ylymly.comˆlis...the state anthem of turkmenistan i am ready to give life for native hearth, the...

A. Gurbanow, L. Gurbanowa,R. Hojageldiýewa

IŇLIS DILIUmumy orta bilim berýän mekdepleriň

VIII synpy üçin okuw kitaby

Türkmenistanyň bilim ministrligitarapyndan hödürlenildi

AşgabatTürkmen döwlet neşirýat gullugy

2015

UOK 373:811.111G 75

Gurbanow A. we başg.G 75 Iňlis dili. Umumy orta bilim berýän mekdep

leriň 8-nji synpy üçin okuw kitaby. – A.: Türkmen döwlet neşirýat gullugy, 2015.

TDKP №188, 2015 KBK 81.2 (iňl.) ýa 72

© A. Gurbanow we başg., 2015.

THE PRESIDENT OF TURKMENISTANGURBANGULY BERDIMUHAMEDOV

THE STATE EMBLEM OF TURKMENISTAN

THE STATE FLAG OF TURKMENISTAN

THE STATE ANTHEMOF TURKMENISTAN

I am ready to give life for native hearth,The spirit of ancestors descendants are

famous for.My land is sacred. My flag flies in the worldA symbol of the great neutral country flies.

The great creation of folk,Native land, sovereign state,Turkmenistan, light and song of soul,Long live and prosper for ever and ever!

My nation is united and in veins of tribesAncestors’ blood, undying flows,Storms and misfortunes of times are not

dreadful for us,Let us increase fame and honour!

The great creation of people,Native land, sovereign state,Turkmenistan, light and song of soul,Long live and prosper for ever and ever!

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PART I

UNIT 1 LESSON 1

WELcOmE tO 8TH fOrm!

The first Day of School

Oh, it’s the first hour Oh, it’s the first minute Of the first lesson Of the first hourOf the first day of school. Of the first day of school.

Oh, it’s the first hour Oh, it’s the first secondOf the first lesson Of the first minuteOf the first day of school. Of the first day of school. Hooray!

Holiday jazz chants by Carolyn Graham,Oxford

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Dear children!School trains you, and gives you a thorough and well-

rounded education. School teaches you to live.We live in a world of highly developed science and tech

nologies. School will teach you knowledge, skills and habits you need to be successful.

So, you must approach your studies sensibly, and seriously. And your teachers will help you.

You should take languages learning seriously, paying special attention to Turkmen, English and Russian. Languages have great importance in contemporary life.

Since Turkmenistan gained its independence, teaching and language learning have changed greatly.

You should master languages thoroughly every day. And we wish you every success in it!

Key-words: Teach (v) is to impart knowledge or information by means of lessons. E.g. To teach a child. To teach one to read and write. To teach to tell the truth. To teach a child to obey. To teach English. To train (v) means to give education by instruction. E.g. To train soldiers, to train children. He is fully trained in the use of a rifle.

Instruction (n) means direction, order. E.g. To give or receive instructions. Skill (n) is ability to do something well. Habit (n) is a customary way or manner of ac ting. E.g. He has a nasty habit of smoking too much. Educate (v) to bring up young persons. demand [dɪma:nd] n – to ask for smth. As if ordering approach [′prout] v – to come nearer Eg. We approach the house,

the town sensible [′sensɪbl] – having or showing good sense conscious [kn∫s] – awake, aware of smth. enormously [ɪ′n:msli] adv – greatly, very

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profoundly [prfaundlɪ] (adv) – deeply guide-book [gaɪdbuk] (n) – a book with information about a place keep in mind [′kɪ:p in ′maɪnd] to remember smth. effectual [ɪfektjul] (adj) – producing the results that one wants: an

effectual remedy set out [set′ aut] – to begɪn a journey hold one’s tongue [hould] – not say anything state [steɪt] – condition of a person or thing meaning [‘mɪ:nɪ] – what is understood by a word, sentence, etc. affairs [’fz] – personal business matters master [′ma:st] – gain professional skill assimilate [′sɪmɪleɪt] – take in or absorb food, information, ideas,

etc. wish [wɪ∫] – want to do smth. success [sk′ses] (n) – achievement of one’s aims, fame, wealth, etc. thorough [r] – done completely and carefully all – rounder [l raund] – a person with a wide range of abilities acquire [’kwaɪ] – gain by one’s own ability

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.1. What is school? – It is an Institution for educating

children.2. Who works at school? – Teachers work at school.3. Who goes to school? – Schoolchildren go to school.4. What do you do at school? – We study at school.5. Where is the school in your village or town (city?) – The

school is in the center of our village (town, city). 6. Who is the school principal?7. Who is your form teacher?8. Who is your English teacher?9. Is there an English language study?10. How many times a week do you have English les

sons?

Exercise 2. Answer the questions (orally). 1. Where do you study?2. Is it a big school? Is it a primary or a secondary school?3. How many pupils are there in your school? How many

teachers work at the school?

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4. Are the lessons conducted in the morning or in two shifts?5. Which shift do you attend?6. How many lessons do you have daily?7. How long have you been learning English?8. Who is your English teacher?9. Do you like his (her) way of teaching English?10. Do you have tests in English?11. How often do you have them?12. Can you speak English fluently with each other?13. Do you have difficulties in speaking English?14. What would help you to avoid such difficulties?

Exercise 3. Give the plural form of the following nouns.

Face, house, tomato, mother-in-law, fox, hero, bush, enemy, rock, leaf, roof, youth, sheep, ship, Englishwoman, wolf, forget-me-not, mouse, foot, thief, handkerchief, stepdaughter, lie.

Exercise 4. Use the appropriate form of the verb.

1. “There _________ money in my pocket”, I said to the porter (is, are).

2. I know my hair _________ beautiful, everybody says so (is, are).

3. These white swine _________ not live here (does, do).4. I ________ afraid to come straight to you (was, were).5. The china ______ a delicate pattern (has, have).

Exercise 5. Insert articles where necessary.

1. Not ______ word was spoken in ______ parlour.2. ______ room itself was filling up.3. We don’t want ______ large house.4. It is not ______ large house.5. As ______ man sows, so shall he reap.6. ______ arm in _____ arm they walked toward home.7. ______ sky outside ______ window was already dark.

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Exercise 6. Translate sentences from Turkmen into Eng-lish.

Portfel kiçi, ýöne gowy.Men ýaşyl mahmaly halaýaryn.Ol kofe içmäni halamaýardy.Çaý örän ajy, men ajy çaýy halamaýaryn.Men şaýoly bilen ýöräp barýardym we iňlis dili kitaby

hakynda oýlanýardym.

Exercise 7. Arrange the following in pairs of an tonyms.To live, young, eldest, a small family, to be alive, to die,

to be unlike, to be dead, a large family, to be alike, old, a distant relative, the youngest, a close relative.

Home assignment1. Read the text.2. Tell briefly about your studies.3. Do exercise 5, 6, 7.

UNIT 1 LESSON 2

Good-bye Summer,Hello, fall!

Good-bye summer, hello fall.Good-bye baseball. Hello, homework.

So long, summer, sitting in the sun.Having fun, doing nothing.

Good-bye, summer, learning how to skate.So long, summer, sleeping late.

No more summer, that’s all!Good-bye, summer. Hello, fall !

Holiday jazz chants by Carolyn Graham

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Summer holiday

On the first day of school in September there is much talk about the school holidays. All students ask each other, ‘Where did you go for your holiday?’ or ‘Where did you spend your holiday?’

The answers are different. You may hear, ‘We spent the summer in the country’ or ‘I spent my holiday at the Caspian Sea,’ or ‘We spent our holiday at the new resort for children in Gokdere’.

Our esteemed President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov has carried out important historic deeds for further deve-lopment of our Fatherland. These deeds create a happy and peaceful life for the children of Turkmenistan. With this aim a large modern complex for recreation and a holiday center for children is being formed in Gokdere. So there are a lot of wonderful places where you can go and enjoy yourself. Jennet spent 10 days at the Caspian seashore with his parents. They stayed at the 5 star hotel ‘Serdar’. It’s a beautiful hotel with all modern conveniences, there are indoor and outdoor swimming pools, a restaurant, a pool hall, and a fitness center. There is also a beach with trees and benches. They swam in the sea every day, ate delicious seafood and lay on the silky beach sands.

Merdan spent 20 days at the Gokdere ‘Nebitchi’ rec-reation and holiday center. This blissful valley situated 30 ki lometers from Ashgabat is a real recreation, and resort zone. “Nebitchi” is a place where children can live well, play and relax. There is a conference hall, computer rooms, a library, a photo-laboratory, and a radio center. Besides that the complex includes a dining hall, a tennis court, sport grounds for different kinds of sports with all necessary equipment, a swimming-pool and aqua parks. Merdan made a lot of friends from other towns all over our country.

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Some children stay at home during the school ho liday. They help their parents about the house, read interesting books, watch TV, or play different games.

At the end of August, after the holidays all boys and girls like going back to school. When they go there, their teachers ask many questions and say ‘‘You are very big now’’.

conveniences – ease, comfort indoor – inside outdoor – outside blissful – extremely happy recreation – refreshment of health or spirits by relaxation and enjoyment resort – a place for rest or recreation, as on vacation leisure – the time that a person can spend as he pleases; free time

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. How do people like to spend their holidays?2. What kind of talk is there on the first day of school?3. Where did Kadyr spend his holiday? 4. Where did Merdan go?5. Where is Gokdere situated?6. What can you tell about the life at the recreation and

holiday-center in Gokdere?

Home assignmentRead the text.Tell about your summer holidays.Learn the song.

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UNIT 1 LESSON 3

Exercise 1. Learn the words. Make up situations with the following words:

A school, to train, to teach, to study, to learn, to write, to speak, to read.

Exercise 2. Tell about yourself, your parents, studies, the place you live in, using the following ques-tions.

1. Who are you? What is your name? How old are you? What school do you go to?

2. Where do you live? Is there a school there? What school is it?

3. Do you have English lessons? Where do you have them? How many times a week do you have them? Who is your English teacher?

4. How many teachers are there in your school? How many pupils are there? How many pupils are there in your class? How many boys and girls are there?

5. What is your mother’s (father’s) name? How old is he/she? Does he/she work? Where does he/she work?

6. Do you have brothers and sisters? How old are they? Do they work or study? Where do they study or work?

7. Do you think about your future profession?What profession do you like? Is it easy to choose a pro

fession? Don’t you think that your parents and teachers can help you with this question?

8. What are the people of your village/town, city engaged in?

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with „to hold“ or „to keep“.1. The coat is quite wet, ... it near the fire.2. Will you ... the bag for me?

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3. The little girl was ... her father’s hand.4. Where do you ... a tortoise?5. If you ... my box for a minute, I’ll go and get you

a chair.6. Where do you ... woolen dresses in the summer?7. We must not ... library books more than ten days.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences according to the mo-del.

Model: Mike swims across the river, I’ll do it too. If you don’t go there, I won’t go either.

1. If you watch TV till 10 o’clock, I’ll ... .2. If he doesn’t help the other players, I won’t ... .3. If she can’t telephone so late, I can’t ... .4. If he doesn’t tell about it, I won’t ... .5. If Bob is going by plane, I’ll ... .6. If you don’t take part in the performance, we won’t ... .

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions „for“ or „du ring“.

1. ........ the lesson 7. ........ a century 2. ........ the journey 8. ........ his stay in London 3. ........ hours 9. ........ the afternoon 4. ........ most of his life 10. ........ the last few days 5. ........ two days 11. ........ the last few weeks 6. ........ the football match 12. ........ the strom 13. ........ the meal

Exercise 6. Build up questions to the parts of the senten-ces in bold:

1. Ashgabat Publishing House puts out a lot of new books during the jubilee year.

2. The wing of the plane was broken during take off.3. I haven’t been there for three years.4. It can be done during dry weather.

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5. Many people gave up their lives for liberty during the war against fascism.

Exercise 7. Translate the sentences into Turkmen.There are 26 pupils in our class, 12 boys and 14 girls. We

have 6 or 7 lessons every day. We have 5 English lessons a week. Our English teacher is Maral Saparovna. She is a kind teacher. We can speak English with her. We like English and the way which Maral Saparovna teaches English to us. We know that people in many countries speak English. We want to master English when we become grown-ups too.

Home assignment1. Do exercises 3,4,5 in written form.

UNIT 1 LESSON 4

fall coloursFall colours,Look at the trees.Red and goldAutumn leaves.

Leaves falling, falling down,Autumn leaves all around.Leaves falling, falling down,Red and gold on the ground.

Autumn leaves gold and brown,Falling, falling all around.

Green, red, gold, brownAutumn leaves, falling down.


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Back to school againTeacher: Dear boys and girls!Your summer holidays have slipped by. We hope you’ve

taken pleasure resting in cosy and comfortable places, enjoying yourselves, playing, laughing a lot, being engaged in this or that, attending theatres and cinemas, reading books, etc. Now you have come back to your school again. Your studies begin. Welcome to school! We wish you sound health and success in your studies! Good luck!

Now let’s talk a little about how you spent your summer holiday. So, who will begin? Gurban, let’s begin with you.

Gurban: Well, I must say, my holiday was very interesting and enjoyable. I visited my uncle Nepes, he lives in a village in Mary. I liked the village very much: fresh air, fruit, vegetables and melons were wonderful! We had cool weather at night and in the morning. The fine weather makes you want to sleep more and more. And after such sound sleep, you feel as if you've been newly born. We exercised, ran, and breathed the fresh morning air. We had good appetites.

T.: Good. Gurban, say a few words about what you did during your holiday, please!

G.: Well, I swam in the near-by river with my new friends, and cut grass for our animals. Sometimes I tilled the land in the field and helped my uncle to weed out the crops and also sometimes took care of the live-stock.

I remember when we went to the farm. The farmer took us around and showed us the crops, vegetables, me-lons, water-melons, pumpkins and he treated us to melons and water-melons.

T.: What other things have you been engaged in?G.: I quickly got used to village boys and girls. They

are common children. And when the weather was cool, we played hide-and-seek. Those days were unforgettable for me and therefore I will always remember the village, and my friends.

2. Sargyt №1093

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T.: Well, Gurban, thank you very much for your story. You have spent your holiday splendidly. We are glad you made new friends in the country.

cosy – warm and comfortable appetite – desire for food live-stock – domestic animals farmer – a person who manages a vegetable garden treat – give smth to someone splendidly – excellently

Key-words:Slip by – go, pass quickly.

E.g. The years slipped by. The days, weeks, time slips by. Our summer holiday, slipped by.

Be engaged in – be busy with. I was engaged in conversation. He was engaged in his work. The boy was engaged in his studies.Near-by – close, not far, near-by river, near-by village, house. I am living in a near-by village. We live in a near-by house. I caught the fish from the near-by lake. Weed out – remove unwanted plants out of the ground; weed out the garden, be busy with weeding. My grandfather was busy weeding out his crops. I often help him to weed out his garden. The cotton field needs weeding out.Crops – agricultural plants Cereal crops, (wheat). The land is in (under) crops, being cultivated; The land is out of crops, not being cultivated. We grow different crops in our field. The farmer grows valuable crops on his land.

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What has slipped by?2. How did Gurban spend his holidays?

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3. Where was he? Who did he visit?4. Did he like the village?5. What things does he remember?6. What things did he do in the country?7. Where did he go once?8. What did Gurban eat in the garden?9. What’s Gurban’s opinion of the village children?

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with school, ask, teach, edu-cate, habit in the required form.

1. If you don’t know, ….2. Please, … her when she will be back.3. They … me what my name was, where I came from

and why I had come.4. May I … you a question?5. School … and … children.6. … boys and … girls are going to ….7. … is free of charge in our country.8. … begins at 8.30 a.m.9. Teachers … and … the young generation.10. A man is a bundle of …11. Do you think it’s a good …?

Exercise 3. Change the words or phrases in bold type by using a synonymic word or phrase.

1. Our summer holidays have slipped by.2. We hope you’ll study better now.3. Children rested in cosy places in our country.4. We have come back to our school again.5. During the summer holiday they were engaged in

doing different things.6. We talked about how we spent our summer ho lidays.7. I spent my holiday wonderfully, visiting my uncle.8. Village boys and girls are common children.

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Exercise 4. Give antonyms to:Summer, take, rest, laugh, come, sound, begin, like, cool,

night, early, morning, fine, weather, be born, back, good, new, be glad, right.

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:1. Our summer … have ….2. They rested in … and … places of the country.3. Now we have … to … again.4. We … you … and success in studies.5. I … my uncle who … in a village in Mary.6. I swam in the … river.7. I helped my uncle … the crops.8. I got used … village boys and girls.9. They are … children.10. Those days were … days for me.

Exercise 6. Find 10 countable and 5 uncountable nouns in the text.

Exercise 7. Say how you spend your time. What do you do in the day-time, in the evening?

Exercise 8. Fill in the blanks with the verbs to carry, to bring or to take in the required form:

1. The autumn came and … with it heavy clouds.2. I have … home several interesting magazines.3. Please, … this letter to the mail box!4. I am sorry. I’ve … you here. The climate is not good

for you.5. The guide … us to museums and galleries.

Home assignment1. Read the text.2. Do exercises 6, 7, 8.3. Retell the text.

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UNIT 1 LESSON 5

Everybody’s back in school

Everybody’s back in school today.Everybody’s back in school.

The principal’s back.The teachers are back.Everybody’s back in school.

The janitor’s back.Sweeping the halls.The bus driver’s back on the bus.Everybody’s back in school today.

Everybody’s waiting for us.Everybody’s back in school today.The gym teacher’s back in the gym.The music teacher’s back in school today.

Everybody’s waiting for him.The swimming teacher’s back in the pool.Everybody’s back from their summer vacation.Everybody’s back in school.


At the English Lesson

Teacher: Well, children, we shall revise the last week’s lesson now. Open your books, at page 21. We shall read lesson 5. Kemal, read, please. That’ll do. You read quite well. Any remarks, children? None. You did very well, Kemal. I shall give you an excellent mark. Now, you read, Myrat!

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Myrat: I’m sorry, but I’ve left my book at home.Teacher: No surprise. Geldi, give him your book.Your reading is not very good, Myrat, you stumbled three

times. Read over again the fourth line from the bottom of the paragraph, please. (Myrat reads.) There, you have made the same mistake again! How do you pronounce the second word in that sentence?

Myrat: Exercise.Teacher: You pronounced it with a roll on the “r”. Berdy,

how do you pronounce it? (Berdy pronounces it correctly.) That’s right. Now you repeat it, Myrat. There, that’s better. Go to the blackboard, please.

Myrat: Must I ….Teacher: No, you needn’t take your book. (Myrat goes

to the blackboard.) Face the pupils, please. (He turns to the pupils.) Now, tell us what is the past tense of the verb “to work”?

Myrat: The verb “to work” is a regular verb and the past tense is formed by adding “ed” to it.

Teacher: Good. Now, make up a sentence with that word, please. And write it on the blackboard.

Exercise 1. Learn the classroom expressions.Revise a lesson – sapagy gaýtala;.Open your books at page 21 – kitabyňyzyň 21-nji sahypasyny açyň.That will do! That’ll do! – ýeterlik!Read quite well – örän gowy, oka.Any remarks? – bellikleriňiz barmy?None – hiç hili.Excellent – bäşlik baha.No wonder – geň galarly zat ýok.Reading – okaýyş.Stumble – sakynmak.Read over again – ýene bir gezek oka.

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Bottom – düýp, aşaky bölek.How do you pronounce the second word? – Ikinji sözi nähili aýdarsyň?Pronounce correctly – Dogry aýt.That’s right – Bu dogry.Say right – Dogry aýt.You needn’t take your book – Kitabyňy almak ge rek

däl.Face the pupils! – Okuwçylara ýüzlen!Regular/irregular verbs – dogry/nädogry işlikler.Is formed by adding “ed” – “ed” goşulyp ýasalýar.Make a sentence – sözlem düz.There goes the bell – ine, jaň kakylýar.

Exercise 2. Translate sentences into English.1. Geliň, teksti gaýtalalyň!2. Geçilenleri gaýtalamak gerek.3. Meniň yzymdan gaýtalaň!4. Meniň aýdanymy gaýtalaň!5. Kadany gaýtalamak.6. Kitabyňyzyň 33-nji sahypasyny açyň!7. Teksti gaty ses bilen okamaň.8. Teksti içiňizden okamaň.

Exercise 3. Adapt (make easy, suitable) the conversation “At the English lesson” and act it out with your classmates.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions.1. What must you do to assimilate the material?2. What should you do to speak English fluently?3. Can you read, write and speak English well?4. What mark will the teacher give you, if you answer

the questions very well?5. Can you read without stumbling?6. Can you pronounce English words correctly?

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7. What do you usually do at the lesson, if you want to say something?

8. Is it difficult to use irregular verbs in your speech?9. What can you say about countable and uncountable

nouns?10. Is it easy or difficult for you to make up examples?

Exercise 5. Read the poem and learn it by heart.Everybody saysI look just like

my mother.Everybody saysI’m the image of aunt

Bee.Everybody saysMy nose is like my

Father’s,But I want to lookLike me

by Dorothy Aldif

Exercise 6. Ask and answer.Model: What do we take things with? We take things with our hands hear see smell What do we kiss with? work take things taste things

Exercise 7. Fill in prepositions.1. When I entered I heard somebody speak … a ringing

voice.2. Such a voice is typical … young age.

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3. Your aunt looks young … her age.4. When she smiled two pretty dimples appeared … her

cheeks.5. Can’t you speak … a whisper?6. Her elder sister Pauline is quite different … her.7. Why are you shouting … the top … your voice?

Exercise 8. Form true to life statements from the table.

My father

is

/a tall/ short/ man/ woman/

with

a red face and grey eyes

My friend’s father

a stout/ fat/ man/ woman/

clever eyes

My mother

is

an elderly/ old/ young

man

with

a graceful and shapely figure

My grandfather

a tall young man

a sad face woman

My friend’s mother

a young woman

big eyes and white even

teeth

Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with to dress, to put on, to wear. 1. During the flight, Alexey Leonov … a space-suit, left

the spaceship and floated at a distance of 5 metres from the spaceship.

2. The man we met was … a cotton shirt and trousers.3. It was pleasant to see her … in a national costume.4. Why aren’t you … a hat? The sun is very strong.5. Please help me to … children.6. She is so beautiful and she … well.7. He was still … when he came in.

Exercise 10. Pronounce and transcribe the words.Figure, limb, straight, height, shoulder, broad, pretty,

regular, handsome, ordinary, feature, eyebrow, lashes, fore

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head, beard, moustache, tongue, quiet, rough, jaw, narrow, appearance, comb, aged, chest.Exercise 11. Ask your friend to do the following and say

what he is doing.Model: Nod your head. – He is nodding his head.1. Shrug your shoulders and turn your head to the left.2. Press your right hand to your forehead.3. Cross your arms.4. Touch the tip of your nose with your thumb.5. Lean your forehead against the back of your left hand.6. Go to the door on tiptoe.

Exercise 12. Read the following text and find antonyms.The sun comes up in the east and goes down in the west.When the sun rises, it is morning, when the sun sets, it

is evening. When the sun rises, it is light. During the night, it is dark.

The sun rises in the east, it sets in the west. In winter the days are short, in summer they are long.

Exercise 13. Ask and answer:

Which would you prefer

to have fine weather or nasty weather?to swim in the river or in the sea?to stay indoors or out of doors, when it is raining heavily? to go bathing when the sea is calm or stormy?

Home assignment1. Read the conversation.2. Do exercises 12, 13.3. Make up a short dialogue.

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UNIT 2 LESSON 1

Education in turkmenistanEmphasizing the crucial role of the education reform

taking place in Turkmenistan as an essential factor in the progressive development of the country and the enhancement of the intellectual potential of the nation – the Turkmen leader focused on the need to take a very responsible approach to achive priority objectives of implementing all the plans for consistent modernization of the education sector. As is known, an important step in this direction is the transition to 12-year school education in the 2013–2014 school year.

One of the important aspects of the national education reforms is the acquisition of modern technologies and methods in the academic process of the schools and higher educational establishments of Turkmenistan. As our President repeatedly pointed out schools and kindergartens are not accepted to be put in force if there are no multimedia technologies, interactive teaching system and connection to the world information network of internet. New textbooks are being developed. Material and technical supply of the education sphere is renovated. New schools, equipped with multimedia teaching technologies have been already opened.

A network of out-of-school educational establishments such as cultural and aesthetics, sciences, technical, sports and others are founded. They will help to develop all round interests and abilities of children and youth.

In accordance with the National Programme on the re-formation for the period till 2020 the number of preschool establishments will increase to 428 units. The number of secondary schools will increase to 328 units. All schools will be equipped with modern facilities, gymnasiums and sports grounds.

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introduction (n) – the action of introducting comprehensive (adj) – including or dealing with all or nearly all aspects of something basis – the foundation of a theory or process citizen (n) – a person who is legally recognized as a member of a country to create (v) – bring into existence opportunity (n) – a favourable time or situation for doing something to acquire (v) – come to have, learn or develop knowledge (n) – information and skills gained through experience or education in accordance with – in a way confirming with necessity (n) – the state of being necessary technology (n) – the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes establishment (n) – the action of establishing kindergarten (n) – a nursery school to put in force – to start being used multimedia (adj) – using more than one means of providing information supply (v) – make (something needed) available to someone renovate (v) – restore (something old) to a good state of repair equip (v) – supply with the items needed for a purpose network (n) – a system of railways, roads, lines etc. that cross or connect with each other to increase (v) – make or become greater in size, amount or intensity facility (n) – a building, service or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose crucial – very important essential – absolutely, necessary enhancement – focuse – special approach – to come nearer in position priority – the condition of being prior implement – to carry out, put into action consistent – showing consistency

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transition – change or passage from one stage or stage to another


1. What did the reforms in the system of education of Turkmenistan begin with?

2. What is the basis for further education of the young citizens of Turkmenistan?

3. What is the important aspect of the national education reforms?

4. What material and technical supply the new schools have been equipped with?

5. What out of school educational establishments have been founded?

6. What can you say about the National Programme of the reformation for the period till 2020?

Exercise 2. Translate into English.

1. Türkmenistanyň mekdeplerinde täze tehniki enjamlar bilen sapak geçilýär.

2. Täze kitaplar ýazyldy.3. Köp gymmatly däp-dessurlarymyz dikeldildi.4. Ylym, bilim ulgamynda täzelikler girizildi.5. Iňlis dili hepdede 4-6 sagat okadylýar.6. Toparlarda talyplaryň sany 10-a çenli azaldyldy.7. Biziň ýurdumyz gün-günden gülleýär.

Home assignment1. Read the text.2. Learn the vocabulary.3. Do Ex. 1.4. Speak on the topic.5. Revise the material covered by Lessons 1-3.

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UNIT 2 LESSON 2

At school

Mr. Bookman is a friend of Mr. Brown. He is a teacher in John’s school. The day after John returned from the country Mr. Bookman entered the classrom as usual and began his lessons by asking:

“Who is missing today?”The head of the class answered: “Joseph Fewler, sir”.“What’s the matter with him?”“He has gone to see the dentist. He has a bad toothache

and his cheek was swollen”“That’s too bad. I am sorry for him. Who else is missing?”“Peter Parkers, sir”“And what’s wrong with him?”“He took ill yesterday afternoon and this morning he

had to stay in bed with a sore throat, a bad headache and a little fever”.

“That sounds rather serious. Poor boy. Is anybody else absent?”

“Nobody else, sir.”“That means that John Smith is back.”John stood up and said: “Yes, sir.”“Well, John, I’m glad to see you back among us. I am

sure all the boys feel the same. Don’t you boys?”All the class answered: “Yes, sir.”The hearty welcome of his schoolmaster and comrades

made John blush with pleasure. Mr. Bookman then complimented John on his healthy appearance and asked him if his arm was quite well again.

John replied that it had never been better or stronger before.

In fact he felt as if it had never been broken.

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miss – to be absent head of the class – monitor what’s the matter with him? – what’s wrong? dentist – a person whose job is to care for teeth toothache – pain in a tooth or teeth cheek – either side of the face below the eyes be swollen – become greater in volume What’s wrong with him? – what has happened to him? to take ill – become ill stay in bed – to be ill sore throat – pain in throat headache – pain in the head fever – very high temperature of the body that may be serious be back – to return I am sure – I am confident the same – in the same way hearty welcome – friendly welcome schoolmaster – the head of a school blush – become red in the face because of embarrassment or sham compliment (on) – to praise politely healthy appearance – normal look be broken (break) – separate into pieces


1. What does Mr. Bookman do before beginning his lesson?2. What does the head of the class do?3. What did Mr. Bookman do when he saw that John

was back?

Exercise 2. Read these jokes and answer the following question.

A.Woman: When I use a hammer, I always hit my hand with it. What should I do to avoid that?Workman: The only thing that I can think of, madam, is that you should hold the hammer with both hands.

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hit – urmak, kakmak hold – tutmak,saklamak avoid – ägä bolmak with both hands – iki eliň bilen madam – daýza, ýeňňe, hanym workman – işçi

Did the workman give good advice? What do you think?B.“Peter,” the teacher asked, “can you tell us what family

the blue whale belongs to?”“No, I can’t”, answered Peter, “the families that I know

don’t keep whales. whale – kit

belong to – degişli bolmak keep – saklamak pet – gowy görülýän haýwan

Why don’t people keep whales as pets?Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

1. What are you doing?2. Are you opening or closing the book?3. Are you reading now?4. What are you reading?5. What is your friend doing?6. Is that page one or page two?7. What is that?8. What are these?9. What colour is that pencil?10. What are your friends?

Exercise 4. Insert the definite, the indefinite articles, pre-positions and adverbs where necessary.

Tom is ______ good boy. This is ________ exer cise-book. Fred is ________ home now. Please go ______ that table. Don’t give me exercise-book.

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Put it _______ table. Open your books _____ page 5. Find exercise eight.

Exercise 5. Make up sentences, according to the mo del.Model: I am looking at you.

Exercise 6. Make the following sentences negative and in-terrogative.

1. He opened the window.2. Ann translated a lot of foreign letters at the office last

week.3. I finished working at 5 o’clock the day before yester

day.4. He lived in Mary 4 years ago.5. They returned home in the evening.6. We came to school at 8 o’clock in the morning.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions, using the words in brackets.

1. Whose exercise-book is this? (My sister’s)2. Whose son lives in Ashgabat? (My friend’s) 3. Whose pens are on the table? (Our teacher’s)4. Whose marks are good? (My son’s)5. Whose name is Gurban? (Berdiev’s)

Exercise 8. Spell the following words: Sent, jam, game, keep, chain, place, nice, Nick, wall, fac

tory, plant, pen, copy-book, school, home, pupils, hour, teacher, lesson, week, month, year, season.

Exercise 9. Put the definite or indefinite articles before nouns.

1. This is _____ house. ______ house is big. 2. This is _____ large ten-storied building. My brother is ______ engineer. He works at _____ large plant. 3. Yesterday I was at ______ cinema. Unfortunately I didn’t like _____ film.

3. Sargyt №1093

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4. What building is it? It is _____ theatre. 5. There is ______ very interesting museum in our street. 6. _____ museum is open from 10 o’clock in ____ morning till 8 o’clock in _____ evening.

Exercise 10. Translate the sentences into English.Bu gara galam. Bu sumka gara. Bu ýaramaz, maňa

ol sumkany beriň. Merede bu galamlary beriň. Bu otag arassa. Bu arassa otag. Aýna şu ruçkalary we galamlary beriň. Stoluň üstünde 1 galam we 10 ruçka bar. Çagalar, depderleriňizi tabşyryň! Gözel teksti okap boldy. Home assignment

1. Read the text.2. Work on the vocabulary.3. Answer the questions and retell the text.

UNIT 3 LESSON 1

memorial Day

October 6 is Memorial Day in Turkmenistan. On October 6, 1948 a terrible earthquake happened in

Ashgabat and in a moment it completely destroyed the city. Thousands of people died, including our first President’s mother and his two brothers.

It has been traditional to remember the earthquake, and its victims on Memorial Day. Everyone in the country remembers the earthquake victims by going to the memorial park and laying flowers to the victims of earthquake.

Now, our capital looks dramatically different. Modern, beautiful establishments and dwellings, and palaces of culture are being built. Streets have become beautiful, straight and wide. Many factories have been reconstructed. Many

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houses and buildings have been built using white marble. A lot of fountains in the city cool the air. Ashgabat will be the most beautiful city in Central Asia in the near future.

Memorial Day – day for honoring the memory of the earthquake victims terrible – extremely bad earthquake – sudden, violent shaking of the earth happen – take place, come about moment – point or very brief period of time destroy – break to pieces or make useless perish – die include – bring in, reckon as part of the whole independence – the state of being independent tradition – customs mention – refer to by name victim – killed in the earthquake relative – a family member memorial – something made or done to remind people establishment – an organization or institution dwelling – a house or other place to live in reconstruct – construct again, build up marble – hard limestone refresh – make fresh give new strength near – close to future – coming after the present


1. What day do we mark on October 6?2. What happened on October 6, 1948 in Ashgabat?3. What destroyed the city?4. Who perished in the earthquake?5. What has become a tradition?6. Whom do we remember on October 6?7. What does Ashgabat look like nowadays?8. What have been built and are being built in the city?9. What have been reconstructed?10.What material is used in house building?

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Word-study:Memory (n) denotes the faculty by which things are re

membered, the capacity of retaining or recalling them, or reviving the thoughts of things past. The word is extensively used in such phrases as “to come to a person’s memory, to bear in memory, from memory, have in memory, keep in memory”.

E.g. It is in my memory; the memory of a dead fa-ther; Topsy had an uncommon verbal memory.

Proverbs: A good memory is often as ready a friend as a sharp wit.

Memory is the treasure and guardian of all things.Method is the mother of memory.Memory is the diary that we all carry about with us.Terrible (adj ) means inspiring fear and dread, (doesn’t

make sense); In colloquial language it means extremely unpleasant or bad, awful;

E.g. Terrible suffering caused by war, a terrible fear; a terrible performance; a terrible child.

Human being devoid of hope is the most terrible object in the world.

Awful (adj) causing dread or horror.E.g. An awful storm; an awful tragedy; an awful

shriek; an awful explosion; an awful disaster; an awful fool; an awful mistake. It was an awful moment; what an awful time it has been!

This is awfully abused. It is awful when you think of it.Independence (n) denotes the state or quality of being

independent.E.g. The fight for freedom and independence.To declare for freedom and independence.The declaration of independence of the colonies.October 27 is Independence Day in Turkmenistan.

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If you earn your own salary you can live a life of independence.

Freedom (n) means the state, or condition of being free.

E.g. freedom of speech, freedom of the press; free-dom of assembly; freedom of will, freedom of religion; freedom of trade; freedom of movement; to fight for free-dom.Exercise 2. Answer the questions on the vocabulary.

1. What does memory mean?2. Whom and what do people mention?3. What does terrible mean?4. What thing can be terrible?5. What is awful?6. What does independence mean?7. When did Turkmenistan become independent?8. Can we see the fruits of independence?9. How many independent states appeared after the col

lapse of the Soviet Union?10. What is the meaning of freedom?11. What’s its synonym?12. What is the antonym to this word?

Exercise 3. Learn these words before you read the text.1. Several – three or more; some. The text has several new words. He made several mistakes in the dictation. I know only English, and he knows several lan

guages.2. Pass – (of time) go by; be spent. Several years passed before I saw him again. An hour passed but I still couldn’t make a decision. I asked her to pass the salt but two minutes passed

before she did it.

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3. End – farthest or last part. He read the book to the end. Every stick has two ends. They live in the big house at the end of the street.4. Heat – hotness. The heat was so great we couldn’t

work and had to take a cold bath. I can’t do much in this heat. It was very difficult to prepare for the exams in the

heat of June.

Exercise 4. Read the text and retell its main idea.Once there lived a man who said to his friends that he

could stay in the open air all night without a fire to warm him.

“Well, do it”, his friends said to him. “But if we find you can’t do it after all, you must give us a fine dinner”.

So one cold night he went outdoors and began his long wait. Several hours passed, and the cold became too much for him. Seeing a light at the end of the street the man walked to it and found a candle in the window of a house. He warmed his hands as well as he could by the candle light, and in the morning he returned to his friends. He had to tell them about the candle.

“Ah,” they said, “but a candle gives off heat”. And they asked for the dinner.

The time of the dinner came. The man went into the kitchen to cook the dinner and his friends watched. Several hours passed, but there was still no food.

“Why is he taking so long?”, said one of the friends. “Let us go and see”. They went into the kitchen and saw a large cooking pot over the candle. They protested to their host. “What do you mean by cooking on a candle? The dinner will never be ready”.

“Well,” the man said. “Didn’t you say that a candle gives off heat?”

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Exercise 5. What is the main idea of the text? Read the sentences below and choose the one that best expresses the idea:

1. The man put the cooking pot over a candle because he didn’t know people can’t cook dinner over candles.

2. The man put the cooking pot over a candle to show his friends that they were wrong when they said a candle gives off heat.

3. The man put the cooking pot over a candle because he didn’t want to give his friends dinner.Exercise 6. Read the text again and answer the questions

below to see if you understand every word of it.

What does “to warm” mean?What does “outdoors” mean?Does to “wait” mean?What does “the cold became too much for him” mean?

Exercise 7. Chose the right answer. “He warmed his hands as well as he could” means:He warmed his hands as much as he wanted.He warmed his hands well enough.He warmed his hands as much as the candle light al

lowed.

fire – condition of burning outdoors – in the open air light – opposite of darkness: that which makes things visible candle – round stick of wax for giving light warm – make or become warm give off – send out heat cook – prepare food by heating food – that which can be eaten by people or animals hungry – feeling, showing signs of hunger pot – round vessel for cooking things in protest – an expression of disapproval or rejection host – person who entertains guests mean – signify, intend

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Exercise 8. Answer the questions on the text.1. What did the man say to his friends?2. What did he have to do if he couldn’t stay in the open

air all the night without a fire?3. When did he go outdoors?4. Could he stay in the cold all the night?5. Where did the man go?6. Where did he find a candle?7. What did the man do?8. When did he return to his friends?9. What did he tell his friends?10. What did his friends ask?11. What did the man do when the time of dinner came?12. What did one of the hungry friends say?13. Where did they go?14. What did they see and what did they say?15. What did the man say to his friends?

Exercise 9. Use the correct words from the brackets.In summer the days are /shorter, longer/ than in win

ter.In winter the days are / warmer, colder/.In autumn the nights are /longer, shorter/ than in

spring.In winter the nights are /shorter, longer/ than in

summer.The longest days are in (September, June).The longest nights are in (May, December).

Exercise 10. Form the Present Participle with following verbs.

Read, open, go, stay, ring, stand, snow, rain, wait.

Exercise 11. Find pair of antonyms words.Far, get up, small, near, go, to go to bed, large, come to,

black, from, white, open, tall, shut, old, short, young, work,

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leave, to go for a walk, stay, winter, hot, morning, summer, cold, evening, rest, stay at home.

Home assignment1. Read the text.2. Learn the words.3. Answer the questions on the text.4. Retell the text.5. Make up sentences with the words several, pass, end,

heat pot.

UNIT 3 LESSON 2

Guide to turkmenistan

Capital: AshgabatOfficial language: TurkmenForm of government: RepublicArea: 491, 000 square kilometersPopulation: 6 million peopleFlag: adopted on February 19, 1992Money: ManatAgriculture – cotton, wheat, rice, fruits, vegetables,

cattle – breeding, natural silk.Fishing industry – sturgeon, white sturgeon, herring,

grey mullet, sprats, pike, perch, bream.Manufacturing – carpets, textiles, astrakhan, petro

leum and other oil products.Mining – oil, natural gas, sulpher salts.

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Independent and Permanently Neutral turkmenistan

ITurkmenistan is our Motherland. It is situated in the

south-west of Central Asia. More than six million people live in Turkmenistan.

Ashgabat becomes prettier day by day. It is the capital of our country. Ashgabat is at the foot of the Kopetdag Mountains.

Such valuable crops as cotton, wheat, rice, incomparable fruits, melons and vegetables are grown in sunny Turkmenistan. Big reserves of gas and oil are buried in the Garagum sands.

Innumerable flocks of camels, horses, cows, sheep and goats graze in the immense space of the Garagum desert.

Turkmen, as a rule, inhabit the valleys of the Amyderya, Murgap, Tejen, Etrek, Sumbar and Garagum rivers. Most of the people live in the country-side and are engaged in agriculture and cattle-breeding. The rest of the population live in cities, towns, and settlements. They work in the cotton industry, food manufacturing enterprises or some other small business.

to be situated – be placed to be occupied – be taken up valuable – of great value incomparable – not to be compared to/without equal reserve – something that is being stored for later use innumerable – too many to be counted graze – eat growing grass/put cattle in fields to graze immense – very large space – area to inhabit – to live to be engaged – be busy population – number of people in a given area manufacture – making/producing goods using machinery enterprise – mill, plant, factory, business

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Key-words:1. To be situated – to be placed

E.g. Turkmenistan is situated in the south-west of Central Asia. Ashgabat is situated in the south of Turkmenistan

Where is Dashoguz situated?Where is Turkmenabat situated?Where is Mary situated?Where is Balkanabat situated?Where is your city/town situated?Where is your village situated?Where is your district situated? Where is your school situated?Where is your home situated?2. Area – region of earth’s surfaceE.g. Desert areas: Most of Turkmenistan’s territory is occupied

by desert areas; 3. Grow (v) – develop; increase in size, height, length.E.g. Rice grows in warm climates.

How quickly you are growing!How tall you have grown!He has grown into a fine young man.Plants grow from seeds.He has grown-up.To grow older.It began to grow dark.To grow roses, to grow a beard.4. Cotton – soft, white fibrous substance round the seeds of the cot

ton plant, used for making thread, cloth. etc.E.g. Cotton yarn, cotton cloth, cotton goods.

Cotton cake (cattle food), cotton seed oil, cotton wool.Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

1. Where is Turkmenistan situated?2. How many people live in Turkmenistan?3. What is the capital of Turkmenistan?4. What is the population of Turkmenistan?

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5. Which part of Turkmenistan’s territory is occupied by the Garagum desert?

6. What is the area of Turkmenistan?7. What crops are grown in our country?8. What is buried in the Garagum sands?9. What animals graze in the immense spaces of the

Garagum desert?10. Where do most Turkmen live and what are they en

gaged in?11. Where does the rest of the population live and what

are they busy with?

Exercise 2. Find 10 countable and 5 uncountable nouns in the text.

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences.1. He has been working all day.2. The girl’s dress is made of cotton-cloth.3. Her father is in the wool business.4. A dog has four feet.5. The camel is a very large animal.

Exercise 4. Write the interrogative form of the following sentences.

Turkmen melons are very sweet and juicy.They have been working all day.Countrymen are engaged in agriculture.There are forty flats in our building.Turkmen horses are very fast.

Home assignment1. Read the text.2. Retell it.3. Learn the words.

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UNIT 3 LESSON 3

Independent and Permanently Neutral turkmenistan

IIIn 1991 Turkmenistan became an independent state

under the leadership of our first President Saparmyrat Turkmenbashy the Great. In December 1995 Independent Turkmenistan became the world’s first permanently neutral state according to the decision of the United Nations Organization.

Since then our country has attained unprecedented success in all branches of the national economy. Dwellings, palaces of culture, mills, factory buildings, railways and roads have been built and are being built in the country.

The look of our cities, town and villages are changing day by day. A great number of factories have been built, oil-refineries and many other enterprises have been restored.

Now Turkmenistan exports many kinds of goods, such as cotton yarn, cloth, oil and gas products to world markets.

Mary – Serahs – Mashat, Turkmenabat – Atamyrat ra il -roads have been put into operation. The Ashgabat – Dashoguz railway has been built.

The life of the people of Turkmenistan is getting better and better. There will be many great changes in the future. The 21st century will really be the Turkmen’s Golden Age.

independent – not dependent, not controlled permanent – lasting or intended to last indefinitely without change; enduring

neutral – helping neither side/in a war, quarrel

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since – after a date/in the past attain – gain unprecedented – never done or known before dwell – live branch – division establishment – office, business or institution look – appearance, style or fashion oil-refinery – a plant where oil is refined restore – to bring back, make well, normal produce – to make, grow, create export – send goods to another country yarn – thread goods – merchandise, property, belongings cloth – material made by weaving product – something produced market – public place where people meet to buy and sell goods railway – road/track/ laid with rails to put into operation – bring into a state of workingKey-words:1. Enterprise – business, firm, plant, factoryE.g. works, factories, mills, plants, automobile works, plants;

Machine-building plant. Soap works, sugar refinery; glass works; chemical factory; oil-refinery; textile factory; spinning factory; textile industry; cotton mill/factory; paper factory/mill; cotton paper, silk, steel factory; shoe factory. Knitted goods factory; knitted clothes factory; sock factory, sewing factory. Carpet-making factory; carpet-making enterprise; “Turkmen carpet” company; Textile enterprises; china plant; silk production company; cocoon factory; Silk spinning factory; kerchief factory; sewing industry; joint enterprise; foreign firms

2. Build – make by putting materials together; to constructE.g. to build a house; to build a railway;

Built-up areas – areas where there are many houses or other buildings;

He has built up an excellent business;What has been built in Turkmenistan since its independence?What railways have been built? What railways are being

built?What has been built in your city, town and village?

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Exercise 1. Answer the following questions about the text.

1. When did Turkmenistan become an independent nation and under whose leadership?

2. When did our country become neutral?3. What achievements have we accomplished in indus

try, construction and agriculture since then?4. How much cotton and grain do Turkmen far mers

produce?5. Where do we export our goods?6. What railways have been built and what railways is

being built?7. How do you understand “The XXI century will be

Turkmen’s Golden century”?Exercise 2. Find 10 countable and 5 uncountable nouns in

the text. Make up sentences with these words. Write these sentences using the plural form of the nouns.

1. A book with a cloth binding.2. Gozel could see a field of wheat behind the hill.3. My father works at an automobile works.4. His mother works at a spinning factory.

Exercise 3. Write these sentences using the singular form of the nouns.

1. Dwellings have been built.2. Railways have been put into operation.3. Cows eat much grass.4. There are many sheep in the sheep-fold.

Exercise 4. Write the interrogative form of the following sentences.

1. Rice is grown in many Eastern countries.2. My father has brought me a new bike.3. You have answered the teacher’s question.

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4. We shall go on an excursion next Sunday. 5. We cross the street when the traffic light is green.

Exercise 5. Write the negative form of the following sen-tences.

1. Those boots are very old.2. There was so much food on the plate.3. We told them the news.4. I have written him a letter.5. I advise you to go now.

Exercise 6. Make-up questions to the words of the sen-tences in bold:

1. Jane is a doctor. 2. They are teachers. 3. This is an exercise-book. 4. We are students. 5. Aygul is a schoolgirl. 6. This cup is golden. 7. Miwe is a teacher. 8. That pencil is red. 9. She is a schoolgirl. 10. I am a driver.11. You are a schoolboy.

Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs.1. I’m … the blackboard. 2. Please, don’t go … there!

3. Are you putting that cup … the table? 4. I’m putting it … here. 5. Whose exercise-books are … the table? 6. Please, go … the room! 7. Where is the red pencil? It is … the bag. 8. Did he go … the town? 9. What page is he opening his book …? 10. … Sunday we’ll go on an excursion.Exercise 8. Insert articles, where necessary: (orally)

1. Where is … yellow pillow? 2. It’s on … bed. 3. I’m … engineer. 4. He is in … room. 5. They are … good engineers. 6. Please, give me … exercise-book. 7. Her friend Gozel is … a doctor. 8. Ashgabat is … a city. 9. Berdi is … good pupil. 10. We are … good friends.Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with pronouns:

1. I am a schoolboy. 2. … surname is Myradov. 3. … marks are good. 4. Please, give … pen! 5. What are …

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names? 6. This book is … book. 7. Who is … English teacher? 8. … English teacher is ill. She can’t come to school today. 9. … village is not far from town. 10. … father and mother are very kind.Home assignment

1. Read the text.2. Learn the vocabulary and key words.3. Retell the text.4. Exercises 1 and 4 (in written form).

UNIT 3 LESSON 4

the Standard (flag) of the President of turkmenistan

The Standard (flag) of the President of Turkmenis tan is a rectangular green cloth. In the upper left-hand corner of the cloth, near the staff there is a crescent and five white stars, which are symbols taken from the State Flag of Turkmenistan. In the centre of the cloth there is a five headed golden eagle, three heads of which are turned to the left-hand edge of the Standard, and two others to the right-hand edge.

There is a silver stamp on the flagstaff of the original Standard (flag) on which the name of the President of Turkmenistan is engraved.


1. What is the shape of the Standard (flag) of the President of Turkmenistan?

2. Where are the five stars and the crescent situa ted?3. What is in the centre of the cloth?

4. Sargyt №1093

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4. Where are the heads of eagle turned?5. Where is the name of the President engraved?

the State flag of turkmenistan

The State Flag of Turkmenistan is green. On the left side near the staff there is a vertical red band. There are five main carpet patterns in traditional colours vertically arranged on the band and each of them is framed by a carpet ornament. At the bottom of the red band there are two crossing olive branches-the symbol of the United Nations Organization. Together with the carpet patterns this forms a single design. On the large green part in the upper left-hand corner there is a crescent and five white stars. The tallest unsupported flag-pole is in Ashgabat. It is 133 meters high. It was recorded in The Guinness Book of World Records.


1. What colour is the State Flag of Turkmenistan?2. How are the carpet patterns arranged?3. How many carpet patterns are there on the flag?4. What is there at the bottom of the band?5. On which part of the flag are the crescent and five

stars situated?6. What do the five stars symbolize?7. On which part of the flag are there two crossing olive

branches depicted?

Exercise 3. Describe the State Flag of Turkmenistan.

State Emblem of Independentand Neutral turkmenistan

The State Emblem of Turkmenistan is an octagon with two circles, inside of it. There are 7 open boxes of cotton and

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golden ears of wheat in two rows. On top of this circle there is a crescent with five white stars.

In the 1-st red circle there are five carpet patterns depicted in their traditional colours. In the 2-nd blue circle a Yanardag horse is depicted.


1. How many circles are there in the emblem?2. How many colours are there in the emblem?3. What is depicted in each circle?4. What is there on the top of the first circle?5. What circle is the biggest in the emblem?6. What colour are the ears of wheat in the emblem?7. What is depicted in the middle of the emblem?

Exercise 5. Write the interrogativ form of the following sentences.

1. He has been working all day.2. I am happy I’m living in such fine country.3. A dog has four feet.4. Cotton-picking begins in autumn.5. We could see a field of wheat behind the trees.

Exercise 6. Write the negative form of the following sen-tences.

1. I want you to remember these words.2. We are waiting for our guest’s arrival.3. We had to find our way through the mountains.4. We shall have to go by plane.5. You may have a cup of milk.

Home assignment.1. Read the texts 1, 2, 3 and retell them.2. Exercises 1, 2, 3, p. 49, 50.

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UNIT 3 LESSON 5

Independence Day

October 27 is Independence Day in Turkmenistan. It is the biggest holiday in Turkmenistan.

Ashgabat, 10 o’clock in the morning. In Independence Square the military holiday parade is held.

The President of Turkmenistan, Commander-in-Chief, and General of the Army congratulates the troops, the people assembled in the Square, all the citizens of Turkmenis-tan.

Such celebrations are held all over the country, in all regions, districts, towns and villages. People ce lebrate the holiday in high spirits, proud of the country’s success in industry, agriculture and construction. Great plans inspire them. Turkmenistan is growing stronger day by day, people’s welfare is improving. Manufacturing of industrial products, and harvesting of cotton and grain are increasing.

Now Turkmenistan is known in all parts of the world. Our youth go to the USA, Turkey, and European countries to continue their studies. Ashgabat is called the white city because all the new buildings are covered with white marble. Great changes are taking place in all the cities and towns of our country.

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cover – put smth. over celebration – occasion of ceremony, to praise publicly hold – carry on construction – building inspire – to encourage a high level of creativity harvesting – cut, gather, dig up a crop broaden – wide in scope, general marble – hard limestone building – a structure with a roof and walls view – field of vision; personal opinion

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions about the text.1. When is Turkmenistan’s Independence Day?2. What holiday is it?3. When and how does the holiday begin?4. Who congratulates the people on the holiday?5. Where are such celebrations held?6. Why are people happy and joyful?7. What inspires them?8. What is improving and increasing?9. Where do our youth go to continue their studies?10. What is covered with white marble?11. Where and what have been and are being built?12. What is changing quickly?

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words in the required form.

1. People... in large hall.2. They... fruits in the orchard.3. I... to my parents about it.4. He... distinctly.5. We... our talk.6. After his illness he... his habits.7. They have... their mind.

Home assignment1. Read the text and retell it.

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tESt 1

test yourself

1. Put the verbs in the Present Continuous or the Present Simp le.

E.g. Excuse me. Do you speak (you / speak) English? Where is Tom? He’s having (he / have) a shower.I don’t watch (I/not/watch) television very often.

1. Listen! Somebody __________________ (sing)

2. Sandra is tired. _______________ (she / want) to go home now.

3. How often __________________(you / read) a newspaper?

4. Excuse me but ____________(you/sit) in my place. Oh, I’m sorry.

5. I’m sorry, ____________(I/not/understand). Can you speak more slowly?

6. It’s late. ______________(I/go) home now. ____________(you/come) with me?

7. What time_____________________(your father/finish) work in the evenings?

8. You can turn off the radio._________________(I/not/listen) to it.

9. Where is Paul? In the kitchen._____________(he/cook) something.

10. Martin ________________________(not/usually/drive) to work. He __________________(usually/walk).

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11. Sue__________(not/like) coffee.___________(she/prefer) tea.

2. Put in am/is /are (present) or was/were (past).

E.g. Last year she was 22, so she is 23 now.1. Today the weather_______nice, but yesterday it______

very cold.2. I__________hungry. Can I have something to eat?3. I felt fine this morning but I _______very tired last

night.4. Where ________you at 11 o’clock last Friday morning?5. Don’t buy those shoes. They_____very expensive.6. I like your new jacket. _______it expensive?7. This time last year I________in Paris.8. Where __________ the children? I don’t know.

They______ in the garden ten minutes ago.

3. Make up sentences. Use as….as; not so……as

E.g. (my umbrella/your umbrella/new) My umbrella is as new as your umbrella.1. (our kitten / their kitten / small)2. (their house / his house / not old) 3. (her ribbon / my ribbon / long)4. (the zebra /the horse / not strong)5. our chickens / her chickens / not weak)

4. Write these words in plural.

A dish – dishes A tree – A dress – A wolf – A spoon - An eagle – A bird – A driver – A child –

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A knife – A duckling - A cow –A lion – A fork - A leaf –

5. Put in there is / there isn’t / is there / there are / there aren’t / are there.

E.g. Kenham isn’t an old town. There aren’t any old buildings.

1. Look ! _________________a photograph of your brother in the newspaper!

2. Excuse me, ______________a bank near here? – Yes, at the end of the street.

3. __________five people in my family: my pa rents, my two sisters and me.

4. How many students ________in the class? Twenty.5. Can we take a photograph? No,_________any film in

the camera.6. ________________a bus from the city center to the air

port? – Yes. Every 20 minutes.7. ___________any problems? No, everything is OK.8. __________nowhere to sit down._________any chairs.

6. Put in little / a little / few / a few.

E.g. There was little food in the fridge. It was nearly empty.

1. When did Sarah go out? ________ minutes ago.2. I can’t decide now. I need ______ time to think about

it.3. There was_______traffic, so we arrived earlier than

we expected.4. The bus service isn’t very good at night – there are

_________buses after 9 o’clock.

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5. Would you like some soup? Yes, ___________, please.6. I’d like to practice my English more but I have_______

opportunity.

7. Put in during / while / for.

E.g. We didn’t speak while we were eating. We didn’t speak during the meal.1. George phoned_______you were out.2. I stayed in Rome _________five days.3. Sally wrote a lot of letters __________ she was on holi

day.4. The students looked very bored__________ the lesson.5. I fell out of bed ____________I was asleep.6. Yesterday evening I watched TV_________ three

hours.7. I don’t usually watch TV ___________the day.8. Do you ever watch TV ____________you are having

diner?

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PART II

UNIT 4 LESSON 1

Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov – the President of turkmenistan

Gurbanguly Malikgulyyevich Berdimuhamedov is an outstanding political and public figure of Turkmenis-tan.

Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov was born on Ju ne 29, 1957 in the village of Babarap of Geogtepe etrap. His father is a military man. His mo ther is a woman with a wide range of interests. She had a great in-fluence on her children and brought them up in the best traditions of Turkmen family. She encou raged her children to get a good education. Gurbanguly was the eldest of six children in the fa mily.

From 1964 to 1974 Gurbanguly studied at Ashga-bat Secondary School № 43. He was a hard – working pupil and he was also very active in sports. He participated in shooting and wrestling competitions. He often spent his summer holidays in the countryside, helping far mers to pick fruit and vegetables, to water plants and to cut grass.

In 1974 Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov became a student of Stomatology Department of Turkmen Me-dical Institute. After graduating in 1979 he began his career as a dentist.

In 1982 he became involved in public and political life.

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In 1987 Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov continued his education as a post-graduate student. After defen-ding the thesis in 1991, he got Candidate’s Degree.

In 1997 Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov was ap-pointed Minister of Public Health Care of Turkmenis tan. A few months later, he was appointed Acting Director of the State Fund of Development of Public Health Care of Turkmenistan.

In 1999 he became Rector of Turkmen Medical Institute.

In 2001 he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan.

On February 11, 2007 Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov was elected the President of Turkmenistan.

President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov and the Cabinet of Ministers he heads pursue the policy of friendship and cooperation with other countries following the principles of respect, mutual advantage and non-interference in each other’s home affairs.

Key-words:To spend – 1. to pass time; spend a weekend in the country.E.g. How did you spend your vacation? How do you spend your free time? 2. to pay out (money) for goods services, etc.E.g. To spend too much money on fruit and ve getables.

Influence (on / over) – 1. the power or ability of a per son or a thing to produce an effect on others.

E.g. Sapar has a great influence over his brother. 2. to change or affect the thought or behavior of; persuade. E.g. He influenced his friend to stop smoking

To encourage – 1) to inspire with courage, hope, or confidence; hearten.

E.g. The good news encourages her. 2) to give support to, help, promote

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E.g. The bank lowered its interest rate on loans to encourage bor-rowings.

A military man – a member of the armed forces. To participate – to take part or have a share with others, as an activity or quality. Involve – 1. to occupy completely, absorb.

2. to include as a necessary part or condition. To defend the thesis – to defend a dissirtation on a specific topic or theme, especially one presented by a candidate for an academic degree be appointed. Be elected – be chosen by voting. Pursue the policy – to follow the policy. Mutual – done, felt or expressed by each or two towards the other. Advantage – a useful or helpful circumstance, factor or event; something of benefit. Affairs – the practical matter with which a person or group is involved.


1. Who is Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov?2. When and where was he born?3. How many children were in his family?4. What did his father do? 5. What kind of woman was his mother? 6. In what traditions was he brought up? 7. Which school did he go to? 8. What was he interested in?9. How did he often spend his summer holidays? 10. When did begin his career?11. When did he become involved in political and public

life? 12. When did he continue his studies as a Post-graduate

Student? 13. When was Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov elec ted

President of Turkmenistan?

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14. What policy does President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov pursue?

Exercise 2. Read the text “ Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov – the President of Turkmenistan” again and divide it into logical parts

Exercise 3. Fill in prepositions.

1. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov – an outstanding political figure _______ Turkmenistan.

2. He was born ________ June 29, 1957.3. His mother had a great influence_____ her children.4. Gurbanguly was the eldest _____ six children.5. The young Gurbanguly was interested ____sports.6. In 1987 Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov continued his

studies ____ a Post-graduate studentship.7. President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov and the

Cabinet of Ministers he heads pursue the policy ______friendship and cooperation.

8. ______ graduating in 1979 he began his career as a dentist.Exercise 4. What do this numbers in the text refer to: 29,

1957, 43, 2001, 11, 2007

Exercise 5. Insert the articles where necessary: 1. He is ____outstanding political figure.2. He often spent his summer holiday in ______country

side.3. They watered ____ plants.4. _____ few months later, he began his studies at _____

college.5. In 2006 he became ____ student of the medical insti

tute. 6. He was very active in ____sports.7. Their children were brought up in ___best tradi-

tions of.

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Avaza – the Eight miracleof the World

Seven Miracles were reckoned in the antiquity. The Avaza establishment, which means the world – class health resorts and new city constructed on the Turkmen coast of the Caspian Sea; the “sea gate – way” of Central Asia, at present is turning into the largest tourist center, the real “resort pearl” of the country , will also remain in the memory of the descendants as the greatest miracle.

The stake of President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov on the revival of creative potential of the Turkmen nation was unmistakable. The fact is indisputable that the initiative of the Turkmen leader which received the strong support from the international business and social – political circles on establishment of the free economic zone in the Caspian region has already acquired its shape. For this very short period of time, the amazing architectural ensembles , such as fashionable sanatoriums and hotels “Watanchy”, “Hazyna”, “Charlak”, on the Caspian coast, whose white – marble silhouettes are observed far away from the sea, have become another sightseeing, the “visiting card” of the seaside.

Avaza is not only a large construction site, but it is also the biggest innovative project, which is to accumulate the best world experience and to put into life the latest achievement of architectural and engineering –technical ideas. Home assignment

1. Read the text “Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov – the President of Turkmenistan“.

2. Retell the text according to your plan.3. Learn the key-words and vocabulary. Use them in

the sentences of your own.

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UNIT 4 LESSON 2

turkmen music and SongIt is impossible to imagine our life without music and

songs. Music and songs equally express our joy and sorrow. They help us to live, and inspire us.

They raise spirits, and they help us to calm down. Music and songs also support us in moments of grief (sorrow). By listening to sad songs or singing them, we calm down, and little by little we return to our natural state.

Music and songs have been an integral part of our traditional celebrations throughout history. In the past our bagshies entertained people, and they would perform songs for several days.

Some famous bagshies we can name are: Sahi Jepbarov, Mylly Tachmyradov, Magtymguly Garly, Purli Sary, Girman Bagshy, Kichi Geldimyradov, Agamyrat Yagmyr and others.

Our well-known bagshies skillfully performed folk songs, composed to accompany the words of Magtymguly, Mollanepes, Kemine, Seydi, Zelili, Mataji and other clas

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sic poets. Bagshies use such national instruments as: dutar (two stringed musical instrument), gyjak (musical instrument, like a violin), tuydik (a trumpet).

Now some of Turkmen national musical ensembles have been supplemented with modern musical instruments. Turkmen songs and music are performed by bagshies and young amateur singers.

New song and dance groups and orchestras have been formed. New talented conductors, composers, musicians, singers and dancers have appeared. We can listen to their performances over the radio or watch them on TV. They sing songs, play music and perform dances about our wonderful life, our dear Motherland, our people and the President.

Our national conservatoire trains musical specia lists in various fields.

to imagine – to form a picture of something in the mind share – part of something divided among several people to calm down – to quiet down to support – to give help grief (sorrow) – deep suffering natural state – normal state, in accordance with nature integrate part – fundamental remote past – far away in time to perform – to do a piece of work, to carry out an action to enjoy – to get a pleasure from composed to the words – created to the words set – a number of things or people grouped together to supplement – to add a thing to something folk song – traditional song of unknown authorship passed on orally amateur singer – non-professional singer ensemble – a group of musicians, actors or dancers song and dance company – ensemble orchestra – a large group of musicians conductor – a person who leads an orchestra or choir composer – a person who writes music musician – a person who plays musical instruments or writes music

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singer – a person who makes musical sounds with voice dancer – a person who moves rhythmically to music conservatoire – a college for the study of classical music in various fields – in different fields

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.1. Without what can’t we imagine our life?2. What do music and song equally express for us?3. How do they help us?4. What do they raise?5. What do music and songs give us?6. How do they help us in moments of grief?7. What did bakhshis do at gatherings in the remote

past?8. What famous bakhshis do you know?9. What kind of songs did they sing?

10. What national musical instruments did they play?11. Who performs Turkmen national folk songs now?12. What Turkmen national musical instruments have

been created/made?13. Which masters of music have appeared?14. Where can we listen to their performances and where

can we watch them?15. What music specialists does our conservatoire train?16. What do they sing, dance and play?

Word-study:1. Imagine (v) is to form a picture of smth. in the mind.E.g. I imagine that nothing will come of it.Don’t imagine that I can lend you money every time you

need it. I imagined you had been shipwrecked.I imagined him to be a big tall man.Lord Orville cannot be imagined.Suppose (v) is to think that smth. is true or likely.E.g. I should suppose him to be about fifty.I don’t suppose I shall remain very long

5. Sargyt №1093

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I never supposed him to be a clever fellow.I supposed that you had gone. What do you suppose he

will do?What do you suppose happened next?Will he come? Yes, I suppose.Fancy (v) is to suppose, to imagine.E.g. I fancy he is not at home. He fancies he can

win this game.And you fancy, you comprehend the subject on which

you advise me?“It’ ll be a hard job too, I fancy”.2. Share (v) means to divide something in parts and

distribute in shares between two or more persons.E.g. To share one’s purse with a friend.The profits of the business were shared by the partners.3. Divide (v) means to share.E.g. To divide an apple into several parts.We divide our time between work and rest.To divide something among or between several persons.The equator divides the earth into two hemispheres.Society is divided into classes.To divide profits. United, we stand, divided we fall.4. Support (v) is to hold up or add strength to, help to.E.g. The walls support the roof. To support oneself

with a stick.To support a resolution. To support an argument, a claim.To support a wife and children. To support a po licy.Air is necessary to support life; to support a motion.To support a leader, a candidate.5. Grief (n) denotes deep suffering, sorrow.E.g. Miss Briggs and I are experiencing a great deal

of grief for the death of papa.

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Proverbs: All grieves with bread are less. Little grieves are loud, great grieves are silent. New grief awakens the old. Friendship multiplies joy and divides grief.

6. Nature (n) is the physical world; the innate qualities of a person or thing.

E.g. Human nature. An artistic nature. A generous na-ture, a gentle nature; It is not in his nature to be treacherous. It has not in his nature to feel jealousy. This is not in my nature.

7. Remote (a) means distant in space, distant in time.E.g. The remote past; the remote future; a remote an-

cestor; a remote village, dwelling; the remote regions of the earth. The sands of a remote and lonely shore. A person may live in a distant country or in a remote corner of any country.Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. What does imagine mean?2. Can we use picture instead of image?3. What does “suppose” mean?4. What does “fancy” mean?5. What’s the meaning of “share”?6. What can you share?7. Whom can you share your things with?8. What is the meaning of “divide”?9. What can we divide?10. What does “support” mean?11. Can you support your friend?12. What is grief?13. Who divides our grief?14. What does “nature” mean?15. What does the word “remote” mean?16. What do we call the people, who lived in the remote

past?Exercise 3. Make up sentences with the words: imagine,

picture, suppose, fancy, share, divide, support, grief, nature, remote.

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Exercise 4. Learn the vocabulary and the key-words. Use them in your everyday conversations.

Home assignment1. Ex. 4.2. Retell the text.

UNIT 4 LESSON 3

Conversation

Jemal.: Geldi, let’s talk a little about Turkmen music and songs! Do you like music in general?

Geldi.: Of course, I do. I can’t imagine our life without music and song.

J.: All right, that’s very good. What about Turkmen music? Do you like Turkmen songs and music? What melodies, songs and music do you like to listen to?

G.: Some of the folk songs, especially those performed by the well-known bakhshis are splendid.

J.: For instance?G.: For example, “Tuni Derya”, “Hemraim”, “Kone-Gu

zer”, “Bal Sayat”, etc.J.: So, magnificence of the songs and music, to a great

extent, depends upon the singer, am I right?G.: Yes, you are. Performing masterfully delivers the

grandeur of the song or music to the mind of the listener.J.: O.K. Why are music and song important? G.: Music and song are our life-long friends, and people

need it to be happy, especially on sad days. At joyful moments you raise your spirits singing a song or listening to it. And when you are sad, singing a song or listening to it, you get rid of your sorrow and you can relax.

J.: What famous Turkmen bagshies of the past do you know?

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G.: I know Kichi Geldimyradov, Magtymguly Garliyev, Girman bakhshi and others.

J.: And of the modern performers?G.: Many other young amateur performers.J.: What about composers and conductors?G.: Danatar Ovezov, Nury Halmammedov and Hydyr

Allanurow.J.: Good. Thank you very much.G.: Thank you.

Exercise 1. Insert articles where necessary.1. This is … classroom. 2. There are 10 pupils in … class

room. 3. One pupil is standing … others are sitting. 4. There are … flowers on … table. 5. There are two pictures on … walls. 6. Where is … map to … right of … blackboard. 7. It is … map of … world. 8. One picture is near … door. 9. I can find … place on … map, where … father is now. 10. Where is … book? 11. It is in … bag.

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets in Present Indefinite or Present Continuous:

1. Look up! The sun … so brightly (to shine). 2. My uncle usually … newspapers in the evening (to read). 3. As a rule, my sister … all homework in the evening (to do). 4. Our children … soundly (to sleep). 5. Our family usually … out of town on Sunday (to go). 6. What … the pupils … at the moment? (to do). 7. Hallo! Where … you … (to go). 8. … you … the words of this English song? (to understand).Exercise 3. Supply the following sentences with one of the

given adverbs: usually, just, generally, never, often, seldom, always, occasionally.

1. He is late for the lessons. 2. She goes to the theatre alone. 3. I am writing a composition. 4. My grandparents are full of energy. 5. I wind up my watch in the morning. 6. My watch loses 5 minutes a day. 7. I can understand it. 8.We

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don’t take this book from the reading-hall, we take it from the library.Exercise 4. Choose the required word from the brackets.

1. Everybody says that she sings (bad, badly). 2. It is (easy, easily) to swim down the river. 3. It is (pleasant, pleasantly) to go for a walk on a warm summer day. 4. The park looks (beautiful, beautifully) when the leaves begin to fall off from the trees. 5. Our team is as (good, well) as yours. 6. The light is shining (bright, brightly) in my face. 7. He plays chess as (good, well) as she does.Exercise 5. Choose the right word from the brackets. Use

it in the required form.You read this lesson (bad, badly). I don’t think I play

the piano (well, good).My son feels (bad, badly) today. Do you feel (bad, bad-

ly) today?I’m going to (talk to, to speak to, to tell) his mother

about it.Please, tell us (a few, several, some) things about your

last holiday.There are a lot of (tall, high) houses on this street.

Exercise 6. Add there is or there are to the following.… a gas stove and a fridge in the kitchen. … a lot of furni

ture in their flat. … some chocolate and a piece of cake on this plate. … no fruit at home. … a lot of work to do this afternoon. … plenty of knives in the drawer. … some money in my purse. You may take it.Exercise 7. Make sentences using there is / there are:

A lot of flowers, a lot of books, a lot of leaves, a lot of water, a lot of chalk, a lot of snow.Exercise 8. Insert a few or a little:

I have got … pictures in my room. There is … bread in the cupboard. There are only … cigarettes in the box. …

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books are lying on the table. I have … money in my pocket. Are there … new houses in your street? There is … paper in the drawer.Exercise 9. Write these words in plural.

A boy, a man, a girl, a woman, a song, a road, a question, a text, a piece, a week, a child, a lesson, a box, a car.

Exercise 10. Write numerals from 1 to 50 in words.

Exercise 11. Read the following numerals:27, 48, 54, 37, 65, 92, 83, 71, 287, 345, 492, 657, 128, 984,

589, 600.

Exercise 12. Insert not so … as:1. I am not … tall … Pete. 2. This woman is not … young

… that one. 3. The minute hand runs not … fast … the se cond hand. 4. The child is not … far … the agronomist. 5. Kate is not … lazy … her brother. 6. This child is not … small … that one.

Home assignment1. Read the dialogue and retell.2. Do exercises 5, 6, 8, 12.

UNIT 5 LESSON 1

AnimalsAnimals, plants and birds are our perpetual friends and

life would be dull without them. Let’s speak a little about domestic animals. In the country-side we can see ca mels, horses, sheep, goats, frogs, cats, hens, cocks, ducks, geese

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and turkeys … We hope you know enough about their use (benefit).

The cow gives us milk and all of us like to drink it. People eat cheese and butter made of milk and drink sour milk.

Camel’s sour milk is considered to be medicinal. People can use donkeys to carry heavy loads.

Sheep give us wool and warm cloth is made from the wool.

Poultry give people eggs and we use them to make diffe rent meals.

Animals of desertWhat animals are there in the desert?Herdsmen and shep herds graze thousands of camels,

horses, cows, sheep and goats in the desert. The Garagum desert is a good pasture for animals.What wild animals are there?Wolves, jackals, foxes, ha res, snakes, hedgehogs, tor

toises, gazelles, gophers, lizards, mice and insects. What do they eat?

Different desert creatures eat insects. Wolves sometimes hunt for sheep.

perpetual (a.): – never ending; going on for a long time or without ending. E.g. Perpetual motion. She is tired of their perpetual chatter. sour (a) – having a sharp taste (like the taste of vinegar, a lemon, an unripe plum, apple, etc.) ride (v) – sit on a horse, in a car etc. and be carried along E.g. He jumped on his horse and rode off.

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He was riding fast. load (n) – that which is to be carried E.g. A heavy load on one’s shoulders. To take a load off somebody’s mind. They have loads of money (are very rich). herdsman (n) – keeper of a herd shepherd (n) – a man who takes care of sheep graze (v) – put cattle in fields barren (a) – unable to have young ones pasture (n) – grassland for cattle hunt for (v) – go after wild animals for food ailing (a) – unhealthy

Word-study:1. Dry (a) – not wet; free from moisture.E.g. Is this wood dry enough to burn?Bone dry – quite dry; dry weather (not rainy);Dry climate; a dry well; the cows are dry; dried eggs (sol

id, not liquid) (in the form of powder); dry goods (corn); dry bread-toast; to feel dry-thirsty; dry work; a dry lecture (dull, uninteresting) a dry book, subject; dry facts; a dry cough – without liquid; a dry shampoo – one with which water is not used; dry battery.

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Dry (v) – make or become dryE.g. Dry your hands on this towel.We dried our clothes in front of the fire.Dry up – make or become completely dry.E.g. The long drought dried up all the wells.The streams dried up during the hot summer.May I dry my hands on this towel?He was drying his coat in front of the fire.He was drying himself with a towel.She put her son’s boots to dry in the sun.2. Domestic (a) – of the home, family, household, not

foreign, native; E.g. English girls do not like to enter domestic ser-

vice (to become servants).He has had a good many domestic troubles.She is a very domestic sort of woman (prefers home life).The government could get neither a foreign nor a domes

tic loan (could not borrow money either abroad or at home).This newspaper provides more foreign news than do

mestic news.Horses, cows and sheep are domestic animals.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.1. What do you do when you are wet?2. What do you do when your hands are wet?3. What do you do when your boots are wet?4. What do you do when your clothes are wet?5. What kind of the weather do you like?6. What does “bone dry” mean?7. When do wells become dry?8. What domestic animals do you know?9. What domestic animals do you keep?10. What is the opposite of “domestic news”? 11. What does domestic/home life mean?

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Exercise 2. Make up sentences with the following words.Dry (adj ), dry (v), domestic, home, ride, load, herdsman,

shepherd, graze, pasture, hunt (for), ailing.Exercise 3. Change these sentences into Past Indefinite

or Future Indefinite.My daughter can sing very well. Everybody can do his

work. Can you play chess? The Berdievs must move to another town. We must learn three languages. The boys must run to get to the station in time. He must have teaching practice in his fourth year. Must he read all the books on the reading list?Exercise 4. Insert can, could, shall be able, was able. Put

to before the Infinitive where necessary.1. I … swim until I was fourteen (neg). 2. Last week was

John’s birthday. 3. I gave him a bicycle and he had ridden it already. 4. Oh, good. Then he … to go to the swimming-pool on it.Exercise 5. Insert articles.

It is sometimes very cold in Dashoguz on … New Year’s Eve. I like to meet … New Year somewhere in … open air. On … New Year’s Eve I always write letters to my friends and wish them … Happy New Year.Exercise 6. Copy the sentences, using the verbs in re-

quired form.1. I (live, lives) in Mary. 2. My brother (work,

works) in a shop. 3. Ann (am, is) a nurse. 4. Pete (have, has) a brother. 5. Kate (go, goes) to school. 6. Aman’s bro-ther (live, lives) on a farm. 7. The teacher (teach, teaches) at school.

Home assignmentRead the text and retell it.

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UNIT 5 LESSON 2

Our plants

Different trees, bushes and plants surround us. They decora te our fields, cities, towns, villages and streets. It is pleasant to sit in the shade of a tree in hot weather. The mulberry tree is the most popular tree in Turkmenistan. Its leaves are large, soft and beautiful. It differs from other trees in its firmness and durability.

People feed silkworms with mulberry tree leaves. The silk

worms make their cocoons. Mulberry trees, willows, weeping willows, poplars, white poplars and olive trees grow along our streets and around our fields.

Apple trees, apricot trees, pear trees, plum trees, pomegranates, vines and fig trees grow in our orchards.

The fruit of these trees is very tasty and juicy because of the suitable climate in Turkmenistan. Gandym, ojar, cherkez, sazak, selin, and keyikokara are desert plants and they grow in the desert. They are shrubs and have narrow twigs.

Besides these there are dozens of different varieties of grass and other plants in the desert. For example, duyedaban or atgulak.

Pechek, chayir, arpagan, suwoty, kekre and many other grasses grow in the fields.

numerous – great in number, very many; bush – low growing plants;

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shade – comparative darkness, caused by the cutting off of direct rays of light; E.g. keep something in the shade; mulberry – tree with broad, dark – green leaves, on which silk worms feed; willow – kind of tree or shrub with thin, easily bent branches; poplar – tall, straight, quickly growing tree; olive-tree – evergreen tree, bearing small oval fruit with a hard stone like seed (zeytun); fig-tree – broad-leaved tree, having a soft sweet fruit full of small seeds (injir); orchard – piece of land with fruit trees; shrub – plant with a woody stem, lower than a tree and with several separate stems from the root; narrow – opposite of wide; a narrow bridge. The road was too narrow for cars to pass.

Word-study:1. To differ (v) is to be unlike; E.g. Two brothers are like each other in appear-

ance, but widely differ in their tastes. Tastes differ: different people have different interests. French differs from English because it has genders for

all nouns. I’m sorry to differ from you on that question.Different (adj ) means not identical, unlike, various.E.g. a lot of different things; different kinds; two

different stories concerning an event. The tasks are quite different; different distances; differ

ent points of view; different cases.Proverb: One goes to the right, the other to the left, but

both, in different ways. Various (a) means differing from each other or of diffe-

rent kinds. E.g. various accounts; various colours; Men of various

professions; various experience; various occupations; various duties; various parts of the world.

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Proverb: Various are the tastes of men.Diverse (adj) means of different kinds, various, unlike.E.g. In diverse places. On diverse occasions; diverse

opinions; diverse names; diverse colours; diverse ways; di-verse interests.

He bought different ties of diverse colours and various shades of the same colour.

2. Suitable (adj) means in any way adapted to or fit for a particular situation, appropriate.

To say a few suitable words. Suitable thing, suitable present.

Appropriate (adj) means suitable, adapted, fit. E.g. an appropriate example; appropriate manners; ap-

propriate character, appropriate studies; Woolen clothes would not be appropriate for a hot summer day.

Fit (adj ) means suitable or suited for. E.g. Fit to be eaten; a place fit to rest; do as you think

fit; words not fit to be repeated; the food was not fit to eat; I’ll come at a fit time and place.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions on the text. 1. What surrounds us?2. What decorates nature?3. Where do people try to be in hot weather?4. What tree is popular in Turkmenistan? 5. What’s the use of the mulberry-tree? 6. What trees grow along our streets and around our

fields?7. What trees grow our orchards? 8. Why fruit is tasty and juicy?9. Which trees are desert trees?10. What trees, plants, grasses and flowers grow in your

city, town, village?

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.1. Are do you differ from your friend?

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2. Do different teachers teach you in the same way or in different ways?

3. How does your English teacher differ from your Russian teacher?

4. Does this text differ from that we had recently?5. Do you use various colours when drawing a picture?6. Does your English teacher give you different tasks?7. Did you have diverse opinions while discussing the

text?8. Are there diverse ways of performing this exercise?9. Is the food fit to eat?10. Can you find appropriate words?11. Can you choose suitable clothes for yourself?12. What does “numerous” mean?13. What is “bush”?14. What is “shade”?15. Do you like mulberry-trees?16. Name the trees, given in the text.17. What is “shrub”?18. What can be narrow?

Exercise 3. Make up sentences with the following words:Numerous, bush, shade, mulberry-tree, differ, different,

various, suitable, appropriate.Exercise 4. Make up sentences according to the model.

Model: This apple is mine.Exercise 5. a) Express your surprise according to the mo-

del.Model: I have got a telephone. Have you really got a new one? b) Respond to the same statements in the negative.Model: I have got a new telephone. That can not be true. You have not got one (telephone).

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Exercise 6. Change proper names to personal pronouns:he, she, they.

Pete and Kate go to school. 2. Gurban has a bro ther and a sister. 3. Maysa is a pupil. 4. Meret Gurba novich is a teacher. 5. Durdy works in a shop. 6. Gozel Nurieva works in our school. 7. Tahir Nazarov is a driver. 8. Sapar teaches at school. 9. Bayram’s bro ther lives on a farm.

Exercise 7. Use the verbs in the required form.

1. The mechanic (ask, asks) us a question. 2. The pupils (like, likes) to learn English. 3. The agronomist (know, knows) English very well. 4. Ann (want, wants) to write on the blackboard. 5. Kate (is, are) a good nurse. 6. We (keep, keeps) pieces of chalk in this box. 7. He (clean, cleans) the blackboard with the dus ter. 8. We (answer, answers) the teacher’s questions. 9. We (read, reads) English texts at our English lesson.

Exercise 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions at, of, in, on, with, to.

1. The teacher writes with a piece … chalk … the blackboard. 2. We go … school. 3. They learn English … school. 4. His brother works … the hospital. 5. We write … our pen and pencils. 6. … our English lesson we read, write, and speak in English. 7. Pupils clean the blackboard … a duster. 8. He is the only pet … the farm.

Exercise 9. Write numerals from to 20 in words.

Home assignment1. Read the text and retell it in your own words.2. Learn the vocabulary and key-words.3. Answer the questions on the text.4. Do exercises 8, 9.

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UNIT 5 LESSON 3

turkmen Lake

Turkmen Lake is being built in the centre of the Garagum desert. Salt water must be gathered from all parts of Turkmenistan. The lake will clean the salted land and enable the storing of additional water reservoirs for irriga-ting fields. The length of this lake will be 103 kilometres, its width – 18,6 km, and it is at 25 m below the sea level.

How will the salted water reach the lake? Through canals. The main canal begins in the Danev

etrap from Ketteshor Lake. Other canals with salted water from Mary, Akhal and Dashoguz velayats will join this canal.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions. 1. What is being built in the centre of the Garagum desert?2. Where is the Turkmen Lake being built?3. What is the world’s largest lake?4. What is the lake being built for?5. What is the length of this lake?

6. Sargyt №1093

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6. What is its width?7. How will the salted water reach the lake?8. Where does the main canal begin?

Word-study:1. Desert (v) means to abandon, to give up, to forsake.E.g. To desert one’s principles; all hope deserted him.

Assurance deserted him; wisdom does not desert him. I will never desert her.

Proverbs: Rats desert a sinking ship.Abandon (v) is to leave completely, to desert.E.g. To abandon a position to the enemy; to abandon one’s home, properties; to abandon all hope;

to abandon a theory; to abandon one’s wife, children, friends; to abandon oneself to grief; to abandon one’s efforts; prov-erb: to postpone is not to abandon.

2. Gather (v) is to assemble, to bring together as to form a group, or a unit, to collect.

E.g. A crowd had gathered; gathering clouds; to gath-er fruits or flowers; to gather strength; to gather children; to gather oneself. A crowd had gathered at the open door; a crowd had gathered round a man.

Proverbs: a rolling stone gathers no mass; You cannot gather roses without being pricked by the thorns.

Assemble (v) is to gather in one place, join in company, group.

E.g. to assemble an audience, to assemble an army; it was a market today and the country people were all assembled with their baskets of poultry, eggs and such things.

3. Reach (v) is to arrive at, come to.E.g. We reached London at noon. He reached home after

a journey;The letter reached me in time. If you take this route,

you will reach town in two days. After a long discussion they

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reached an understanding. To reach a conclusion; to reach a street.

Arrive (v) is to come to a certain point in a travel, to reach a destination or object;

to come to the end of the journey.E.g. The ship arrived in Turkmenbashy (city).The train arrived at noon. To arrive at a conclusion; to

arrive at a decision. The time of peace arrived. Success never comes to those who wait it idly, it usually arrives only after years of patient endeavor.

4. Begin (v) is to enter upon an action of any kind, to start.

E.g. The speaker began his speech. Every word begins with a particular letter. Now I am beginning to understand you. Our lecture begins at 10 a. m. It was she who began the dispute. We began our inspection.

Proverbs: He that begins many things, finishes few. A wise man begins at the end, a fool ends at the beginning. He has not done who has only begun.

Better to end well. Well begun, well done. Better never to begin than never make an end. Well begun is half done.

Commence (v) is to begin, to start.E.g. We commenced a dispute; to commence the opera-

tion; to begin the work; to begin one’s play; to commence the letter, to begin to write. At the time this history commences.

The baronet had only commenced his career in public life. To commence a debate.

Start (v) is to begin, to commence.E.g. to start a journey; the horses are ready to start, to

begin the race. We start to dig at the place agreed upon.To begin to work, to commence proceedings, to start

reading at once or start running.

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5. Join (v) is to come into contact, to unite, to connect.E.g. The streams join the river; to join the banks of

a river by a bridge; to join friendship; to join two towns by railway.

All five now join in a conversation;’ to join somebody. Connect (v) is to join, to unite.E.g. Two houses are connected by a passage, leading

from one to the other.The island is connected by telegraph with the main land.The two ends of the pipe are connected with the radiator.Unite (v) is to join several things or objects together.E.g. They are united by a common bond; all forces were

united and we won the battle; to unite pieces of metal is to solder. Oil and water will not unite. Strength united is the greater; united we stand, divided we fall; to join a party or a friendship; to combine strength or force against the enemy, to connect two ropes and fasten them together, to unite by a common aim, bond or purpose.

Exercise 2. Answer these questions.1. What does “desert” mean?2. What and who can be deserted?3. What is “abandon”?4. What and who may be abandoned?

Exercise 3. Say what do you do at the English lesson.Exercise 4. Write the following words in the alphabetical

order:Well, hard, thin, all, child, fat, know, home, us, lesson,

help, young, clean, short, chair, lazy, tall, go, very, do.

Exercise 5. Say what lessons you have today, what lessons you will have tomorrow, what lessons you had yesterday.

Exercise 6. Make up a conversation using the vocabulary from the lesson and conversational phrases.

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Home assignment1. Speak on the text “Turkmen Lake”.2. Exercise 6 in written form.3. Learn vocabulary.

UNIT 5 LESSON 4

GrammarPresent Perfect

a) The Present Perfect is formed by using the Present Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the main verb.

b) In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed be-fore the subject.

c) In the negative form the negative particle not is pla ced after the auxiliary verb.

Affirmative Interrogative NegativeI have worked Have I worked? I have not workedYou have worked Have you worked? You have not workedHe has worked Has he worked? He has not workedShe has worked Has she worked? She has not workedWe have worked Have we worked? We have not worked

d) The contracted affirmative forms are:I’ve workedHe’s workedYou’ve workede) The negative forms are:I haven’t workedHe hasn’t workedYou haven’t worked

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f) The negative – interrogative forms are:Has he not worked?Hasn’t she worked?g) The use of the Present Perfect.The Present Perfect denotes a completed action connec-

ted with the present.E.g. They have finished doing the exercise.I am a little frightened for I have lost my way.h) The Present Perfect is frequently used with the adverbs

just, yet, already and of late. E.g. Mr. Worthing has not returned from town yet.I have written to him.He has done a great deal of work of late.i) The Present Perfect is used in adverbial clauses of time

after the conjunctions when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future.

E.g. Don’t buy any more meat until you have spoken to the mistress about it. I am not going till you have answered me.

j) The Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect.An action expressed by the Past Indefinite belongs ex

clusively to the sphere of the past, while the Present Perfect shows that a past occurrence is connected with the present time.

E.g. She is not well and has changed very much of late. She changed very much many years ago.

k) The Present Perfect is never used with adverbial modifiers of the past time yesterday, the other day, last week, etc.

The Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite are used with such adverbial modifiers as today, this week, etc.

E.g. I have told you three times that this week she is coming home for a year.

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I want to see your sister, the woman who gave me mo-ney today.

l) The adverb just is used with the Present Perfect.E.g. I have just hired a new pianist.

Exercise 1. Read and learn.1. Have you read many books by Dickens? Yes, I have. I have read it.2. Have you brought the exercise-books? No, I haven’t. I’ve forgotten them. I’ll bring them to

morrow.3. Have you taken the textbooks from the library? Yes, we have. All of us have taken them.4. What has Gurban done? He has broken the window.5. What has Jemal done? She has written the date on the board.6. What have you prepared for today’s lesson? Reading of the text, answering the questions and re

telling the text.7. What has Bayram written on the board? Nothing.8. Have you finished your work? Yes, I have.9. Has the bell gone? Yes, it has. Then the lesson is

over, you are free.10. What mark have you got on the test? I have got a 5 (or excellent mark).11. Meret, you have done the exercises very well!12. Are you Berdi-aga? I’ve heard so much about you.13. You haven’t changed at all.14. Look! What nice flowers Jeren has brought.15. The rain has stopped, we can go.16. I’ve done my homework and now I am completely

free.

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17. Have you ever been to Ashgabat? Yes. I’ve been there often. I’ve been there se veral

times.18. Have you ever traveled by air? No, I have not.19. We’ll have to wait for the teacher, he hasn’t finished

his work yet.20. I’ve never heard of it.21. I’ve never seen such a wonderful film.22. Where is Kerim? He must be here somewhere. I’ve

just seen him.23. Can I see the principal? Sorry, she has just left.24. I’ve worked hard all day today.25. Have you been to the theatre lately? I haven’t seen

you for ages.26. We haven’t met since January, have we?27. So much has happened since I saw you last.28. Where have you been all this time? 29. I haven’t been here since May.30. We have known each other for two years.

Exercise 2. Read and learn.Mother: Where’s that shirt you wanted me to iron for

you, Berdi?Berdi: I’ve ironed it myself, mother.Mother: Where’s that jacket you wanted me to mend for

you, Geldi?Geldi: I’ve mended it myself, mother.Jeren: Where’s that button you wanted me sew on for

you, Myrat?Myrat: I’ve sewn it on myself, Jeren.Gozel: Where’s that tie you wanted me to press for you,

Bayram?Bayram: I’ve pressed it myself, Gozel.

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Mother: Where’s that dress, you wanted me to help you put on.

Maysa: I’ve put it on myself, mother.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.1. How is the Present Perfect formed? (affirmative, in

terrogative, and negative forms). Give examples.2. What action does the Present Perfect denote?3. What adverbs are used with the Present Perfect?4. What conjunctions are used with the Present Perfect?

Give examples.5. What’s the difference between the Past Indefinite and

the Present Perfect?6. What adverbial modifiers in the past are never used

in the Present Perfect?7. What adverbial modifiers are used in both the Present

Perfect and the Past Indefinite?8. When are the adverbs “just” and “just now” used?

Exercise 4. Read and learn.Oraz: Have you finished reading your book, Selbi?

I want to take it back to the library.Selbi: No, I haven’t been able to finish it yet. I think I’ll

be able to finish it by tea-time.Aman: Have you used English verbs in your paper, Shi

rin?Shirin: Yes, but I haven’t been able to type it out yet,

Aman. I think I’ll be able to type it out tomorrow.Gurban: Well, don’t you have that experiment with the

magnet, Geldi?Geldi: No, I haven’t been able to get the right kind of

wire. I’ll be able to get some at Durdy’s this afternoon.Meret: Have you talked to Veli today?Dovlet: No, I haven’t been able to get in touch with him.

His phone must be out of order. But I think I’ll be able to talk to him at the conference tomorrow.

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Exercise 5. Complete the sentences.E.g. Jennet, I haven’t time to mend your jacket.You must mend it yourself _____________.Jennet: I haven’t got time to iron your shirt Batyr.Aygozel: I haven’t got time to put your things in order,

Sahet.You ________________________.Father: I haven’ got time to solve Rejep’s problem.He _________________________.Batyr: I haven’t got time to write Berdi’s report.He _________________________.Bahar: I haven’t got time to clean Tylla’s dresses.She _______________________.Ayjemal: I haven’t got time to do the shopping.He________________________.Gurban: Selbi hasn’t got time to press my tie for me.I __________________________.Geldi: I haven’t got time to buy cinema tickets for Soyun

and Myrat.They ______________________.Tylla: I haven’t got time to buy cinema tickets for you

and me Serdar.We________________________.Bayram: Oraz hasn’t got time to buy cinema tickets for

you and me, Serdar.We_______________________________.

Exercise 6. Form comparative and superlative degrees of the adverbs:

Small, tall, old, young, last, light, clean, warm, cold.

Exercise 7. Form sentences, using as…as:Mike is ….tall…. Pete. Kate is…. nice….Ann. My room

is…. light…. this room. This book is…. thin…. that one.

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Gurban is…. old…. Aman. This woman is…. good…. that one. Pete knows English…. well…. his friend. I live…. far…. Ayna.

Exercise 8. Make up 5 interrogative sentences using begin and end.

E.g. When do your lessons begin?

Exercise 9. Write the month and the year of your birth.

Home assignment1. Learn the grammar rules and use the Present Per

fect in your sentences and conversations.2. Answer the questions on the Present Perfect.3. Make up 10 sentences using the Present Perfect.4. Read and retell the text “ Turkmen Lake”.

UNIT 5 LESSON 5

Grammar revision.The verbs: to hold, to keep

1. Maral is holding in her hand the letter which her class got from their friends in Turkey.

2. They keep the letters they receive from their foreign friends in a special box for everyone to read.

3. Sapar, Jeren’s brother, keeps rabbits. He feeds them, cleans their boxes and gives them his best attention.

4. Jeren is holding a rabbit in her hands. This is one of her pets. 5. The coats are not heavy. Only one nail holds them

up.6. In summer they keep their dresses in cellophane

bags, so that they will not be eaten by moths.

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Remember!

To hold means to have in the hands, to support with the hand, arms or by any other means.

E.g. To hold a book, (a hammer, a parcel, a picture).To keep means to maintain, or preserve.E.g. To keep sheep, birds, fish, etc.To keep books on a shelf, to keep food in the fridge, etc.

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with to hold or to keep, using the correct tense.

1. The coat is quite wet …. … it near the fire for a few minutes.

2. The eagle is … the prey in its sharp beak.3. Will you … the bag for me?4. The little girl was … her father’s hand.5. Where do you ……… your tortoise?6. A poorly dressed man was sitting in front of the fire.

He was … his head in his hands.7. If you … my box for a minute, I’ll go and get you

a chair.8. We must not … library books more than ten days.9. Where do you … your woolen dress in summer?

Exercise 2. Give English equivalents of the following, then make up sentences of your own, using these phrases:

Baýdagy eliňde saklamak, atlary (sygyrlary, balyklary...) saklamak, saýawany saklamak, eliňi kelläniň üstünde saklamak, puluňy ätiýaçlyk bankynda saklamak (saving bank), bir zady agzyňda saklamak, bir zady çüňkünde sak-lamak (beak), önümleri ýerzeminde saklamak (cellar), kitap-lary tekjede sak lamak, biriniň elini saklap durmak, eşikleri garderobda saklamak (wardrobe).

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Exercise 3. Complete the sentences.

1. I should … 2. You should … 3. He (she) should … 4. We should … 5. They should … 6. Myrat should … 7. Jemal should … 8. Aman and Kemal should …

Exercise 4. Fill in the prepositions.

There is a lot … snow … the ground … winter. The sun shines brightly … the sky … July. Here are a lot … tractors … the fields. We have a holiday … the 21-st of March. We have physical training … Thursday. Farmers work hard … spring, summer and autumn.


1. What does “gather” mean?2. What words are its synonyms?3. Where can people assemble?4. What is the meaning of the word “reach”?5. What can we reach?6. What does “begin” mean?7. What are its synonyms?8. What does “join” mean?9. What words are its synonyms?

Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks with desert, abandon, be-gin, start, arrive, connect, reach, join, gather, unite, assemble, commence in the required form.

1. A large lake is being built in the center of the Garagum …

2. After a month he … his family.3. She could not … her husband.4. A crowd had … in front of the building.5. All the people … in a big hall.6. We … Ashgabat in the morning.

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7. They … in Turkmenabat on Saturday.8. The pupils … to write a test.9. The doctor … the operation.10. The pupils … the journey.11. The streams … the river.12. Two houses are … by a passage.13. They are … by a common bond.

Home assignment.1. Learn the new words. Use them in a dialogue.2. Do exercises 1, 2, 3, 4.

UNIT 5 LESSON 6

Koytendag – a Wonderful corner of turkmenistan

Do you know where Koytendag is?Yes. It is in the eastern Turkmenistan. Koytendag is the

name of one of Turkmenistan’s mountains. And there is a district which is also called Koytendag.

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So, we shall speak of a mountainous place, of the Koytendag reserve, about its animals and plants.

There are 8 reserves in our country and the Koytendag reserve is one of them. It is the youngest reserve. It was created in 1986 and its area is 27,139 hectares. This reserve is at the foot of the Koytendag Mountains. Turkmenistan’s highest point, Ayrybaba point is here on this mountain, its height is 3137 metres.

The animal and plant life is very rich and diverse. Many rare animals and plants grow in and inhabit this area.

We can see about 40 species of mammals, 100 species of birds, 25 kinds of reptiles, many kinds of vertebral animals and invertebrates, 60 kinds of butterflies, numerous billy-goats, lynxes, tigers, gazelles, lizards, cobras, hyenas, polecats, dif ferent fish, eagles, and hawks.

900 kinds of different plants grow here, such as fir-trees, almond-trees. Fir-tree forests occupy about 30000 hectares of land and 16000 hectares of it are protected by the state.

There are many caves, springs, underground la kes, beautiful valleys and a 27 metre high waterfall in the Koy

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tendag reserve. A 500 year-old fir-tree is also here. There are many forests and one of them is a forest where plane trees grow, its area is 3 hec tares. Pistachio trees occupy about 1,5 thousand hec tares of land. It is in the western part of Koytendag.

Koytendag is an amazing corner of Turkmenis tan. And we advise you to travel to this wonderful place of nature when the opportunity arises.

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.1. Where is Koytendag?2. How many reserves are there in Turkmenis tan?3. When was the Koytendag reserve created?4. What is its area?5. What is Turkmenistan’s highest point?6. How high is the highest point?7. How many kinds of mammals are there?8. How many kinds of birds and butterflies live there?9. What other wild animals live there?10. How many kinds of plants grow in Koytendag?11. What’s the area of the fir-tree forest?12. What parts of the fir-trees are protected?13. What other strange things are there?14. What is the oldest tree growing in Koytendag?15. What is the area of the pistachio tree forest?16. In which part of Koytendag is it?17. In which part of Turkmenistan is Koytendag?18. Have you been to Koytendag?

reserve – something that is being or has been stored for later use area – region of the earth’s surface point – peak, summit, top height – measurement from bottom to top diverse – assorted, different inhabit – to live in rare – unusual, uncommon, not often happening

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come across – meet accidentally, by chance, by accident mammal – any of the class of animals which feed their young with milk reptile-cold – blooded animal that creeps or crawls/a lizard, tortoise, crocodile vertebral /animal/ – animal, bird with a backbone invertebrate – animal without a backbone butterfly – insect with four wings, often brightly co lored billy – a male goat lynx – short (–) tailed wild animal of the cat family noted for its keen sight gazelle – small graceful kind of antelope lizard – kinds of creeping, long-tailed four-legged reptiles cobra – a poisonous snake hyena – a dog like African canine polecat – small, dark brown, fur-covered animal eagle – large, strong bird of prey with keen sight hawk – strong, swift, keen – sighted bird of prey thin-growing – rarely growing fir-tree – evergreen tree with needle like leaves almond-tree – nut inside hard seed stone fruit of a tree related to the peach and plum protect – keep safe, to guard cave – hollow place in the side of a cliff or hill, large natural hollow under the ground source – starting point of a river waterfall – a stream of water falling from a height plane tree – one of several kinds of trees with spreading branches, and broad leaves pistachio tree – nut with a green edible kernel amaze – fill with great surprise and wonder opportunity – favorable time or chance occur – take place, happen

Word-study:1. Area (n) means region or zone.E.g. Wheat growing area. An oasis is a green or

fertile area in a desert.The desert area of Turkmenistan. Areas of population.Zone (n) means area.

7. Sargyt №1093

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E.g. Temperature zones; the zone of influence; the zone of free trade; Arctic zone; Polar zone; zone of action; zone of vegetation; the danger zone.

Region (n) means an area, zone.E.g. the tropical region; the Arctic region; forest region; a

mountain region; the upper region of air; the regions of heat and cold, the equatorial region; the polar region.

2. Rare (a) means not frequent, not found commonly, seldom.

E.g. Rare diamond, a rare event; a rare bird; rare things; rare guest.

Are such men rare? A rare gift; a rare pleasure.3. Animal (n) denotes any living thing that is not a

plant.E.g. Wild animals; domestic animals are such

agreeable friends, they ask no questions; they pass no criticisms.

Beast(n) denotes any animal, especially a large four-footed one, a wild animal.

E.g. Beasts of the forest, jungle, wild beasts of prey, beasts of chase, beasts of burden.

Brute (n) denotes any of the lower animals.E.g. I am not altogether the vicious brute you perhaps

imagine me to be.He had been a brute.Proverb: A solitary man is either a brute or an angel.4. Grow (v) is to increase in volume, size, amount,

length.E.g. The days are growing and the nights are getting

shorter; my difficulties are growing; the national debt of France has grown enormously since the war. Let knowledge grow.

Increase (v) means to grow in number or quantity.E.g. To increase the output of coal, iron and other miner-

als; to increase the production of goods; to increase trade.

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Enlarge (v) is to make larger, to increase the size, capacity of.

E.g. To enlarge a house, books, a coat; to enlarge a circle;5. Defend (v) is to guard or protect.E.g. to defend a person; to defend one’s country; to defend

a post; to defend a position in a battle; to defend a liberty.Protect (v) is to defend or guard.E.g. to protect one’s country; to protect one’s children; to

protect one’s eyes from the sun; to protect one’s head; a soldier protects his country.

Guard (v) is to keep safe from injury.E.g. to guard somebody; to guard one’s life; to guard

one’s property; to guard one’s reputation, to guard one’s love.6. Create (v) is to produce or make; to bring into exis

tence, to make something new, original or different.Make (v) is to produce by an action, to bring into exis

tence, to create, to manufacture.E.g. To make a machine; to make a coat; to make a cake;

this factory makes pens, pencils; to make a poem; to make a play; to make a portrait; to make a speech; to make a joke; a plan; to make a bridge.

Manufacture (v) is to make or produce.E.g. to manufacture cotton goods; to manufacture furni

ture; to manufacture articles of wool, glass.Produce (v) is to make, to manufacture.E.g. to produce steel; to produce cotton goods; to produce

a sensation; steam is produced by heating water; to produce delicate roses.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.1. What does area mean?2. What’s the meaning of zone?3. What is region?

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4. What does rare mean?5. What is the meaning of animal?6. What are its synonyms?7. What is the meaning of the word create?8. What things can be made?9. What is manufacture?10. What does defend mean?11. What do people protect?12. What’s the meaning of word guard?13. What does grow mean?14. What do increase and enlarge mean?

Exercise 3. Make the following words plural and make up sentences with them.

A doctor, a watch, a song, a box, a library, a man, a note, a child, a room, a woman, a factory, an office.

Exercise 4. Fill in the prepositions behind, from, to, in front of, in, at.

There is a beautiful flowerbed … the house.The nurse does not live far … the hospital. There is a

little garden … the house.Maral’s mother works … the library. Let’s go … the post

office.We live … Lebap region.


1. How many rooms are there in your flat?2. How many windows are there in your room?3. How many flats are there in your house?4. How many books are there in your library?5. How many pupils are there in your class?

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Home assignment

1. Read the text and retell it.2. Learn the vocabulary.3. Answer the questions on the text.4. Make up sentences with area, zone, region, rare,

animal, brute, beast, grow, increase, enlarge, defend, protect, guard, create, make, manufacture, produce.

UNIT 5 LESSON 7

the Underground miracle

Key-words.1. God-blessed – sacred. 2. Cave – a hole in the ground or mountain.3. Carbonate – containing carbon dioxide gas bubbles.4. Hydrogen – the lightest gaseous chemical element.5. Bromine – a chemical element used in medicine.6. Iodine – a chemical element used in medicine.7. Ulcers – a break in the skin or inside the body that may

bleed and hurt, a sore.8. A fig-tree – a kind of tree grown in Asia.

Kowata Lake

Turkmenistan, our Fatherland is a god-blessed land. The wonderful places which exist in our country prove it. The underground lake “Kowata” is one of them. It is situated in the Baharly district in the western part of Turkmenistan at 75 km from Ashgabat. This cave which amazes visitors is

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located in the foot-hills of the mountains. In order to reach the lake it is necessary to travel 65 metres underground. In the past people used ropes to get down into the cave. At pre-sent the cave has a special entrance and people can enter the cave and go out by steps.

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If you go into the cave and look around you will see a wonderful sight. You will feel like you are in a fairy-tale. The length of the cave is 230 metres and it occupies an area of 72 square metres. The width of it is 30 metres and the depth is 10-15 metres. The strange thing is that the water of the “Kowata” lake is very warm and pleasant.

If you go into it you do not want to get out for a long time. For many years it has preserved its 32-36 degree temperature. As the specialists state, this wonderful place acquired its present form as a result of carbonate deposits over thousands of years. Its water contains such elements as sulfur, hydrogen, bromine, and iodine which are beneficial for our health. According to medical science this water has wonderful healing properties and is a good remedy for nerve and coetaneous diseases.

There are many different legends about this wonderful underground lake. One of them is as follows. A man had an ox. Over a period of time the body of the ox became covered with ulcers that would not heal. Nothing helped to cure the terrible ulcers so the owner of the ox, feeling helpless, let the ox go to the field. In three days he saw his ox in a dream. The man felt that there was some meaning in it and went in search of his ox. Following the footprints of his ox he came to the foothills of the mountains. Thus he came to the underground lake. When he looked down he saw nothing. The man heard the sound of flowing water. “Who is there?” he cried. He heard the following answer: “I’m here, come down with the rope”. When he reached the bottom of the cave he saw an elderly man that looked like an angel. The cave became brighter. When he looked about he saw a little lake. His ox was standing on the shore of the lake. He was surprised to see that the ulcers on the body of his ox had closed. The elderly man who looked like an angel said: “This water was a remedy for the ulcers of the ox”. Then he gave the owner of the ox some handfuls of leaves from a fig-tree tied in a piece of cloth. Then he said: “Do not

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open it till you get home”. But the owner of the ox was very curious and opened the tied cloth on the way home. A lot of fig-tree leaves scattered away. He could only manage to hold a few of the leaves. When he got home every leaf of the fig tree became a piece of gold.

Since Independence the lake has been well taken care of. At present there is a special “Kowata” state tourist agency which is a branch of the state committee of Tourism and sport of Turkmenistan at “Kowata”. The enterprise is doing a lot of work for the benefit of people. Cafes, bars, tea-rooms, and sports grounds have been built for the tourists coming from different parts of our country and abroad. During the time of revival, in response to the wishes of our esteemed President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov for the deve lopment of national tourism and sports, we are planning to build a swimming pool and a hotel with all modern conveniences for twenty people at “Kowata”.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.1. Where is underground lake “Kowata“ situated?2. What are the length, width and depth of the lake?3. What kind of chemical elements does the water contain?4. What does one of the legends tell us about?5. What is a special “Kowata“ state tourist agency doing

for the benefit of the people?6. What other wonderful places in our country do you

know?

Exercise 2. Retell the legend using the cues:1. A man had ……..2. The body of the ox was covered with …….3. The owner of the ox let …………4. In three days ………5. He went in search …….6. Following the footprints …….7. Thus he came ……….

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8. The man looked down and heard ……9. The man asked who was there and heard ……

10. When he reached the bottom of the cave ……11. When the man looked about, …….12. The ulcers on the body ….13. The elderly man said, that the water of the lake

was…..

Home assignment1. Learn the new words.2. Read the text and retell it.

tESt 2

test yourself

1. Complete the sentences with she was, she is or she will be.

E.g. Yesterday she was in Paris.1. Tomorrow _________in Amsterdam.2. Last week___________in Barcelona.3. Next week__________in London.4. At the moment ________in Brussels.5. Three days ago_________in Munich.6. At the end of her trip______very tired.

2. Complete the sentences. Use have to or has to + one of these verbs: do, read, speak, take, wear.

E.g. My eyes are not very good. I have to wear glasses.1. At the end of the course all the students____ _____a

test.2. Mary is studying literature. She________a lot of books.

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3. Albert doesn’t understand much English. You ________ very slowly to him.

4. Kate is not often at home. She________a lot in her job.

3. Complete the sentences with prepositions.E.g. Mr. Porter is nice to everyone.1. Are you ready_________take the test?2. I’m angry________ Greg.3. Are you afraid_______ dogs?4. Sometimes people aren’t kind _________ animals.5. One inch is equal________2.54 centimeters.6. I’m thirsty, I need __________drink a big glass of wa

ter.7. Joe has good manners. He’s always polite _________

everyone.8. I’m not familiar ________that book. Who wrote it?9. Children ask” Why?” a lot. They are curious ________

everything.10. Anna got a good job that pays well. I’m very happy

_______her.11. Anna is very happy______________getting a new job.12. Jack’s thermos bottle is full_________coffee.

4. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs.To love, to relax, to cook, to arrive, to listen,

to bring.

1. On weekdays I like_____________to music or just to _______and have a rest.

2. Sometimes a friend comes for dinner. He or she ____________ the cake and we have dinner.

3. My children ___________me very much and we like playing games together.

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4. On Saturday evenings I _____________ home very late and go to bed at 1:00 a.m.

5. Every holiday my mother __________ very tasty cakes and cookies.

5. Write, play or go.1. In summer we don’t __________ ice hockey in Turk

menistan.2. Every summer our family _________swimming to the

Caspian sea.3. In winter I __________ skiing with my friends.4. My brother ____________ tennis and my sister _______

golf.5. In the Caspian we don’t _____________windsurfing.6. Do you ____________volleyball? No, I don’t.7. Let’s _________for a walk. In the evening Ashgabat is

beautiful.8. Sometimes my father______________ fishing in spring.9. People ___________dancing at the disco.

6. Make up sentences.1. the place, was, I, born, this, is, where.2. Stratford, England, of, is, in, right, the centre.3. we, to, came, on, Moscow, his, birthday.4. there is, behind, a garden, the house.5. we, after, went, lunch, the fields, across.6. they, to Stratford, hope, next, to return, year.7. Anne, the woman, Shakespeare, was, that, married.8. there was, at, a chair, the window.9. he, his dinner, this plate, eats, from, probably.10. I, bricks, nothing, but, a few, see.

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pART III

UNIT 6 LESSON 1

mEmOry WOrK

this land is your land(Music & Lyrics by Woody Guthrie)

This land is your land, this land is my landFrom California to the New York Island,From the red wood forest to the Gulf stream water,This land was made for you and me

As I went walking that ribbon of highwayI saw above me that endless skyway,I saw below me that golden valleyThis land was made for you and me.

Exercise 1. Learn to read these words.1. Alaska 9. China2. Hawaii 10. The Gulf of Mexico3. Florida 11. The Grand Canyon4. Atlantic Ocean 12. The Colorado5. Mount McKinley 13. The Rocky Mountains 6. The Mississippi 7. The Missouri 8. The Appalachians

Guide to the USA

Capital: Washington, D.C.Form of government: Republic

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Area: 9, 363, 563 square kmPopulation: about 270,002,000; density – 29 people per

square kmChief production: Agriculture – beef cattle, milk,

corn, soybeans, hogs, chickens, wheat, cotton, eggs. Fishing industry – salmon, shrimps and crabs. Manufacturing processed foods, motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, fabricated metal products, printed materials, computers and computer parts, paper, gasoline and other refined petroleum products, plastic products, industrial chemicals, airplanes and parts, textiles, clothing, pharmaceuticals.

Mining natural gas, coal, copper.Flag: Adopted on June 14, 1777National anthem: The Star Spangled Banner, ad

opted on March 3, 1931Bird: Bald eagle, adopted on June 20, 1782Flower: Rose, adopted on October 7, 1986Money: USA dollar.National holiday: Independence Day, July 4

the United States of America

part I

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the North and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the South. It also has sea border with Russia.

The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where Washington, the capital of the country, is situated. The population of the country is about 270 million.

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If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains.

The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Appalachian Mountains. The highest peak is Mount McKinley which is located in Alaska.

Many rivers cross the United States. But the greatest is the mighty Mississippi. Native Americans called it “the father of waters”. It begins quietly in the north of the country and ends in the Gulf of Mexico, nearly four thousand miles (6400 km) away.

The Colorado River rises in the Rocky Mountains or the Rockies that stretch from Alaska down almost to the south of the country. Another big mountain chain is the Appalachians in the east also running from north to south.

The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the North. The climate of Alaska is arctic; the climate of central part is continental; the south has a subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring hurricanes. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It is the world’s leading producer of copper and oil and the world’s second largest producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important manufacturing industries are the aircraft, automobile, textile, machine-building and paper industries.

The largest cities of the USA are New York, Los-Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Washington and others.

The USA is a federal Union of 50 states; each of them has its own government. The federal capital is Washington, D.C. It was named after the first President of the USA George Washington. According to the US Constitution, the government of the USA is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judicial. The Congress consists of

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the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are two main political parties in the USA – the Republican and the Democratic.

The flag of the United States is called “Stars and Stripes”. The 50 stars – white on a blue field represent the 50 states and the 13 stripes – 13 original English colonies, which became free and independent of England in 1776.

soybeans – an annual crop plant of the pea family hogs – a full-grown pig, raised for its meat salmon – a popular food fish that usually has a large, silver body with a dark back shrimp – a small free – swimming crustacean pharmaceuticals – a medicinal product, drug

Exercise 1. Now you have learnt some facts about the USA. Can you answer the questions?

1. Where is the USA situated?2. The USA is situated between which two oceans?3. What countries does it share borders with in the north

and in the south?4. What principal rivers of America do you now? 5. What is the typical weather of the country?6. What is the USA rich in?7. What is the population of the country?8. What mighty rivers of the USA do you know?9. What big mountain chains can you name?10. What theUS big cities do you know?11. What is the political system of the USA?12. What does the US national flag represent?

Exercise 2. Look at the map of the US, find the places men-tioned in the text and speak about them.

Home assignmentGet ready to speak about the following:1. The US geographical outlook;2. The USA is a highly developed industrial country.

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UNIT 6 LESSON 2

the USA and its people

part II

The population of the United States is a mixture of many different nationalities.

Every American schoolchild learns that the United Sta-tes is a country of immigrants. In the past, people from different European countries came to the USA and made one country. In one city you can find people whose parents, grandparents or great-grandparents came from China, Africa, South America, Southeast Asia, and every European country. These different people brought a wonderful mixture of customs and traditions to their new land. For example, the Germans brought Christmas Trees, the Irish brought St. Patrick’s Day celebrations, and the Scots brought Hallo-ween.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.1. What does the population of United States of America

represent?2. What did different people bring to their new land?3. Who brought St. Patrick’s Day celebrations? / Hal-

loween?

Exercise 2. Read this poem and explain what it is about.

memory workAmerica was founded by the EnglishBut also by Germans, Dutch and French.The principle still sticks;

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Our heritage is mixed.So any kid could be the president.

by Lynn Ahrens

American food and drinkWhat is “American” food? The answer is that it is part

Italian, part British, part German, part Mexican, part Chinese… When people from other countries came to live in the US, they brought different cooking traditions. Some of them opened restaurants. Today Americans enjoy food from all over the world. Over the years some foreign dishes changed a little. Doughnuts were originally from Holland. In 1847 a young American boy told his mother that her doughnuts were never cooked in the middle. He cut out the centers and his mother cooked them–and they were very tasty!

Maybe the US is most famous for “fast foods”. The first fast food restaurants served hamburgers, but now they serve other kinds of food too. Inside there is often a “salad bar”, where you can help yourself to as much salad as you want.

Americans eat a lot, and when they go to a restaurant, they don’t expect to be hungry afterwards. Most restaurants will put a lot of food on your plate – sometimes it can be too much. But if you can’t finish it all, don’t worry: they will give you a “doggy bag” and you can take it home.

Most Americans now have a light breakfast instead of the traditional eggs, bacon, toast, orange juice and coffee. But on weekends there is more time, and a large late breakfast or early lunch (“brunch”) is often eaten with family or friends. Exercise 3. The USA QUIZ. Answer these questions about

the United States of America. Tick off to the correct answer.1. Where does the president of the United States live

and work?

8. Sargyt №1093

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In Congress In the White House In the Pentagon 2. Which is the biggest state in the USA?Texas California Alaska 3. How many states are there in the USA?

48 52 50

4. Who was the first President of the USA?George Washington Abraham Lincoln Ulysses

Grant 5. Why do the Americans celebrate the 4th of July?The first moon landing Declaration of Independence

The end of the American Civil War 6. In which city is Hollywood?New York San Francisco Los Angeles 7. The American Flag is often called …Union Jack the Stars and Stripes the Red Dragon

the White Eagle 8. There are … stripes on the American flag.

7 6 50 13 9. The official national symbol of the USA is... The Statue of Liberty the Eagle the Turkey the

“Mayflower” 10. What kind of food do American people enjoy?Only American only hamburgers food from all over

the world only salads

Home assignmentRetell the text “The USA and its People”.

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UNIT 6 LESSON 3

The British IslesThe British Isles consist of England, Wales, Scotland and

Ireland (the southern part of which is the Republic Irish), and a great number of small islands, especially to the west of Scotland, their total area is about 120,000 square miles. It is about half size of Germany and France and about a seventieth of Russia.

Britain is comparatively small, but there is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery can be found in so small an area.

There are wild desolate mountains in the nor thern Highlands of Scotland – the home of the deer and the eagle – that are as lonely as any in Norway. There are flat tulip fields round the Fens – a blaze of colour in spring, that would make you think you were in Holland. Within a few miles of the dirt and smoke of Manchester and Sheffield you can find yourself in the glorious heather – covered moors. Once the Bri tish Isles were part of the mainland of Europe – the nearest point is across the Strait of Dover, where the chalk cliffs of Britain are only twenty-two miles from France.

The seas round the British Isles are shallow. The North sea is no more than 600 feet deep, so that if St.Paul’s Cathedral were put down in any part of it, some of the Cathedral would still be above water. The shallowness is in some ways an advantage. Shallow water is warmer than deep water and it helps to keep the shores from becoming extremely cold. The coastline of Britain has many splendid harbors for ships, and you will note, too, that owing to the shape of the country there is no point in it that is more than seventy metres from the shore and this has made the English race a sea-loving one.

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In the north-west the coasts are broken by high rocky cliffs. This is especially noticeable in north-west Scotland, where there are long winding inlets and a great many islands.

In Scotland there are three distinct regions. There is, firstly, the Highlands, then there is the central plain or Lowlands. Finally there are the southern uplands “the Scott country”, with their gently rounded hills where the sheep wander. Here there are more sheep to the square mile than anywhere in the British Isles.

In England and Wales all the high land is in the west and north-west. The south-eastern plain reaches the west coast only at one or two places – at the Bristol Channel and by the mouths of the rivers Dee and Mersey.

In the north you find the Cheviots that separate England from Scotland, the Pennines going down England like a backbone and the Cumbrian mountains of the Lake District, one of the loveliest (and the wettest) parts of England. In the west there are the Cambrian mountains which occupy the greater part of Wales.

The south-eastern part of England is a low-lying land with gentle hills and a coast which is regular in outline, sandy or muddy, with occasional chalk cliffs. Further inland there is a lovely pattern of green and gold over the land – for most of England’s wheat is grown here – and brown plough-land with pleasant farms and cottages in their midst.

Its rich brown soil is deeply cultivated – much of it is under wheat; fruit-growing is extensively engaged in. A quarter of the sugar used in the country comes from the sugar-beets grown there, but the most important crop is potatoes.

The position of the mountains naturally determines the direction and length of the rivers. The longest rivers, except the Severn and Clyde, flow into the North Sea. The Severn flows eastward or south-east for the greater part of its length.

The rivers of Britain are of no great value as waterways.

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The longest river, the Thames, is a little over 200 miles – and few of them are navigable except near the mouth for anything but the smallest vessels.

Some of the greatest ports are in the estuaries of the Thames, the Tyne, the Clyde, the Tay, the Forth and the Bristol Avon.

memory work Breathes there a man, with soul so dead,Who never to himself hath said,This is my own, my native land!Whose heart hath ne’er within him burnedAs home his footsteps he hath turnedFrom wandering on a foreign strand?

From “The Love of the Country”by Sir Walter Scott

to situate – to put in a particular place mountain – a very high, steep hill land – the part of the earth’s surface, that is not covered by water low – not high, tall or above the ground lake – a large area of water surrounded by land naturally – in a natural manner; of course important – having great effect or of great value seaport – a town or city with a harbor for seagoing ships ice – frozen water snow – frozen water vapor in the atmosphere, that falls in light white flakes or settles on the ground as a white layer rain – the condensed moisture of the atmosphere falling in separate drops temperature, wind, rain, etc deep – extending far down or in from the top or surface variety – the quality of being different or varied scenery – the painted background used to represent a place on a stage or film set, sights to be seen in an area shallow – not deep sandy – covered in or consisting of sand muddy – covered in or full of mud.

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Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.1. Where is Great Britain situated?2. What do the British Isles consist of?3. What is their total area?4. What peculiarities do they have?5. Where are wild mountains and tulip fields situated?6. How deep is the North Sea?7. What’s the advantage of shallowness?8. What regions are there in Scotland?9. Where are the Highlands?10. What separates England from Scotland?11. Which river is the longest in England?12. Which river is the deepest? 13. How many people live in London?14. What are the main industrial centers in the UK?15. What does Great Britain export?16. What are the important ports of the country?

Exercise 2. Read the text, look at the map and describe the British Isles. Write down a plan of the text.

Home assignment1. Read and retell the text “British Isles”.2. Learn the words.

UNIT 6 LESSON 4

Grammar.

Present Perfect Passive

Has beenHave been + done

(Participle II)

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Exercise 1. Read and translate the following.1. The address has been written correctly. 2. Fresh ap

ples have been brought from the garden. 3. His stories are liked by everybody. 4. The cup was won by our football team. 5. The armchairs have been taken away to another room. 6. The schoolchildren have been advised to see the new film. 7. The delegation was warmly met at the station. 8. These places of interest are visited by many people.

Exercise 2. Read the sentences, find out the meaning of the underlined words and translate them.

1. In her youth she was very beautiful. Youth [ju:] – ýaşlyk, ýetginjeklik, ýaşlar.

2. This is the site of the new school. Site [sait] – ýer, ýerleşýän ýeri.

3. There are five hostels at the Institute. Hostels [hstel] – umumy ýaşaýyş jaýy, myhmanha-

na, howly.4. The Weather Bureau is known to everybody who is

interested in the weather. Bureau [′bjuru] – býuro, komitet, edara, ýazuw

stoly.

Exercise 3. Read the sentences and copy the verbs in the Pre sent Perfect Passive:

1. We have been told that he can’t come today. 2. I have been asked to visit him. 3. Our work has not been finished yet. 4. Two birthdays have been ce lebrated in our office. 5. We haven’t been asked to do the work yet.

Exercise 4. Read the sentences, pick out the ones with the Present Perfect Passive and translate them.

I have turned on the light. 2. Have any letters been brought by the postman? 3. Have you been to Ashgabat? 4. The classroom windows have been shut by the pupil on

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duty. 5. She has got a nice present from her mother. 6. Our room has not been papered yet. 7. I don’t think the arm-chairs have been brought.

Guide to the United KingdomCapital: London Official language: English Official name: The United Kingdom of Great Bri tain

and Northern Ireland.National anthem: “God Save the Queen” (or “ King”) Form of the government: Constitutional monarchy.

In practice, a parliamentary democracy.Head of state: Monarch (queen or king) National flag: “The British Union Flag” or “The Union

Jack”, officially adopted in 1801.Area: 244,154 square kmPopulation: 58, 287 million people, density – 236 peo

ple per square km; 89 % urban, 11 % rural.Money: the British (pound sterling) pound. Chief products: Agriculture – beef and dairy cattle,

sheep, chickens and eggs, hogs, milk, sugar beets, wheat.Manufacturing: aerospace equipment, chemicals and

pharmaceuticals, electrical and electronic pro ducts, iron and steel, machinery, ships, textiles and clothing.

Mining – coal, natural gas, petroleum.Fishing industry – cod, haddock, herring, mackerel

and whiting.the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on two large islands called the British Isles. The Larger Island is Great Britain, which consists of three parts: England, Scotland and Wales.

The country is situated in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Irish Sea, which is between Great Britain and Ireland.

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There are mountain chains in Scotland, Wales and north-west England, but they are not very high. North-west England is also famous for its beautiful lakes.

The longest river in England is the Severn, and the deepest is the Thames, on which the capital of England, London, is situated.

The United Kingdom is a highly-developed industrial country. It exports machinery, vessels, motors and other goods. One of its main industries is the textile industry and a lot of British textiles are exported.

The United Kingdom buys and sells many goods because it has to import food products and raw materials from many countries all over the world.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions on the text The United Kingdom.

1. Where is the United Kingdom (the UK) situated?2. How many parts does the larger island consist of?3. What bodies of water surround the country?4. What are there in Scotland, Wales and north-west

England?5. What is the north-west England famous for?6. Which river is the longest in England?7. And which river is the deepest?8. Where does London stand?9. What country is the UK?10. What does it export?11. What is one of its main industries?12. What does Great Britain have to import?

Home assignment1. Make up short dialogues on the text “The United

Kingdom”.2. Make up 10 sentences in the Present Perfect Passive.

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UNIT 6 LESSON 5

Education in Great Britain

Education is compulsory in Britain for children between the ages of 5 and 15.

In England and Wales primary education continues until the age of 11. Between the ages of 5 and 7 children go to Infant school and between the ages of 7 and 11, to Junior school. The system is different in Scotland.

There are three types of publicly maintained secondary schools in England and Wales: grammar schools, secondary modern schools and secondary technical schools. Grammar schools provide education of an academic type, and a large number of grammar school children go on to university. Only 20-25 per cent of all the secondary school pupils attend grammar school, however; far more go to secondary modern schools, which provide a general education with a practical bias.

Selection for the different types of secondary schools is made at the age of eleven and is based on the opinion of the

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teachers who taught the child at primary school and on an examination known as the “eleven plus”.

Selection at such an early age, as well as the eleven plus examination are strongly criticized by many people. Certain educational authorities have set up comprehensive schools, which provide all types of se condary education for all children of a district. There is no eleven plus examination and each child is given an opportunity to develop his talents and follow his special interests.

The first comprehensive schools were set up in London.Most children have completed school at the age of 15,

but most grammar school children and a small number of secondary modern school children stay on until they are 16. Some grammar school children stay at school until the age of 17, 18 or even 19. There is no general leaving examination, but pupils may take an examination for the General Certificate of Education. The examination has two levels: “ordinary” (0-level), usually taken at the age of 16 and “advanced” (A-le vel) taken at the age of 18 or 19.

All this refers to publicly maintained schools, which are attended by more than 90 per cent of all the children between the ages of 5 and 15. No fees are charged to attend them. However, there also exist independent schools, the most important of which are the so-called “public schools” (for children between the ages of 13 and 18). Many public schools are several hundred years old. Nearly all of them are boarding schools and most of them are boy’s schools. They charge very high fees, and only really well-to-do people can afford to send their children to them; a year’s stay in a good public school costs as much as a small car.

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.1. Is education compulsory in Great Britain?2. Between what ages is education compulsory in Great

Britain?

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3. What types of schools are there in Great Bri tain?4. What does grammar school, secondary modern school

an secondary technical school mean?5. How do they select which pupils will attend the

schools?6. How many levels has the examination for the Ge neral

Certificate of education and what are they?7. Are the schools free of charge?8. What can you say about public schools?9. Are they free of charge?

Exercise 2. Fill in articles if necessary:

1. In … big cities … streets are broad and straight, there are … lot of squares and … beautiful parks. 2. At … each corner you can see … policemen regulating … traffic. 3. Let us walk to … nearest stop and take … bus. 4. If we don’t know where to go we will ask … policemen to show us … away. 5. When the traffic light changed from yellow to green, we crossed … street and entered … underground station, paid our fares, went down … escalator, got on … train. 6. There we left … metro and walked to … Institute. 7. Walk … short distance down … street till you come to … multi – storied house, then take … first right hand turn, walk down … block and you will see … entrance.

Exercise 3. Change the following sentences into indirect speech using the verbs to suggest or to offer.

1. “Let us study English together”, said Maya. 2. “Why don’t you buy a dictionary?” Maysa said to me. 3. “Let’s go to the park by the metro”, said Jeren. 4. “Take another piece of cake, it’s delicious”, said my friend. 5. “Let us rest for a while”, said my friend. 6. “Will you have another cup of tea?”, asked Mother. 7. “Let us visit Jennet”, said one of the pupils. 8. “Why not arrange some excursions during the winter holidays?”, said the monitor of the group.

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Exercise 4. Retell the following jokes using indirect speech:

1. Little John is on a crowded bus and he is sitting on his father’s lap. An elderly man gets on the bus and Johnny at once jumps down, politely takes off his hat, and says: ”May I offer you my seat?”

2. A woman hired a taxi. It began to race along, passing trams, cars, policemen, etc. The woman was frightened, and said to the taxi driver: “Please, be careful. This is the first time I ever ride in a taxi”. “It’s all right”, answered the taxi driver. This is the first time I ever ride in a taxi, too”.

Home assignment1. Read and retell the text.2. Make up 5 questions on the text.

UNIT 6 LESSON 6

Before you read

1. Do you know where Canada is? 2. What is the capital of Canada? 3. What else do you know about Canada?

Guide to Canada

Capital: Ottawa Official languages: English and FrenchArea: 9,970,610 square kmPopulation: 29,450,000; density 3 people per km square

kmChief products: Agriculture – beef, cattle, milk, wheat,

hogs, chickens, eggs. Fishing industry: crab, lobster, and salmon.

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Forestry: spruce, pine, fir. Manufacturing: motor vehicles and parts; processed foods and beverages; chemicals; electrical equipment, paper products; aluminum, steel and other metals; wood products.

Mining – natural gas, copper, gold, nickel, coal, zinc, potash, iron ore.

National anthem: “Oh, Canada”National symbols: Maple leaf and beaver.National holiday: Canada Day, July 1.Money: Basic unit dollar. One hundred cents equal one

dollar.

hog – a large domesticated pig spruce – a type of tall pine tree potash – a chemical compound found in burnt ashes maple – any of a large group of trees growing through out the Northern hemisphere, having lobed leaves and small two – winged fruit beaver – an animal that looks like a large rat with a long flat tail

CanadaCanada covers all of the North American continent

north of the USA except Alaska and the small French Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Its total area of 3,851,809 square miles makes it the second largest country in the world.

Canada is washed by three oceans, the Atlantic, the Arctic, and the Pacific.

The only land borders are with Alaska (a state in the USA) in the west and with the United States of America in the south.

Canada is a country of lakes. Besides the Great Lakes – Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario (the fifth Great Lake, Michigan, lies in the USA), there are many other very large lakes, for examp le, Great Bear Lake and Lake Winnipeg.

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Canada also has large rivers: the Mackenzie flows from the Rocky Mountains into the Arctic Ocean, the Yukon rises in Canada and flows into the Pacific Ocean, the St. Lawrence River flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

The most admirable sight which attracts tourists from all over the world is Niagara Falls. They are on the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.

Canada has several climatic regions. Winter in Canada lasts from four to five months with heavy snowfalls. There is much rain in the east and west, but less in the centre. Canada is self-governing federal state and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Though an independent nation, Canada, like Australia, has close institutional links with Britain. Formally the head of state is the King or Queen of England.

Canada includes ten provinces and two territories.Canada has a Parliament. The Canadian Parliament is

made up of the House of Commons and the Senate. Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Edmonton, Van

couver, Quebec and Hamilton are Canada’s most important cities.

The country also has the largest ports in the world. Canada’s largest ports are Quebec, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

Canada has an Academy of Sciences. It conducts research in science and technology.


1. Where is Canada situated? (Use the map)2. What countries border Canada? 3. Name the largest lakes and rivers in Canada? 4. What is the political system in Canada? 5. What are most important cities in Canada? (use the

map) 6. What is the climate of Canada?

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Grammar: though, even though, because.

(a) Because the weather was cold, I didn’t go swimming.

(b) Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming.

(c) Because I wasn’t tired, I did’t go to bed.

(d) Even though I wasn’t tired, I went to bed.

Because is used to express expected results.

Even though is used to express unexpected results.

Like because, even though introduces an adverb clause.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences by using either even though or because.

1. Tim’s in good shape physically even though he doesn’t get much exercise.

2. Jerry’s in good shape physically because he gets a lot of exercise.

3. ___________ Sue is a good student, she received a scholarship.

4. ____________ Ann is a good student, she didn't receive a scholarship.

5. ____________ it was raining , we went for a walk.6. ____________ it was raining, we didn’t go for a walk.7. This letter was delivered ____________ it didn’t have

enough postage.8. That letter was returned to the sender _________ it

didn’t have enough postage.9. Susan didn’t learn Spanish __________ she lived in

Mexico for a year 10. Joe speaks Spanish well ____________ he lived in

Mexico for a year.11. A newborn kangaroo can find its mother’s pouch

_____________ its eyes are not yet open.

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12. Some people protest certain commercial fishing operations ___________ Dolphins, considered to be highly intelligent mammals, are killed unneces-sarily.

Home assignmentRead the text Canada and retell it.

UNIT 7 LESSON 1

mEmOry WOrK

The seasonsA year is divided into seasonsEach seasons is unlike the othersWinter is the cold seasonSummer is the hot seasonSpring and autumn are between themWarm in part and partly cold.

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.1. Which season is here between winter and summer?2. When do we have autumn? (We have autumn between

summer and winter)3. What is the cold season called?4. Is spring hot?5. What is the hot season called?6. Is summer warm?7. Is winter warm?8. Is autumn cold?9. Is it summer now / winter, spring, autumn/?10. Have we cold days in summer?11. Which season do we have before summer?12. Which season do we have before winter?

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the year

Every season has three monthsAnd every year has twelveThe first, the second and the third.Are January, February and March.

The fourth, the fifth and sixthAre April, May and June.July and August are seventh and eighthSeptember, October, November, DecemberAre ninth and tenth, eleventh and twelfth.

Which of them are goodAnd which of them are bad?It all depends on how you lookAt what is joyful and what is sad.


1. What are the winter months?2. What are the months of spring?3. What are the summer months?4. What are the months of autumn?5. What is the first month of the year?6. What is the second /third, fourth, etc.?7. What is the sixth month called?8. What is the seventh month called?9. What are the hot months?10. What are the cold months?11. What are the long months?12. What are the short months?13. What months are joyful?

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Exercise 3. Perform the operations and give the answers in English.

5 x 5five times five

3 x 3three times three

6 + 2six plus two

7 – 3seven minus

three12 + 15

twelve plus fifteen

14 + 10fourteen plus

ten

50 – 25fifty minus twenty-five

10 : 2 = 5ten divided 2

is five Cardinal Ordinal1 – one – first2 – two – second3 – three – third4 – four – fourth5 – five – fifth6 – six – sixth7 – seven – seventh8 – eight – eighth9 – nine – ninth10 – ten – tenth11 – eleven – eleventh12 – twelve – twelfth13 – thirteen – thirteenth14 – fourteen – fourteenth15 – fifteen – fifteenth16 – sixteen – sixteenth 17 – seventeen – seventeenth18 – eighteen – eighteenth19 – nineteen – nineteenth20 – twenty – twentieth21 – twenty-one – twenty-first22 – twenty-two – twenty-second23 – twenty-three – twenty-third30 – thirty – thirtieth40 – forty – fortieth50 – fifty – fiftieth

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Cardinal Ordinal60 – sixty – sixtieth70 – seventy – seventieth80 – eighty – eightieth90 – ninety – ninetieth

100 – a hundred / one hundred – one hundredth101 – one hundred and one – one hundred and first120 – one hundred and twenty – one hundred and twentieth125 – one hundred and twenty five – one hundred and twenty-fifth1000 – a thousand – one thousand – one thousandth1100 – a thousand one hundred – a thousand one hundredth1900 – a thousand nine hundred – nineteen hundred – a thousand nine hundredth1946 – nineteen hundred and forty six – nineteen hundred and forty-sixth

Remember!1. How much is four times four?

Four times four is sixteen.2. How much is seven times seven?

Seven times seven is forty-nine.

3. How much is twenty plus thirty?Twenty plus thirty is fifty.

4. How much is fifteen minus ten? Fifteen minus ten is five.

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with one of the words: all of us, till, make notes, watch, important, library, prepare, different, go for a walk, rest.

1. We learn a lot of … subjects at school. 2. Mother … breakfast and dinner for all of us. 3. Sometimes we stay at school … 5 o’clock. 4. I don’t like to … when I listen to the text. 5. Pete’s family has a good …. 6. We often … in the evening. 7. They don’t … TV every day. 8. On Sunday we ….

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Exercise 5. Complete the sentences, using the preposi-tions: behind, to, in front of, in, at.

1. There is a beautiful flowerbed … the house. 2. The nurse does not live far … the Hospital. 3. There is a little garden … the house. 4. Jeren’s mother works … library. 5. Let’s go … the post-office. 6. We live … Dashoguz.Exercise 6. From nouns from the following verbs, using

the suffix - er.Work, help, garden, skate, ski, keep, learn:

Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with some, any, no: 1. There are … books on the shelf. 2. Are there … pupils

in the classroom? 3. No, there are … pupils in the classroom. 4. Is there … chalk in the box? 5. There are … chairs and two armchairs in the living room. 6. Are there … flowers in your garden? 7. There is … snow in May.Home assignment

1. Read and learn the poem “The Seasons” and “The Year”.

2. Learn to express your thoughts in English while doing addition, subtraction, division and multiplication.

3. Learn ordinal and cardinal numerals. Write the numerals (from 1 to 300) in words, learn them.

UNIT 7 LESSON 2

Days of the Week

The seven days of the week are: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.

Sunday is a day off. In England all the shops are closed and people do not work. In London and in the principal English towns, cinemas are open, but theatres are closed.

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Saturday is a short working day, people do not work in the afternoon. On Saturday afternoon Gurban likes to go to a football match and to a music-hall in the evening. On Sunday he takes his bicycle and goes to the country. On week-days he goes to the office at half past eight, and works till one o’clock. He has his lunch in a teashop, and works again at the office from two till half past five.

Gurban is a clerk, his sister Jennet is a secretary, and his brother Murat is a shop assistant.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions. Gurban lives in London does he?

1. What are the seven days of the week?2. Is Sunday a working day?3. What do you do on Sunday?4. Do the people work on Sunday in England?5. Are the shops open on Sunday in England?6. What are week-days?7. What do you do on week-days?8. How many lessons do you have on Monday? (Tuesday,

Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday) 9. Is Saturday also a working day?10. What does Gurban like to do on Saturday afternoon?11. What does he do in the evening?12. Where does he go on Sunday?13. At what time does he go to the office on Monday

morning?14. Till what time does he work?15. Where does he take his lunch?16. How many hours does his working day last?

Exercise 2. Choose the necessary form of the verb.1. What do you (mean, meant) by that? 2. He (put,

puts) the book on the table and went away. 3. Gurban usually (says, said) “Hello! When he comes home. 4. Jennet

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always (thinks, thought) before she answers. 5. We (say, said) “Good bye” and went to the river.

Exercise 3. Arrange the words in pairs that have si milar mea nings.

Big, several, beautiful, come, large, some, town, different, great, nice, appear, city, various.Exercise 4. What do women and men wear?

Home assignment1. Read the text and retell it briefly, ex. 1, p. 135.2. Answer the questions ex. 2, p. 135.

UNIT 7 LESSON 3

GrAmmAr

a) Polysemantic words

Many English words are poly-semantic (köpmanyly).For instance: the word fire has two meanings: a) ot

b) alaw.1. Don’t let children play with fire.2. In the camp the children made a fire.The meanings of such words are close to each other.In such cases, knowing one meaning of the word, it is

not difficult to guess the other meanings.She took off the cap of the pen and began to write.It’s clear that the word cap means here cowl (gapak, kol

pak).

Exercise 1. Guess the meaning of the words in bold type:1. A watch has a face and two hands. 2. The doctor was

sitting at the head of the bed. 3. The shop has a bad name

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here. 4. In the first place, the room isn’t large enough, in the second place, it is a little dark. 5. The Smiths have a nice little place in the country. 6. How much does the coat cost? Take a look at the ticket. What does it say? 7. Why don’t you wear a hat? There’s a sharp wind today. 8. The shops are very busy before the New Year. The stone fell to the floor of the lake. 9. These shoes will wear well. He ran the horse through the wood. 10. Only one man works this big machine. 11. She walks the dog three times a day. 12. When does the library close? 13. The boys are divided into small groups.

b) compound words

There are many compound words in English, consisting of two or more stems.

E.g. class (n) + room (n) = classroom; rain (n) + coat (n) = = raincoat; week (n) + day (n) = weekday; black (adj) ++ board (n) = blackboard; short (adj) + hand (n) = shorthand.

Exercise 2. Guess the meaning of the compound words:

Seaman, paperknife, doorbell, moonlight, tea-spoon, horseman, milkmaid, sky-blue, seven-year, handwork, workman.

c) suffix – ness

The suffix “ness” is used to form nouns of quality or state.

kindness – göwnaçyklyk illness – kesel happiness – bagtlylyk

Exercise 3. Guess the meaning of the nouns:

darkness, sadness, weakness, tiredness, sharpness, cleanness, readiness, carelessness.

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d) suffix – er

The suffix “er” is used to form nouns from the verbs work + er = worker; examine + er = examiner; dance + er = = dancer

Exercise 4. Guess the meaning of the words in the bold type:

Listener, singer, skier, thinker, smoker, beginner, skater, writer, buyer.

e) Attributive subordinate clauses without conjunctions

There are many attributive subordinate clauses without conjunctions.

E.g. Here is the book you wanted to read.The man you are looking at is my brother.

Exercise 5. Find in the sentences the attributive subordi-nate clauses:

1. Give him the map he needs. 2. Here is the book Paul wanted to buy. 3. The exercise the teacher gave us was very difficult. 4. Take the plan this man made. 5. The film my brother saw is very interesting.

Exercise 6. Define the attributive subordinate clauses in these sentences:

1. The coffee you gave me was cold. 2. Let me see the book your brother is reading. 3. The party Sam and Vivi went to last night wasn’t very good. 4. Is the river the children swim in deep? 5. Why don’t you do the exercises your teacher gave you? 6. The TV set this man bought is very good. 7. The flat he lives in is large enough. 8. I want to see the watch he gave her. 9. What are the modern conveniences Ann has in her

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flat. 10. The car they saw is very expensive. 11. The dinner George gave us was very good.

Home assignment1. What is a polysemantic word? Give examples.2. What is a compound word? Give examples.3. What noun forming suffixes do you know?4. Make up 10 sentences with polysemantic and compound words.5. Form 10 nouns using the suffixes -ness and er. Make

up sentences with them.

UNIT 7 LESSON 4

Also, too, either

May I also have a swim?Batyr has made a mistake in the use of the word “also”.

His friend Vepa has made this mistake, too. Batyr didn’t know how the word “also” is used in the English language. And his friend did not know it either. The teacher noticed that, another pupil had also made the same mistake.

“Don’t you know the rule either?”, she asked. “Then you must read about the different uses of these words”. And she gave the pupil a grammar book. Now he is reading it very carefully, because he wants to speak English very well. His friend is also studying the rule about the uses of three words, because he wants to have a good command of English, too.

Do you want to know English very well, too?Then read what the boys are reading.Also and too are used in affirmative and interrogative

sentences. Too is more common in conversational English

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and is always placed at the end of the sentence. Either is used in negative and interrogative-negative sentences;

E.g. Haven’t you seen the film, either?

also – too, as well too – also, as well either – (hem) used in negative and interrogative sentences to have a good command – to master a language affirmative – habar (sözlemler) interrogative – sorag (sözlemler) negative – ýokluk (sözlemler) conversational – used for spoken exchange between two or more people arrange – to place score – points, goals complain – say that one is not satisfied get frightened – be afraid of roar – loud, deep sound (as a lion) office – rooms used as a place of business, for clerical work loaf – spend time idly be sore – irritated

Exercise 1. Answer the questions on the text.1. What has Batyr made?2. What didn’t he know?3. Didn’t his friend know that either?4. What did the teacher say?5. What did she give the pupil?6. What is his friend doing?7. What does he want?8. In what sentences are also and too used?

Exercise 2. Complete the following dialogues as shown in the model:

Model: A: I like to travel by car. B: I like it, too. (I also like it).1. A: We bathed in the sea every day.B: We … … …

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2. A: My sister always drinks tea in the morning.B: I … … …3. A: Juma knows a lot of funny stories.B: My brother … … … 4. A: I had a lot of guests at my birthday this year.B: Oh, how strange, I … … … 5. A: My mother always cooks dinner well.B: My mother … … … 6. A: I am very fond of jazz music.B: I … … … 7. A: My father can drive a car.B: And my father … … …8. A: If it doesn’t rain, I’ll go swimming.B: I … … …9. A: The film was so sad that my little sister began to cry.B: My sister … … …10. A: She keeps her books carefully arranged on the

shelf.B: I … … …

Exercise 3. Make these sentences negative as shown be-low.

Model: I am also free tonight. – I am not free tonight, either.

Have you met him, too? – Haven’t you met him, either?1. Jeren has promised to come, too.2. Sapar also likes to play draughts.3. Does Leyli go in for volley-ball, too?4. I also remember the score of the last football match.5. Does Bibi also like this sort of cheese?6. He tried to explain it to us, too.7. My brother is going to enter a music school, too.8. Did Ann also travel by plane?9. We heard the clock strike five, too.

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10. Does she also know how it all happened?11. He complains about it, too.12. Mary also agrees with you.

Exercise 4. Contradict these statements, using the words also, too, either.

Model: My father is a worker. Berdi’s father is a teacher.No, Berdi’s father is not a teacher. He is a worker, too.Nepes didn’t finish his work. But his friend did. No, his

friend did not finish it, either.1. Oraz caught a big fish today. His brother caught

nothing.2. The little boy got frightened when the lion roared. But

his sister didn’t.3. This bus is full, but the other one is empty.4. One bird was set free and flew away. The other wasn’t

set free.5. Mother is dusting a coat. Sahet is mending a chair.6. Maral goes in for lawn tennis. But Bahar, her friend

does not go in for it.

Exercise 5. Read the jokes, inserting also, too or either into the blanks.

1. Gurban and Owez were arriving back at college after summer vacation.

“What have you been doing this summer?” one asked the other, “Working in my dad’s office. And you?”

“I’ve been loafing about ... .2. Teacher: I hope I didn’t see you looking at Meret’s

book, Juma.Juma: I … hope you didn’t, sir.3. “What did the history professor ask you and why?”The professor asked me what German chieftain cap

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tured Rome. So I said to him “It was Hannibal, wasn’t it?” The professor said: “Don’t ask me. I’m asking you” – So I said:” I don’t know … , professor”.

4. Gurban: I have an awful toothache.Myrat: I’d have it pulled out if it was mine.Gurban: Yes, if it was yours, I’d have it pulled out ….5. Teacher: Didn’t you hear me say three times “Dovlet

will you, please, come to the blackboard?”, I spoke loudly.Dovlet: Oh, that’s all right, Miss, we were making a lot

of noise, ….6. “Why are you late for your work, Mr. Brown?”“I overslept, sir”.“Why do you sleep at home …?”

Home assignment1. Read the text and retell it.2. Learn the vocabulary.3. Where is too placed in the sentences?4. In what sentences is either used?

UNIt 8 LESSON 1

Alfred Bernhard Nobel(1833 – 1896)

Swedish chemist inventor and industrialist, who invented dynamite. He established the Nobel Prizes, using profits from the manufacture of chemical explosives to provide funds for the prizes.

Nobel was born in Stockholm and was educated in St. Petersburg, Russia, where his family had moved in 1842. He traveled widely as a young man and became fluent in five

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languages. Nobel was greatly interested in literature and wrote poetry, novels and plays in his spare time.

Nobel began experimenting with nitroglycerin in his father’s factory. Liquid nitroglycerin is a powerful explosive that is dangerous because of its tendency to explode when handled roughly. Nobel tried many ways of making nitroglycerin safe to use. The best way, he discovered, was to mix it with a fine, porous powder called kieselguhr. Nobel named the resulting powdery mixture dynamite. He received a patent for it in 1867. Nobel set up factories around the world, and sales of dynamite and other explosives brought him great wealth. His other chemical research provided valuable information on the preparation of artificial forms of rubber, leather, silk, and precious stones.

In his will, Nobel set up a fund of about $9 million. The interest from the money was to be used to award annual prizes to people whose work most benefited humanity. Nobel wanted the profits from explosives to be used to reward human ingenuity. The Nobel Prizes, first awarded in 1901, remain the most honored prizes in the world. Nobel Prizes consist of a medal and a cash award. Prizes are awarded for outstanding achievement in chemistry, physics, physio logy or medicine, literature, world peace, and econo mics.

Nobel Prizes winners: 1901 – Wilhelm C. Roentgen (Germany) for discovering

X rays. 1903 – Antoine Henri Becquerel and Pierre and Marie

Curie (France) for discovering radioactivity and studying uranium.

1945 – Alexander Fleming (Great Britain) for discovering penicillin, and Howard W. Florey and Ernst B.Chain (Great Britain) for developing its use as an antibiotic.

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1907 – Rudyard Kipling (British) for his stories, novels, and poems.

1906 – Theodore Roosevelt (the USA) for negotiating peace in the Russo-Japanese War.

1979 – Mother Teresa (India) for aiding India’s poor.

chemist – a person who is a student or expert in chemistry invent – to make or device for the first time, create or originate inventor – a person who invents Explosive – a substance that can explode Nitroglycerin – a colorless, oily, liquid compound that is poisonous and very explosive patent – an official document granting a right or privilege porous – having or full of pores powder – a dry substance dynamite – an explosive artificial – not natural; man-made precious – having great cost or value humanity – mankind; human beings as a group ingenuity – cleverness or originality


1. When and where was Alfred Nobel born?2. What was he interested in?3. What is he famous for?4. What kind of Prize did he establish?5. What do Nobel Prizes consist of?6. Do you know any Nobel Prizes winners?

Home assignment1. Learn the new words to the text, p. 146.2. Read the text and tell about A. Nobel (ex. 1, p. 144).

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UNIt 8 LESSON 2

Kerim Gurbannepesov(1929–1988)

Kerim Gurbannepesov is a famous poet of Turkme nistan, a prize- winner of the State Prize named after Magtymguly, and the author of many poems.

Kerim Gurbannepesov was born on October 26, 1929 in the village of Geokdepe in Akhal. His father, Gurbannepes aga, was a kind, brave and talented man. All the people in his family were fond of reading books, tales, folk songs and proverbs.

At school, the boy became interested in multicultural li-terature – A. S. Pushkin, A. N. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. P. Chekhov, V. V. Mayakovskiy, and Ch. Dickens.

Later, he would translate many works of A. S. Push kin, Sh. Petyefi, and G. Rodari into Turkmen.

His own poems first appeared in the local newspaper in 1940.

Kerim Gurbannepesov was a boy of thirteen when the Great Patriotic War started in 1941. His father was killed and he, the eldest of five children, had to take care of his family. The family moved to Tejen, and Kerim had to work in the field and tended sheep. But even very hard life couldn’t stop him from writing poems.

His first book of poems was published in 1951. At the beginning of his literary career, K. Gurbannepe sov’s poems were connected with his own life.

“Army poetry” takes an important place in his creative works about the Black Sea, Odessa, Barracks, and army friendship. Pride of his part in maintenance of world peace, this is what his “army poems” are about.10. Sargyt №1093

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The theme of man is the leading theme of his poetry. His characters are imparted with the best qualities of a man – humanity, kindness, and concern for the future.

In the latest 50-s, the poet achieved the climax of his artistic development. The poet worked hard in the genre of epic poems, his writings such as “Father and son”, “Grandpa Taymaz”, and “ The Heart found in sands” appeared.

Kerim Gurbannepesov made valuable contributions to Turkmen Literature. Turkmen people respect and love Kerim Gurbannepesov.

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.1. Can you recite any of the poems of Kerim Gurban

nepesov?2. Are you fond of Kerim Gurbannepesov’s poems?3. Do you know other contemporary Turkmen poets?4. Do you learn Kerim Gurbannepesov’s poems at school?5. What is the main theme of his poetry?6. What are his “Army poems about”?

GrAmmArWOrD fOrmAtION. ADjEctIvE SUffIxES

a) Noun or verb + suffix (-ous, -al, -ive)

Noun or verb suffix adjectives

Danger, fame -ous Dangerous, famous (known by lots of people)

Music, politics emotion, economics,industry.

-al Musical, political, emotional (have or show strongfeelings), economical (save you many)

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Cloud, sun, fog, dirt

Attract,create

- y

-ive

Industrial (connected with industry and factories)Cloudy, sunny, foggy, dirty (opp clean)

Attractive (pretty, good loo king); creative (ability to produce new ideas; with imagination)

The roads were dangerous this morning: it was foggy and I couldn’t see far.

He was very emotional when he said “good bye”.Did you buy a diesel car because it’s more economical

than petrol?I’m afraid you’ll have to clean the floor, it’s very dirty.

b) suffix -ableThis common suffix creates adjectives from nouns and

verbs:An enjoyable evening; a comfortable chair; jeans are

still fashionable.Suitable (right/ correct for a situation). E.g. A grey suit

is very suitable for a wedding.Sometimes – able means ‘can be done’: Washable (can be washed). E.g. Is this jacket wash-

able?Reliable (can be trusted). E.g. I’ve never had a problem

with the car, it’s very reliable.Words ending with – able quite often express the opposite

meaning of those that end with the prefix un-:Unsuitable (not right/correct for a situation). E.g. Jeans

are unsuitable for weddings.

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Unbreakable (can not be broken). E.g. The glass in the shop window is unbreakable.

Words ending with – ible sometimes add the prefix in – to form an opposite:

Incomprehensible (cannot be understood). E.g. This street map is incomprehensible.

Invisible (cannot be seen). E.g. Trees surround the house, so it’s invisible from the road.

c) -ful and -less-ful often means “full of ” or ‘having the quality of the

noun’:Careful (doing smth with care and attention). E.g.

careful driverHelpful (able to help). E.g. Her advice was very help-

ful.Painful (giving pain). E.g. It was painful when I hit

my hand.Useful (has a lot of use ). E.g. I found it a useful book.Thoughtful (kind and thinks of others) less often means “without”Careless (without care, and causing mistakes). E.g. His

work is full of careless mistakes. Useless (without use and often terrible). E.g. This knife

is useless – it won’t cut anything.Homeless (with nowhere to live). E.g. Many fa milies

are homeless because of the war.

Exercise 1. Write an adjective (or adjectives) formed from these nouns or verbs.

1. danger dangerous 7. care 13. sun2. attract 8. thought 14.music 3. create 9. politics 15.comfort

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4. cloud 10. enjoy 16. fame5. suit 11. pain 17. rely6. use 12. dirt 18. emotion

Exercise 2. Fill in the gaps with suitable adjectives.1. You must be very careful when you drive in wet

weather.2. Everyone in my country has heard of her; she’s very

…………..3. The tourist information office was very …………., and

told us everything we needed to know.4. This is a very …………. road, you know. There were

three serious accidents on it last year.5. It was very ………….. when I hit my leg against the

corner of that table.6. This bag is very …………. I take it to work when I go

on holiday.7. We’ve never had problems with our TV in ten years;

it’s been very………8. The factory is in the………. part of the city, and it’s

not very attractive.9. A 100 gram bag is 80 pence, but the 200 gram bag is

only 1.20, so it’s more ……………… to buy the largest bag.10. Teenagers want to be …………. , and wear all the la-

test styles.11. I can’t understand a word of these instructions –

they’re ……………….

Home assignment1. Read the text and tell about Kerim Gurbannepesov.2. Learn adjective suffixes.3. Ex. 2, p. 149.

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tESt 3

test yourself1. Write to, at, or in if necessary. Sometimes there is no preposition.

E.g. I’m not going out this afternoon. I’m staying at home.

1. We’re going ____ a concert tomorrow evening.2. I went_______ New York last year.3. How long did you stay______ New York?4. Next year we hope to go ________ Canada to visit

some friends.5. Shall we go _________ the cinema this evening?6. Is there a restaurant __________ the station?7. After the accident three people were taken ______

hospital.8. How often do you go ________ the dentist?9. Is Diane here? No she’s ______ Ann’s.

2. Past Indefinite or Present Perfect? E.g. I (to buy) a new dress last week, but I (not / to wear)

it yet.I bought a new dress last week, but I have not worn it yet.1. He (already / to see) that film.2. He (to see) it when he was in London.3. – When (you / to meet) Harry? 4. I (to meet) him the day before yesterday.5. – ….. (you / to speak ) to him? – Yes, I (to speak) to him before the party.6. I (never / to play) rugby in my life, but I (to play) foot

ball when I was at school. 7. I (to buy) the tape – recorder just a week ago, on 12th

of March.

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8. _______ (you / ever / to see) a giant butterfly?9. In the afternoon I (to meet) him in the hotel and we

(to go) to the beach.10. The accident (to happen ) ten years ago.

3. Adjectives or adverbs? Rewrite the following sentences according to the exam-

ple. Transform of the adjectives in brackets into adverbs.

E.g.: He types (bad) He types badly. She is a (good) cook. She is a good cook.

1. He is a very (intelligent) student. __________2. He is a (careless) worker.__________________3. They play (quick)._______________________4. All answers the questions (easy).___________5. My brother walks very (quick)._____________6. The grocer speaks (polite)._________________7. They are talking (loud).___________________8. She plays the piano (good).________________9. The children are playing (noisy).____________10. She works (hard).__________________

4. Choose the correct pronouns.1. Jan and (I / me) left together. 2. (They / them) offered to help (us / we) paint the

house.3. (She / Her) and (I / me) take karate lessons after

school.4. Richard gave (his / him) old bike to (his / him)

brother. 5. I saw (they / them) in the shopping mall, but (they

/ them) didn’t see (I / me).6. Did you give (she / her) my message? 7. Put (those / them) books you are holding in the

locker.

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8. (Their / They’re) trip to Alaska turned out to be great fun.

9. (This / That) shirt that I’m wearing is too small for (I / me).

10. (Your / You’re) team is better than (ours / our’s )

5. Open the brackets, write the correct form of the words.

1. Tony is the (good) team captain we have ever had.2. I have never had a more (wonderful) surprise than

this.3. Jill is the (young) girl in her class.4. Susan plays chess (good) than her father does.5. This package is wrapped (securely).6. Of all the dancer, Rick and Sue had the (unusual).7. The guest arrived (soon ) we had expected.8. Bill’s car is the (new) car on the lot.

6. Translate these sentences from English into Turkmen (Russian).

1. The room was not cleaned. 2. All the tickets for the film were sold out. 3. At noon the sky was covered with heavy clouds.4. The glass was broken into small pieces. 5. The room was being painted when I entered it. 6. English is spoken here.7. The young children are taken care of by their elder

sister.8. No attention was paid to his remark.9. He rose to speak and was listened to with great inter

est. 10. The letter will be posted immediately.

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PART IV

UNIT 9 LESSON 1

SHOPS AND SHOPPING

part I

Where’s the shop assistant? (person who works in a shop; also called sales assistant).

The shoes were in the shop window. (the window at the front of the shop).

We went to the new shopping centre. (a palace with many shops, outside or indoors).

I just went window shopping. (looking round the shops without buying anything)

Did you make a shopping list? (a list of things to buy).I went shopping yesterday. (I bought things, e.g.

clothes, TVs, a present for my sister).I did the shopping yesterday. (I bought food and things

for the house).You have to shop around for the best prices. (go to dif

ferent shops to find the best prices).

Types of shop and what they sell

Name of shop What they sell

department Store almost everything (furniture, clothes, electrical appliances, e.g. TVs and washing machines, toys, e.g. dolls, games, jewelry, e.g. rings earrings)

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Supermarket most things, but especially food and household goods, e.g. cleaning products and kitchen equipment, etc. In some, you buy meat at a meat counter and fish at a fish counter. (place where people serve you)

Newsagent (’s)

Butcher (’s)Chemist (’s) –

Drugstore

newspapers, cigarettes, stationery, e.g. writing paper, envelopes meatmeat medicine, baby products, shampoo, soap, toothpaste, etc.

Exercise 1. Look at the directory. Find out where to get things in Department Store.

DEPArtmENt StOrE DIrEctOry

Children’s Department Juniors’ Department

Boys’ and girls’ clothes young women’s dresses, sportswear

Electronics Department Linen Departmenttowels, sheets, blanketsTV’s stereos, radios, calculators,

VCR’s, computers, electronic games. Furniture department Men’s Department

Couches, chairs, tables, beds. Suits, sportswear, coasts, ties

House wares department Misses’ Department

dishes, small electronicappliances, silverware.

women’s dresses, sportswear

Jewelry Department Shoe Department

Necklaces, earrings, rings, watches.

Shoes, boots, socks

You: Excuse me. Where can I get a blender?Shop assistant: In the houseware department.You: Where’s that?Shop assistant: On the fifth floor.

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Exercise 2. What is the sale price of these items?

15 $ 500 $

Exercise 3. Now ask the prices of the items below.

You: How much is this lamp? Shop assistant: Which one?You: The red one. Shop assistant: It’s on sale for $15.You: How much are these sheets?Shop assistant: Which ones?You: The ones with the blue stripes.Shop assistant: They’re two for $14.98, so they’re $ 7.49 each.

Exercise 4. Pretend you’re shopping with a friend. Ask to see something and try it on.

Shop assistant: May I help you?You: Yes, can I see that pair of gloves, please?Shop assistant: Here you are.You: Can I try them on?Shop assistant: Sure.You: How do they look?Friend: They look great.

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Pair of gloves belt pair of sunglasses

jacket pair of sneakers a hat

Develop your vocabulary

They look strange of weird.

It looks pretty nice.

OK.

…..

I don’t like it (them) very much.

Exercise 5. Complete this conversation. Use one or ones.Sales person: Can I help you?Customer: - Yes.I’d like to see that blouse.Sales person: Which one?Customer: The __________ with red and purple flowers.Sales person: This _________?Customer: Yes. That’s the ________. Are those sweaters

on sale too?Salesperson: The_______on the case are on sale, but

the _______ in the case aren’t.Customer: I see. Can I try_________on?Sales person: Of course.

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Exercise 6. Read and answer the questions:1. What kinds of shops do you know?2. Who tells you the price and sells food and other things?3. Does your mother do her shopping at the market?4. What is a department store?5. What can you buy in a department store?6. What departments are there in a department store?7. What can you see in the shop windows?

Home assignment1. Learn the new words.2. Make up your own dialogues.

UNIT 9 LESSON 2

Shops and Shopping

Part II

a) In a clothes shop.Sales person: Can I help you? Customer: Yes I’m looking for (I want) a blue jumper or ... No, I’m just looking, thanks. (I don’t help.) or ... I’m being served, thanks. (another assistant is already serving /helping me)Sales person: What size are you? (e.g. large? small? medium? 14? 16?)Customer: Where’s the fitting room?Sales person: It’s down there on the right.

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Customer: Yes, I’ll take this one / these ones. (Yes, I want to buy this one /these ones)Sales person: No, I’ll leave it, thanks. (No, I don’t want to buy it / them )Customer: Excuse me. Where do I pay for these?Sales person: Over at the cash desk. Customer: And can I pay by credit card?

b) Buying a present in a toy store

Sales person: Do you need any assistance sir? Myrat: Thank you. Yes, I’m looking for a toy for my nephew.Sales person: OK. How old is he?Myrat: He’ll be nine on Saturday.Sales person: What about a skateboard?Myrat: No, I don’t want him to hurt himself.Sales person: How about a drum set?Myrat: I don’t think so. His father will be upset if I buy him one of those. Do you have anything educational? You see, he is very intelligent boy. Sales person: I have the perfect thing! A do it yourself computer kit.

nephew – the son of one’s brother or sister niece – the daughter of one’s brother or sister cousin – the son or daughter of one’s uncle or aunt aunt – a sister of one’s mother or father uncle – one’s mother or father’s brother gift – a present; something given to show friendship affection, support kit – a set of tolls or implements, a bag; a box

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c) In an electronics department Myrat: Can you show me some cameras please?Sales person: Sure. What make do you want?Myrat: I’d like a Minolta.Sales person: This one’s is very good. It’s a new model.Myrat: How much is it?Sales person: 180 $.Myrat: Oh. That’s too expensive.Sales person: How much can you spend?Myrat: Around 100 $.Sales person: Here is one at 90 $.Myrat: Great! Can you show it to me?

Exercise 1. Number the sentences below and make a con-versation.

Student A Student BThat’s too much What make would you like? Around 75 $ How much do you want o spend? Could you show it to me? Sure. Hello. Hello. Can I help you? I don’t know. 150 $OK. What’s the price? I have this one at 89 $I’m looking for a personal stereo.

This Sony’s very good.

Exercise 2. What word or phrase is being defined in these sentences?

1. A shop where you buy meat.2. A place with many shops, either outside or indoors. 3. A person who works in a shop.4. A place where you can try on clothes in a shop.5. The place where you pay for things in a shop.6. To look round the shops without planning to buy any

thing.

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7. A shop where you buy wine, beer and soft drinks.8. A shop where you buy medicines, baby products, sham

poo, etc.Home assignment

Learn the dialogues by heart (p. 160-163).

UNIT 9 LESSON 3

SHOPS AND SHOPPING

Part IIIIn a supermarket


1. Who goes shopping in your family?2. Do you go shopping every day?3. What shop is the best for you to buy things?4. Why do you think so?5. What shopping centers do you know? And what can you buy there?6. Do you often go to the supermarket? Is it far from

your house?7. Is there a rich choice of goods in the supermarket you

go to?8. Were you at a department store long ago? Did you go

there alone? What did you buy?9. What was the first department you saw?

10. Have you ever tried anything on in the clothing department?

Exercise 2. Read and learn.Meat Dairy productsfish eggschicken cheese

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beef butterhot dogs margarine sausage milk bread

Fruit and vegetablesbananas pears cabbageoranges apples tomatoesgrapes peppers lettuce

Identifying countable and noncountable nounsA B Countable nouns

have singular and plural forms.

a tomato4 tomatoes

a potato4 potatoes

C D E

an orange4 oranges

an apple4 apples

an egg4 eggs

A: What’s this?B: It’s a tomato

A: What are these?B: They’re tomatoes.

F G Noncountable nouns have a singular form only. They do not use a or an.

milk cheeseH I J

meat bread coffeeA: What’s this?B: It’s milk.

11. Sargyt №1609

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Exercise 3. Pronounce these phrases.some ketchup a bottle of ketchup two bottles of ketchupsome rice a pound of rice three pounds of ricesome beans a can of beans four cans of beanssome bread a loaf of bread two loaves of breadsome eggs a dozen eggs two dozen eggs

Expressing quantity; being general and specific

A B C

a bottle of ketchup a can of beans a bag of potato chips

D E F

a loaf of bread five poundsof sugar

a package of sausages

G H I

a dozen eggs a box of cereal a quart of milk

J A: We need some bread.B: Ok. How about two loaves of bread?A: That’s fine. We also need some milk.B: Ok. How about a quart of milk?A: No. We need a half gallon of milk.

Irregular plurals:1 loaf → 2 loaves1 dozen → 2 dozen

2 pints (pt) = 1 quart (qt)2 quarts = 1 half gallon4 quatrs = 1 gallon (gal)16 ounces (oz) = 1 pound (1 b)

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American measures

1 pint (pt) = 0,473 liters1 quart = 2 pints = 0,946 liters1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts = 3,785 liter1 ounce (oz) = 28,35 gramms1 pound (1 lb) = 453,59 gramms

Exercise 4. Practice.

Look at the shopping list. Work with a partner or in a small group. Decide how much of each item you want to buy.

breadmilkeggscheesecerealtomatoespeppersbeanscarrots

bananasapplesricesoupoilketchupsugar onionspotato chips

Home assignment

Make up short stories about:1. Every-day shopping in your family;2. Shops in your district;3. Some useful thing you bought not long ago.

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UNIT 10 LESSON 1

my day

My first name is Gurban. My last name is Nurgeldiyew. I live in Turkmenbashy town Balkan velayat.

We live in a three room apartment on the third floor. I am 12 years old. I study at school № 12.

On my week-days I usually get up at seven o’clock. Then I turn on my stereo and do my morning exercises to the music. Then I go to the bathroom and wash my face and hands, brush my teeth, and dry myself with a towel . Then I have my breakfast. Usually I have bread and butter, some cheese and a cup of tea with sugar. Then I put my school uniform on: black pants (trousers), a white shirt, a tie and black shoes. At eight thirty (8.30) I leave for school. It takes me fifteen minutes to walk there. My lessons start at nine o’clock. As a rule I have five or six lessons every day. My classes are over by two or three o’clock. I come back home and I have lunch. Then I go out for a walk with my dog. On Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays I play basketball. It’s my favorite sport. On Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays I have English classes at the languages center, where students have the opportunity to learn Turkmen, Russian, English, German and computer programming.

In the evening I do my homework. When my pa rents come home after their work, we have dinner together. Sometimes I help my mother, my responsibilities are: to do the shopping, wash the dishes after meals, vacuum the carpets and take the garbage out.

On week-day evenings I sometimes go to the stadium with my friends, we run or play football there or I watch TV, or listen to music.

At eleven p.m. I take a shower, brush my teeth and go to bed.

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to turn on (off) – to switch on (off)

Remember!

to do

homeworkchoresexecise the roomone’s hairthe shopping,the washgood (harm)

to make

a mistakea reporta dressteaa firepresentmoneyfriendsbed

to (the) music – accompanied by music wash – clean with water and soap: to have a wash, to wash one’s hair, to wash clothes, to wash up to take a bath (shower) – to wash body to clean make free from dirt, to clean one’s teeth (clothes, shoes), to clean the room (the blackboard, the window). classes lesson: – in class, after classes to be late for – after the proper or usual time: to be late for classes go (went, gone) – to move from one place to another: to go by bus, to go by taxi, to go by boat to be over – be finished: classes are over reading room – the room where the students read and write

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.1. What time do you get up?2. Do you do your morning exercises to music?3. What do you do in the bathroom?4. Do you take a shower in the morning or before you go

to bed?5. What do you clean your teeth with?6. What do you dry yourself with?7. What time do you usually have breakfast?8. How long does it take you to get to school?

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9. Do you go to school by bus?10. At what time do your classes begin?11. When do you usually come home?12. What do you usually do when classes are over?13. What do you usually do in the evening?14. Do you ever go to the theatre or to the cinema?15. Where do you sometimes go with your friends?

Exercise 2. Fill in articles where necessary.1. Maral has taken … cold shower and is going to dress.2. Let me have … look at your translation.3. I always clean … room with … vacuum cleaner.4. Let’s turn on … cassette-recorder and dance to … mu

sic.5. How long does it take you to do … homework?6. Will you turn on … radio? I should like to listen to …

seven o’clock news.7. My parents are still … town.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into Eng-lish.

1. Aman ýatyrmy? Ol heniz oýananokmy?2. Men öýe gelenimde el-ýüzümi ýuwýaryn.3. Sen, adatça ertirki maşgy saz bilen edýärmiň?4. Näçe wagtda mekdebe barýarsyň? Ýarym sagatda.5. Sagat sekizde kakam işe gidýär.6. Örän yssy. Sowuk suwa düşjek.7. Doganyň nirede? Ol gap -çanaklary ýuwýar.8. Geliň, magnitofony işledip, saz diňläliň.9. Sen näme işleýärsiň? Men öý işlerimi edýärin.10. Geliň, sapakdan soň gezelenç edeliň.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the dialogue.Aman: Look, dear, a button has come off my coat.Maral: Have you got the button?Aman: Yes, I have.

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Maral: Well, bring me my sewing-basket from the next room.

Aman: Here you are.Maral: Thank you. I must get a needle and some thread.Aman: Shall I thread the needle for you? It is not an

easy thing to get the thread through the eye of the needle, is it?

Maral: Ah, I’ve done it. Now take your coat off and I’ll sew the button on for you.

Home assignment.1. Read the text.2. Learn the vocabulary.3. Retell the text.

UNIT 10 LESSON 2

Health

April 7 is World Health Day.The 1st Sunday of April is Health

Day in Turkmenistan.A Health Program approved by

the Government includes many sanitation measures. The state takes care of the child from his birth, taking his health under their constant supervision. Family doctors regularly check the child’s health and his development.

Modern diagnostic and medical centers have been opened in Turkmenistan recently. A lot of hospitals have been restored.

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According to the President’s initiative a “Path of Health” has been built near the capital. Its length is 36,4 km and it climbs 1040 m into the Kopetdagh mountains. Hundreds of fir trees are planted around it. People call this road “Saglyk yoly”.

The government takes care of our health, but each of us must protect ourselves from diseases. We should walk, and try to always be in motion. Children should follow day regimen, eating, going to bed and getting up in time.

nothing – not anything dear – greatly valued, precious health – state of being well and free from illness defend – guard, protect, make safe state – condition in which somebody or something is approve – give approval of /tassyklama/ include – bring in; reckon, as part of the whole sanitation – arrangements to protect health measure – action taken to achieve a purpose take care of – look after, deal with birth – being born, coming into the world constant – going on all the time control – power or authority to direct order or restrain regular – systematic call on – to visit, call upon check – examine in order to know whether something is correct state – political community with a government structure growth – growing, development diagnostic – having to do with the process of finding out the nature of a disease of late – recently restore – make well or normal again instill – introduce into somebody’s mind gradually sound – healthy initiative – first step or move length – measurement from end to end

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fir tree – evergreen tree with needles move – change place or position walk – move on foot motion – the action of moving routine – fixed and regular way of doing things

Key-words.1. Defend is to guard or protectE.g. to defend a person; to defend one’s country; to defend one’s

health; to defend oneself from the enemy; to defend one’s city against the enemy; to defend a cause of peace; to defend from somebody.

Protect is to defend or guard from injury or danger.E.g. To protect one’s country; to protect one’s children; to protect one’s

reputation; to protect one’s own interest; to protect one’s eyes from the sun; to protect one’s head from the cold; to protect iron from erosion.

2. Care means serious attention to avoid da mage, or risk to something.

E.g. Her face was worn with care. Care had aged him before his time. She has no children to take care of. Care, not work, wearies men. I’ll take her under my care. Grief can take care of itself.

Proverbs: A pound of care will not pay an ounce of debt. He that takes care of himself must not expect it from others.3. Move is to set oneself, somebody, or something else in motion; to

start moving; to stir.E.g. To move gracefully.The engine moves the train. Keep quiet and do not move. To move troops, goods, traffic, etc.I am so stiff I can hardly move. Vessels move by wind, steam

or electricity.Move – motion.4. Healthy – is having good health, strong, able to resist disease.E.g. The children look very healthy; the children are quite healthy, al-

though they have slight colds at present.A healthy climate; healthy way of living; a healthy appetite.This climate is healthy for me. Fresh air is healthy for young

and old.This food is healthy for you.

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Exercise 1. Answer the questions on the key-words.1. How can we defend our health?2. Should we defend our health ourselves?3. What does “protect” mean?4. What and who do people protect?5. What’s the meaning of “care”? Give examples.6. What phrase with this word do you know?7. What proverbs do you know?8. What is “to move”? Give examples.9. Make a noun from the verb “to move”.10. What’s the meaning of the word “healthy”?11.What words are synonymous with it?

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with defend, protect, take care of, move, healthy in an appropriate form:

1. The engine ... the train.2. The children are quite ... although they have slight

colds at present.3. She has children ... of.4. He ... his reputation.5. We are ready to ... our country from the enemies.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions on the text.1. When is World Health Day?2. What is the dearest thing for the people?3. What is one of the main tasks of the state?4. What was approved by the government?5. Who takes care of the child?6. Who supervises the child’s health and development?7. What do family doctors do?8. What have been opened in Turkmenistan? 9. What should we instill into life?10. On whose initiative has the Path of Health been

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built near the capital?11. What is its length?12. What are planted around it?13. How do people call this road?14. What should we do to be healthy?15. What should children do?

Home assignment1. Read the text.2. Learn the vocabulary and key-words.3. Answer the questions on the text.4. Answer the questions on the key-words.5. Retell the text.

UNIT 10 LESSON 3

Doctor’s visit

Mother: Someone is ringing. Go and see who is at the door, Gozel.

Gozel: It’s the doctor, ma. He has come to see Merdan.Mother: Good morning, doctor. I am sorry to tell you

that my little son is ill.Doctor: Indeed? I am sorry to hear it. Where is he?Mother: This way, doctor.Doctor: How long has he been ill?Mother: Since yesterday morning, doctor.Doctor: Well, my little friend, what is the matter with

you?Merdan: I have a pain in my head and in my throat.

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Doctor: Let me see your tongue. Give me your hand and let me feel your pulse.

Mother: Is it high, doctor?Doctor: Rather. There is a little fever. (To Merdan) Do

you feel like eating?Merdan: No. I have not eaten since yesterday.Doctor: Are you thirsty?Merdan: Yes.Doctor: Do you sleep well?Merdan: Sometimes. Last night I did not sleep at all.Doctor: I shall make out a prescription. (To the mo ther)

He should take this medicine, one table-spoonful every 4 hours.

Mother: Yes, doctor. But is it serious?Doctor: No, you shouldn’t worry; I’ll call tomorrow at

the same time. Good-bye.Mother: Good-bye, doctor.

call – invitation ring – give out a clear, musical sound I am sorry – expressing regret, sadness this way Come along! – encouraging someone What’s the matter with you? – What has happened to you? pain – suffering of mind or body throat – front part of the neck; passage in the neck through which food and air pass into the body tongue – movable part in the mouth, used in talking high – rising, extending upwards rather – too fever – condition of the human body with the temperature higher than usual appetite – desire to satisfy need for food Are you thirsty? – Do you want to drink? at all – quite, entirely make out – to write

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prescription – doctor’s written order table-spoonful – a table spoon full of smth. fear – feeling caused by the possibility of smth. brin ging harm serious – greave call out – request smb come to help


1. Who has come to Merdan?2. Why did the doctor come?3. Why has Merdan fallen ill?4. What’s the matter with Merdan?5. What did the doctor do?6. Why did the doctor check the boy’s hand and tongue?7. Did Merdan have an appetite?8. Did he sleep well?9. What did the doctor write?

10. How many times a day should the boy take the me-dicine?

Home assignment1. Read the dialogue.2. Turn the dialogue into a monologue and give a short

summary of it.3. Make up such a dialogue of your own and act it out

with your classmate.4. Answer the questions, ex. 1, p. 173.5. Make up sentences with take some medicine,

pain, fever (temperature).

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UNIT 10 LESSON 4

The Laws of Health

I

One of our first duties is to keep our bodies in a perfect state. If our body suffers from any disorder, our mind also suffers from it, and we are unable to make sufficient progress in our studies. It can also affect our ability perform our duties in our social lives.

There are certain laws of health which deserve particular attention, and they are so simple that even a child could learn them. A constant supply of pure fresh air is indispensable for good health. To ensure this every room in the house, especially the bedrooms, should be properly ventilated every day.

Perfect cleanliness is also essential. The whole body should be washed as often as possible. The skin is full of minute pores, cells, blood vessels and nerves. It “breathes” the way the lungs do. Therefore it should always be clean.

We like to look at people who are tidy and clean. If the skin is kept clean, the teeth thoroughly brushed, the hair neatly combed, and the finger nails in order, we feel pleased with the person, even though his or her clothes may be coarse and much mended.

A certain amount of exercise is necessary to keep the body in perfect condition. All the powers (mental and bodily) we possess are strengthened by use and weakened by disuse. Therefore labour and study should be our priority. The best way of getting exercise is to engage in some work that is useful and at the same time interesting to the mind. It is most essential for the old and the young to do morning

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exercises with the windows wide open or, if possible, in the open air.

Remember that exercises warm, invigorate and purify the body. Rest is also necessary for the health of both body and mind. The best time for sleeping is during the darkness and stillness of the night. To go to bed late is very harmful to the health as it exhausts the nervous system. We should go to bed early and get up early. It is a good rule to “rise with the lark and go to bed with the lark”.

law – rule made by authority owe – be in debt to body – the whole physical structure of a man or animal suffer – feel or have pain, loss disorder – absence of order unable – not able make progress – improve unfit – not fit perform – do something require – need deserve – do smth. worthy of constant – going on all the time supply – give or provide something pure – unmixed with any other substance indispensable – absolutely necessary secure – make safe impure – not pure ventilate – cause /air/ to move in and out freely essential – necessary skin – elastic substance forming the outer covering of the body pores – tiny openings in the skin through which sweat passes cell – microscopic unit of living matter lung – the two breathing organs therefore – for that reason important – of great value tidy – neat and in order thoroughly – completely in every way

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neatly – done carefully coarse – not fine mend – return to good condition; repair amount – quantity power – ability to do or act mental – having to do with the mind possess – own; have labour – bodily or mental work succeed – achieve an aim or purpose mind – memory; a person’s intellect invigorate – give strength purify – make pure or clean rest – condition of being free from activity stillness – a state of deep and quiet calm harmful – causing harm damage, injury exhaust – use up completely; tire out completely rule – a statement of what must be done or not done lark – songbird

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions on the text.

1. What is one of first duties?2. When are we unfit?3. What are some of the laws of health?4. Why is fresh air necessary for people?5. What can you say about cleanliness?6. What should we keep clean?7. What things should be our priorities?8. How must we do our morning exercises?9. Is rest necessary for people?

10. What time is the best time for sleeping?11. When should we go to bed and get up?

Home assignment1. Read the text and retell it.2. Learn the words and phrases.

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UNIT 10 LESSON 5

The Laws of HealthII

Most essential to body is food. Our body is constantly in need of food to repair and revive it. Therefore food, which repairs the loss, should be taken with due regard to the exercise and waste of the body.

Be moderate in eating. If you eat slowly, you will not overeat. Never swallow your food whole, you are provided with teeth for the purpose of chewing your food, and you will never complain of indigestion. We should abstain from everything that intoxicates. The evils of intemperance, especially of alcohol, are too well known. Intemperance excites bad passions and leads to quarrels and crimes. Alcohol costs a lot of money, which might be used for better purposes. The mind is stupefied by drink and the person who drinks will become unfit for his duties. Both health and character are often ruined.

Thus we must remember that moderation in eating and drinking, reasonable hours of labor and study, regularity in exercise, recreation and rest, cleanliness and many other essentials lay foundation for good health and long life.

food – that which can be eaten continually – again and again, without stopping wasting – failing to make full or good use of repair – restore to good condition substance – particular kind of matter loss – losing or being lost regard – consider waste – use carelessly overeat – eat much wholesale – in large quantity provide – supply chewing – work about /food/ between teeth

12. Sargyt №1093

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complaint – mood of being not satisfied indigestion – difficulty in digesting food abstain – do without intoxicate – cause to lose control of oneself evil – extreme wickedness intemperance – lack of self-control alcohol – strong drink excite – stir up the feeling passion – strong feeling, enthusiasm quarrel – an angry argument, disagreement crime – offence for which there is a severe punishments cost – price paid for a thing purpose – plan, design, intention stupefy – become stupor, not clever ruin – completely destroy moderation – the avoidance of extremes reasonable – having ordinary common sense regularly – systematically recreation – refreshment of body and mind lay – put on a surface foundation – basis for something

Exercise 1. Answer the questions on the text.1. What is essential to us?2. What does food do?3. How must we eat?4. Should we swallow our food whole?5. What leads to quarrels and crimes?6. What does alcohol do?7. What lays the foundation for good health and long life?

Home assignment1. Read the text.2. Learn the vocabulary, the words and phrases of the

previous lesson.3. Make up 10 sentences with these words and phrases.4. Compose examples with the words and phrases.5. Answer the questions and retell the text in your own

words.

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UNIT 10 LESSON 6

A visit to a DoctorExercise 1. Learn these words and phrases. Use them in

your everyday speech.

I’ve got to go to the doctor.You must go to the clinic at once.I’m going to see a doctor.May I see doctor N.?Where can I see doctor N.?The doctor won’t see anybody now.Doctor N. is seeing patients in room № 20.Are you all waiting for doctor N.?What do you complain of?What’s wrong with you?What’s troubling you?What disturbs you?What’s the matter with you?How long have you been ill / sick?Have you any pain in your head?Have you any appetite?Sit quiet, please!Breathe deeply!Shut your eyes and put your feet together.Let me check your lungs /heart/.Bare your arm to the elbow, please.Calm down, please. It’s all over now.You have a heart condition but in a very mild form.You have a heart murmur. I think you’ve got a fever.There is a little fever.How do you sleep?How long have you been this way?

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Does this often happen with you?Who treated you last time?Is it hard to swallow?Have you had any major operations?Undress, please!You may dress now.Let me see your tongue.I want to examine your heart.Let me listen to your chest/lungs/.No, this illness is not fatal at all.There is nothing much wrong with you.You’ll be all right soon.I don’t think your sickness will last long.It will pass.You have good lungs.Your pulse is normal.The colour of your blood is normal/wrong/.You have caught a cold and that’s why you cough.You have passed a blood test.I shall have to send you to hospital.I shall write you a sick leave.You must come to me in three days.You must stay at home for three days.You’d better stay in bed.You’d better take care of yourself.You will have to be operated on for appendicitis.You must undergo an operation.I shall prescribe you the necessary treatment.No reading in bed.You badly need a change of air.A change of climate may do you a lot of good.It seems I am ill.

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I feel rather seedy.I am not quite myself.I am now hot, now cold.Everything reels before my eyes.I feel low.I feel stiff.My head is swimming/turning/.I have a headache.I have a heart complaint.I have a frightful cold.My foot is sore.I have a sore throat.I can hardly walk.My nose is clogged up.I feel so limp all the time.I must have my tooth treated.One tooth is loose.One of my front teeth is giving me trouble.Must I have my tooth drawn?You must have your tooth out.Lie down for a while, please.I feel there is something wrong with my eye.Something must have fallen into my eye.Let me take the bandage off your eye.The pain will be gone by the morning.After the operation you will recover your eyesight.Are you long-sighted?No, I am short-sighted.Can he really prevent blindness?I have an earache.I have a pain in my ear.I am hard of hearing.

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You need hearing aids.My temperature is 37.8 (thirty seven point eight).I have a temperature.I feel my temperature is rising.Put the thermometer under your arm-pit.The temperature went up suddenly.Has the temperature gone up?I have a slight temperature.The temperature has gone down.Give me the thermometer, please!I shall give you a tablet to reduce your temperature.Where do you feel pain?Oh, dear, my head aches.He is in pain.The pain was slight and lasted for a moment.I have a sharp pain here.Do you still suffer from the pain?Has the pain gone?I’ll fetch the doctor at once.The doctor will be round in an hour.I have to stay in bed.I have to stay indoors.You are not fit to get up.You may leave your bed.I’d rather be here with you.I’ll take care of you.How long will I have to drink water?Take the medicine in accordance with the prescription.In five drops three times a day.This must be taken by the table-spoon every two hours.Take this medicine twice a day after meals.That must not be taken on an empty stomach.This mixture is for your throat.This is for reducing the temperature.This will keep the fever down.

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What do you take for a headache?These drops will give you instant relief.The medicine won’t do you any harm.I take some medicine but it does me no good.The medicine did not work.The treatment was working perfectly.A home treatment.A hospital treatment.

Home assignment.1. Ex. 1, p. 179.

tESt 4

test yourself

1. Write for or since.

1. Jill has been in Ireland since Monday.2. Jill has been in Ireland for three days.3. My aunt has lived in Australia _________15 years.4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there ______7

o’clock.5. India has been an independent country ______ 1947.6. The bus is late. We’ve been waiting ______20 mi-

nutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty

_________many years.8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in

hospital _______October.

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2. Put the verbs in the Present Perfect or Past Simple.1. A: Have you ever been to Florida?

B: Yes, we went there on holiday two years ago.A: ___________ (you / have) a good time?B: Yes, it _______ (be) great.

2. A: Where’s Alan?_______(you / see) him?B: Yes, he__________(go) out a few minutes ago.A: And Julia?B: I don’t know. I_______(not / see) her.

3. Rose works in a factory. She ________ (work) there for six months. Before that she _____ (be) a waitress in a restaurant. She ________ (work) there for two years but she _______ (not/enjoy) it very much.

4. A: do you know Martin’s sister?B: I ________ (see) her a few times but I _______(ne

ver /speak) to her. _______ (you / ever / speak) to her? A: Yes. I _____ (meet) her at a party last week. She’s

very nice.

3. Form nouns with suffix -er. Translate them.To dance – a dancer – танцор, tansçyTo play – …….. – ……… .

to speak, to write, to jump, to read, to sing, to teach, to drive, to swim, to work, to sleep, to help, to run.

4. Write the sentences with too / either.E.g. I don’t like to play football.My friend doesn’t like it either.1. Mary cannot read well. Ann can’t read __________2. Mom is pleased with her son. Dad is pleased __________3. Michael doesn’t speak French. His parents can’t speak _____ .

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4. I must write a letter to my friend. She must write to me.5. My mother is not a tall woman. My aunt is not tall ________ .6. Honey is sweet. Chocolate is sweet _______ .7. Soup is not sweet. Cheese is not sweet ______ .8. Mr. Brown is a short man. My father is short _______.9. I like your climate, and I like English food _________.

5. Complete the sentences with a preposition (at / by / with etc.).

1. In tennis, you hit the ball ________a racket.2. It’s cold today. Don’t go out ______ a coat.3. “Hamlet”, “Othello” and “Macbeth” are plays ______

William Shakespeare.4. Do you know anything _______computers?5. My grandmother died ________the age of 98.6. How long does it take to get from New York to Los

Angeles _____ plane?7. I didn’t go to the football match, but I watched it

_______television.8. My house is the one __________the red door on the

right.9. These trains are very fast. They can travel ______very

high speeds.10. I don’t use my car very often. I prefer to go _________

bike.

6. Change the sentences from Present Perfect Active to Present Perfect Passive.

E.g. They have sent the letter today The letter has been sent today.1. The postman has already brought the mail.2. The teacher has given us much homework.

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3. Somebody has broken the vase.4. The archaeologists have found many pieces of ancient

culture.5. They have done the exercises in writing. 6. We have chosen two plays for staging.7. The students have written the test in special note

books.8. He has made his report in English.9. They have spent a lot of time on that work.10. I have forgotten their names.

7. Choose the necessary word.1) The Oka is a (deep, deepen) river. The farmers plan

to (deep, deepen) the lake next year. 2) The night was (dark, darken) when we were returning home. Please, (dark, darken) the room, I am going to show you the film “New York”. 3) I don’t like the (length, lengthen) of your coat. You should (length, lengthen) it a little. 4) My mother likes (white, whiten) doors. 5) The builders will (strength, strengthen) the bridge in our village, so cars and lorries will move along the bridge. 6) Don’t take this knife. It is (sharp, sharpen). Please, (sharp, sharpen) this knife. It does not cut meat.

187

bebecomebeginblowbringbuildburnbuycatchchoosecomecostdodrawdrinkeatfallfeelfightfindflyforgetgetgivegogrowhavehearhideholdhurtkeepknowleadlearnleavelielosemakemean

IrrEGULAr vErBS

was / were becamebeganblewbroughtbuiltburnt (burned) boughtcaughtchosecamecostdiddrewdrankatefellfeltfoughtfoundflewforgotgotgavewentgrewhadheardhidheldhurtkeptknewledlearnt (learned) leftlaylostmademeant

beenbecomebegunblownbroughtbuiltburnt (burned) boughtcaughtchosencomecostdonedrawndrunkeatenfallenfeltfoughtfoundflownforgottengotgivengonegrownhadheardhiddenheldhurtkeptknownledlearnt (learned) leftlainlostmade meant

188

meetpayputreadriderise runsay seesellsendsetshakeshinesingsleepsmellspeakspendstandstealswimtaketeachtellthinkthrowunderstandwake (up) wearwinwrite

metpaidputreadroderoseransaidsawsoldsentsetshookshonesangsleptsmelt (smelled) spokespentstoodstoleswamtooktaughttoldthoughtthrewunderstoodwoke (up) worewonwrote

metpaidputreadriddenrisenrunsaidseensoldsentsetshakenshonesungsleptsmelt (smelled) spokenspentstoodstolen swumtakentaughttoldthoughtthrownunderstoodwoken (up) wornwonwritten

189

VOCABULARY

Aabandon [`bændn] taşlap gitmek покидатьability [′ bılıtı] başarjaňlyk способностьabstaim [b′steım] saklanmak воздержатьсяaccess [′ækss] mümkinçilik, доступ, проход geçelge acquire [′ kwaɪ] eýe bolmak, приобретать gazanmakaction [′ækn] hereket действиеaddress [′dres] salgy адресadopt [′dpt] alnan, принимать kabul etmekaffair [′ fe] iş делоaffection [ ′′ fekn] ysnyşmaklyk привязанностьaffirmative [′ f: mtɪv] makullaýjy утвердительное (sözlem) (предложение)affluence [′æfluns] baýlyk богатствоaffluent [′æflunt] baý богатыйagriculture [′ægrɪklt] ekerançylyk сельское хозяйствоahead [′ hed] öňe, öňde вперёд, раньшеailing [′eɪlɪng] näsag, syrkaw нездоровыйalcohol [′ælkhl] alkogol алкогольalmond tree [ ′a: mnd trɪ: ] hoz agajy ореховое деревоalso [ ′ͻ: lsu] hem, bilen тоже, такжеalthough [ : l ′ ðu] garamazdan хотя, höwesjeň несмотря наamateur singer [ ′æmt(:)′ sɪŋ] aýdymçy певецamaze [′ meɪz] geň galdyrmak удивлять, поражатьamount [′ maunt] san, jem количество, величинаancestor [ ′ ænsɪst] ata-baba предокanimal [ ′ænɪml] haýwan животноеapparently [′ pærntlɪ] görnüp duran очевидноappear [′pɪ] peýda bolmak появлятьсяappetite [ ′æpɪtat] işdä аппетитappropriate [ ′pruprɪeɪt] amatly, çemeli соответствую- щийapprove [′pru:v] tassyklamak утверждать, одобрять

190

Are you [ ′a: ju: ′ :stɪ] Suwsadyňmy? Хочешь пить?thirsty?area [ ′erɪ] ýer, meýdan площадьarrange [ ′reɪndg] tertibe salmak приводить в порядокarrive [′raɪv] gelmek прибыватьartificial [,a:tɪ′fɪl] medeni, emeli искусственныйas usual [æz ′ju: ul] hemişeki ýaly как обычноassemble [′sembl] ýygnanmak собираться, собратьсяassimilate [ ′sɪmɪleɪt] özleşdirmek усваивать (знания)assistance [′ sɪstns] kömek, ýardam помощь, содействиеat last [t la:st] soňundan наконецattain [′teɪn] ýetmek, достигать, gazanmak добиватьсяaunt [ a:nt] daýza тётя, тёткаavoid the [′voɪd ð kynçylygyň уклоняться отproblem ′problem] öňüni almak проблемыawful [ ′:ful] howply, gorkuly ужасный, страшный

Bbarrel [ ′bærl] çelek бочкаbe appointed [ bɪ ′ poɪntd ] bellenmek быть назначеннымbeaver [′bɪ:v] torsuk бобр, бобёрbe awake [ bɪ ′weɪk ] uklamazlyk бодрствовать, не спатьbe back [ bɪ ′bæk] dolanyp gelmek вернутьсяbe broken [ bɪ′brukɪn ] döwlen быть разбитымbe engaged in [ bɪ ɪn′geɪd ɪn ] meşgul bolmak быть занятымbe married [ bɪ′mærɪd ] durmuşa выходить çykmak замужbe obliged [bɪ ͻ′blaɪd] borçly bolmak быть обязаннымbe selected [bɪ s′lektɪd ] tanalmak, быть отобран- saýlanmak нымbe situated [bɪ′ sɪtju:eɪtɪd] ýerleşen располагатьсяbe sore [bɪ′s: ] keselbent быть болезнен- bolmak нымbe swollen, [bɪ′swuln] çişmek, çişen отекатьswell [swel]

191

be taken ill [bɪ′ teɪkn′ ɪl] näsaglamak, быть больным kesellemekbe worthy of [b′ w:ð v] mynasyp bolmak заслужи(ва)тьbe worried [b ′ wrɪd ] aladaly bolmak быть обеспо- коеннымbecome ill [b′km′ɪl ] kesellemek заболетьbegin [b′gɪn ] başlamak начинатьbehavior [b′heɪvɪj ] edep поведениеbelong to [ b′lͻ tu:] degişli bolmak принадлежатьbilly goat [ ′blɪgut ] teke козёлbirth [ b: ] dogluş рождениеbirth place [b: pleɪs] doglan ýeri место рожденияblissful [′blɪsfl] bagtly счастливый, блаженныйblush with [bl wɪð′ ple] lezzet alyp краснеть отpleasure gyzarmak удовольствияbody [ ′bdɪ ] beden телоbottom [′bͻtm] aşak, düýbi, дно, основание etegibranch [ bra:nt ] şaha веткаbring [ brɪŋ ] getirmek приноситьbring up [brɪŋ p] terbiýelemek воспитыватьbroad [br:d] giň широкийbuild [bɪld] gurmak, salmak строитьbuilding [′bɪldɪŋ] jaý, gurluşyk, здание binabush [bu] gyrymsy agaç, куст, кустарник agaçbutterfly [′btflaɪ] kebelek бабочка

Ccabbage [′kæbɪd] kelem капустаcall [k:l] çagyrmak зватьcalm [ka:m] ýuwaş, asuda, спокойный rahatcalm down [ka:m ′daun] köşeşdirmek, успокаивать rahatlandyrmakcandle [′kændl] şem свечаcapture [′kæp] basyp almak, захватывать, eýelemek захватитьcarbonate [′ka:bneɪt] karbonat карбонат

192

care for a baby [′ke f: ′beɪbɪ] bäbege seretmek заботиться о ребёнкеcaress [k′res] sypalamak ласкатьcarry out [′kærɪ aut] ýerine ýetirmek выполнятьcash desk [ kæ desk] kassa кассаcave [′keɪv] gowak пещераcelebration [, sel′breɪn] baýramçylyk празднованиеcentury [′senrɪ] asyr, ýüz ýyl векcertain [′s:tn m′steks] belli ýalňyş- определённыеmistakes lyklar ошибкиcheck [′ek] barlamak проверятьcheek [′ɪ:k] çekge, ýaňak щекаchemist [′kemɪst] himik, химик, dermanhanaçy аптекарьchew [ju:] çeýnemek жеватьchief [ɪ:f] ýolbaşçy глава, руково- дительchieftain [[′:ftn] baştutan, serdar вождь, лидерchildhood [′aldhu:d] çagalyk детствоcitizen [′stzn] şäherli, raýat горожанин, гражданинclass [kla:s] sapak урокclatter [′klæt] tarkyldy, ses грохот, стукclever [′klev] akylly умныйclothe [′klouð] geýindirmek одеватьcoarse [k:s] gödek грубыйcobra [′kubr] kepjebaş кобраcoherent [ku′hrnt] baglanyşykly связныйcolour [′kl] reňk цвет, краскаcome a cross [′km kr′ͻs] duş gelmek случайно встретитьсяcomfortable [′kmftbl] oňaýly, eşretli удобныйcommence [k′mens] başlamak начинатьcomplain [km′pleɪn] arz etmek жаловатьсяcomplaint [km′pleɪnt] zeýrenç, şikaýat, жалоба arzcompliment [′komplɪmnt] hoşamaý söz комплиментcomposed to [km′puzd t sözlere düzülen написанный наthe words ð′ w:dz] словаcomposer [km′puz] kompozitor композиторcomputer [ km′pju:t ] kompýuter компьютерсonstructor [ kn′strkt] konstruktor конструктор

19313. Sargyt №1093

conduct [′kondkt] tertibi поведениеconnect [k′nekt] baglamak, соединять birikdirmekconscious [′kns] bilýän, duýýan сознательныйconservatoire [kn′s:vtwa:] konserwatoriýa консерваторияconstruct [′kn′strkt] gurmak строить, созда- ватьconstruct a [′kn′strkt sözlem düzmek строитьsentence ′sentns] предложениеconstant [′konstnt] hemişe постоянныйcontinually [kn′tɪnjulɪ] yzygider непрерывно, постоянноcontinue [kn′tɪnju:] dowam etmek продолжатьcontributions [,kontrɪ′bju:n] goşant вкладcontrol [kͻn′trul] gözegçilik etmek контролироватьconvenience (s) [kn′vɪ:nɪns] şert удобстваconversational [,kͻnv′seɪnl] gepleşik разговорныйcook [′kuk] nahar bişirmek готовить пищуcool [′ku:l] salkyn, sowuk прохладныйcopper [′kp] mis медьcost [kst] baha ценаcosy [′kuzɪ] amatly, rahat уютныйcotton [′ktn] pagta хлопокcourageous [k′reɪdgs] mert, merdana смелыйcreate [krɪ′eɪt] döretmek создаватьcredit card [ ′kredɪt ka:d] kredit kartasy кредитная картаcrescent [′kresnt] ýarym aý полумесяцcrime [kraɪm] jenaýat преступлениеcrop [′krͻp] hasyl, orak уборка урожая möwsümicustom [′kstm] däp-dessur обычай

Ddancer [′da:ns] tansçy танцорdear [′dɪ] gadyrly, дорогой, милый mähribandecent [′d:snt] edepli, terbiýeli приличный, скромныйdeed [dɪ:d] iş, hereket дело, поступокdefend [dɪ′fend] goramak защищатьdefinitely [′defɪnɪtlɪ] anyk, kesgitli определённоdemand [dɪ′ma:nd] talap etmek требовать

194

dentist [′dentɪst] diş lukmany зубной врачdesert + (v) [dɪ′z:t] taşlap gitmek покидатьdeserve [dɪ′z:v] gazanmak заслуживатьdesire [dɪ′zaɪ] arzuw, isleg желаниеdestroy [dɪs′trɪ] ýykmak разрушатьdiagnostic [,daɪg′nstɪk] anyklaýyş диагности- ческийdiffer (v) [′dɪf] tapawutlanmak отличатьсяdifferent (a) [′dɪfrnt] dürli разныйdifficulty [′dɪfɪkltɪ] kynçylyk трудностьdiligent [′dldgnt] erjel, yhlasly прилежныйdisorder [dɪs′ͻ:d] tertipsizlik беспорядокdiverse [daɪ′v:s] başga, aýry, иной, разный dürlidivide [dɪ′vaɪd] bölmek делить, разделятьdomestic [du′mestɪk] öýe degişli домашнийdrugstore [ ′drgst:] dermanhana аптекаdrum set [drm set] deprekçiler барабанщикиdry [draɪ] gury сухойdry up [draɪ′p] guratmak сушитьdwell [dwel] ýaşamak житьdwelling [dwelŋ] ýaşalýan jaý жилище

E

eagle [′ɪ:gl] bürgüt орёлearn [:n] gazanç etmek зарабатыватьearthquake [′:kweɪk] ýer yranma землетрясениеecho [′eku] ýaň эхоeducate [′edju:keɪt] bilim bermek давать образованиеeffectual [′fekul] täsirli, netijeli эффективныйeffort [′eft] güýç усилиеeither [′aɪð] ýa-da или…… илиencounter [ɪn′kaunt] gabat gelmek сталкиватьсяend [end] soňy, gutarmak конецenjoy [n′ɪ] hezil etmek наслаждатьсяenlighten [ɪn′laɪtn] bilimli etmek просвещатьenmity [′enmɪtɪ] ýigrenç вражда, нена- вистьenormous [ɪ′nͻ:ms] äpet, ägirt громадныйenterprise [′entpraɪz] kärhana, edara предприятие

195

entrails [′entreɪlz] iç, ýerasty внутреннийenvelope [ ′envɪlͻup] bukja конвертessential [ɪ′senl] zerur существенный, необходимыйestablish [ɪs′tæblɪ] döretmek основыватьestablishment [ɪs′tæblɪmnt] edara учреждениеesteem [ɪs′tɪ:m] sylag уважениеeternal [ɪ:′t:nl] müdimi, ebedi вечныйevil [′ɪ:vl] erbetlik, ýaman- зло, несчастье lykexcellent mark [′ekslnt ma:k] örän gowy baha отличная отметкаexcite [k′sat] döretmek, создать tolgunmak волноватьсяexhaust [ɪg′zͻ:st] halys bolmak истощатьexpensive [ ɪk′spensɪv] gymmat bahaly дорогостоящийexplosive [ ɪk′splousɪv] partlaýjy взрывчатыйexport [′eksp:t] harytlary başga экспортировать döwlete ibermek

Fface the pupils [′feɪs ð ′pju:plz] okuwçylara повернуться ýüzlenmek к ученикамfancy [′fænsɪ] göz öňüne воображениеfar distance [′fa: ′dstns] getirme, дальнее рас- uzak aralyk стояниеfear [f] gorkmak, gorky страх, боятьсяfeel proud [′fɪ:l ′praud] guwanmak гордитьсяfeet [fɪ:t] aýaklar ногиfever [′f:v] gyzgyn жар, лихорадкаfig tree [′fg tr:] injir инжирfir tree [′f: tr:] arça ельfire [ ′fa] ot, ot ýakmak огонь, разжигать огоньfit [ft] ýaramly, годный, ýaramak подходитьfolk song [fuk soŋ] halk aýdymy народная песняfood [fu:d] iýmit, nahar, azyk пища, едаforefather [′f:fa:ð] ata-baba предокforesee [fͻ:′s:] öňden görmek предвидетьfoundation [faun′den] esas, düýp основаfreedom [ ′frɪ:dm] azatlyk свободаfresh air [′fre ′e] arassa howa свежий воздух

196

frog [frg] gurbaga лягушкаfrom remote [frm rɪ′mut uzak geçmişden из далёкогоpast pa:st] bäri прошлогоfrom time to [from ′taɪm t wagtal-wagtal время отtime ′taɪm] времениfrown at [′fraun t] gaşyňy çytmak хмуритьсяfruit [fru:t] miwe, ir-iýmiş фруктыfulfil [ful′fɪl] ýerine ýetirmek выполнятьfuture [′fju :] geljek будущее

Ggain [geɪn] gazanmak достигатьgarden [ga:dn] bag садgather [′gæð] ýygnamak, собирать(ся) ýygnanmakgazelle [g′zel] keýik, jeren, джейран, maral газельget frightened [get ′fraɪtnd] gorkmak испугатьсяgift [gɪft] sowgat подарок, дарgive a proper [′gɪv ′prp at dakmak давать имя, name ′neɪm] называтьgod blessed [god lest] hudaý pata благословение berdi богаgraduate [′grædjut] gutarmak, окончить ВУЗ (ýokary okuw mekdebi)grain [greɪn] däne зерноgranddaughter [′græn,d:t] agtyk (gyz) внучкаgraze [greɪz] mal bakmak пасти скотa great deal [ ′greɪt dɪ:l] örän köp многоgrief (sorrow) [grɪ :f] [′sru] gaýgy, gam гореgrow [gru] ösmek расти, выращи- ватьgrowth [gru] ösme ростguidance [′gaɪdns] ýol görkeziji руководствоguide [′gaɪd] ýol görkezmek показывать дорогу, быть гидомguide book [′gaɪd bu:k] ýol salgy beriji путеводитель kitapça

197

Hhabit [′hæbit] endik привычкаhalf [ha:f] ýarty половинаhappen [′hæpin] bolup geçmek происходитьhappiness and [′hæpɪnɪs and bagtlylyk hem счастье и мирpeace ′pɪ:s] abadançylykharmful [′ha:mful] zyýanly вредныйharvest [′ha:vɪst] hasyl ýygnamak собирать урожайhawk [h:k] gyrgy ястребheadache [′hedeɪk] kellagyry головная больhead of class [hed v kla:s] synp ýolbaşçysy классный руководительhealth [hel] saglyk здоровьеhealthy [hel ′pɪrns] sagdyn daşky здоровыйappearance görnüş внешний видheart [ha:t] ýürek сердцеhearty wel- [,ha:tɪ′welkm] gyzgyn garşy сердечныйcome alnyş приёмheat [hɪ:t] ýylylyk, yssylyk жара, теплотаheight [haɪt] beýiklik, высота belentlikhelp [help] kömek etmek помощьherdsman [′h:dzmn] çopan пастухheroic [hɪ′rouɪk] gahrymançy- героический lyklyhigh [haɪ] beýik высокийhigh school [′haɪsku:l orta mekdep средняя школаhinder [′hɪnd] päsgel bermek мешатьhogs [ hog] ýekegapan свиньяhold [huld] tutmak держатьhonest [′nst] ak ýürekli, dog- честный ruçylhoof [hu :f] toýnak копытоhopeful [′hupful] umytly полный надеждhorse [h:s] at лошадьhost [hust] hojaýyn, öý eýesi хозяинhousehold [′haushuld hojalyga degişli предметыgoods gudz] zatlar домаш него обиходаhug [hg] berk gujaklamak крепко обниматьhungry [′hŋgrɪ] aç голодный

198

hunt for (v) [hnt] awlamak охотиться на …hydrogen [′haɪdrn] wodorod водородhyena [haɪ′ɪ:n] giýen (möjegiň гиена görnüşi), syrtlan

II am sure [a em u] ynanýaryn Я уверенI have my eyes [a hæv ma az Meniň gözlerim мои глазаshut t] ýumlan. закрыты.idea [aɪ′dɪ] pikir идея, мысльimpartial [ɪm′pa:l] adalatly справедливыйimplement [′ɪmplmnt] esbap, gural инструмент, (выполнять)important [ɪm′pͻ:tnt] zerur, wajyp важныйinclude [ɪn′klu:d] içine almak содержать в себеincomparable [ɪn′kͻmprbl] örän gowy, ajaýyp несравненныйincrease [′ɪnkrɪ:s] ulaltmak увеличиватьindependent [,ɪndɪ′pendnt] garaşsyz независимыйindignation [,ɪndɪg′nen] gahar, gazap негодованиеindispensable [,ɪndɪs′pensbl] wajyp необходимыйindoor [,ɪn′d:] jaýyň içinde находиться в bolmak помещенииindustry [′ɪndstrɪ] senagat промышлен- ностьingenuity [,ɪn′nju:t] döredijilik изобретатель- ностьinhabit [ɪn′hæbɪt] ýaşamak жить, проживатьinitiative [ɪ′nɪƒtv] başlangyç инициативаinnumerable [′nju:mrbl] sansyz неисчислимыйinspire [n′spa] ruhlandyrmak вдохновлятьinstill [n′stl] ynandyrmak внушатьinstruction [n′strkƒn] instruksiýa, инструкция görkezmeintegral part [′ntgrl ′pa:t] aýrylmaz bölegi неотъемлемая частьintelligent [ ɪn′telɪnt] akylly умный, разумныйinterrogative [,ɪnt′rgtv] sorag (sözlemler) вопросительное (предложение)intoxicate [ɪn′tͻksket] serhoş etmek опьянятьinventor [ ɪn′vent] dörediji изобретательinvertebrate [n′v:tbrt] oňurgasyz беспозвоночные haýwanlar животныеinvigorate [n′vgret] berkişmek укреплять

199

iodine [ ′ad:n] ýod йодis formed by [z ′ f:md baɪ ýasalýar образуетсяadding “ed” ′ædɪŋ] ’’ed’’ goşulyp путём добавле- ния ‘’ed’’island [′alnd] ada остров

Jjewellery [′u:lr] gymmatbahaly драгоценности zatlarjoin [′on] goşmak присоединить (ся)judge one’s [′ wns ′ meseläni çözmek решатьproblem problem] проблемуjuniors [′u:njz] ýaş, kiçiler младшие (по возрасту)

Kkeep in mind [′kɪ:p ɪn ′mand] ýatda saklamak хранить в памятиkeep on [′kɪ:p n] dowam etmek продолжать (делать что-то)key [kɪ:] açar ключknee [nɪ:] dyz коленоknow [nu ′ smbd] kimdir birini знать кого-либоsomebody tanamakknowledge [′nͻl] bilim знания

Llabour [ ′leɪb] zähmet трудland [lænd] ýurt, ýer страна, земляlap [læp] dyz колениlaw [l:] kanun законleave [lɪ:v] gitmek, gaýtmak покидать, уезжатьleaves [lɪ:vz] ýapraklar листьяleisure [ ′le] dynç alyş досугlength [leŋ] uzynlyk, aralyk длина, расстояниеlettuce [ ′letis] salat ýapragy латук, салатlie [laɪ] ýalan ложьlight [laɪt] ýagty, ýagtylyk светлый, светliterate [′lɪtrɪt] sowatly грамотныйlive stoc [′laɪvstk] mal домашний скотlizard [′lɪzd] hažžyk ящерица

200

load [lud] ýük, agyr ýük груз, тяжёлый грузlook in the face [′lu:k ɪn ð ′feɪs] ýüzüne seretmek смотреть в лицоloose [lu:s] gowşatmak освобождатьloss [ls] ýitirme потеряlung [lŋ] öýken лёгкоеlynx [lɪŋks] gum pişigi рысь

M

maintenance [ ′meɪntnns] goldaw поддержкаmajor [ ′meɪ] esasy главныйmake clear [meɪk klɪ] aýdyň etmek выяснить, уяснятьmake out [meɪk aut] anyklamak пониматьmake progress [meɪk ′ üstünlik prugres] gazanmak делать успехиmake sour face [meɪk ′sau feɪs] ýüzüňi сделать кислое turşatmak лицоmammal [′mæml] süýdemdirijiler млекопитающиеmanage [′mæn] dolandyrmak управлять, руководитьmankind [mæn ′ kaɪnd] adamzat человечествоmanufacture [,mænju′fæktj] öndürmek производитьmaple [′meipl] kerkaw клёнmarble [′ma:bl] mermer мраморmargarine [,ma:′rɪ:n] margarin маргаринmarket [′ma:kɪt] bazar рынокmaster [′ma:st] hojaýyn, хозяин, учитель mugallymmaterial [m′tɪrɪl] maddy материальныйmean [mɪ:n] aňlatmak, значить, meaning [mɪ:nɪŋ] many значениеmelon [′meln] gawun дыняMemorial day [mɪ′mͻ:rɪl deɪ] Ýatlama güni День памятиmemory [′memrɪ] ýat памятьmend [mend] bejermek ремонтироватьmental [′mentl] akyl taýdan умственныйmention [′menn] belläp geçmek упоминатьmind [maɪnd] aň, huş память

201

mining [′maɪnɪŋ] dag önümi горная промыш- ленностьmiss [mɪs] goýbermek, пропускать, içiňi gysdyrmak скучатьmiracle [′mɪrkl] keramat чудоmoderate [′mdrɪt] aram, mylaýym сдержанныйmodest [′mdɪst] sada, salyhatly скромныйmoment [′mumnt] pursat момент, мгновениеmotion [′mun] hereket движениеmove [mu:v] süýşmek, süýşür- двигаться, mek двигатьmulberry [′mlbrɪ] tut agajy шелковицаmulticultural [,mltɪ′kl() dürli относящийся r()l] medeniýetli к разным культурамmusical [′mjuzɪkl] sazçylyk, saz музыкальныйmusician [mju:′zɪn] sazanda музыкант

Nnarrow [′næru] dar узкийnation wide [′neɪn ′waɪd] ählihalk всенародныйnatural state [′nætrl ′steɪt] tebigy ýagdaý естественное состояниеnear [nɪ] golaý, ýakyn близкий, близкоnegative [′negtɪv] ýokluk (sözlem- отрицательные ler) (предложения)neither years, [naɪð′ j:z n ne ýyllar, ne-de ни годы,nor winds ′wɪnds] ýeller ни ветрыnephew [ nevjɪu:] ýegen (oglan) племянникneutral [ ′nju:trl] bitarap нейтральныйniece [nɪ:s] ýegen (gyz) племянницаnitroglycerin [:natru′glsrn] nitrogliserin нитроглицеринnobel prize [′noubl′praz] nobel baýragy нобелевская премияnone [nn] hiç kim, hiç zat никто, ничтоno wonder [nu′wnd] geň galarly zat не удивительно ýoknothing [′n] hiç zat ничтоnumerous [′njmrs] köpsanly многочислен- ный

202

Oobey [′be] gulak asmak подчинятьсяobjective [b′jektv] maksat цельoccur [′k] bolmak, kellä случаться gelmekoccupy [′kjupa] eýelemek завладетьofficial [′fl] resmi официальныйoffice worker [′fsw:k] gullukçy служащийoil refinery [,ol′r′fanr] nebiti gaýtadan нефтеперера - işleýän zawod батывающий заводolive tree [′olvtr:] zeýtun agajy оливковое деревоopen the books [′upn′bks kitabyň 95-nji откройте книгуat page 95 t′pe95] sahypasyny açyň на странице 95opportunity [,p′tju:nt] amatly ýagdaý возможностьorder [′d] buýurmak приказывать, приказorchestra [′kstr] orkestr оркестрorchard [′tad] miweli bag фруктовый садout of doors [′autv′dz] açyk howada на открытом воздухеoutdoor [′utd:] açyk howada на открытом воздухеoutlook [′autluk] dünýägaraýyş мировоззрениеovereat [′uvr:t] köp iýmek переедатьovercome [,ouv′km] üstün çykmak, преодолеть ýeňmekowe [ou] bergili bolmak быть обязанным

Ppain [pen] agyry, боль, страдание gaýgy-gamparents [′pɛrnts] ata-ene родителиparties [′pa:ts] märeke, вечеринки üýşmeleňpass [ps] geçmek, geçelge проходить, проходpass away [ps′we] aradan çykmak умиратьpast [pst] geçmiş прошлыйpassion [′pn] hyjuw, höwes страсть

203

pasture [′pst] öri пастбищеpears [pɛz] armyt грушиperform [p′fm] ýerine ýetirmek выполнятьperish [′per] ölmek погибать, умиратьpermanent [′p:mnnt] hemişelik постоянныйperpetual [p′peul] ebedi, mydama вечныйpet [pet] öý haýwany любимое домашнее животноеpharma- [′fm′stklz] farmasewtiki фармацевти-ceuticals enjamlar ческие препаратыpistachio tree [ps′tutr:] pisse agajy фисташковое деревоplane tree [plentr:] çynar agajy чинара, платанpoint [pnt] nokat, punkt точка, пунктpolecat [′pulkt] alajagözen хорёкpolicy [′pls] syýasat политикаpopular [′ppjul] meşhur популярныйpopulation [′ppju′len] ilat населениеpores [pz] öýjükler порыporous [prs] dürtükli пористыйpot [pot] gazan казан, котелокpossess [p′zes] (bir zat) обладать edinmekpossession [p′zen] eýeleme владениеpowder [′paud] poroşok, pudra порошок, пудраpower [′pau] güýç мощьpower engineer [′pau,en′n] elektrik инженер- -электрикpower - station [′pau,sten] elektrik stansi- электростанция ýasyprecious [′pres] gymmatly драгоценныйprepare [pr′pe] taýýarlamak готовитьprescription [prs′krpn] görkezme предписаниеprevent [pr′vent] öňüni almak предотвращатьpride [prad] buýsanç, guwanç гордостьprinciple [′prnspl] esas принципproduce [′prdjs] öndürmek производитьproduct önüm, netije продукт, резуль- тат

204

profession [′pr′fen] kär, wezipe профессияprofound [pr′faund] çuňňur глубокий, полныйpronounce [pr′nauns dogry aýtmak произноситьcorrectly k′rektl] правильноproper [′prp] amatly подходящийproper know- [′prop′nldg] gowy bilim хорошие знанияledgeproperty [′propt] eýeçilik, emläk собственностьprotect [pr′tekt] goramak защищатьprotest [′prutest] garşylyk протестprove [prv] subut etmek доказыватьprovide [pr′vad] üpjün etmek обеспечиватьprovide a [pr′vadlv] güzeran gazan- зарабатыватьliving makprovide a [pr′vad hünär bermek дать профессиюprofession pr′fen]provide [pr′vadwn′self] öz-özüňi üpjün обеспечиватьoneself etmek себяprovide [pr′vadtren] bilim, terbiýe обучатьtrainingput somebody [putsmbodt bermek, ýatyr- укладыватьto bed bed] mak спатьput into [putnt, ulanmaga ber- приводить вoperation op′ren] mek действиеpure [pju] arassa чистыйpurity [′pjurt] arassaçylyk чистотаpurpose [′p:ps] maksat цель

Qquarrel [′kwrl] jedel, dawa ссораquiet down [′kwat,daun] ynjalmak, успокаивать(ся) rahatlanmak, rahatlandyrmak

Rraise [rez] götermek поднимать, повышатьrare [re] seýrek, täsin редкий, особенный

205

rather [′r] gowusy охотнее, лучшеreach [r:t] ýetmek, barmak, достигать, uzalmak протягиватьreading [′r:d] okaýyş чтениеread over [′r:duv′gen] ýene bir gezek перечитыватьagain okamakread quite well [′r:dkwatwel] örän gowy очень хорошо okamak читатьreality [r′lt] hakykat реальностьreasonable [′r:znbl] akylly, paýhasly благоразумныйreconstruct [r:kn′strkt] täzeden üýt- восстанавливать gedip gurmakrecreation [′rekr′en] dynç отдыхreestablish [′r:s′tbl] dikeltmek восстанавливатьreference book [′refrnsbuk] maglumat справочник kitapçasyreferendum [,ref′rendm] ses berme референдумreflection [r′flekn] şöhlelendirme отражениеreform [r′fm] dikeltmek преобразовыватьrefresh [r′fre] täzelemek освежатьregard [r′gd] alada заботаregret [r′gret] gynanmak, сожалеть nebsiň agyrmakregular/ [′regjul/′regjul dogry/nädogry правильныеirregular v:b] işlikler неправильныеverbs глаголыrelative [′reltv] garyndaş родственникrelease [r′l:s] boşatmak, освобождать goýbermekrelieve oneself [r′l:vwn′self] özüňi köşeşdir- успокаиваться mekremain [r′men] galmak оставатьсяremember [r′memb] ýatda saklamak помнитьremove [r′mv] geçirmek, перемещать geçmekrepair [r′pe] bejermek ремонтироватьrepeat [r′p:t] gaýtalamak повторятьreptile [′reptal] süýrenijiler пресмыкаю- щиесяrequire [r′kwa] mätäç bolmak нуждаться

206

reserve [r′zv] ätiýaçda sakla- запасать, mak сберегатьreside [r′zad] bolmak, быть, ýaşamak находитьсяresort [r′zt] dynç alyş merkezi курортrespect [rs′pekt] sylamak уважатьresponsible [rs′pnsbl] jogapkär ответственныйrest [rest] dynç отдыхrestore [r′st] dikeltmek восстанав- ливатьreview [r′vj] syn ýazmak, syn рецензияrevise [r′vaz] gaýtalamak повторятьride [rad] atly ýöremek ехать верхомring [r] ses (saz), jaň звук, звонroar [r] arlap gygyrmak реветьroutine [r′t:n] gündelik hereket режимrug [rg] halyça коврикruin [′rn] harabaçylyk разрушать, развалиныrule [r] düzgün правило

Ssacrifice [′skrfas] gurban etme жертвоватьsalmon [smn] gyzyl balyk лососьsanitation [,sn′ten] sagaldyş оздоровлениеSay right [′se′rat] dogry aýt скажи правильноschoolmaster [′skl,mst] mugallym учительscience [′sans] ylym наукаscience and [′sans ylym we tehnika наука и техникаtechnics nd′teknks]scientist [′santst] alym учёныйsea [s:] deňiz мореsecondary [′sekndrskl] orta mekdep средняя школаschoolsecure [s′kju] asudalygy sakla- безопасность makseed [s:d] tohum, däne семя, семенаsell [sel] satmak продаватьsensibly [′sensbl] mälim, äşgär заметноserious [′srs] agras серьёзныйset [set] toplum набор, комплект

207

set out [set′ut] gitmek, ugramak выехатьseveral [′sevrl] birnäçe несколькоshade [ed] kölege теньshare [ɛ] paýlaşmak делить, разделитьshepherd [′epd] çopan пастухship [p] gämi корабльshop (s) [op] dukan лавка, магазинshop assistant [op′sstnt] satyjy продавецshopping [′op] bazarlamak делать покупкиshopping [opsent] söwda merkezi торговый центрcentershrimp [rmp] kiçi leňňeç креветкаshrub [rb] düýp, agaç кустsimilar [′sml] meňzeş похожийsince [sns] bäri, şondan bäri с тех пор….singer [′s] aýdymçy певецskateboard [sketboard] tigirli tagta роликовая доскаskills and [′sklznd′ hbts] başarnyklar, en- умения иhabits dikler навыкиskin [skn] deri кожаslip [slp] typmak скользить, скольжениеsmile [smal] ýylgyryş улыбкаsociety [s′sat] jemgyýet обществоsolve [slv] çözmek решать (meseläni)song and [′sond′ aýdym we tans ансамбль песниdance da:ns′ kmpn] topary и танцаcompany sore throat [′so:′rout] damak agyrysy боль в горлеsoul [′soul] ýürek, köňül душаsound [saund] ses звукsour [′sau] turşy кислыйsource [ss] çeşme источникsoybeans [′sb:nz] soýa noýbasy соевые бобыspace [spes] giňişlik пространствоspare time [′spɛ,tam] boş wagt свободное времяspecialized [′spelazd] ýöriteleşdirilen специализиро- ванныйspend [spend] geçirmek (wagty) проводить (время)spiritual [′sprtul] ruhy духовный

208

splash [spl] syçramak брызгать (ся)splendid [′splendd] örän gowy замечательныйspread [spred] ýaýramak расстилатьspruce [sp′rs] täsin geýnüwli элегантный, нарядныйstate [stet] ýagdaý, döwlet состояние, государствоstationary [′stenr] kanselýar канцелярские harytlar товарыstart [stt] başlamak, ugra- отправляться makstay in bed [′sten′bed] näsag bolup ýat- оставаться в mak постелиsteel [st:l] polat стальstep [step] ädim шагstill [stl] henizem ещёstrength [stre] güýç силаstripes [′straps] zolak, ala-mula полосыstudies [′stdz] okuw занятияstumble [stmbl] sakynmak запинатьсяstupefy [′stjpfa] aňy küteltmek притуплять умsubstance [′sbstns] jisim веществоsucceed [sk′s:d] üstünlik gazan- преуспевать maksuccess [sk′ses] üstünlik успехsuffer [′sf] horluk çekmek страдатьsuit [sjut] gelişmek соответствоватьsuitable [′su:tbl] gelşikli, amatly подходящийsupermarket [su:pma:kt] söwda merkezi супермаркетsupplement [′splmnt] üstüni doldur- дополнять,supply [s′pla] mak, üpjün снабжать etmeksupport [s′p:t] goldamak поддерживатьsuppose [s′pouz] göz öňüne getir- предполагать mek

Ttable spoon [′teblspn] nahar çemçesi столовая ложкаtake away [′tek′we] aýyrmak, almak убирать, заби- ратьtake care [′tek,ke] aladalanmak заботитьсяtake place [′tek,ples] orun almak иметь местоtalk [tk] gürrüň etmek рассказывать

20914. Sargyt №1093

terrible [′terbl] gorkuly, elhenç ужасныйthat’s right [′ts′rat] dogry правильноthat will do! [′twl′d], Ýeterlik! Достаточно!(that’ll do) [′tl′d]the elders [′elds] ýaşulular старцы, старикиthe goods [′gdz] zatlar, harytlar товарыtherefore [′ef] şonuň üçin поэтомуthere goes the [e′gus′bel] ine, jaň kakylýar звенит звонокbellthe same [′sem] şonuň ýaly тот же самыйthis way [′swe] şu ýoldan этим путёмthoroughly [′rl] soňuna çenli до концаthroat [rut] bokurdak горлоtidy [′tad] arassa чистыйtoo [t] hem, bilen тоже, такжеtoothache [′tek] dişagyry зубная больtongue [t] dil языкtouch [tt] ellemek прикасатьсяtradition [tr′dn] däp -dessur традицияtragic fate [′trk′fet] gaýgyly ykbal трагическая судьбаtrain [tren] otly поездtreasure [′tre] hazyna, baýlyk сокровищеtrouble [′trbl] ynjalyksyzlyk беспокойствоtruck farmer [′trk′fm] gök ekerançy овощеводturn [t:n] öwürmek поворачиваться

Uulcers [′ls] ýazwa язва, язвинаunable [′nebl] ukypsyz, ejiz неспособныйuncle [′kl] daýy дядяundertake [′nd′tek] edip başlamak предприниматьunite [j′nat] birleşmek объединятьсяunforgettable [′nf′getblde] ýatdan незабываемыйday çykmajak gün деньunfit [n′ft] bolmaýan неподходящийupset [′pset] keýpi bozulan расстроенныйuseless [′jsls] peýdasyz бесполезныйvaluable [′vljubl]various [′vers]in various [n′versf:ldz] dürli ugurlarda в разныхfields областях

210

V

vegetable [′vetbl] gök-önümler овощиventilate [′ventlet] howany проветривать arassalamakvertebrals [′v:tbrls] oňurgalylar позвоночныеvictim [′vctm] gurban, pida жертваview [vj] görnüş, nazar взгляд, видvisible [′vzbl] görünýän видимый

Wwake up (woke [′wek′p] oýanmak проснутьсяup)walk [wk] gezelenç прогулка, гулятьwashing [′w] kir ýuwuş стиркаwaste [west] harç etme, трата sowmawarm [wm] ýyly, mylaýym тёплыйwatch [wt] seretmek наблюдатьwaterfall [′wtf:l] şarlawuk водопадweakness [′w:kns] gowşaklyk слабостьwear [we] geýinmek носить (одежду)weave (wove) [w:v] dokamak ткатьweed [w:d] haşal ot сорнякwelfare [′welfe] maddy hal- благосостояние ýagdaýwhale [wel] kit китWhat is the [′wtz′mt Oňa näme Что с нимmatter with whm?] bolýar? случилось?him?What is wrong [′wtz′rowwith him? hm?]whole [houl] bütin, doly целыйwholesale [′houlsel] lomaý söwda продажа оптомwill [wl] erk, isleg воляwillow [′wlu] söwüt, tal ива

211

wisdom [′wzdm] akyllylyk, мудрость pähimlilikwish [w] arzuw желаниеwonderful [′wndfl] ajaýyp изумительныйwork [w:k] iş работаworthy [′w:] mynasyp достойный

Yyarn [j:n] hekaýa рассказ

youth [j] ýaşlar, ýaşlyk молодежь

You needn’t [jndnttekj Kitabyňy almak не нужно братьtake your buk] gerek däl! книгу!book!

212

C O N T E N T S

PART I

Unit 1

Lesson 1 The First day of School ................................. 7

Lesson 2 Goodbye Summer, Hello, Fall!

Summer holidays! .......................................11

Lesson 3 Grammar Lesson ..........................................14

Lesson 4 Back to school again .....................................17

Lesson 5 At the English Lesson ..................................21

Unit 2

Lesson 1 Education in Turkmenistan ...........................27

Lesson 2 At school ....................................................30

Unit 3

Lesson 1 Memorial day ..............................................34

Lesson 2 Independent and Permanently Neutral

Turkmenistan ..............................................42

Lesson 3 Independent and Permanently Neutral

Turkmenistan (part II) ..................................45

Lesson 4 The Standard (Flag) of President of

Turkmenistan ..............................................49

Lesson 5 Independence day ........................................52

Test 1 ......................................................................54

PART II

Unit 4

Lesson 1 Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov –

the President of Turkmenistan .......................58

Lesson 2 Turkmen Music and Songs ............................63

Lesson 3 Conversation ..............................................68

213

Unit 5

Lesson 1 Our Animals ...............................................71

Lesson 2 Our Plants ..................................................76

Lesson 3 Turkmen Lake .............................................81

Lesson 4 Present Perfect. Tense ..................................85

Lesson 5 Grammar Revision .......................................91

Lesson 6 Koytendag – a Wonderful Corner of

Turkmenistan ..............................................94

Lesson 7 The underground Miracle ........................... 101

Test 2 .................................................................... 105

PART III

Unit 6

Lesson 1 The uSA (part I)........................................ 108

Lesson 2 The uSA (part II) ...................................... 112

Lesson 3 The British Isles ........................................ 115

Lesson 4 Present Perfect Passive .............................. 118

united Kingdom ........................................ 120

Lesson 5 Education in Great Britain .......................... 122

Lesson 6 Canada ..................................................... 126

Unit 7

Lesson 1 The Seasons .............................................. 129

Lesson 2 days of the Week ...................................... 133

Lesson 3 Grammar .................................................. 135

Lesson 4 Also, too, either ........................................ 138

Unit 8

Lesson 1 Alfred Bernhard Nobel ............................... 142

Lesson 2 Kerim Gurbannepesov ................................ 145

Word Formation. Adjective Suffixes ............ 146

Test 3 .................................................................... 150

214

PART IV

Unit 9

Lesson 1 Shops and Shopping (Part I) ........................ 153

Lesson 2 Shops and Shopping (Part II) ....................... 157

Lesson 3 Shops and Shopping (Part III) ...................... 160

Unit 10

Lesson 1 My day .................................................... 164

Lesson 2 Health ...................................................... 167

Lesson 3 doctor’s Visit ............................................ 171

Lesson 4 The Laws of Health (Part I) ......................... 174

Lesson 5 The Laws of Health (Part II) ....................... 177

Lesson 6 A visit to a doctor ..................................... 179

Test 4 .................................................................... 183

Irregular verbs ........................................................ 187

Vocabulary ............................................................. 189

Aly Gurbanow, Lýudmila Gurbanowa,

Rejepbibi Hojageldiýewa

IŇLIS DILI

Umumy orta bilim berýän mekdepleriň VIII synpy üçinokuw kitaby

Redaktor G. HallyýewaSurat redaktory G. OrazmyradowTeh. redaktory O. NurýagdyýewaKorrektor A. KiçiýewaNeşir üçin jogapkärler F. Nurgeldiýewa B. Atajanow

Çap etmäge rugsat edildi 03.07.2015.Möçberi 60х90 1/

16. Mekdep garniturasy.

Şertli çap listi 13,5. Şertli reňkli ottiski 54,25.Hasap-neşir listi 11,41. Çap listi 13,5.

Sany 106 000. Sargyt 1093.

Türkmen döwlet neşirýat gullugy.744004. Aşgabat, Garaşsyzlyk şaýoly, 100.

Türkmen döwlet neşirýat gullugynyň Metbugat merkezi.744004. Aşgabat, 1995-nji köçe, 20.

Okuw kitabynyň peýdalanylyşy barada maglumat

№ Okuwçynyň adywe atasynyň ady

Okuwýyly

Kitabyň saklanyş ýagdaýy

Okuwýylynyň başynda

Okuw ýylynyň

ahyrynda

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ylymly.comˆlis...the state anthem of turkmenistan i am ready to give life for native hearth, the...

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