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Page 1: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 2: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation

LASER

(자극방출)

(빛의 증폭)

Page 3: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 4: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

평형상태에서

흑체복사에 대한 식

자극방출의 자발방출에 대한 비Einstein 계수

Page 5: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

[예제] 온도 2,000K에서 작동하는 텅스텐 필라멘트의 경우 자발방출과 자극방출의 비를 구하라. 필라멘

트에서 발생하는 빛의 평균 파장은 600nm이다.

빛은 자발방출에 의해 발생하고, 자극방출은 거의 일어나지 않는다.

[예제] (a) 발생하는 파장이 600nm의 경우 어떤 온도에서 자극방출과 자발방출이 동일하게 일어나는가?

(b) 상온에서 자극방출과 자발방출이 동일하게 일어나는 파장은 얼마인가?

태양의 표면온도가 약 6,000인 점을 생각하면 아주 높은 온도이다.

(a)

(b)

Page 6: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 7: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

자발방출과 자극방출로만들어진 빛의 차이점

Page 8: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

자극방출의 조건

항상(always) 밀도반전(population inversion)상태가존재해야 한다

Page 9: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

4-준위 레이저의발진 원리

Page 10: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

공명기

Page 11: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

레이저의 구성요소

Page 12: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

레이저 빛의 특징

1. 직진성: 쌍둥이 빛이 방출

2. 단파장성: 두 활동에너지 준위만 관련

Page 13: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 14: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission.

In 1954, Townes demonstrated the first maser. The ammonia maser, the first device based on Einstein’s predictions, obtains the first amplification and generation of electromagnetic waves by stimulated emission. Wavelength: 1cm, Power: 1nW

In 1955, Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov attempted to design and build oscillators. The pumping method.

In 1956, Nicolaas Bloembergen developed the microwave solid-state maser.

In 1960, Theodore Maiman, constructed the first laser using a cylinder of synthetic ruby,1 cm in diameter and 2 cm long.

Page 15: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

In 1960, Ali Javan, William Bennett Jr. and Donald Herriott developed the helium-neon (HeNe) laser, the first to generate a continuous beam of light at 1.15 μm.

In 1962, Nick Holonyak Jr. published his work on the “visible red” GaAsP (gallium arsenide phosphide) laser diode. Red LED.

In 1963, Herbert Kroemer (US) and Rudolf Kazarinov and ZhoresAlferov(Russia) independently proposed ideas to build semiconductor lasers from heterostructure devices.

In 1964, William Bridges discovered the pulsed argon-ion laser.

In 1964, The carbon dioxide laser was invented by Kumar Patel. The most powerful continuously operating laser of its time, it is now used worldwide as a cutting tool in surgery and industry.

Page 16: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

In 1964, The Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped YAG) laser was invented by Joseph Geusic and Richard Smith. LASIK, Skin resurfacing.

In 1965, Jerome Kasper and George Pimentel demonstrated the first chemical laser, a 3.7-μm hydrogen chloride instrument.

In 1967, Bernard Soffer and Bill McFarland invented the tunable dye laser.

In 1970, Basov and Yu. Popov developed the excimer laser.

In 1970, Alferov’s group produced the first continuous-wave room-temperature semiconductor lasers.

In 1972, Charles Henry invented the quantum well laser. Holonyak first demonstrated the quantum well laser in 1977.

Page 17: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

In 1976, John Madey demonstrated the first free-electron laser.

In 1982, Peter Moulton developed the titanium-sapphire laser. Short pulses in the picosecond and femtosecond ranges. This laser replaced the dye laser for tunable and ultrafast laser applications.

In 1994, Nikolai Ledentsov demonstrated the first quantum dot laser.

In 1996, Wolfgang Ketterle demonstrated the first pulsed atom laser.

In 1997, Shuji Nakamura, Steven DenBaars and James Speck announced the development of a gallium-nitride (GaN) laser that emits brightblue-violet light in pulsed operation.

Page 18: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

연도 수상자 업적

1964 Townes, Basov, and Prokhorov 최초의 Maser 발진

1966 Alfred Kastler Optical pumping

1971 Gabor Holography

1981 Schawlow and Bloembergen Laser spectroscopy

1997 Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudjiand William Phillips

Laser Cooling

2000 Kroemer and Alferov Semiconductor Lasers

2001 Cornell, Wieman, Ketterle Atom laserBose-Einstein condensation

2006 Glauber Optical Coherence

2009 Charles Kao Optical FiberLaser Communication

레이저 관련 노벨 물리학상 수상자들

Page 19: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Nobel Prize in Physics 1964

with Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov.[

Charles Hard Townes (1915 – 2015)

1953년

stimulated emission

in a stream of

energized ammonia

molecules to produce

amplification of

microwaves at a

frequency of about

24.0 gigahertz

Page 20: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Ruby Laser

First visible light LASER

Page 21: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Ruby Laser (1960)

Theodore Maiman

(1927 – 2007)

Page 22: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Energy Level of Cr3+ in Ruby

Page 23: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Semiconductor Laser

Page 24: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Robert Hall (1919 – 2016)

-demonstrated the first

semiconductor laser (GaAs)

-Invention of a magnetron

Page 25: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

2000년: Nobel Prize for developing

semiconductor heterostructures used in

high-speed- and opto-electronics

Herbert Kroemer (1928- )Zhores Alferov(1930- )

Page 26: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 27: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 28: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

혼합물질 파장영역

GaAs 870nm

GaAlAs 750~850nm

AlGaInP 650~680nm

InGaAsP 1.1~1.65 m

InGaAsSb 1.7~4.3 m

GaN 450~525nm

PbSnTe 6~25 m

PbEuSeTe 2~4 m

Page 29: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 30: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

He-Ne Laser

Page 31: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

William Bennett , Ali Javan : Helium-neon laser (1962년)

–first gas laser

-first laser to operate continuously, rather than in pulses.

-A few years later Kumar Patel developed the CO2 laser.

Page 32: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Energy Levels of He and Ne Atoms

Page 33: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 34: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 35: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Dye의 형광 스펙트럼

Dye Laser

Page 36: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Fritz Peter Schäfer

(1931 – 2011)

Peter P. Sorokin

(1931 – 2015)

Page 37: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Dye 분자의에너지 준위

Page 38: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Dye Laser의 구조

Page 39: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 40: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Argon Laser

William B. Bridges (1934- )

Inventor of Argon laser (1964)

Page 41: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 42: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 43: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Chandra Patel (1938- )

Inventor of CO2 Laser (1964)

Page 44: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 45: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 46: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Nd-YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet)

Nd:Y3Al5O12

-first demonstrated by J. E. Geusic et al. at Bell

Laboratories in 1964

Page 47: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

형태 파장 출력 형태

기체

He-Ne 632.8㎚(붉은색) 0.1~50㎽ 연속

10.6㎛(원적외선) 3~100W 연속

337㎚(청색) 1~300㎽ 펄스

Ar이온 488㎚, 514.5㎚ 5㎽~20W 연속

ArF(excimer) 193㎚(자외선) 10W(최고)펄스당 평균 펄스

액체 색소400~900㎚

(색소종류에 따라)20~800㎽ 연속/펄스(튜닝가능)

고체

Nd:YAG 1.064㎛ 0.04~600W 연속

Nd:glass 1.06㎛ 0.15~100J 펄스

반도체(GaAs) 780~900㎚ 1~40㎽ 연속/펄스

Page 48: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

레이저의 응용

1. 레이저 빛 에너지의 직접적 이용

-레이저 빛의 직진성-물질의 절단, 용접, 구멍

2. 정보, 통신에의 이용

-레이저 빛의 단파장성 이용-음성, 영상 신호를 빛에 실어서 보냄

Page 49: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

레이저의 종류 파장영역 출력 용도

엑시머류

Argon Fluoride

Kripton Fluoride

193nm(자외선)

248nm(자외선)

펄스형

펄스당 평균 10W까지

-절단,녹임

-선택적 세포응결

-기타 Argonfp이저의 적용분야

-근시교정

Argon-Ion 488nm(청록색)연속형

10W까지

-光응고(망막), 접합, 증발

-안과수술(망막)

-외과 수술용 레이저 메스

-레이저 내시경, 응고장치

-코의 연골절개 및 구멍

-모반, 오점, 문신제거

색소(Dye)

(Argon-ion 으로 펌핑)631nm(적색)

연속형

3-4W

-光활성(종양치료)

-내시경을 사용한 선택적 응고

Nd:YAG 1.06 m(적외선)연속형

60-100W까지

-光응고, 증발, 절개, 구멍

-외과 수술용 레이저 메스

-레이저 내시경, 응고장치

CO2 10.6 m(적외선)연속형

80W까지

-조직 증발, 절개

-외과 수술용 레이저 메스

-의료용으로 가장 널리 사용

Ruby 694.3nm(적색)펄스형

펄스당 0.03-100J

-충치, 치석제거

-구강 종양 등 치과용으로 사용

Page 50: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 51: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 53: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 54: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 55: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 56: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 57: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

LASIK(Laser Associated Stromal Insitu Keratomileusis)

1990년 Pallikaris 박사가고안

엑시머 레이저 수술(PRK)과

미세 각막 절제술 (keratomileusis)을 혼합

Page 58: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 59: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Lasik 과정

Page 60: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Laser의 응용

Page 61: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

비염, 축농증수술

Page 62: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

반점제거(레이저 탈색)

Page 63: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

혈관의 막힘을 레이저로 뚫음

Page 64: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

혈관의 막힘을 레이저로 뚫음

Page 65: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 66: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

레이저메스

Page 67: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

충치 레이저 치료

Page 68: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Optical Fiber

Page 69: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 70: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 71: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

n1

n2

n1 >n2굴절의 법칙n1 sinq1 =n2 sinq2

전반사 임계입사: n1 sinqc =n2 sin900

qc =sin-1 (n2/ n1)

Page 72: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 73: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

[예제] 굴절율이 1.5인 유리섬유의 표면에 굴절율 1.42인 물질로 입혔다.

이 유리섬유의 단면에 빛을 입사할 때 전반사가 일어나는 최대의 입사각도

는 몇 도인가?

Page 74: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission
Page 75: Light Amplification by - bh.knu.ac.krbh.knu.ac.kr/~ilrhee/lecture/modern/chap5.pdf · In 1917, Einstein proposed the process that makes lasers possible, called stimulated emission

Sir Charles Kuen Kao

(born 4 November 1933)

Father of Fiber Optic Communications

2009 Nobel Prize in Physicsfor "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication