ТЕТЕТЕТЕТЕТЕТЕТЕCHNICAL WORKSHOP ON LOCUST CONTROLCHNICAL WORKSHOP ON LOCUST CONTROLCHNICAL WORKSHOP ON LOCUST CONTROLCHNICAL WORKSHOP ON LOCUST CONTROLCHNICAL WORKSHOP ON LOCUST CONTROLCHNICAL WORKSHOP ON LOCUST CONTROLCHNICAL WORKSHOP ON LOCUST CONTROLCHNICAL WORKSHOP ON LOCUST CONTROLDUSHANBEDUSHANBEDUSHANBEDUSHANBEDUSHANBEDUSHANBEDUSHANBEDUSHANBE, , , , , , , , ТАТАТАТАТАТАТАТАJIKISTANJIKISTANJIKISTANJIKISTANJIKISTANJIKISTANJIKISTANJIKISTAN, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18--------22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 ООООООООCTOBERCTOBERCTOBERCTOBERCTOBERCTOBERCTOBERCTOBER 20102010201020102010201020102010Locust sprayingLocust spraying: : ULV ULV vsvs ECEC??

-Item 10 of the technical Workshop-

АА..VV. . LatchininskyLatchininsky –– FAO International ConsultantFAO International Consultant

The two main locust spraying techniques

High-volume spraying Ultra-low volume spraying (ULV)

Applied volume200-300 l/ha

Applied volume1 l/ha

Water-based insecticide formulations, such as Emulsifiable

Concentrate (EC)

Oil formulations specifically preparedfor ULV

Large droplets (>200 µm) Small droplets (50-100 µm)

ULV technology

• Developed in the 1950s to control the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål 1775)

• The most worldwide used technology to control locusts

• The most efficient and cost-effective and the less harmful to human beings and the Environment

Therefore, fully supported and promotedTherefore, fully supported and promoted

by FAOby FAO

HighHigh--volume volume

sprayingspraying

No need to mix To be diluted with water

Minimal water use

(for secondary needs only )

Huge quantities of water needed

& related costs...

ULVULV

Low volatility of the

oil formulation

High volatility of the

water mixture

Optimum size of the droplets

50-100 µm

Drops either too large or

too small

Droplet size and coverage quality of the treated areas

� Reducing droplet size increases the number of droplets

� Small droplets provide a higher density per cm2

than the large ones

� Small droplets have a better penetration than large ones through dense vegetation

ØØ 200 200 µµmm ØØ 100 100 µµmm

1 1 dropdrop �������� 8 8 dropletsdroplets

With the same volume:

��������

3 m 3 m

ØØ 200 200 µµmm ØØ 20 20 µµmm

5 seconds 5 minutes

Optimum droplet density for locust control is considered to be of 20/cm²

1 1 cmcm

1 1 cmcm

Droplet diameterµm

Volume to applyl/ha

985 1,000

576 200

363 50

267 20

168 5

98 1

Optimum Ø:50-100 µm

Standard spray

What is important is not only the droplet size but also the droplet spectrum: the most homogeneous is the spray, the best it is

Spray from rotating atomizer

(ULV)

Droplet diameter Droplet diameter

%% %%

Aerosol generatorAerosol generator: : droplet diameter is ofdroplet diameter is of 11--20 20 µµmm

Aerosol generator: droplet diameter is of 1-20 µm

Тractor-mounted fan sprayer:droplet diameter is of 300-1,000 µm

ULV sprayer Micron АU 8115:droplet diameter 50-100 µm

High-volume spraying: direct deposit of the drops

ULV spraying: controlled drift

WindWind

Way to progress with the sprayer – perpendicular to wind

Spray with controlled drift – the principle of ULV technology

Hand-held ULV sprayer

Vehicle-mounted ULV sprayer

Aircraft equipped with ULV atomizers

Micron Ulva +(rotating atomizerwith batteries)

Micronair АU 8000(motorized)

Aircraft Antonov-2 equipped with Micronair АU 5000 Helicopter KA-26 equipped with Micronair АU 5000

Advantages of ULV oil formulations

• Less volatility

• Better adherence to plants which is especially important for pesticides with ingestion action, such as inhibitors of chitin synthesis (IGR)

• Biopesticides formulated as suspension of spores in vegetal oil

• Attractive properties of oil – vegetal oils attractive for locusts

Cannibalism among locusts

Locust are attracted to cadavers by volatile fatty acids.The same fatty acids are present in vegetable oils.

• Calibration is often disregarded

•• Failures in pest control are usually due to incorrect Failures in pest control are usually due to incorrect

calibration although inefficacy of pesticides is referred calibration although inefficacy of pesticides is referred

to in most casesto in most cases

•• Three parameters have to be calibratedThree parameters have to be calibrated: :

-- the size of the dropletsthe size of the droplets, ,

-- the height at which the droplets will be sprayedthe height at which the droplets will be sprayed, ,

-- the pesticide dosethe pesticide dose. .

Calibration

The spraying height has to be changed in

relation with the wind strength

For ULV spraying, the recommended wind

speed is from 2 to 10 m/sec

Which are the advantages of EC formulations Which are the advantages of EC formulations

as compared to ULV ones?as compared to ULV ones?

• Smaller amounts of pesticide for transportation and storage

• Less corrosiveness

• Simpler sprayers

• Wind-independence

• Versatility of EC insecticides

• No need for special sprayers

• Easier cleaning

EFFICACY

ULV EC

Performance of ULV sprayersPerformance of ULV sprayers

Motorized knapsack sprayer

Vehicle-mounted sprayer (without airblast)

Vehicle-mounted sprayer (with airblast)

Aircraft

Hand-held sprayer (no motor)

5 – 10 ha/day

30 – 50 ha/day

100 – 200 ha/day

200 – 400 ha/day

1,500 – 3,000 ha/day