limba+engleza+an+i+sem+ii.docx

8/10/2019 LIMBA+ENGLEZA+AN+I+SEM+II.docx

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UNIVERSITATEA DANUBIUS DIN GALAI

DEPARTAMENTUL DE NVMNT LA DISTAN SI FRECVENTA REDUSA FACULTATEA DE TIINE ECONOMICE

ENGLISH FOR ECONOMICS II

Ist

Year, 2nd

Semester

LIVIU-MIHAIL MARINESCU

Editura Universitar Danubius, Galai 2012

Toate drepturile pentru aceast lucrare sunt rezervate autorului. Reproducerea ei

integral sau fragmentar este interzis.


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Liviu-Mihail Marinescu Romanian industry

English for Economics II

Editura Universitar Danubius este recunoscut deConsiliul Naional al Cercetrii tiinifice din nvmntul Superior (cod 111/2006)

Tipografia Zigotto Galai

Tel.: 0236.477171


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INTRODUCTIONThe module titled ENGLISH FOR ECONOMICS-1 , which is studied in the firstyear, aims at obtaining specific skills pertaining to the knowledge and use ofEnglish by those working in an economic environment.After studying and learning the content of this module, you will acquire thefollowing general skills: knowing, understanding, explaining and interpreting English texts scheming and assessing the practical activities specific to this discipline;

using scientific research and approach methods, techniques and instruments. revealing a positive and responsible attitude towards the scientific domain

comprising this discipline, fostering a scientific environment focused ondemocratic values and relationships, turning to the best account the personal

potential within scientific activities, participating in the personal scientificdevelopment.

The fr ame objectives I suggest you to attain are the fol lowing:

acquiring solid knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary; the possibility of efficiently using English words and phrases both in

written and in conversation; the significant training in view of reading, understanding and translating

text belonging to the technical literature in the field at issue;

mastering the use of words and syntagms specific to the domain ofinterest.The content is structured according to the following learning units:- Economic Outline of Romania- Romanian Industry- Commercial Correspondence 3- Commercial Correspondence 4The first learning unit, i.e. Economic Outline of Romania develops thefollowing specific skills:- exemplify and define the economic indicators in English;- describe in short paragraphs the basic characteristics of Romanian

economy;- define the intra-company correspondence elements (recommendation

letter / memorandum ) in English;- define and explain the semantic parallels explained.After studying the information presented, you will pass to the second unit -

Romanian Industry - in which you will acquire new amounts of knowledgeand new skills:- explain and define in English key words from an economic text;- build up, using the key words extracted, short texts (about ten lines) in

which you should present your own ideas concerning an economic themeapproached;


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- define and explain the elements of business correspondence (business thankyou letter) in English.The next two modules are focussed on developing your businesscorrespondence abilities.

In order to assess your degree of knowledge assimilation, you will pass througha control test, which you will further receive corrected for a betterunderstanding of your actual English performance.An efficient learning requires from you the observing of the following steps: Read the module very carefully; Use colours to mark essential information, note it on a paper or use the

white space to put it down; Answer the questions and do the exercises; Imitate the final evaluation, proposing yourself a theme and dealing with it

without using the written support; Compare the result with the course and explain why you have skipped over

several sequences; In case you are not satisfied with your learning result, you should

immediately restart the whole learning process from the very beginning.You will be administered control texts all along the studying process. You willanswer all requirements in written, using the course support and the indicatedextra-materials. You will be assessed according to the degree in which yousucceeded in attaining the mentioned objectives. The accuracy of your doingthe test, the presentation itself, and the promptness of your answer will becarefully taken into account. For further details and information do not hesitateto contact the indicated instructor.60% of the final grade derives from the continuous evaluation and 40% is based on the final assessment.


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CONTENTS

1. Economic outline of RomaniaEconomic and Political Outline Economic Indicators

(Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 1)Main Sectors of Industry (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 2)Two Meanings of Economic Growth (Studying aMacroeconomic Text Part 3)Company Correspondence: Internal Memorandum toEmployeeLanguage Approach Part 1Specific Objectives of the Learning UnitAbstractSelf-Evaluation TestsKey to the Self-Evaluation TestsMinimal Bibliography

2. Romanian IndustryRomanian Industry before and after the Economic Crisis.

Part 2Romanian Industry Slows Down Growth Pace because ofCrisisCommercial Correspondence - Business Thank You LetterLanguage Approach Part 2Specific Objectives of the Learning UnitAbstractSelf-Evaluation Tests

Key to the Self-Evaluation TestsControl TestMinimal Bibliography

3. Studying English for Economics. From Student to ProfessionalStudying Economics an Essential Condition for a FutureBusinessman

Is the Study of Economics Too Hard or Too Boring?


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From Student to Employee: Making the TransitionCommercial Correspondence: Generalities upon the Elementsof a Business Letter

Commercial Correspondence: The Appreciation Letter and theBusiness Introduction LetterLanguage Approach Part 1Specific Objectives of the Learning UnitAbstractSelf-Evaluation TestsKey to the Self-Evaluation TestsMinimal Bibliography

4. At a Public MeetingAt the Office Basics and ManagementOffice Management BasicsCommercial Correspondence: Confirmation Follow-up afterBusiness MeetingLanguage Approach Part 2Specific Objectives of the Learning Unit

AbstractSelf-Evaluation TestsKey to the Self-Evaluation TestsControl TestMinimal Bibliography


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List of References (A Selective Bibliography):

1.ECONOMIC OUTLINE OF ROMANIA

1.1.Economic and Political Outline EconomicIndicators (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 1)

39

1.2. Main Sectors of Industry (Studying aMacroeconomic Text Part 2) 40

1.3. Two Meanings of Economic Growth (Studying aMacroeconomic Text Part 3)

41

1.4. Company Correspondence: Internal Memorandum toEmployee

43

1.5. Language Approach Part 3 44Specific Objectives of the Learning Unit

Abstract 45

Self-Evaluation Tests 46

Key to the Self-Evaluation Tests 47

Minimal Bibliography 48

Specif ic objectives:At the end of the chapter, you will have the capacity to:

exemplify and define the economic indicators in English; describe in short paragraphs the basic characteristics of Romanian

economy; define the intra-company correspondence elements (recommendation

letter / memorandum) in English; define and explain the semantic parallels explained.

Average time estimated for the individual study: 8 hours


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1.1. Economic Outline Economic Indicators (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part1)

After having joined European Union in January 2007, Romania is expected to pass through a new phase of economic growth with substantial foreigninvestments after 2011. The delay is due to the world crisis.The GDP growth rate was 8.4% in 2004 and slackened substantially to 4.1% in2005 due to floods and rise in imports. A revival to 7,7% has been emerging in2006 and should stay over 6% in 2007 and 2008 according to the IMF forecast.There has been continuous decline in inflation for 10 years; from 154.8% in1997 to a figure of 4.3% in 2007.The National Bank of Romania (the central bank) has tightened monetary policy. The unemployment rate touches nearly 8% of the active population.Romania remains one of the poorest European countries, but has considerable potential for development because of its rich agricultural lands, educated &skilled work force, and tourism.

Vocabulary:

Application (meanings)

application form; apprentice, trainee; apprenticeship; CV (curriculum vitae); job interview; skilled worker; to apply for a job; training; training course; vacancy.

Unemployment (meanings)

period of notice; to be unemployed; to be out of work;

to be on the dole (BE); to fire somebody; to sack somebody (BE); to give somebody notice; to dismiss somebody; to hand in one's notice; to resign; to quit; unemployment; unemployment benefit, dole money.


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Working hours, pay (meanings)

a full-time job; a part-time job; continued payment of wages; flexitime; pay slip; salary; to get a rise; to get a raise; to work in shifts; to work overtime; wage cut; wage demand, claim; wage group; wages.

Work task 1 Using the vocabulary presented above, compose sentences one foreach item.

1.2. Main Sectors of Industry (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 2)Agriculture is an important sector in Romania. It employs nearly 25% theactive population and contributes nearly 10% to the GDP. The main crops arecereals, sugar beets and potatoes; though the yield remains very low. About25% of the country is forested (especially around Transylvania) and woodindustry is developing very fast. Romania has an inadequate supply of mineralresources and thus needs to import raw material and fuels, although historicallyit has been an important oil-producing centre. The manufacturing sector is

largely based on heavy industry (still Soviet-styled) and contributes nearlyone-third to the GDP. Major manufactured products include steel products,machinery, transport vehicles, and chemicals. Technological modernization ofthe industry is very much needed. Government has initiated privatization programme to attract investors. Tourism is a growing industry; with Bucharest being called as the Paris of the East.

Vocabulary Semantic Parallels: PRACTICE vs. PRACTISE

These words are not interchangeable. Practice is a noun, as in He has gone to football practice ; It is time to put the


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plan into practice; It is accepted practice to tip the waiters and our doctor hasretired from the practice . Practice is the verb form, as in He practices pianoevery evening; We must practise economy if we are to remain solvent, He is amedical doctor, but he no longer practises his profession. Note that practise is

not one of the verbs that can end in- ize . In American English both the nounand the verb are spelt practice . ECONOMIC vs. ECONOMICAL

These words are both connected to the nounseconomy but they have differentmeanings.Economic meansreferring or related to the econom y as in the government'seconomic policies and studying economic theory . Economical means thrifty,avoiding waste and cheap , as in It is more economical for four of us to by carthan by train . (hereeconomical meanscheap ). Another example:She is a veryeconomical housekeeper . (when economical means avoiding waste ). The phraseeconomical with the truth is a less forthright way of sayinglying as in politicians accused of being economical with the truth .

FORMER vs. LATTER

Former refers tothe first of two people or things mentioned whilelatter refersto the second of two people or things mentioned, as in He was given twooptions, either to stay in his present post but accept less money or to betransferred to another branch of the company. He decided to accept the

former / latter option . Former also means previous, at an earlier time , as in He is a former chairman of the company and She is a former holder of thechampionship title.

Work task 2 Build up a text of approximately twenty lines using samples fromthe semantic parallels above.

1.3. Two Meanings of Economic Growth (Studying a Macroeconomic Text Part 3)The term economic growth has two distinctmeanings. Sometimes it refers tothe growth of that thing we call the economy (the physical subsystem of ourworld made up of the stocks of population and wealth; and the flows of production and consumption). When the economy gets physically bigger wecall that economic growth. This is normal English usage. But the term has asecond, very different meaning if the growth of something or some activitycauses benefits to increase faster than costs, we also call that economicgrowth that is to say, growth that is economic in the sense that it yields a net benefit or a profit. That too is accepted English usage.


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Now, does economic growth in the first sense imply economic growth inthe second sense? No, absolutely not! Economic growth in the first sense (aneconomy that gets physically bigger) is logically quite consistent withuneconomic growth in the second sense, namely growth that increases costs

faster than benefits, thereby making us poorer. Nevertheless, we assume that a bigger economy must always make us richer. This is pure confusion.That economists should contribute to this confusion is puzzling because all ofmicroeconomics is devoted to finding the optimal scale of a given activity the point beyond which marginal costs exceed marginal benefits and furthergrowth would be uneconomic. Marginal Revenue = Marginal Cost is evencalled the when to stop rule for growth of a firm. Why does this simple logicof optimization disappear in macroeconomics? Why is the growth of themacroeconomy not sub ject to an analogous when to stop rule?We recognize that all microeconomic activities are parts of the larger

macroeconomic system, and their growth causes displacement and sacrifice ofother parts of the system. But the macroeconomy itself is thought to be thewhole shebang, and when it expands, presumably into the void, it displacesnothing, and therefore incurs no opportunity cost. But this is false of course.The macroeconomy too is a part, a subsystem of the biosphere, a part of theGreater Economy of the natural ecosystem. Growth of the macroeconomy tooimposes a rising opportunity cost that at some point will constrain its growth.But some say that if our empirical measure of growth is GDP, based onvoluntary buying and selling of final goods and services in free markets, thenthat guarantees that growth consists of goods, not bads. This is because peoplewill voluntarily buy only goods. If they in fact do buy a bad then we have toredefine it as a good. True enough as far as it goes, which is not very far. Thefree market does not price bads, true but nevertheless bads are inevitably produced as joint products along with goods. Since bads are un-priced, GDPaccounting cannot subtract them instead it registers the additional productionof anti-bads, and counts them as goods. For example, we do not subtract thecost of pollution, but we do add the value of the pollution clean-up. This isasymmetric accounting. In addition we count the consumption of naturalcapital (depletion of mines, well, aquifers, forests, fisheries, topsoil, etc.) as ifit were income. Paradoxically, therefore, GDP, whatever else it may measure,is also the best statistical index we have of the aggregate of pollution,

depletion, congestion, and loss of biodiversity. Economist Kenneth Bouldingsuggested, with tongue only a little bit in cheek, that we re-label it GrossDomestic Cost. At least we should put the costs and the benefits in separateaccounts for comparison. Not surprisingly, economists and psychologists arenow discovering that, beyond a sufficiency threshold, the positive correlation between GDP and self-evaluated happiness disappears.In sum, economic growth in sense 1 can be, and in the United States has become, uneconomic growth in sense 2. And it is sense 2 that matters.( Adapted from Herman Daly - Published Mar 1 2010 by Centre for theAdvancement of a Steady State Economy )


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Work task 3 Build up a text of approximately ten lines using ten of the keywords from the learning unit above

1.4. Company Correspondence: Internal Memorandum to Employee

MEMORANDUM

Date: September 30, 2009From: Meridith Bronson

To: Franco Marconi, Director, Research Programs

Subject: Commendation - Henry Stapleton - Transport

Demand Project

The purpose of this is to officially commend Henry Stapleton for hisexceptional contribution throughout his assignment to the Transport DemandProject (TDP).

As you know, Henry has been working on special assignment with the TDPteam for the past eight months. Now that he is about to return to your part ofthe organization I wanted to make sure that he gets some recognition for hissignificant and exceptional contributions to the project.

As a junior econometrician, Henry's role in the project was pivotal to its timelyand successful completion. It was Henry who worked long hours, numerousnights and weekends with his small team of researchers, first specifying, andthen testing the thousands of equations that had to be run. The quality ofHenry's written work was also exceptional. His regression analysis summarieswere always very well written and rarely required revision.

As a colleague and project team member, Henry was also outstanding. Hisupbeat enthusiasm for the project was infectious, and he seemed to motivatethe entire project team. He was very well-liked by all team members, and ineffect he became "unofficial" deputy project manager.


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In closing, I would like to say that I have worked with many junior economistsand econometricians over the years and have never run across one as professional and productive as Henry Stapleton was on the TDP. I believe thatthe organization as a whole should recognize his exceptional contribution to amajor project.

Please let me know if you have any questions or comments.

Meredith BronsonDirector, Econometric Research

cc: Henry StapletonPersonnel file - H. Stapleton

1.5. Language Approach Part 3The Past Tense Simple

The simple past is used to describe an action, an event, or condition thatoccurred in the past, sometime before the moment of speaking or writing.The verbs in the following sentences that are in the simple past tense describean action taking place at some point in past.

A flea jumped from the dog to the cat.

Phoebe gripped the hammer tightly and nailed the boards together.

The gem-stones sparkled in a velvet lined display case.

Artemisia Gentilsechi probably died in 1652.

The storyteller began every story by saying "A long time ago when the earthwas green."

The Past Progressive Tense

The past progressive tense is used to describe actions ongoing in the past.These actions often take place within a specific time frame. While actionsreferred to in the present progressive have some connection to the present,actions referred in the past progressive have no immediate or obviousconnection to the present. The on-going actions took place and were completedat some point well before the time of speaking or writing.The cat was walking along the tree branch.

This sentence describes an action that took place over a period of continuoustime in the past. The cat's actions have no immediate relationship to anythingoccurring now in the present.


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Lena was telling a story about the exploits of a red cow when a tree branchbroke the parlour window.

Here the action "was telling" took place in the past and continued for sometime in the past.When the recess bell rang, Jesse was writing a long division problem on theblackboard.

This sentence describes actions ("ran" and "was writing") that took placesometime in the past, and emphasises the continuing nature of one of theactions ("was writing").The archivists were eagerly waiting for the delivery of the former primeminister's private papers.

Here the ongoing action of "waiting" occurred at some time unconnected to the present. Between 1942 and 1944 the Frank and Van Damm families were hiding in an Amsterdam office building.

In this sentence, the action of hiding took place over an extended period oftime and the continuing nature of the hiding is emphasised.

Abstract

Romania remains one of the poorest European countries, but has considerable potential for development because of its rich agricultural lands, educated &skilled work force, and tourism. PRACTICE vs. PRACTISE

These words are not interchangeable. Practice is a noun, as in He has gone to football practice ; It is time to put the plan into practice; It is accepted practiceto tip the waiters and our doctor has retired from the practice . Practice is theverb form. ECONOMIC vs. ECONOMICAL

These words are both connected to the nounseconomy but they have differentmeanings. Economic meansreferring or related to the econom y as in the

government's economic policies and studying economic theory . Economical meansthrifty, avoiding waste andcheap. FORMER vs. LATTER

Former refers tothe first of two people or things mentioned whilelatter refersto the second of two people or things mentioned. The simple past is used todescribe an action, an event, or condition that occurred in the past, sometime before the moment of speaking or writing. The verbs in the following sentencesthat are in the simple past tense describe an action taking place at some point in past. The past progressive tense is used to describe actions ongoing in the past.These actions often take place within a specific time frame. While actionsreferred to in the present progressive have some connection to the present,actions referred in the past progressive have no immediate or obvious


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connection to the present. The on-going actions took place and were completedat some point well before the time of speaking or writing.

Self-Evaluation Tests - Learning Unit 31. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense.The day .......... terribly, and went awfully after.

a) took care of; b) understood;c) began.

2. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense.

My clocks alarm .......... and that really got me on my nerves. a) didn't go off; b) didn't commit;c) didn't split.

3. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense.I .......... the house with only 1 hour to spare before the flight.

a) left; b) remained;c) quitted.

4. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense.I had precisely one single hour before the plane .......... due to take off.

a) didn't go; b) was;c) became.

5. Choose the correct verb at Past Tense

Luckily there .......... very little traffic, which is more than important for a beginning driver like me.a) was; b) existed;c) had.


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6. Choose the correct verb at Past TenseWhen I .......... at the airport I was left with 30 minutes to spare before theflight.

a)

fought; b) arrived;c) left.

7. Choose the correct verb at Past TenseThere, at the airport, I .......... in at the gate and so did the rest of all people.

a) checked; b) stood;c) waited.

8. Choose the correct verb at Past TenseI .......... for a coffee but didnt find any of a good quality in the area.

a) shouted; b) went;c) whistled.

9. Choose the correct verb at Past TenseJust as I .......... down , I realized I had forgotten my cell phone at home.

a) went; b) sat;c) jumped.

10. Choose the correct verb at Past TenseThe announcer .......... my flight, and suddenly I realized it was for the firsttime that I took the plane

a) called; b) whistled;c) shouted.

Key to the Self-Evaluation Tests

1. c; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. b; 9. b; 10. a.


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Minimal Bibliography:

Emerson, Paul (2008). Business English . Macmillan.

Evans, David (2003). Decisionmaker . Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Gavriliu, Eugenia (1998). English for Economics . Galai: Zigotto, Galai. Hulban, Horia (1997). English for You . Iai: Fundaia Academic "PetreAndrei". Rzeu. Mariana, Nicolae (2008).Corespondenta comerciala in limba engleza .Bucureti: Editura Universitara. Miroiu, Mihai (1992). English Business Letters. Corespondena de afaceri nlimba englez . Alexandria: Editura Andreescu.


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2. ROMANIAN INDUSTRY

2.1.Romanian Industry before and afterthe Economic Crisis. Part 2

50

2.2. Romanian Industry Slows Down Growth Pacebecause of Crisis

51

2.3.Commercial Correspondence - Business Thank YouLetter

52

2.4. Language Approach Part 4 53

Specific Objectives of the Learning UnitAbstract 54

Self-Evaluation Tests 55

Key to the Self-Evaluation Tests 56

Control Test 56

Minimal Bibliography 58

Specif ic objectives:

At the end of the chapter, you will have the capacity to:

explain and define in English key words from an economic text; build up, using the key words extracted, short texts (about ten lines) in

which you should present your own ideas concerning an economictheme approached;

define and explain the elements of business correspondence (businessthank you letter) in English.

Average time estimated for the individual study: 8 hours


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2.1. Romanian Industry before and after the Economic Crisis.Part 1 - Diachronic Overview and pre-Crisis Prospects

Romania has been successful in developing dynamic telecommunications,aerospace and weapons sectors. Industry and construction accounted for 32%of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005, a comparatively large share evenwithout taking into account related services. The sector employed 26.4% of theworkforce. With the manufacture of 245,000 vehicles in 2009, Romania wasthe Europe's twelfth largest producer of automobiles. In 2004 Romania enjoyedone of the largest world market shares in machine tools (5.3%). Romanian- based companies such as Automobile Dacia, Petrom, Rompetrol andBitdefender are well known throughout Southeast Europe. However, small- tomedium-sized manufacturing firms still form bulk of the manufacturing sector.These firms employ two-thirds of the Romanian workforce.

Romania's industrial output is expected to advance 9% in 2010, whileagriculture output is projected to grow 12%. Final consumption is alsoexpected to increase by 11% overall - individual consumption by 14.4% andcollective consumption by 10.4%. Domestic demand is expected to go up12.7% despite the crisis.The growth of the industrial sector was the principal stimulus to economicdevelopment. In 2009 manufacturing industries accounted for approximately35 percent of the gross domestic product and 29 percent of the work force.Benefiting from strong domestic encouragement and foreign aid, Bucharest'sindustrialists introduced modern technologies into outmoded or newly built

facilities at a rapid pace, increased the production of commodities especiallythose for sale in foreign markets and plowed the proceeds back into furtherindustrial expansion. As a result, industry recovered from the decline of the1990s, and was expected to grow by 7.1% at the end of 2010.Except for mining, most industries were located in the urban areas of thenorthwest and southeast. Heavy industries generally were located in the southof the country. Factories in Bucharest contributed over 25 percent of allmanufacturing value-added in 1998; taken together with factories insurrounding Ilfov, factories in the Bucharest area produced 26 percent of allmanufacturing that year. Factories in Bucharest employed 12 percent of the

nation's 2.1 million factory workers.

Work task 1 Build up fifteen sentences using the key words in the text.


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2.2. Romanian Industry Slows Down Growth Pace because of Crisis

The effects of the global economic crisis become more and more visible in the

Romanian economy too, with new orders to Romanian industrialists inFebruary 2010, both from the domestic market and from foreign beneficiaries,dropping compared with February 2009 and also compared with the samemonth in 2008, by 1.0 and by 15.9 percent respectively, reads a release of the National Institute of Statistics (INS) submitted on Tuesday.While considering only the first two months of the year, compared with thesame months of last year, it becomes obvious how severe the situation is, withthe Romanian industry having after the first two months in 2008 made thegovernment anticipate a record economic growth in 2008. New orders in the overall industry slumped by 26.1 percent in January-

February 2010, against the same interval a year before. Some 4,200 economicoperators made these data available, with the maximum error margin of thisestimations being of plus/minus 3 percent, according to INS.The drop in new orders in industry became even more obvious whileconsidering successive intervals. In February this year, there were recordeddrops in new orders in the intermediary goods industry of minus 10.8 percent,with growth having been recorded in all the other sectors: durable goodsindustry (plus 14 percent), capital goods (plus 5.4 percent) and consumersgoods (plus 1.7 percent).In February 2010, compared with February 2009, when overall new orders in

industry dropped by 15.9 percent, sectoral drops generalized and become moresubstantial: intermediary goods industry (minus 34.8 percent), durable goodsindustry (minus 32.1 percent) and consumers' goods (minus 12 percent). Thecapital goods industry saw an increase by 4.9 percent.In January-February 2010, against January-February 2009, there was seen adrop in overall new orders in industry corresponding to sectoral drops by minus48.4 percent in the intermediary goods area, minus 28.4 percent in the durablegoods industry and minus 10.1 percent in the consumer's goods. The capitalgoods industry climbed by 1.5 percent.

Work task 2 Build up fifteen sentences using the key words in the text.


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2.3. Commercial Correspondence - Business Thank You Letter

March 15, 2006

Mr. Alphonse GermainPresident and CEOBioDynamics Llc.1525 Broadway, Suite 4500 New York, NY 10034

Dear Mr. Germain,

As Chairperson of the Corporate Conscience Campaign - Helping theHomeless in New York, I am writing this to thank you personally for yourcompany's support in last month's fund-raising effort.

As I indicated when we spoke on the phone two weeks ago, the campaign wasconsidered a resounding success, raising a total of $1.65 million to-date,

significantly exceeding our target of $1 million. Some donations are stilltrickling in, so we could end up close to a total of $2 million.

BioDynamics was an influential leader throughout the entire three-monthcampaign. In fact, we couldn't have succeeded without the generous support ofyour company, both financially, and through your organizational andadministrative assistance. Your Team Leader, Kathryn Gomez was particularlyimpressive, going above and beyond what we could have expected of someone performing as a volunteer while continuing on with her day-to-day duties.Please convey my special thanks to Kathryn.

I would also ask you to convey my sincere thanks and congratulations to all ofthose other people in your company who contributed in any way to the Helpingthe Homeless Campaign. Please tell them that the sum of their contributionsresulted in a major success that they should all be proud of taking part in.

I believe that the 27 companies that participated in this effort have set a newstandard for social responsibility in this community, and have set a powerfulexample that will inspire other companies and organizations to do the same.


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I look forward to seeing you at the Mayor's special thank you reception nextmonth.

Yours sincerely,

Jackson PritchardFundraising Chair

2.4. Language Approach Part 4The Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is used to refer to actions that took place and werecompleted in the past. The past perfect is often used to emphasise that oneaction, event or condition ended before another past action, event, or condition began. Miriam arrived at 5:00 p.m. but Mr. Whitaker had closed the store.

All the events in this sentence took place in the past, but the act of closing thestore takes place before Miriam arrives at the store.

After we located the restaurant that Christian had raved about, we ate supperthere every Friday.

Here the praise ("had raved") precedes the finding ("located") of the restaurant.Both actions took place sometime before the moment of speaking or writing.The elephant had eaten all the hay so we fed it oats for a week.

In this sentence, both actions take place in the past, but the eating of the hay("had eaten") preceded the eating of the oats ("fed").The heat wave had lasted three weeks.

While the sentence "The heat wave has lasted three weeks" suggests that acondition began in the past and continues into the present, this sentencedescribes an action that began and ended sometime in the past ("had lasted").By using the past perfect the writer indicates that the heat wave has noconnection to any events occurring in the present.

After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent .Here the learning took place and was completed at a specific time in the past.By using the past perfect rather than the simple past ("learned"), the writeremphasises that the learning preceded the feeling of independence.


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The Past Perfect Progressive Tense

The past perfect progressive is used to indicate that a continuing action in the past began before another past action began or interrupted the first action.

The toddlers had been running around the school yard for ten minutes beforethe teachers shooed them back inside .Here the action of the toddlers ("had been running") is ongoing in the past and precedes the actions of the teachers ("shooed") which also takes place in the past.We had been talking about repainting the front room for three years and lastnight we finally bought the paint.

In this example, the ongoing action of "talking" precedes another past action("bought").

A construction crew had been digging one pit after another in the middle of mystreet for three days before they found the water main.Here, the action of digging ("had been digging") took place in the past andoccurred over a period of time. The digging was followed by the action offinding ("found").

Madeleine had been reading mystery novels for several years before shediscovered the works of Agatha Christie.

In this sentence the act of discovery ("discovered") occurred in the past butafter the ongoing and repeated action of reading ("had been reading").The chef's assistant had been chopping vegetables for several minutes beforehe realized that he had minced his apron strings.

This sentence is a bit more complex in that it contains three different past verbtenses. The sequence of tenses conveys a complex set of information. The past perfect progressive ("had been chopping") is used to emphasise the ongoingnature of the past act of chopping. While a second past perfect progressive("had been mincing") could be used, the past perfect ("had minced") is used tosuggest that act of mincing was completed. The simple past ("realized") is usedto describe the action closest to the present, an action that followed both thechopping and the mincing.

Sample letters

Natraj & Co. of 13, Kr ith i N agar ,Bangalor e have placed with you an orderfor four wagons of cement

A l etter aski ng them to supply- you with two references as thi s wi ll be yourfi rst transaction with N atraj & Co. Sign yourself as ABC.

Bhopal Cement Company Ltd.

P.O. Box 135 Lotus Avenue


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Hyderabad

17 th April 20_

Natraj & Co. of 13,

Krithi Nagar,

Bangalore

Dear Sirs

Sub: Supply of Cement

Thank you for your Order No.B/124/05 dated 1st April 20 four wagons ofcement.

As this is our first transaction with your company, we would appreciate if youcan kindly supply us with two references.

For your convenience, we are enclosing a list of concerns in Bangalore. Whichare already doing business with us for quite some time.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully

(Sales Manager)

Encl. As stated above


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R & R Associates of 128 Stadium Road, DL . , LON DON have not paid youRs.14, 800/- for Steel f ur ni tur e suppli ed to them in M arch 20_.

letter of complai nt about N on-payment of Du es-You ar e the Sales M anager

of Standard F ur nitur e & Co Ltd. 8, AL BERTA Square, OT CANADA .

Standard Furniture & Co Ltd.

8, Alberta Square,

OT Canada

Messrs R & R Associates

128 Stadium Road, DL. ,

London

8th September 20_

Dear Sirs

Sub: Non-payment of dues

After having been through our accounts recently, we have found

That we have not yet received payment of Rs.14, 800/- (USD

Fourteen thousand and eight hundred only) for steel furniture

Supplied to you in Feb 20_ against your Order No. AC/206.

We have never received any complaint about goods supplied to

You and we assume that the goods supplied have always gave

You complete satisfaction.

It has been our constant Endeavour to retain the goodwill of

Valued customers.

Keeping the above in view, we sincerely hope that you will

Arrange for the payment of dues without any further delay.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully


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(Signature)

Sales Manager

Th is letter asks a business person to recommend a contr actor to do a specif ic job for your compan y. Remember to include any incent ive you mi ght want to

offer.

1234, Main Street Bangalore

03/16/11

Hello.

We will be beginning a very important withinthe next. The problem is, we don't have the skills we need in-house, and don'tknow of a freelance For example: "writer" or "graphic designer" who we cantrust to deliver the work on deadline. I'd like to know if you've used a Forexample: "writer" or "graphic designer" whom you would recommend.

The project will begin about and will need to be complete by. If you have used anyone whose work you trust and whowould be available for that period, please have him or her call me at I would really appreciate it, and I'd be happy to return the favoranytime. Thanks in advance for the help!

Regards,

Ramania

Encl:

Checking References.

H Brothers November 7 2011

124 MahaRoad


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Pune

Private and confidential

Dear Sirs,

We have received your name from M/s Sitapati Associates, who have placed an order worth USD 3,50,000 with us and furnished your nameas reference.

We shall be greatly obliged if you kindly advise us whether we shouldexecute the order under reference. Any information, furnished by you,

shall be treated as strictly confidential.

We shall be happy to reciprocate with similar information, in case youneed any reference from us.

Thanking you

Your faithfully

For Simpson & Sons

J J Simpson

Partner

AbstractRomania has been successful in developing the industry sector after the end


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of the end of 90s. Except for mining, most industries were located in theurban areas of the northwest and southeast. Heavy industries generally werelocated in the south of the country. Factories in Bucharest contributed over25 percent of all manufacturing value-added in 1998; taken together with

factories in surrounding Ilfov, factories in the Bucharest area produced 26 percent of all manufacturing that year. Factories in Bucharest employed 12 percent of the nation's 2.1 million factory workers. The past perfect tense isused to refer to actions that took place and were completed in the past. The past perfect is often used to emphasise that one action, event or conditionended before another past action, event, or condition began. The past perfect progressive is used to indicate that a continuing action in the past began before another past action began or interrupted the first action.

Self-Evaluation Tests Learning Unit 41. Match the question to the answer: What time did the meeting finish?

a) Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry. b) About ten minutes ago. It was dreadful, endless arguments.c) He didn't say exactly but he said it would be late afternoon.

2. Match the question to the answer: Where did you stay the last time you werein London

a) Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry. b) At the Novotel. It was excellent value for London.c) At least fifteen minutes.

3. Match the question to the answer: Who asked a 'Bill Smith' to call them back?

a) I'm sorry. I didn't realise that it was confidential. b) I did. Can you put him though on my phone?c) At least fifteen minutes.

4. Match the question to the answer: Why didn't you tell me that Harry hadcalled?

a) Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry. b) He didn't say exactly but he said it would be late afternoon.c) Sorry. It completely slipped my mind.

5. Match the question to the answer: Where did we buy that last computer?


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a) Some small independent shop, I think. b) Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.c) At least fifteen minutes.


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6. Match the question to the answer: Which day did he say he was coming?a) Tuesday, I think. b) At least fifteen minutes.

c) About ten minutes ago. It was dreadful, endless arguments.

7. Match the question to the answer: What time did he say he was coming.

a) I did. Can you put him though on my phone? b) Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.c) He didn't say exactly but he said it would be late afternoon.

8. Match the question to the answer: Why did you tell him that?a) I'm sorry. I didn't realise that it was confidential. b) Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.c) About ten minutes ago. It was dreadful, endless arguments.

9. Match the question to the answer: How long did he stay?a) I did. Can you put him though on my phone?

b) Only ten minutes. He was in a hurry.c) Sorry. it completely slipped my mind.

10. Match the question to the answer: How long ago did she arrive?a) At least fifteen minutes. b) I did. Can you put him though on my phone?c) Tuesday, I think.

Key to the Self-Evaluation Tests 1. b; 2. b; 3. b; 4. c; 5. a; 6. a; 7. c; 8. a; 9. b; 10. a.

Control Test

1. Translate the following text into English:

Stadiul de dezvoltare la care ajunsese economia Romniei la sfritul anului1989, dup mai bine de patru decenii de guvernare comunist, este evideniat prin trsturile de baz ale mecanismului de funcionare a vieii economice isociale din acea perioad. Una dintre trsturi era dominaia proprietiisocialiste, de stat i cooperatiste, monopolul acesteia n toate ramurile


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economiei naionale, care i-a pus amprenta asupra funcionrii ntreguluisistem economic romnesc. Astfel s-a impus conducereaunitar centralizat,cu ajutorul planului naional unic al ntregii activiti economice i sociale.Planificarea centralizat a dezvoltrii ntregii economii naionale, realizat pecinci ani i anual, era mijlocul principal de dirijare i corelar e ex-ante aactivitii agenilor economici din toate ramurile produciei naionale.Lanivelul macroeconomiei s-au pus bazele strategiei generale de dezvoltareeconomico-social i tacticii de urmat, pn la etajele inferioare ale economiei.n aceste condiii, activitatea agenilor economici i, n general,macroeconomia, se desfurau potrivit normelor i reglementrilor stabilite desus n jos, n concordan cu indicatorii economico-financiari din planulnaional unic.Prin exercitarea capacitii dedecizie, n problemele fundamentale aleactivitii economice la nivelul macroeconomiei, autonomia managerial a

agenilor economici era limitat la elemente de mic importan pentrustrategia i tactica ntreprinderii. Piaa era considerat o component panic asistemului economic, rolul ei reducndu-se, n principal, la desfurareaactelor de vnzare-cumprare, legate de aprovizionarea tehnico-material antreprinderilor i de trecere n consumul populaiei a bunurilor economicenecesare. Preul, dobnda, creditul, salariile, impozitele i taxele erau dirijatede la centru, prin planul naional unic, fr s reflecte prin nivelul i evoluialor, raportul real dintre cerere i ofert pe piaa intern, dar nici condiiile de pe piaa internaional. Concurena nu mai avea rolul de a regla piaa, de aceeaeficiena i rentabilitatea activitii agenilor economici nu reflectau realitileinterne i internaionale. Resursele economice erau alocate centralizat, prin planul naional, iar agenii economici nu mai dispuneau de autonomia ilibertatea necesare folosirii propriilor mijloace economico-financiare.Procesele de modernizare i retehnologizare a capacitilor de producie eraudirijate centralizat prin planuri i programe speciale, adoptate pe ramuri isubramuri, sau chiar pe ansamblul economiei naionale. Relaiile economiceextene ale Romniei erau organizate i se desfurau pe planul naional unic,iar aciunea agenilor economici n acest domeniu era n mare msur supusconducerii centralizate a economiei naionale. Echilibrarea balanei comercialese realiza prin creterea forat a exporturilor i reducerea drastic aimporturilor, avnd consecine grave asupra satisfacerii cererilor de pe piaa

intern i dezvoltrii economiei pe termen mijlociu i lung. Eficientizareacomerului exterior era conceput i urmrit la nivel macroeconomic, iaragenilor economici nu li se permitea s adopte cele mai bune msuri i sfoloseasc cele mai adecvate mijloace economico-financiare. Nu existainteresul necesar gsirii unor modaliti mai eficiente de conducere a afacerilorinternaionale.Veniturile salariailor i ale ranilor nu reprezentau eficiena real a activitiidepuse de fiecare lucrtor, ci de o eficien global. Productorii direci ai bunurilor economice erau tot mai mult ndeprtai de rezultatele muncii lor.Din cauza fenomenului de nstrinare economic, oamenii au nceput smanifeste un comportament individual i colectiv bazat pe nepsare i lips derspundere, cu consecine directe asupra motivaiei muncii. Au existat i oserie de ncercri euate de perfecionare a mecanismului economic, cu scopul


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de a crete nivelul rentabilitii i competitivitii.

2. Build up a twenty line paragraph using ten of the key words extracted from

the first learning unit -4.1. Romanian Industry before and after the EconomicCrisis. Part 1 - Diachronic Overview and pre-Crisis Prospects in accordancewith the economic problems presented within the text, and using your owneconomic vocabulary 3. Extract the key words from the second learning unit 4.2. Romanian Industry before and after the Economic Crisis. Part 2 - Romanian Industry Slows DownGrowth Pace because of Crisis , and rephrase the text with using synonyms.


Evans, David (2003). Decisionmaker . Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Gavriliu, Eugenia (1998). English for Economics . Galai: Zigotto. Hulban, Horia (1997). English for You . Iai: Fundaia Academic "PetreAndrei". Rzeu. Mariana, Nicolae (2008).Corespondenta comerciala in limba engleza .Bucureti: Editura Universitara. Miroiu, Mihai (1992). English Business Letters. Corespondena de afaceri nlimba englez . Alexandria: Editura Andreescu.

Neagu, Mariana; Daniela arpe (1999). Dicionar explicativ englez - romn determeni economici . Galai: Editura Alma. Powell, Mark (1996). Business Matters . Hove: Language TeachingPublications.Schibsbye, Knud (1991). A Modern English Grammar . Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.Turcu, Fulvia; Violeta Nstsescu (1991). Limba englez pentruntreprinztori i oameni de afaceri . Iai: Editura Sagitariu. Vasilescu Ruxandra (coord) (2008). Dictionar de termeni economici roman-englez-francez-spaniol . Bucureti: Polirom.


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3. COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE

3.1.THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF A FORMAL LETTER

The rules of writing a business letter might be arbitrary, but taken together theycreate a formula that produces clarity. When a letter follows all the rules, thereader doesnt have to struggle to figure out where a piece of informationmight be, what action they should take next, or who sent it everything can be found in its place. Knowing the rules of letter writing is, in that sense, akinto knowing the rules of page layout, i.e. the format of the document should

support and clarify the content.

From top to bottom, a formal letter contains the following elements:

Return address and date: (Upper right hand corner) Once upon a time, thiswas necessary in case the letter became separated from the envelope, but Idoubt that happens much anymore. Even so, this is where your reader is goingto look to find your address and the date the letter was written, so it should bethere. Mailing address of recipient: (Left-hand side, one line below the return

address) This identifies the recipient of the letter. In office environments,letters are often removed from their envelopes and circulated; this helps theletter get back to its rightful recipient. Salutation: (Two lines below the recipients address, or about 1/3 down the

page) The person the letter is intended for. Avoid Dear Sir/Madam andespecially To Whom it May Concern unless absolutely necessary; notdirecting a letter to an exact recipient suggests that you dont care who reads it(or you would have made a call or checked their website) and may preventthe letter from reaching someone who can act on your letter. Body: The body of the letter has three parts: an introduction that should

explain who you are and why you are writing, a middle part that gives thedetails and persuades your reader to act, and a closing that tells your readerwhat action you expect or would like them to take.


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If there is to be further contact, refer to this contact (i.e. 'I look forward tomeeting you at...') Close the letter with a thank you (i.e. 'Thank you for your prompt help...')

Finish the letter with a salutation (i.e. 'Yours sincerely,') Include four spaces and type your full name and title sign the letter between the salutation and the typed name and title

Tips:

Keep the letter brief and to the point Do not use shortened verb forms - write them out (i.e. 'don't instead of do

not')

Always keep a copy of correspondence for future reference.

Work task 1 Build up a short letter requiring technical support .(5 linesmaximum)


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3.3.WRITING BUSINESS LETTERS. USEFUL PHRASES

WRITING BUSINESS LETTERS

Useful phrases

Salutation

Dear Mr Brown Dear Ms White

Dear Sir Dear Sirs Dear Madam Dear Sir or Madam Gentlemen

Starting

We are writing to inform you that ...to confirm ...

to request ...to enquire about ...

I am contacting you for the following reason.

I recently read/heard about . . . and would like to know . . .

Having seen your advertisement in ... , I would like to ...

I would be interested in (obtaining/receiving) ... I received your address from ... and would like to ...

I am writing to tell you about ...

Referring to

previous contact

Thank you for your letter of March 15 ... Thank you for contacting us. In reply to your request ...

Thank you for your letter regarding ...


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With reference to our telephone conversation yesterday...

Further to our meeting last week ...

It was a pleasure meeting you in London last month. I enjoyed having lunch with you last week in Tokyo. I would just like to confirm the main points we

discussed on Tuesday . . .

Making a request

We would appreciate it if you ... I would be grateful if you could... Could you please send me . . .

Could you possibly tell us/let us have... In addition, I would like to receive ... It would be helpful if you could send us ... I am interested in (obtaining/receiving...) I would appreciate your immediate attention to this

matter. Please let me know what action you propose to take.

Offering help We would be happy to ... Would you like us to ... We are quite willing to ... Our company would be pleased to ...

Giving good news We are pleased to announce that ... I am delighted to inform you that ... You will be pleased to learn that ...

Giving bad news

We regret to inform you that ... I'm afraid it would not be possible to ... Unfortunately we cannot/we are unable to ... After careful consideration we have decided (not) to ...

Complaining

I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with ...

I am writing to complain about ...

Please note that the goods we ordered on (date) have not yet


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arrived.

We regret to inform you that our order n--- is nowconsiderably overdue.

I would like to query the transport charges which seemunusually high.

Apologizing

We are sorry for the delay in replying ... I regret any inconvenience caused I would like to apologize for (the delay/the

inconvenience) ...

Once again, I apologise for any inconvenience.

Orders

Thank you for your quotation of ... We are pleased to place an order with your company for

... We would like to cancel our order n... Please confirm receipt of our order. I am pleased to acknowledge receipt of your order n...

Your order will be processed as quickly as possible. It will take about (three) weeks to process your order. We can guarantee delivery before ... Unfortunately these articles are no longer available/are

out of stock.

Prices

Please send us your price list. You will find enclosed our most recent catalogue and

price list. Please note that our prices are subject to change without

notice. We have pleasure in enclosing a detailed quotation. We can make you a firm offer of ... Our terms of payment are as follows :

Referring to payment Our records show that we have not yet received

payment of ...


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According to our records ... Please send payment as soon as possible. You will receive a credit note for the sum of ...

Enclosing documents

I am enclosing ... Please find enclosed ... You will find enclosed ...

Closing remarks

If we can be of any further assistance, please let usknow

If I can help in any way, please do not hesitate tocontact me

If you require more information ... For further details ... Thank you for taking this into consideration Thank you for your help. We hope you are happy with this arrangement. We hope you can settle this matter to our satisfaction.

Referring to future

business

We look forward to a successful working relationship in

the future We would be (very) pleased to do business with your

company. I would be happy to have an opportunity to work with

your firm.

Referring to future

contact

I look forward to seeing you next week Looking forward to hearing from you " " to receiving your comments I look forward to meeting you on the 15th I would appreciate a reply at your earliest convenience.

Ending business

Sincerely, } Yours sincerely, } (for all customers/clients) Sincerely yours, }


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letters Regards, (for those you already know and/or

with whom you already have aworking relationship.)

Work task 2 Build up a short letter requesting an offer. (2 lines)


Evans, David (2003). Decisionmaker . Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Gavriliu, Eugenia (1998). English for Economics . Galai: Zigotto.

Hulban, Horia (1997). English for You . Iai: Fundaia Academic "PetreAndrei". Rzeu. Mariana, Nicolae (2008).Corespondenta comerciala in limba engleza .Bucureti: Editura Universitara.Miroiu, Mihai (1992). English Business Letters. Corespondena de afaceri nlimba englez . Alexandria: Editura Andreescu. Neagu, Mariana; Daniela arpe (1999). Dicionar explicativ englez - romn determeni economici . Galai: Editura Alma. Powell, Mark (1996). Business Matters . Hove: Language Teaching

Publications.Schibsbye, Knud (1991). A Modern English Grammar . Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.Turcu, Fulvia; Violeta Nstsescu (1991). Limba englez pentruntreprinztori i oameni de afa ceri . Iai: Editura Sagitariu.


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3. COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE

3.1.THE ESSENTIAL STRUCTURE OF A WRITTEN

PRESENTATION

Written Presentation should include the following components:

1. Cover page.(title of theme + illustration, team name, names of all teammembers,

name of school, name of teacher, subject, class, date)2. Index3. Detailed outline of overall presentation of theme including the topics

with their subheadings.The outline should state when slides and activities are used during the

presentation.It should also provide an explanation for why each activity was chosen.

4. Purpose of Theme presentation.

5. Introduction of theme.6. Topics of individual team members- Each topic will include the following:a- Cover page for individual member (title of topic + illustration, team

name, student name, name of school, name of teacher, subject, class, date)

b- Index + Page numbers

c- Detailed outline of presentation

d- Purpose of topic presentation

e- Introduction f- Facts- PARAPHRASE! (titles and subheadings and pictures)

g- Personal Analysis (Relate the information found to your own life/country...)

h- Conclusion

i- References (They should be written according to the APA style)

Your references should consist of Four to Five works minimum.

(Internet sources, at least one book, refereed journals...)

j- Appendix that includes:1- paper copies of overhead transparencies or PowerPoint slides,


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handouts, quizzes, cartoons or anything else you would provide

during the presentation.

2- an evaluation form that you have created for your presentation.

3- a paragraph describing how you proceeded to work on this project

and how much you benefited from it.

4- comment on the compatibility and cooperation of all team

members in regards to preparation.

Format

7. Conclusion of theme.8. Bibliography or Sources for further information.9. Paper copies of overhead transparencies or PowerPoint slides, handouts,

quizzes, cartoons or anything else you would provide as a Team during the presentation.

10. Comments on a single page from all the team members regarding thisexperienceSignatures

ALL Team Worksheets: Team pledge, Team leader pledge, Team charter,First team progress report, Team Progress Reports, Team schedule, Team

work evaluation,Team listening skills evaluation, Conflict negotiation rating sheet, Self-esteemtest,Leadership self-assessment, Team leader evaluation, Team assessment.11. Final Words/ Illustrations/ eventually Pictures.Creativity is a necessity.

Work task 1 Build up a short inquiry. (2 lines)


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Work task 2 Build up a short report. (6 lines maximum)


Evans, David (2003). Decisionmaker . Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Gavriliu, Eugenia (1998). English for Economics . Galai: Zigotto. Hulban, Horia (1997). English for You . Iai: Fundaia Academic "PetreAndrei". Rzeu. Mariana, Nicolae (2008).Corespondenta comerciala in limba engleza .Bucureti: Editura Universitara. Miroiu, Mihai (1992). English Business Letters. Corespondena de afaceri n

limba englez . Alexandria: Editura Andreescu. Neagu, Mariana; Daniela arpe (1999). Dicionar explicativ englez - romn determeni economici . Galai: Editura Alma. Powell, Mark (1996). Business Matters . Hove: Language TeachingPublications.Schibsbye, Knud (1991). A Modern English Grammar . Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.

Turcu, Fulvia; Violeta Nstsescu (1991). Limba englez pentru ntreprinztori i oameni deafaceri . Iai: Editura Sagitariu.


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List of References (A Selective Bibliography):

Alexander, L.G. (1994). Longman Advanced Grammar . London: Longman.Brooks, Michael; David Horner (1991). English for the Business World . Paris: Edition Belin.Ciuciuc, Olea; Eugenia Tnsescu (1998). English for Business Purposes . Essential English .Bucureti: Teora. Cotton, D.; S. Robbins (1996). Business Class . London: Longman.Dimitriu-Caracota, Maria; Frederick Henry Duncan (1998). English - Romanian Dictionaryof Accounting, Economic and Financial Terms . Bucureti: Garamond. Dutescu, Dan; Liliana Mare (1988). Manual de conversaie n limba englez . Bucureti:Editura tiinific i Enciclopedic. Emerson, Paul (2008). Business English . Macmillan.Evans, David (2003). Decisionmaker . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gavriliu, Eugenia (1998). English for Economics . Galai: Zigotto. Hulban, Horia (1997). English for You . Iai: Fundaia Academic "Petre Andrei". Rzeu. Mariana, Nicolae (2008).Corespondenta comerciala in limba engleza . Bucureti: EdituraUniversitara.Miroiu, Mihai (1992). English Business Letters. Corespondena de afaceri n limba englez .Alexandria: Editura Andreescu. Neagu, Mariana; Daniela arpe (1999). Dicionar explicativ englez - romn de termenieconomici . Galai: Editura Alma. Powell, Mark (1996). Business Matters . Hove: Language Teaching Publications.Schibsbye, Knud (1991). A Modern English Grammar . Oxford: Oxford University Press.Turcu, Fulvia; Violeta Nstsescu (1991). Limba englez pentru ntreprinztori i oameni deafaceri . Iai: Editura Sagitariu. Vasilescu Ruxandra (coord) (2008). Dictionar de termeni economici roman-englez-francez-

spaniol . Bucureti: Polirom.


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