yours, theirs (meaning „belonging to him, her, us, you, or

them‟) - and with the possessive determiners. These are thewords his, hers, its, our , your , their (meaning 'belonging to or associated with hher, it, us, you, or them'). See also it's or its?

Apostrophes showing omission

An apostrophe can be used to show that letters or numbers have been omitted. Hare some examples of apostrophes that indicate missing letters:

I’m - short for I am he’ll - short for he will she’d – short for she had or she would pick ’n’ mix - short for pick and mix

it’s hot - short for it is hot didn’t - short for did not

It also shows that numbers have been omitted, especially in dates, e.g. the Berlincame down in the autumn of ’89(short for 1989).

It’s or its?

These two words can cause a lot of confusion: many people are uncertain about

whether or not to use an apostrophe. These are the rules to remember:

its (without an apostrophe) means „belonging to it‟: The dog wagged its tail.Each case is judged on its own merits.

it’s (with an apostrophe) means „it is‟ or „it has‟: It‟s been a long day.

It‟s cold outside.It‟s a comfortable car and it‟s got some great gadgets.

Apostrophes and plural forms<br >





People vs. GenosaThe information charged appellant (Genosa) with parricide as follows:Fracture, open, depressed, circular located at the occipital bone of thehead, resulting [in] laceration of the brain, spontaneous rupture of the

blood vessels on the posterior surface of the brain, laceration of thedura and meningeal vessels producing severe intracranial hemorrhage.

2. Use brackets as parentheses within parentheses. The order is opening parenthesis, opening bracket, closing bracket, closing parenthesis.

Chi Ming Tsoi vs. CA To prevent collusion between the parties is the reason why, asstated by the petitioner, the Civil Code provides that no judgementannulling a marriage shall be promulgates upon a stipulation offacts or by confession of judgement (Arts. 88 and 101 [par.2]) andthe Rules of Court prohibit such annulment without trial (Sec.1,Rule 19).

People vs. ColomaThe number of persons killed in homicide on the occasion ofattempted robbery is immaterial. ( People vs. Coloma, 222 SCRA 255[1993])

3. Use brackets surrounding sic and italicize it. Note: The Latin term sic is used to indicate that something

written is intentionally left in the original form, which may beincorrect.

Apiag vs. CanteroThat complainant Maria Apiag has been living together with anotherman during her public service as public school teacher and have

begotten a child, name [ sic] Manuel Apiag and respondent promised[ sic] the Honorable Court to furnish a complete paper regarding thiscase in order to enlighten the Honorable (Court) that, he who seek [ sic]

justice must seek justice with cleab [ sic] hand.

4. Use brackets when a word has been italicized or underlined withinquoted language that was not italicized or underlined in the original.

Note: "Italics mine" or "emphasis added" would be otheracceptable phrases.

People of the Philippines vs. SchneckenburgerThe offended party cannot institute criminal prosecution withoutincluding both the guilty parties, if they are both alive, nor, in any

case, if he shall have consented or pardoned the offenders. [Empours].

5. Use brackets in changing the capitalization of a word or if thequotation does not include a capital letter.

People of the Philippines vs. YatarArt. 2199 states that, “[e]xcept as provided by law or by stipulatione is entitled to an adequate compensation only for such pecuniloss suffered by him as he has duly proved.”

6. Use brackets with ellipsis.

Cebu Portland Cement Company vs. Municipality of Naga, Cebuet.al.According to plaintiff-appellant: "On this score alone, the sale [..was illegal as it was not made on the time stated in the notice."

III. Slash /1. Use a forward slash to separate a numerator from a denominator

numerical fraction. Note: Do not place a space before or after the slash in a

fraction.

Apiag vs. CanteroThat both parties have agreed voluntarily, the Second Party will gONE FOURTH (1/4) of the retirement that the First will receive the GSIS, and the rest of it will be for the First Party.

2. Use a forward slash to separate the month, day, and year, in aninformal representation of a date.

Note: Do not place a space before or after the slash in a

People vs. Sultan G.R. No. 132470 04/27/2000

3. Use a forward slash with certain abbreviations.

People vs. GenosaThe information charged appellant (Genosa) with parricide as folBlisters at both extremities, anterior chest, posterior chest, trunk wshedding of the epidermis.

4. Use a forward slash to abbreviate the word per . Note: Do not place a space before or after the slash in an

abbreviation.



Vallacar Transit Inc. vs. Jocelyn CatubigAccording to PO2 Elnas, the bus was running fast, at a speed of 100kilometers/hour, when it collided with the motorcycle which wastrying to overtake a truck.

5. Use a forward slash to separate alternatives. Note: Do not over-use the slash to indicate "or". It can suggest

laziness on the part of the writer.

Santos vs. CAWherefore, this Court declares the marriage between Grace J. Garciaand Rederick A. Recio solemnized on January 12, 1994 at CabanatuanCity as dissolved and both parties can now remarry under existing andapplicable laws to any and/or both parties.

People of the Philippines vs. Schneckenburger No logical difference can indeed be perceived between prior andsubsequent consent, for in both instances as the offended party haschosen to compromise with his/her dishonor, he/she becomesunworthy to come to court and invoke its aid in the vindication of thewrong. For instance, a husband who believers his wife another man foradultery, is as unworthy, if not more, as where, upon acquiringknowledge of the adultery after its commission, he says or does

nothing.

OTHER USES of “” [] / 1. Quotation marks set off the tit les of magazine articles, poems, reports, and

chapters within a book.

2. Place question marks or exclamation points outside the quotation marks ifthey punctuate the entire sentence.Example: What made her say, “It‟s over”?

3. Use brackets to show the pronunciation of a word.

4. Use brackets in changing a pronoun to make the material fit into thesentence. Enclose that changed letter or word(s) within brackets.Example: Espinoza charged her former employer with "falsification of[her] coaching record."

5. Use forward slash to clarify and join two words. The slash serves toemphasize the relationship between the two words it unites.Example: The student/full-time mother attended the University of

Houston.

Li vs. CA and ValenzuelaAs a result of the trial court's decision, defendants filed an OmnibusMotion for New Trial and for Reconsideration, citing testimony inCriminal Case O.C. No. 804367 (People vs. Richard Li), tending to sthat the point of impact, as depicted by the pieces of glass/debris from

parties' cars, appeared to be at the center of the right lane of Aurora B

6. Use a forward slash to indicate line breaks in quotations of less than lines of poetry.

Example: In one of his most famous sonnets, “Sonnet 116,” Shakespreveals his philosophy on lasting love: “Love alters not with his briefhours and weeks, / But bears it out even to the edge of doom” (11-12

DASH and HYPHEN

I. Definition

Dash - “a dash signals a sudden break in the structure or thought of asentence” (Forlini, et al, 2004: 352). It is symbolized by (--).

Hyphen - “hyphens are used to join certain numbers and parts of words, join some compound words, and to divide words at the ends of lines” (Fet al, 2004: 360). It is symbolized by a (-).

N.B. The hyphen is distinctively shorter than a dash. Make sure to make yohyphens half as long as your dahes!

II. Proper Usage of Dahes

According to Forlini, et al (2004: 352), there are five main uses of a dashThese are:

1. To indicate an abrupt change of thoughtex. Reading the full text of a case helps get all the facts of a c

by the way, did you find the cases needed in the internet?

2. To set off interrupting ideas dramaticallyex. He was able to memorize all aggravating circumstances –

may find this hard to believe – in fifteen minutes.

3. To set off a summary statementex. Determination and a positive outlook in life – if you have

you may succeed in everything you do.

4. To set off words, phrases, or clauses that interrupt a sentenceadditional but not essential information.



Examples: Will you, Aisha, do that assignment for me?Yes, Doctor, I will.

NOTE: Capitalize a title when directly addressing someone.

Rule 5aUse a comma to separate the day of the month from the year and after the year.

Example: Kathleen met her husband on December 5, 2003, in Mill Valley, California. Rule 5b

If any part of the date is omitted, leave out the comma.

Example: They met in December 2003 in Mill Valley. Rule 6Use a comma to separate the city from the state and after the state in a document. Ifyou use the two-letter capitalized form of a state in a document, you do not need acomma after the state.

NOTE: With addresses on envelopes mailed via the post office, do not use any punctuation.Examples: I lived in San Francisco, California, for 20 years. I lived in San Francisco, CA for 20 years.

Rule 7Use commas to surround degrees or titles used with names. Commas are no longerrequired around Jr. and Sr. Commas never set off II, III, and so forth.Example: Al Mooney, M.D., knew Sam Sunny Jr. and Charles Starr III. Rule 8Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt sentence flow.

Example: I am, as you have probably noticed, very nervous about this. Rule 9When starting a sentence with a weak clause, use a comma after it. Conversely, donot use a comma when the sentence starts with a strong clause followed by a weakclause.

Examples: If you are not sure about this, let me know now. Let me know now if you are not sure about this. Rule 10Use a comma after phrases of more than three words that begin a sentence. If the

phrase has fewer than three words, the comma is optional.

Examples: To apply for this job, you must have previous experience. On February 14 many couples give each other candy or f lowers. OR On February 14, many couples give each other candy or flowers. Rule 11If something or someone is sufficiently identified, the description following it isconsidered nonessential and should be surrounded by commas.

Examples: Freddy, who has a limp, was in an auto accident. Freddy is named, so the descris not essential.The boy who has a limp was in an auto accident. We do not know which boy is referred to without further description; therefore, no commas are used.Rule 12Use a comma to separate two strong clauses joined by a coordinating conjunctioand, or, but, for, nor . You can omit the comma if the clauses are both short.Examples: I have painted the entire house, but he is still working on sanding the doors. I paand he writes. Rule 13Use the comma to separate two sentences if it will help avoid confusion.

Examples: I chose the colors red and green, and blue was his first choice. Rule 14A comma splice is an error caused by joining two strong clauses with only a coinstead of separating the clauses with a conjunction, a semicolon, or a period. Aon sentence, which is incorrect, is created by joining two strong clauses withou

punctuation.Incorrect: Time flies when we are having fun, we are always having fun. (Comma splice)Time flies when we are having fun we are always having fun. (Run-on sentence)Correct: Time flies when we are having fun; we are always having fun. OR Time flies when we are having fun, and we are always having fun. (Comma isoptional because both strong clauses are short.)

OR Time flies when we are having fun. We are always having fun. Rule 15If the subject does not appear in front of the second verb, do not use a comma.

Example: He thought quickly but still did not answer correctly.



2. Semicolon is used to separate ideas, short clauses in a list after another

punctuation:a. After a colon

Example:Please do the following assignments for homework:read pages 15-17 and 20-23 in your math textbook; finish the

outline for your “ Canada: a short story “ essay, finish reading The Giver, but don‟t start writing the essay yet.

b.

When COMMAS are usedExample:This conference has people who have come Boise, Idaho, Los

Angeles, California, and Nashville, Tennessee.PURPOSE: To clarify ideas for the reader

3. If there is a conjunctive adverb(transitions) linking two independentclause, use a semicolon

Some conjunctive adverbs:

Moreover NeverthelessHowever

OtherwiseThereforeThenFinallyLikewiseConsequently2. COLON

A. DEFINITION: A punctuation mark used chiefly to direct attention to matter that follows.

B.FUNCTIONOF A COLON

1. A colon can be used to separate two independent clauses when:

a. The second clause is DIRECTLY related to the first clause. b. When the EMPHASIS is on the second clause.

*Note: while you can also use a semi-colon or period between two independent-yet-related clause, the colon is little bit “softer” than the period, but a little “harder” thanthe semi-colon.

Examples:1. Maggie wears a brimmed cap at all times: strong light often gives her a

headache.2. I‟m looking for a copy of wind in the willows: one of my students wants

read it.

2. Use a colon to FURTHER EXPLAIN the first sentence (clause/ idea) withquotation.

Example;The author of “Touched”, Jane Straus, wrote in the first chapter.

Georgia went back to her bed and stared at the intricate patterns of burnemoth rings in the translucent glass of the overhead light. Her father has in the “ hmode” again where nothing could calm him down.

He‟d been talking non-stop for a week about remodeling projects, followher around the house as she tried to escape his chatter.

4. Other uses:a. Ratios, time

Examples:1. John‟s ratio of carbohydrate intake to protein is 3:1

2. 11:30 A.M., Tuesday, August 31, 2013 b. City and Publisher in Bibliography

Ex: New York: Norton, 1999

c. Titles and SubtitlesEx:Jillian enjoys reading the book Taste bud Heaven: Homemade meals for distinguished palette.

d. Salutation of a letterExample: To Whom It May Concern:

3. Colons are use d to make lists.Example:

Here‟s the grocery list: eggs, milk, juice, bread and fruit.

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