lv - tim hieu kinh dich - xay dung he chuyen gia - kham pha tri thuc moi
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TRNG I HC KHOA HC TNHIN
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN
B MN CNG NGH TRI THC
T HOI VIT - 0012125
NGUYN TNG UYN - 0012186
TM HIU KINH DCH - XY DNG H
CHUYN GIA DON V KHM PH TRI
THC MI
LUN VN CNHN TIN HC
GING VIN HNG DN
TS. L HOI BC
NIN KHA 2000-2004
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Li cm n
Trc ht chng em xin chn thnh cm n Tin s L Hoi Bc, ngi
thy gip gi mnhng tng ban u v tn tm hng dn chng em thc
hin kha lun tt nghip ca mnh.
Chng em cng khng qun gi n cc thy c trong B mn Cng ngh
tri thc ni ring, v tt c cc thy c khc trong khoa Cng ngh thng tin li
bit n chn thnh v ht lng truyn t kin thc trong nhng nm thng
ging ng i hc.
V cn mt li cm n na xin gi n cc bn b cng kha chia x
nhng kh khn trong sut qu trnh hc tp v thc hin kha lun. Xin chc cc
bn t c thnh tch tt nht.
Thnh ph H Ch Minh, thng 7/ 2004
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Danh mc cc hnh
Hnh 1: Ng hnh tng sinh................................................................................... 7
Hnh 2: Ng hnh tng khc.................................................................................. 8
Hnh 3 M hnh suy din tin ............................................................................... 40Hnh 4: Suy din tin vi phn gii mu thun vo trc, lm trc ................ 42
Hnh 5. Csd liu v cc giao tc .................................................................... 52
Hnh 6. Hai tnh cht quan trng............................................................................ 54
Hnh 7. Tm kim mt chiu .................................................................................. 55
Hnh 8: Gim s lng ng vin v s ln duyt .................................................. 62
Hnh 9: Tm kim theo 2 chiu top-down v bottom-up ....................................... 65
Hnh 10: m s h trca cc tp ph bin........................................................ 73Hnh 11: S cc lp chnh ca ng c............................................................ 80
Hnh 12: S cc khi tri thc ............................................................................ 90
Hnh 13 Cc lp chnh trong khai thc d liu .................................................... 105
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iv
MC LC
Tng quan ................................................................................................................ 1
Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m......................................................... 3
1.1 Ngun gc Kinh Dch .............................................................................. 3
1.2 Hc thuyt m Dng Ng Hnh ........................................................ 5
1.2.1 Hc thuyt m Dng......................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Hc thuyt Ng hnh ........................................................................... 5
1.3 Kinh dch mt h m............................................................................ 9
1.3.1 Cu trc qu ca trit cng phng ............................................... 9
1.3.2 L thuyt tp kinh in: ..................................................................... 10
1.3.3 L thuyt mtheo Zadeh v nguyn l phi bi trung:....................... 12
1.3.4 S hnh thc ho cu trc lng nghi bng tp m:.......................... 16
1.4 ng dng ca Kinh dch trong i sng................................................ 20
Chng 2: Hc thuyt T Tr.......................................................................... 21
2.1 Th gii thng tin v con ngi:............................................................ 21
2.2 a Chi- Ta thi gian ...................................................................... 22
2.3 Thin Can- Ta khng gian .............................................................. 25
2.4 Can chi phi hp .................................................................................... 28
2.5 Phng php don hn nhn theo T Tr: ....................................... 29
Chng 3: H chuyn gia ................................................................................ 31
3.1 Cc khi nim v cstri thc: ............................................................ 31
3.2 H chuyn gia da trn lut ................................................................... 33
3.2.1 Lut v s kin................................................................................... 33
3.2.2 Kim tra v thc hin lut:................................................................. 353.2.3 Gi thit v th gii ng:.................................................................. 35
3.2.4 S dng bin s trong lut: ................................................................ 36
3.2.5 S dng bin d liu: ......................................................................... 38
3.2.6 S dng lut vi bin lp: .................................................................. 39
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v
3.2.7 Suy din tin: ..................................................................................... 39
Chng 4: Khai thc d liu ............................................................................ 45
4.1 Cy nh danh ........................................................................................ 46
4.2 Thut gii ILA........................................................................................ 494.1 Tp ph bin v lut kt hp.................................................................. 51
4.1.1 Pht biu bi ton............................................................................... 51
4.1.2 Tp ph bin cc i l g? ................................................................ 52
4.1.3 Cc tnh cht ca bi ton .................................................................. 53
4.1.4 Mt s thut gii thng dng ............................................................. 57
4.1.5 Thut gii tng cng ........................................................................ 61
4.2 Nhn xt v s dng cc hng tip cn: .............................................. 744.2.1 Hng tip cn phn lp:................................................................... 74
4.2.2 Hng tip cn theo ph bin v lut kt hp: ............................. 75
4.2.3 p dng gii quyt bi ton khai thc d liu .............................. 76
Chng 5: Xy dng chng trnh .................................................................. 79
5.1 ng csuy din ................................................................................... 79
5.1.1 S cc lp chnh ca ng c: ...................................................... 80
5.1.2 C php khai bo h cstri thc: ................................................... 85
5.1.3 Ni dung khai bo trong cstri thc: ............................................. 89
5.1.4 S cc khi tri thc suy din:........................................................ 90
5.1.5 Ni dung ca cstri thc................................................................ 90
5.2 Khai thc d liu .................................................................................. 105
Tng kt ............................................................................................................... 107
Ph lc.................................................................................................................. 108
Quy lut ca m lch Vit Nam........................................................................ 108
Mt s cng thc h tr............................................................................... 111
i ngy dng lch ra ngy m lch........................................................... 114
Ti liu tham kho................................................................................................ 118
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Tng quan
1
Tng quan
Tri thc l ti sn qu gi nht ca nhn loi. T xa, khi con ngi sng
gn gi v bt u khm ph thin nhin, c nhn pht hin ra nhng quy lut
vn ng ca v tr vn vt. Nhng tri thc qu bu ny vn cn c lu gi
trong Kinh Dch. Bng nhng cng c ton hc hin i, ngi ta chng minh
nhng iu trong Kinh Dch khng phi l m tn doan m ngc li hon ton
c cn c. Gn y nht Vit Nam l cng trnh nghin cu ca Gio s Nguyn
Hong Phng, ngi chng minh Kinh Dch l mt h m. Thc t cho thy,
cc tri thc Kinh Dch l nhng tri thc c thng k, kim chng qua nhiu
th h. Nhng iu ny ng trong qu kh, hin ti v vn ng trong tng
lai v v tr vn mun i vn ng ng theo quy lut ca n.
Ngy nay, cng vi s vn ng v pht trin nh v bo ca ngnh khoa
hc my tnh, vic a tri thc con ngi vo my tnh ang l vn c rt
nhiu ngi quan tm. Ngy cng c nhiu h chuyn gia c xy dng h tr
hoc ngay c thay th con ngi trong nhiu lnh vc nh chn on bnh, d bothi tit, cc h h trra quyt nh, cc h thng t rt ra tri thc t d liu a
vo b sung trli vo ngun tri thc ban u ng dng cc k thut tr tu
nhn to.
T tng kt hp gia tri thc hin i v tri thc c, chng ti xy dng
mt h chuyn gia don. y l mt h thng mgm mt cstri thc tch
bit khi ng c suy din ngi dng c th cp nht tri thc mi bng tay
mt cch d dng. H thng cn c kh nng tng khai thc d liu, rt ra cc
lut mi lm giu c s tri thc. minh ha cho s hot ng ca h thng,
chng ti xin tm hiu mt phn Kinh Dch v phng php don hn nhn
theo T Tr, biu din cc lut vo cstri thc theo c php quy c sn.
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Tng quan
2
Ni dungti:
Chng 1: Trnh by ngun gc, cc quy lut cbn ca Kinh Dch, biu din
Kinh Dch bng logic m, chng minh khng gian Kinh Dch l mt h m.
Chng 2: Trnh by hc thuyt T Tr - mt trong nhng phng php donca Kinh Dch, cskhoa hc ca T Tr, phng php don hn nhn theo
T Tr.
Chng 3: L thuyt v h chuyn gia.
Chng 4: Trnh by mt s phng php khai thc d liu cbn v ci tin.
Chng 5: Xy dng chng trnh ng dng.
Ph lc: Cch i ngy dng lch sang m lch v sang dng bt t.
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
1.1 Ngun gc Kinh Dch
Kinh Dch l mt loi ti liu c ca Trung Quc xut hin cch y
my ngn nm. Kinh Dch c ni dung quy cch ho s vn ng ca t nhin,
ca x hi theo nhn thc ca ngi Trung Hoa c. H thng nhn thc ny l mt
h tri thc v khng gian, thi gian c tc ng v nh hng ti s phn, hnh
ng ca tng ngi. Con ngi phi lun lun ng nht th v b chi phi bi
nhng quy lut vn ng trong Khng Gian. Ci mc xc nh s tc ng l thi im sinh ra s vt, con ngi.
Khng Gian l ni con ngi sinh thnh, pht trin. V tr tn ti ca con
ngi trong Khng Gian Thc s chi phi con ngi theo mt quy lut vn ng
v pht trin khng ngng. Cc s vt, hin tng tn ti trong Khng Gian Thc
snh hng rng buc ln nhau. Khng Gian Thc c cp y l khng
gian bn chiu Khng Gian Kinh Dch.Con ngi l mt i lng c bittrong khng gian bao la v b chi phi bi cc To Khng Gian (10 can) v
To Thi Gian (12 chi) trong sut qu trnh t lc sinh ra n lc cui i.
Chnh cc nh Dch hc o c v nh tnh c Khng Gian v Thi
Gian tm ra tr s ring ca tng s vt, tng con ngi, tng hin tng khi
vng vo mt khng gian c th no . T suy ra nhng thng tin lm cs
cho d bo, don.
Kinh Dch hng mi ngi ti s ha ng vi t nhin theo tng v tr
tn ti ca ngi trong khng gian, mi ngi hnh ng theo ng quy lut
tn ti ca chnh mnh trong khng gian.
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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Th gii m Kinh Dch din t l th gii vn ng khng ngng. ng lc
ca s vn ng ny, l hai mt i lp tn ti bn nhau v v nhau trong mt khi
ton vn v thng nht, ci m cc nh Dch Hc c gi l m v Dng.
iu m sau ny n th k 18, nh ton hc c Leibniz (1646-1716),
ngi sng lp ra hm nh phn gn cho k hiu biu th m (- -) l con s 0,
k hiu biu th dng (-) l con s 1. Mt s ti liu gi y l Lng Nghi ( gm
c nghi dng + v nghi m -)
C th, c sau mt thi im nh v tr khng gian v thi gian (lun lun
dng ng) trc l dng th tip ngay sau s l m. C mt Ta khng
gian dng th c mt Ta thi gian tng ng l dng , nu l m th c
mt Ta thi gian tng ng l m.
Theo Kinh Dch, khng gian no, thi gian . Chnh v vy khi ni n s
xut hin hay sinh ra mt iu g trong mt "khu vc" ca khng gian, bao gi
cng phi ni c Ta khng gian v Ta thi gian tng ng nh nm
Bnh T, inh Su Mi mt ngi c th sinh ra t mt Ta khng gian vi
Thi gian tng ng s c nhng c tnh tn ti v pht trin ring ph hp vi
v tr ca Ta trong Khng Gian . Chnh ci ln sinh c nht ca mi ngi
c bit ha s phn ca tng ngi. Chnh v vy lun thuyt ca Dch hc llun thuyt v nhn sinh, l lun thuyt v v tr tn ti ca con ngi trong khng
gian.
TKG Gip
+
t
-
Bnh
+
inh
-
Mu
+
K
-
Canh
+
Tn
-
Nhm
+
Qu
-
Gip
+
t
-
TTG T
+
Su
-
Dn
+
Mo
-
Thn
+
T
-
Ng
+
Mi
-
Thn
+
Du
-
Tut
+
Hi
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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1.2 Hc thuyt m Dng Ng Hnh
1.2.1 Hc thuyt m Dng
Hc thuyt m Dng l t tng duy vt bin chng, l csl lun ca
khoa hc t nhin v th gii quan duy vt ca Trung Quc. S hnh thnh, bin
ha v pht trin ca vn vt u do s vn ng ca hai kh m dng m ra. Bn
thn s vt, hin tng lun lun c hai mt: cht v i cht, vn ng v phn
ng, va mu thun va thng nht, va phnh va khng nh ln nhau.
m Dng va i lp va thng nht. C i lp mu thun mi c pht
trin vn ng; c thng nht mi c n nh thnh ra vn vt.
m Dng l gc ca nhau, chng da vo nhau tn ti. Khng c m
th khng th xc nh Dng v ngc li.
m Dng tiu gim v tng trng ch s vn ng bin i ca vn vt.
Mu thun i lp ca m Dng trng thi ci ny gim th ci kia tng. l
trng thi cn bng ng, Dng tng ln th m gim xung v ngc li, ch c
th mi gic s pht trin bnh thng ca s vt.
m Dng c th chuyn ha ln nhau. m n cc cng sinh Dng,
Dng n cc cng sinh m.
1.2.2 Hc thuyt Ng hnh
Trong khng gian, cc i lng tn ti a hnh, a dng nhng tn ti theo
5 nhm thuc tnh l tnh Kim, tnh Mc, tnh Thy, tnh Ha, tnh Th. Cc i
lng trong khng gia Kinh Dch c hay khng c 5 thuc tnh ni trn l ty
thuc vo thi im hnh thnh (sinh vo) tng ng vi cc ta khng gian
(Can) v ta thi gian (Chi).
Hanh Kim Moc Thuy Hoa Tho
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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ac tnh thanh tnh Moc len va
phat trien
lanh ret,
hng xuong
di
nong,hng
len tren
nuoi ln
Phng Tay ong Bac Nam TrungTng ng
vi cth
Phoi, ruot gia,
kh quan, he
ho hap
Gan, mat, gan
cot, t chi
Than, bang
quang, nao,
he bai tiet
Tim, ruot
non, mach
mau
La lach,
da day,
he tieu
hoa
Mau sac Trang Xanh en Hong Vang
Tnh tnh Ngha Nhan Tr Le Tn
Ng hnh sinh khc:
Theo hc thuyt m Dng v quy lut Nhn qu, khi mt hin tng xy ra:
Do hai nguyn nhn gy ra n: mt nguyn nhn c ch v mt nguyn
nhn hng phn n.
N s gy ra hai hu qu: hng phn mt hin tng khc v c ch mt
hin tng khc.
Gia Ng Hnh tn ti quy lut tng sinh, tng khc - quy lut nn tng
ca l thuyt Dch hc. Ging nh m Dng, tng sinh, tng khc l hai mt
gn lin vi nhau ca s vt. Khng c sinh th s vt khng th pht sinh v pht
trin. Khng c khc th khng th duy tr s cn bng v iu ha ca s vt
trong qu trnh pht trin v bin ha.
Ng Hnh tng sinh l:
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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Hnh 1: Ng hnh tng sinh
Mc sinh Ha: v Mc tnh n ha, m p tc Ha n phc bn
trong, xuyn thng Mc s sinh ra Ha, nn ni Mc sinh Ha. Ha sinh Th: v Ha nng nn t chy Mc. Chy ht bin thnh
tro tc l Th, nn ni Ha sinh Th.
Th sinh Kim: v Kim n tng, vi lp trong , trong ni, nn ni
Th sinh Kim.
Kim sinh Thy: v kh ca thiu m( kh ca Kim) chy ngm trong
ni tc Kim sinh ra Thy. Lm nng chy Kim s bin thnh Thy,
nn ni Kim sinh Thy.
Thy sinh Mc: nh Thy n nhun lm cho cy ci sinh trng,
nn ni Thy sinh Mc.
Ng Hnh tng khc:
Ng hnh tng khc ln nhau l bn tnh ca tri t: Thy khc Ha,
Ha khc Kim, Kim khc Mc, Mc khc Th, Th khc Thy.
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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Hnh 2: Ng hnh tng khc
Ng hnh phn sinh, phn khc:
Ng hnh phn sinh:
Mc sinh Ha: Mc nhiu th Ha khng bc ln c; Ha nhiu th Mc
b chy thnh than.
Ha sinh Th: Ha nhiu th Th thnh than; Th nhiu th Ha ch m .
Th sinh Kim: Th nhiu th Kim b vi lp; Kim nhiu th Th khng cn
ng k.
Kim sinh Thy: Kim nhiu th nc c; Thy nhiu th Kim chm xung.
Thy sinh Mc: Thy nhiu th Mc b tri; Mc thnh th Thy b co li.
"Mc thnh th Thy b co li": khi Mc nhiu th ly Kim tr Mc, li cn
li cho Thy.
"Th nhiu th Ha m ": Th nhiu th ly Mc ch Th, li cn li cho
Ha, khng c dng Ha v Ha sinh Th, Th s cng vng.
Ng hnh phn khc: Thy khc Ha: nhng Ha nhiu th Thy b bc hi.
Ha khc Kim: Kim nhiu th Ha tt.
Kim khc Mc:Mc qu cng th Kim phi m.
Mc khc Th: Th nng th Mc b tht li.
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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Th khc Thy: Thy nhiu th Th b tri.
1.3 Kinh dch mt h m
Kinh Dch l mt ti nghin cu nghim tc thu ht c s quan
tm ca nhiu b c vi ca dn tc nh L Qu n, Ng Tt T, Nguyn Duy
Cn, Nguyn Hin L Trn th gii cng c nhiu nh khoa hc ln nghin cu
v Kinh Dch, tiu biu nh cng trnh ca nh ton hc c Leibniz (1646-1716)
biu din cc qu ca Kinh dch bng cc du hiu nh phn (0 v 1). Vit
Nam trong nhng nm gn y cng xut hin cng trnh khoa hc ca Gio s
tin s Nguyn Hong Phng ([1]), trong , bng cch hnh thc ha cc cu
trc ca Kinh dch bng tp m, ng chng minh c:
Trit hc cng Phng m ct li l Kinh dch l mt loi khoa
hc tin , ly khung Thi cc, Lng Nghi, T tng, Ng hnh,
Bt qui lm tin
Trit hc c Phng ng l mt tp m.
dy, chng ti xin c trch dn mt phn cng trnh ca ng vi mc
ch tham kho, l hnh thc qu cc cu trc ca Kinh dch bng tp m.
1.3.1 Cu trc qu ca trit cng phng
Thi cc v Lng nghi
Thi cc xem nh V tr ton b - c th phn cc thnh m v Dng,
gi l Lng Nghi, l Nghi Dng v Nghi m. Nghi Dng c biu th bng
mt nt lin lin tc, cn Nghi m bng mt nt t khng lin tc.
Nhng cch phi hp n gin nht ca cc ng lin tc v khng lin
tc trn ln lt cho cc cu trc sau:
Ttng v Ng hnh
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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T tng m t qu trnh sinh ra, ln ln, gi i, ri mt hay l qu trnh
: Thnh, Thnh, Suy, Hy.
T tng c biu th bng mt tp hp gm hai ng lin tc hoc
khng lin tc.
Nu thm trung tm vo, ta c cu trc Ng hnh vi ngha: Sinh,
Trng, Ha, Thu, Tng.
Bt qui
C hai loi Bt qui : Bi qui tin thin v Bt qui Hu thin. Bt qui c
th xem l kt qu t hp gm ba ng vi mc ch m t nhng qu trnh phctp hn, hoc trong khng gian hoc trong thi gian, v d m t cc na ma
trong nm v mt thi gian, hoc l m t tm phng trong khng gian.
Cu trc Bt qui Tin thin hay l Bt qui Phc Hy mang tnh i
xng tm cao , cn Bt qui Hu thin hay Bt qui Vn Vng th km i
xng hn. Tnh i xng cao ca Bt qui Tin thin biu hin nhng tn ti
tng i hon ho. Trong lc th tnh km i xng ca Bt qui VnVng li biu hin c nhng tn ti km hon chnh hn (ca ci trn chng ta
chng hn).
1.3.2 L thuyt tp kinh in:
Hm thuc v v tr:
Cho Y l mt tp kinh in, gi l V tr (tp m) hay H quy chiu, chng
hn lY= {a,b,c,d,e}= {y}
Ta hy ly mt s tp con ca Y, v d l
A= {a,c,d,e}, B= { c, d, e}, C= {a, b}
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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xc nh cc tp con , ngi ta a ra khi nim hm thuc hay l
hm thnh phn, k hiu l , nh ngha nh sau:
MA (y) A(y) =
0 khi v ch khi y khng thuc A
1 khi v ch khi y thuc A
(k hiu A(y) da vo cng trnh ca Negotia, vit cho n gin).
Tp hai phn t {0, 1} gi l tp nh gi. Vi cc v d trn, theo nh
ngha ca hm thuc, ta c chng hn:
A(a) = 1, A(b) = 0, B(a) = 0,
Tnh cht:
Y(y) = 1, (y) = 0 vi mi y.
1.3.2.1 Cc php ton v tnh cht trong l thuyt cin
L thuyt cc tp kinh in da trn ba php ton sau:
Php hp:
Php hp k hiu l vi nh ngha:
(A B) (y) = Max { A(y), B(y)}, A(y), B(y) [0, 1].
Php giao:
Php giao k hiu l vi nh ngha:
(A B)(y) = Min {A(y), B(y)}, A(y), B(y) [0, 1].
Php b sung:
Php b sung k hiu vi mt du gch ngang trn u vi nh ngha:
A (y) = 1 -A(y), vi mi y, A(y) [0,1].
Tnh cht ca php ton
Gia cc php ton chng ta c cc tnh cht sau:
a) Tnh giao hon: A B = B A, A B = B A.
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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b) Tnh kt h p: A (B C) = (A B) C,
A (B C) = (A B) C
c) Tnh lung: A A = A,
A A = A.
d) Tnh phn phi: A (B C) = (A B) (A C),
A (B C) = (A B) (A C).
e) Tnh ng nht: A = A, A Y = A
f) Tnh: A =
A Y = Y.
g) Tnh hp th: A (B A) = A,A (B A) = A.
h) Tnh i h p: A = A
i) Cc qui tc De Morgan: A B = A B
A B = A B
j) Nguyn l bi trung (mu thun):
A A=
A A= Y.
1.3.3 L thuyt mtheo Zadeh v nguyn l phi bi trung:
Nm 1965, A. Zadeh sng to ra l thuyt tp m. Khc vi l thuyt tp
kinh in, ng mrng tp nh gi ca hm thuc t tp ri rc {0,1} sang tp
lin tc [0,1], ngha l gi tr ca hm thuc khng phi ch l 0 hoc 1, m tri
mt cch lin tc t 0 n 1.
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1.3.3.1 nh ngha:
Cc nh ngha v cc php giao, hp, b sung vn gi nguyn nh c, tc
l php hp vn nh ngha theo Max, php giao theo Min v php b sung theo
php tr trong l thuyt tp kinh in.
Cn ni thm v php bao v quan h bng nhau, tun theo nh ngha sau:
A *
B {A(y) B(y)} vi mi y.
Cch tip cn ny ca L.A.Zadeh c hai c tnh: Mt l ht sc n gin,
hai l c tnh k tha so vi l thuyt tp kinh in v mt nh ngha cc php
ton qua Max, Min v php tr.
im ni bt nht ca l thuyt Zadeh l tt c cc tnh cht ca cc phpton ca l thuyt tp kinh in u c gi nguyn, tr mt tnh cht ch yu :
Nguyn l bi trung ca Ch ngha duy l khng cn ng na, nh s thy ngay
sau y.
1.3.3.2 Nguyn l phi bi trung trong l thuyt Zadeh:
Trong l thuyt Zadeh, nguyn l bi trung, gn b vi ch ngha Duy l,
khng cn ng na. Chng ta hy ly vi v d c th:
Cho v tr Y = {a, b, c, d} v A l mt tp con ca Y, vi
A (a) = 0,2, A(b) = 0,4, A(c) = 0,8, A(d) = 0
Ta c ngay, theo nh ngha v php b sung:
A(a) = 0,8, A(b) = 0,6, A(c) = 0,2, A(d) = 1.
T ta c theo cc php ton Max v Min trong cc nh ngha trn:
(A A)(a) = 0,8; (A A)(b) = 0,6; (A A)(c)= 0,8; (A A)(d)= 1
(A A)(a) = 0,2; (A A)(b)= 0,4; (A A)(c)= 0,2; (A A)(d)= 0
Nhng v Y(y) = 1, (y) = 0, vi mi y, nn theo ng thc cc tp m, ta c
ngay kt qu ht sc quan trng sau trong l thuyt Zadeh:
Nguyn l phi bi trung
A A 0 ,
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
14
A A Y.
tc l nguyn l bi trung - t lu xem nh mt chn l vnh cu - qu thc khng
cn ng vi nh ngha ca Zadeh.
Kt qu ny rt quan trng trong vic tm mt phng hng ton hc thch
hp cho Trit c phng ng, l khoa hc ch yu nghin cu cc quy lut, cu
trc ca t tng, trong trong m (A) c Dng (A ), v trong Dng c m,
m dng nh thu l nhng khi nim c "ni dung m".
1.3.3.3 Cc tnh cht ca php ton trn tp m:
Nh cp trn, hu ht cc tnh cht ca php ton trn tp kinh in
vn cn ng trn tp mngoi trnh l phi bi trung:
a) Tnh giao hon: A B = B A, A B = B A.
b) Tnh kt h p: A (B C) = (A B) C,
A (B C) = (A B) C
c) Tnh lung: A A = A,
A A = A.
d) Tnh phn phi: A (B C) = (A B) (A C),
A (B C) = (A B) (A C).
e) Tnh ng nht: A = A, A Y = A
f) Tnh: A =
A Y = Y.
g) Tnh hp th: A (B A) = A,
A (B A) = A.h) Tnh i h p: A = A
i) Cc qui tc De Morgan: A B = A B
A B = A B
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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j) Nguyn l phi bi trung (phi mu thun):
A A
A A Y.
1.3.3.4 Php nhn Max Min v php nhn Min Max
Trong qu trnh vn dng l thuyt tp m, xut hin mt s php nhn c
bit gi l php nhn Max Min v php nhn Min Max, nh ngha nh sau:
Php nhn Max Min
Php nhn ny tng t nh php nhn ma trn thng thng, ch khc mt
ch l: Thay php nhn thng thng bng php ly Min, cn php cng thng
thng bng php ly Max.
V d
Ta chn trng h p ma trn 2x2 cho n gin. Chng hn ta c trong php
nhn ma trn thng thng
a b
c d .
m n
p q =
am + bp an + bq
cm + dp cn + dq
Php nhn Max Min, k hiu l o, theo nh ngha s c dng:
a b
c d o
m n
p q =
Max(Min(a, m),Min (b, p)) Max(Min(a, n),Min (b, q))
Max(Min(c, m),Min (d, p)) Max(Min(c, n),Min (d, p))
V d bng s
2 6
4 5 o
0 1
7 8 =
6 6
5 5
Php nhn Max Min c tnh cht kt hp:
A o (B o C) = (A o B) o C.Php nhn Min Max
Php nhn ny, k hiu l o, suy t php nhn Max Min bng cch thay th Min
v Max cho nhau
V d:
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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Php nhn ny cng c tnh cht kt hp:
A o (B o C) = (A o B) o C.
Php nhn Max Min v php nhn Min Max c nhiu ng dng su xa v nu c
dp chng ti s tip tc nghin cu.
1.3.4 Shnh thc ho cu trc lng nghi bng tp m:
Trong phn ny trc ht chng ta tm cch hnh thc ho cu trc Lng
Nghi ca Kinh Dch theo l thuyt mMin Max ca L.A.Zadeh.
1.3.4.1 V tr ton hc Ty phng - thi cc ng phng
V tr, hiu l YAD, gm c hai Kh (Nghi) : kh m a v kh Dng d,
YAD = {a,d} = Thi cc = H nguyn thu.
Hai kh m, Dng ny c th xem l tng ng vi hai quu tin ca Kinh
Dch (Tri v t) l cc Qu Kin v Khn ca Kinh Dch :
Kh Dng d Qu Kin Kh m a Qu Khn
Theo tinh thn ca Kinh Dch, v sau s c s phn cc, phn ho to ra cc
ci khc nhau. Mi tp con A ca Thi Cc YADu cha hai kh , vi nhng
hm thuc c gi tr trong khong [0,1].
Ta c
A(a,b) [0,1] vi mi A YAD.
ng thc v php bao
ng thc
Hai tp con A v B ca Thi cc YAD gi l bng nhau, khi v ch khi
A = B {(A) = (B) v A =*
B}
trong gi l hm m Dng, vi nh ngha
(A B) = Min {(A), (B)},
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
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(A B) = Max{(A), (B)}.
(A) = -(A), (A) = {1, -1}, vi mi A,
cn
A =* B {A(a) = B(a), A(d) = B(d)}.
Php bao
Php bao nh ngha nh sau:
A *
B A(y) > B(y), y= a, d.
Trong cng trnh ny, l thuyt Zadeh ch vn dng cho loi ng thc =*
ca Lng Nghi {a, d}, khng i vo phn ng thc ca hm m Dng .
1.3.4.2 Nhng phng trnh cn bng tnh cho Lng Nghi
C hai loi cn bng: tnh v ng
Cn bng tnh
Ta c cn bng tnh cho mi tp con A khi m Dng cn bng nhau:
Cn bng tnh m Dng: A =*
A tc l khi.
A(a) = 1/2, A(d) = 1/2, A (a) = 1/2, A (d) = 1/2, (A) = -(A).Mt trong nhng vn trng yu y l xt xem trong cn bng tnh th,
ngoi A v A , cn c xut hin nhng i lng no mi khng, quan h vi A v
A bng cc php tp hp.
Nu gi thit chng hn (A) = -1, tc l gi thit A l m th ta c
ngay cc kt qu sau:
(A A) = (A) = 1,
(A A) = (A) = - 1,
A A=*
A, A A=*
A
tc l
A A= A, A A= A.
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
18
Nh th, trong trng hp cn bng tnh, chng ta li ch thu c A v A,
ngha l khng thu c mt ci mi ngoi A v A. Ni cch khc, cn bng tnh
khng c hiu lc sn sinh ra ci mi. V th c th hiu c cch Tri t
sinh ra ci mi, chng ta hy quay sang trng hp cn bng ng.
Cn bngng
Cn bng ng xy ra khi hai nhn t (th lc) khng cn bng nhau,
nhng li to ra nhng tnh hung nm dao ng xung quanh trng thi cn bng
tnh.
Trong khun kh ca Lng Nghi, l hai trng h p m thnh hay
Dng thnh:
A *
A, (A) = -1, khi m thnh,
hay
A *
A, (A) = 1, khi Dng thnh
Nguyn l phi bi trung trong khun kh l thuyt tp m vn dng cho
Lng Nghi
Chng ta ni nhiu v nguyn l phi bi trung, l ct li ca nguyn
l m Dng ca Trit hc ng phng. V th cn c mt minh ho c th
bng cng c ton tp m.
Ta phn hai trng hp sau:
Gi s:
(A) = -1, (A) = 1, A(a) = 0,4; A(d) = 0,2; A *
A, m suy.
Trong trng hp m suy ny, ta c:
(A A) = -1, (A A)(a) = Min{0,4; 0,6} = 0,4,
(A A)(d) = Min{0,2; 0,8} = 0,2,
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
19
tc l:
A A = A, t A A = A,
ngha l khng xut hin mt ci mi th ba no, khc A v A!
By gita gi s m thnh
A(a) = 0,8; A(d) = 0,7.
Th th ta c ngay:
(A A)(a) = 0,2; (A A)(d) = 0,3
tc l
(A A) A , (A A) A .
Kt qu thu c l mt hin tng khc A v A. Ta c mt ci th ba no !
Ta cng thu c mt ci th ba, khi m thnh mt phn, chng hn trong
trng hp c th sau:
A(a) = 0,6; A(d) =0,3; A (a) = 0,4; A (d) = 0,7.
(A A)(a) = 0,4; (A A)(d) = 0,3; (A A) ; (A A) A, A.
(A A)(a) = 0,6; (A A)(d) = 0,7; (A A) ; (A A) A, A.
Ngy trc Lo T ni:
mt sinh hai
hai sinh ba
ba sinh vn vt
By gita chng tc ci th ba bng ton tp mkhi m thnh !
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Chng 1: Kinh Dch mt h thng m
20
Vi lp lun v cch hnh thc ha tng ti vi cc cu trc T Tng,
Ng Hnh, Bt Qui, cc h qu gio s Nguyn Hong Phng a n cho
chng ta mt ci nhn mi m, l th v mt vn c gn lin vi i sng ca
chng ta. Do gii hn ca ti nn chng ti xin tm ngng phn gii thiu v lthuyt Kinh dch y v nhng li cho cc bn c hng th nghin cu tip tc
v xin chuyn qua phn nghin cu vng dng.
1.4 ng dng ca Kinh dch trong i sng
Kinh dch t lu c quan h mt thit i vi i sng vt cht v tinh thn i
vi nhn dn cc nc phng ng trong c Vit Nam chng ta. Kinh dch l
nhng tri thc ct li, ri khi kt hp vi cc tri thc khc s gii quyt c
mt bi ton c th trong i sng nh:
Khi kt hp vi cc tri thc v nhn th hc, thi chm s cho ra i
phng php cha bnh theo ng Y, chm cu
Khi kt hp vi hc thuyt Phong Thy s gip cho ta chn c cc vng
t thch hp cho vic xy dng.
Khi kt hp vi cc hc thuyt don (n Gip, Thi t Thn Kinh, T
Tr) s cho ra cc phng php don vn mnh ca mt con ngi
hay cho c cng ng ngi
Trong phn thc hin di y, chng ti xin p dng Kinh dch trong vic
don vn mnh, m c th hn l cc vn v hn nhn, kt hp vi hc
thuyt T tr.
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Chng 2: Hc thuyt T Tr
21
Chng 2: Hc thuyt TTr
2.1 Th gii thng tin v con ngi:
V tr bao gm tri t v vn vt ha quyn vi nhau, cm ng ln nhau,
do con ngi khng th tch ri khi h thng m lun lun b tc ng nh
hng t lc sinh ra cho n lc cht i.
S bin mt ca ngi hay s vt v s bin i ca thin tng l do cm
ng ca m dng ng hnh m ra. "Mnh" ca con ngi th hin s bin i,
dch chuyn ca v tr. Nhng thng tin ny c biu din bi m dng, ng
hnh. Ngi ta dng can chi biu th n. Nhng s bin i l lin tc khng
ngng, do trong cc trng thi bin i khc nhau ca v tr, mnh s biu hin
thnh cc "vn" khc nhau.
Do th gii ny l th gii thng tin m m dng ng hnh l biu
tng ca cc thng tin .
Con ngi sng trong v tr, nu bit c vn mng ca mnh, thun theo
quy lut, lm chc sinh mnh th tt, nghch li th tri vi quy lut t nhin
tt s gp ha.
V sao ta don c mnh vn cn cvo thi im sinh ra?
Kh m dng, ng hnh m thi khc sinh ra thc c chnh l mc
phn lng v tnh cht: kim, mc, thy, ha, thc biu th bng cc can
chi. Can chi ca nm, thng, ngy, gisinh i biu cho m dng ng hnh tng trng m hnh v phn nh kt cu ni b trong cth.
C th c cn bng c vi mi trng xung quanh hay khng s l cn
c gii thch v sao cc tng ph trong mt ngi ra i cng mt lc, nhng c
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Chng 2: Hc thuyt T Tr
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ci b bnh, cn nhng ci khc li khng, ng thi cng gii p c nguyn
nhn v sao mi ngi cng sng trn tri t nhng s phn li khc nhau.
Ng hnh y , sinh khc vng suy hp l, l mnh tt. Ng hnh
lch nhiu, nu trong mnh cc vn c s nht tr vi tun han bin ha ca v
tr, cng c xem l mnh tt. Nu ng hnh t hp xu nhiu hn t hp tt,
mt cn bng nhiu li ngc vi kh tun hon ca v tr, gi l mnh xu.
l cc yu t Tin thin, trong Hu thin, bit mnh l hiu r v ci
thin hon cnh ca mnh trong s bin i ca v tr, tm c s yn n
trong th gii ny. Duy tr s cn bng ca m dng, ng hnh, thun vi quy
lut t nhin l xu th cn hng ti.
2.2 a Chi- Ta thi gian
Chiu thi gian trong khng gian Kinh Dch chuyn dch k tip nhau theo
mt chu k khp kn - l vng trn. Mi mt thi im dch chuyn l mt ta
thi gian.
Thi gian ca Dch Hc chia thnh 4 cp : nm, thng, ngy, gic cng
mt loi tn gi. V d c nm Gip T, thng Gip T, ngy Gip T, giGip T.
Mi mt khi nim thi gian c thm 2 khi nim ch tnh cht l Tnh
m/Dng v tnh Ng Hnh. Tnh Ng Hnh ch c 5 tnh l: Kim, Mc, Thy,
Ha, Th.
Cc nh dch hc c cng phi 12 chi vi hng v ma.
Chi T Su Dan Mao Thn T Ngo Mui Than Dau Tuat Hi
Hanh Thuy Tho Moc Moc Tho Hoa Hoa Tho Kim Kim Tho Thuy
Hng Bac Trung ong ong Trung Nam Nam Trung Tay Tay Trung Bac
Mua ong ong Xuan Xuan Xuan Ha Ha Ha Thu Thu Thu ong
Nghi + - + - + - + - + - + -
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Chng 2: Hc thuyt T Tr
23
Cc nh dch hc c xa khi to ra khi nim 12 a Chi (12 Ta thi
gian) khng phi cn c vo 12 con vt nh chut, tru, h, ln t.
Chi T Su Dan Mao Thn T Ngo Mui Than Dau Tuat Hi
Thang(al) 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Gi 23-1 1-3 3-5 5-7 7-9 9-11 11-
13
13-
15
15-
17
17-
19
19-
21
21-
23
Lc hp: do Mo mc khc Tut th; Hi thy sinh Dn mc Lc hp l:
o T hp Su ha Th (hp khc)
o Dn hp Hi ha Mc (hp sinh)
o Mo hp Tut ha Ha (hp khc)
o Thn hp Du ha Kim (hp sinh)
o T hp Thn ha Thy (hp khc)
o Ng hp Mi ha Th (hp sinh)
Trong T Tr c lc hp l tt. Trong hp c khc v trong hp c sinh.
Hp khc l trc tt sau xu, hp sinh l cng ngy cng tt hn.
Tng xung ca 12 chi: tng xung l i xung theo phng hng. Mo mc
ng xung vi Du kim Ty, Ng ha Nam xung vi T thy Bc Do :
o T Ng tng xung
o Su Mi tng xung
o Dn Thn tng xung
o Mo Du tng xung
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Chng 2: Hc thuyt T Tr
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o Thn Tut tng xung
o T Hi tng xung
T Tr c xung c tt c xu. Nu b xung thn phc th hung, xung mtthn khc l ct.
Tng hi ca 12 chi: T hp Su, Mi n th xung tan nn T Mi tng hi;
Dn hp Hi, Tn xung tan nn Dn T tng hi Do :
o T Mi tng hi
o Su Ngo tng hi
o Dn T tng hi
o Mo Thn tng hi
o Thn Hi tng hi
o Du Tut tng hi
T Tr gp tng hi l bt li, cn phi xem c b ch ng khng.
Tng n ca 12 chi: Dch hc cn c theo Trng sinh, lm quan, m kho ca
ng hnh Thin can, nh ra nhng a chi tng cha.
V d: T l lm quan ca Qu Thy nn Qu tng cha trong T
T Su Dan
Quy Ky Tan Quy Giap Bnh Mau
Mao Thn T
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Chng 2: Hc thuyt T Tr
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At Mau Quy At Bnh Canh Mau
Ngo Mui Than
inh Ky Ky At inh Canh Nham Mau
Dau Tuat Hi
Tan Mau inh Tan Nham Giap
2.3 Thin Can- Ta khng gian
Cc nh Dch hc ca ra 10 khi nim ch 10 v tr khng gian gi l
Thp Can, cn chng ta gi l Ta Khng Gian. l:Can Gip t Bnh inh Mu K Canh Tn Nhm Qu
Hnh Mc Mc Ha Ha Th Th Kim Kim Thy Thy
Nghi + - + - + - + - + -
Ma Xun Xun H H H
trng
H
trng
Thu Thu ng ng
Mi can ha hpNm Gip hay nm K ly Bnh Dn lm thng ging. Bnh ha, ha sinh
th nn Gip hp K ha th.
Tng t :
t hp Canh ha kim
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Chng 2: Hc thuyt T Tr
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Bnh hp Tn ha thy
inh hp Nhm ha mc
Mu hp Qu ha ha
Sinh vng t tuyt ca 10 can
Ngi xa quan nim c sinh th c dit theo mt vng tun hon ri li
bt u mt chu k mi. i vi con ngi, ty vo thi im xut hin trong
khng gian m c s sinh (pht trin), s thnh t mi mt ( vng), s suy
thoi, b tc (m) v n mc cng ngc vi s pht trin (tuyt).
Chu k vn ng nh sau: Trng sinh Mc dc Quan i
Lm quan vng Suy Bnh TM Tuyt Thai Dng
Trng sinh
Trong Trung Y, ngi thy thuc c th cn c vo vng trng sinh
bit thi gian no vi ngi sinh TKG tng ng bnh s pht trin hay gim
i, phc hi.
Nghi + + + + + - - - - -
Can Gip
Mc
Bnh
Ha
Mu
Th
Canh
Kim
Nhm
Thy
t
Thy
inh
Ha
K
Th
Tn
Kim
Qy
Thy
Sinh Hi Dn Dn T Thn Ng Du Du T Mo
Vng Mo Ng Ng Du T Dn T T Thn Hi
M Mi Tut Tut Su Thn Tut Su Su Thn Mi
Tuyt Thn Hi Hi Dn T Du T T Mo Ng
Thng bin ca Thin Can:
Mi ngi sng trn i ny v sinh vo thi khc khc nhau trong v trnn c hng kh m dng bm sinh trong c, vng suy khc nhau. T tr
ly s vng suy ca can ngy trong t tr lm trung tm, cn nhng can chi khc
s sinh khc ph trhay hn ch can chi ngy sinh cu to thnh mt h thng.
T hp ca can ngy sinh vi cc can chi khc trong t tr l biu tng ca m
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Chng 2: Hc thuyt T Tr
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dng ng hnh cu to thnh c im ca mt con ngi c th. Ph qu, phc
ha ca con ngi u xut pht t can ngy sinh v thng qua n th hin
trng thi c chung kt li ca ngi trong v tr. Do can ngy sinh c
gi l nht nguyn, nht ch hoc thn.
Quan h gia tnh ng hnh ca nht ch vi tnh ng hnh ca cc can chi
khc trong t tr khng ngoi: chnh, thin v sinh, khc. Can ngy dng gp cc
can dng khc trong t tr l s gp gng tnh, l thin; can ngy dng gp
cc can m khc l d tnh, l chnh. Tng t can ngy m gp cc can m khc l
ng tnh, l thin; can ngy m gp cc can khc dng l d tnh, chnh.
Can Giap At Bnh inh Mau Ky Canh Tan Nham QuyGiap Ngang
vai
Kiep
tai
Thc
than
Thng
quan
Thien
tai
Chnh
tai
That
sat
Chnh
quan
Thien
an
Chnh
an
At Kiep
tai
Ngang
vai
Thng
quan
Thc
than
Chnh
tai
Thien
tai
Chnh
quan
That
sat
Chnh
an
Thien
an
Bnh Thien
an
Chnh
an
Ngang
vai
Kiep
tai
Thc
than
Thng
quan
Thien
tai
Chnh
tai
That
sat
Chnh
quan
inh Chnh
an
Thien
an
Kiep
tai
Ngang
vai
Thng
quan
Thc
than
Chnh
tai
Thien
tai
Chnh
quan
That
sat
Mau That
sat
Chnh
quan
Thien
an
Chnh
an
Ngang
vai
Kiep
tai
Thc
than
Thng
quan
Thien
tai
Chnh
tai
Ky Chnh
quan
That
sat
Chnh
an
Thien
an
Kiep
tai
Ngang
vai
Thng
quan
Thc
than
Chnh
tai
Thien
tai
Canh Thien
tai
Chnh
tai
That
sat
Chnh
quan
Thien
an
Chnh
an
Ngang
vai
Kiep
tai
Thc
than
Thng
quan
Tan Chnh
tai
Thien
tai
Chnh
quan
That
sat
Chnh
an
Thien
an
Kiep
tai
Ngang
vai
Thng
quan
Thc
than
Nham Thc
than
Thng
quan
Thien
tai
Chnh
tai
That
sat
Chnh
quan
Thien
an
Chnh
an
Ngang
vai
Kiep
tai
Quy Thng
quan
Thc
than
Chnh
tai
Thien
tai
Chnh
quan
That
sat
Chnh
an
Thien
an
Kiep
tai
Ngang
vai
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Chng 2: Hc thuyt T Tr
28
n = Chnh n
Kiu = Thin n
Thng = Thng quanThc = Thc thn
Quan = Chnh quan
St = Thin quan
Kip = Kip ti
T = Ngang vai
Ti= Chnh ti
2.4 Can chi phi hp
To Thi gian v To Khng gian khng tch bit m lin kt nhau
xc nh mt v tr trong Khng Gian. Do vy bao gita cng gi c Can Chi
(TKG+TTG)
S lin kt gia mt Can v mt Chi theo quy thc Dng vi Dng, m
vi m. Ch c Can dng phi hp vi chi dng, can m phi hp vi chi m,to ra cc v tr Khng Thi Gian. Nh vy thi gian theo lch can chi l thi gian
lp, vn ng theo ng trn, thun theo quy lut ca Dch l ra(1 cp thun
dng hay thun m) nh nm Gip T, Qu Mi ch khng bao gic inh
Thn, Gip Du S lin kt ny to ra mt ccht ng hnh no trong khng
gian Kinh Dch.
Mt i tng khi sinh ra vo mt ta khng-thi gian s phn nh quy
lut vn ng ca chnh n. V d ngi sinh nm Gip T c ccht thuc Kim,
nu gp thng hay ngy gicng mang tnh Kim th Kim vng. Ngi Kim c
ch kh, c ngha kh. Nu thng hay ngy c Ha th Kim b khc. Vng v mt
hnh no th tnh hung bt li hay c li u tng.
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Chng 2: Hc thuyt T Tr
29
T Tr lun ly s cn bng lm tt, ly vng hoc nhc lm xu.
Chi-Can Gip t Bnh
inh
Mu K Canh Tn Nhm Qu
T Su Ng Mi Kim Thy Ha Th Mc
Dn Mo Thn Du Thy Ha Th Mc Kim
Thn T Tut Hi Ha Th Mc Kim Thy
Mi ngi u c mt khonh khc c nht xut hin trong V tr,
khonh khc ny c bit ha s phn ca tng ngi. xc nh v tr xut
hin , cc nh Dch hc hnh thnh cng co khng gian thi gian trong v
tr mnh mng: l Lch Can Chi c km theo Lch Tit Kh.
2.5 Phng php don hn nhn theo TTr:
T Tr l dng thin can, a chi ca nm, thng, ngy, gisinh biu th
thng tin ca mt ngi, vn dng cc quy lut ca m dng ng hnh tm ra
sinh mnh con ngi do t trng qut, lc hp dn v cc loi trng cm ng
khc gy nn.
T cc quy lut cbn ca m dng, ng hnh (nh sinh khc), T Tr
c th thnh cc lut h qu p dng trong qu trnh don.
Phng php T Tr don v hn nhn, v vn trnh c cuc i (cc
i vn), v lu nin, lc thn, ca ci, tnh cch, bnh tt tai ha Kha lun ny
xin bn v phng php don theo T Tr trong lnh vc hn nhn.
Trnh tdon hn nhn theo TTr:
o Ly ngy gisinh tht chnh xc.
o Sp xp T tr chnh xc theo th t nm-thng-ngy-gi. (Nu cn i
ngy gisinh ra bt t).
o Tra 10 thn thu r v tng n.
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Chng 2: Hc thuyt T Tr
30
o Tnh cc ct thn, hung st no c xut hin trn cc tr.
o p dng cc lut v hn nhn suy ra cc kt lun.
Phng php don theo T Tr ly can ngy lm ch, ch trng s cn
bng trong T Tr. Do ngoi quy lut thun sinh v thun khc, cn xt thm
quy lut phn sinh v phn khc.
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
31
Chng 3: H chuyn gia
Xy dng mt chng trnh don tng ng vi vic a cc tri thc
v don vo trong my tnh. Vic ny bao gm cc bc:
Biu din cc tri thc don vo trong my tnh
S dng cc tri thc don.
Chng ta c th vit mt chng trnh my tnh bnh thng vi cc thao
tc dng lnh thc hin cc chc nng trn, nhng hn ch ca mt chng
trnh bnh thng l kh thay i, b sung cc tri thc mi. V vy y s xydng mt h chuyn gia don da trn nn tng l mt h cstri thc, chnh
xc hn l mt cstri thc da vo lut.
3.1 Cc khi nim v cstri thc:
Chng ta kh quen thuc vi cc chng trnh my tnh nn y xin
nu ra mt im khc bit cbn ca mt chng trnh v mt h cstri thc,
l:
Trong mt chng trnh truyn thng, cch x l hay hnh vi ca
chng trnh c n nh sn thng qua cc dng lnh ca chng
trnh da trn mt thut gii c n nh sn.
Trong mt h CSTT, c hai chc nng tch bit nhau, trng hp n
gin c hai khi, khi tri thc hay cn gi l cstri thc, v khi suy
din hay cn gi l ng csuy din. Vic tch bit gia tri thc khi
cc cchiu khin gip ta d dng thm vo cc tri thc mi trong
qu trnh pht trin ca chng trnh. y l im tng t ca ng
csuy din trong mt h CSTT v no b con ngi (iu khin x l),
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
32
l khng i cho d hnh vi ca c nhn c thay i theo kinh nghim
v kin thc nhn c.
Tim khc bit trn, ta c th rt ra mt c im quan trng ca tng
loi chng trnh trong trng hp c th ny rng:
Trong chng trnh truyn thng, nu mun thay i hay b sung cc
tri thc don mi (c th xy ra theo phn tch trn), chng ta cn
phi xem xt cu trc v thay i li m lnh ca chng trnh.
Trong khi , trong mt h cstri thc, ta ch cn thay i trong khi
tri thc (bn ngoi chng trnh) m khng cn thay i khi suy din.
Mt khc h cstri thc cn c tnh ti s dng i vi cc bi ton
tng t (ta c th xy dng mt khi tri thc cho tng bi ton, v
thay i u vo v u ra cho khi suy din).
Cc h CSTT u c ng csuy din tin hnh cc suy din nhm to
ra cc tri thc mi t cc s kin, tri thc cung cp t ngoi vo v tri thc c sntrong h CSTT. ng csuy din thay i theo phc tp ca CSTT. Hai kiu
suy din chnh trong ng csuy din l suy din tin v suy din li.
Suy din tin: cc h l vic theo siu khin ca d liu (data driven),
da vo cc thng tin c sn (cc s kin cho trc) v to sinh ra cc s kin mi
c suy din. Do vy khng thon trc c kt qu. Cch tip cn ny c
s dng trong cc bi ton din dch vi mong mi ca ngi s dng l h CSTT
s cung cp cc s kin mi (kiu suy din ny c thc p dng trong vic d
on: t cc s kin ban u v ngy sinh, h CSTT sa ra cc s kin d
on).
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
33
Suy din li: iu khin theo mc tiu nhm hng n cc kt lun c
v i tm cc dn chng kim nh tnh ng n ca kt lun .
Cstri thc c nhiu dng khc nhau:
i tng - thuc tnh - gi tr
thuc tnh- lut dn
mng ng ngha
frame.
Cc h chuyn gia l mt loi h CSTT c thit k cho mt lnh vc ng
dng c th.
Trong trng hp ny chng ti chn xy dng mt h chuyn gia da trn
lut dn nn phn di xin trnh by mt s khi nim cbn trong v h da trn
lut.
3.2 H chuyn gia da trn lut
3.2.1 Lut v skin
Mt h da trn lut l mt h cs tri thc m cs tri thc c biu
din di dng ca mt tp (hay nhiu tp)lut.
Lut l cu trc tri thc dng lin kt thng tin bit vi cc thng tin
khc gip a ra cc suy lun, kt lun t cc thng tin bit. Lut l mt
phng tin sc tch, c ngha, khng phc tp v linh hot ca vic biu din trithc. Trong h thng da trn lut, ngi ta thu thp cc tri thc lnh vc trong
mt tp v lu chng trong cstri thc ca h thng. H thng dng cc lut ny
cng vi cc thng tin trong b nh gii bi ton. Vic x l cc lut trong h
thng da trn cc lut c qun l bng mt module gi l ng csuy din.
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
34
Kiu n gin nht ca lut c gi l lut sn xut v c dng:
If then
V d:
If can l Gip then hnh can l Th v nghi can l DngIf can l t then hnh can l Th v nghi can l m
S kin: mt lut c thc thc hin, v do mt h thng da trn
lut c s dng cho vic no , h thng cn truy cp cc s kin. S kin l
nhng pht biu c ginh l ng ti thi im s dng.
S kin c th:
o tra cu t mt csd liu.
o c lu tr trong b nhmy tnh
o xc nh t cc thit b gn vi my tnh
o c c bng cch nhc nhngi dng nhp thng tin
o c dn xut bng cch p dng cc lut t cc s kin khc.
Chng ta c th xem xt mt s v d v s kin c biu din trong cs
tri thc v don nh sau:
Cc s kin ban u: bao gm cc tri thc v m dng, ng hnh, cc tri thc
v nguyn thn, ... nh:
o "Thu sinh Mc"
o "Mc sinh Ho"
o ...
o "Thu khc Ho"o "Ho khc Kim"
o
Cc s kin v ngi dng: c cung cp cho ng ctrong mi ln don
v s dng suy din ra kt qu:
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
35
o "Tr thng ca ngi nam c can l Gip"
o "Tr thng ca ngi nam c can l T"
o
o "Tr ngy ca ngi n c can l t"o "Tr ngy ca ngi n c chi l Su"
o
Cc s kin c suy din cho ra kt qu don:
o "Tr ngy nam n tng sinh"
o "Tr nm nam n tng sinh"
o
Biu din lut l mt dng ca ngn ng lp trnh hng khai bo bi v
cc lut biu din tri thc c thc s dng bi my tnh, m khng cn xc
nh khi no v bng cch no p dng tri thc. Bi th th t cc lut trong mt
chng trnh khng quan trng, v n phi cho php thm nhng lut mi hoc
sa cha nhng ci c sn m khng lo ngi v tc dng ph.
3.2.2 Kim tra v thc hin lut:
Cstri thc a ra cc pht biu lut m khng cp bng cch no cc
lut sc p dng. Nhim v biu din v p dng lut thuc vng csuy
din. Vic p dng ca cc lut c th chia nh sau:
la chn cc lut kim tra - l nhng lut sn sng
xc nh nhng lut no c th p dng c - nhng ci ny to nn tp
i lp
la chn mt lut thc hin.
3.2.3 Gi thit v th gii ng:
Nu chng ta khng bit chc rng mnh l ng, th trong nhiu h
thng da trn lut mnh c ginh l sai. Ginh ny, c bit n di
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
36
tn gi ginh th gii ng, n gin ha logic bng cch cho rng tt c cc
mnh hoc ng hoc sai. Nu ginh th gii ng khng c thc hin, th
mt gi tr th ba, tn l CHA BIT, phi c a ra.
Trong cstri thc, chng ta c cc s kin v mi quan h gia cc hnh.
l cc mi quan h tng sinh, tng khc gia 2 hnh vi nhau. Chng ta
c tt c 5 hnh nh vy s c tt c C25 nhm 2 hnh vi nhau. Mt khc chng ta
ch c 5 quan h cho mi loi (tng sinh, tng khc). Do s dng gi thit v
th gii ng, chng ta khng cn phi khai bo cho cc nhm khng quan h. V
d, chng ta c th s dng cc s kin sau m khng cn khai bo
"not Thu sinh Ho"
"not Thu khc Mc"
Mt khc, cng do s dng gi thit trn nn chng ta cng phi quan tm
n th t thc hin ca cc lut (phi m bo tnh th t cho cc lut cn thit)
trnh nhng kt qu khng mong mun.
3.2.4 Sdng bin s trong lut:Trong th gii thc, bin s c thc s dng lm cho cc lut tng
qut hn, bng cch gim s lng lut cn thit v gi cho tp lut c th kim
sot c. Kiu ca lut thng thng cn c dng nh sau:
Vi tt c X, IF iu kin v X THEN kt lun v X.
V d: nu nh trong cstri thc ca ta c 8 tr (4 cho nam v 4 cho n)
th ta s c 8 lut tnh nghi v hnh cho cc tr nh sau:"if tr ngy ca nam c can l Gip then tr ngy ca nam c hnh l
Th v tr ngy ca nam c nghi l Dng"
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
37
"if tr ngy ca n c can l Gip then tr ngy ca nam c hnh l
Th v tr ngy ca nam c nghi l Dng"
chng ta s dng biu din sau c th din t uyn chuyn v ngn gn
hn:
"if tr ?X c can l Gip then tr ?X c hnh l Th v tr ?X c nghi l
Dng"
Trong trng hp cc gi tr c th ca X c gii hn, vic s dng ca
mt bin s c ngha tin li hn l cn thit. Khi m cc gi tr c th ca mt
bin s khng thon trc khi thc hin, vic s dng bin s trnn thit yu.y l trng hp khi cc gi tr l cha bit v ang c tm kim, c th trong
mt csd liu.
Chng ta xem v d sau:
"if tr ngy ca n c hnh l ?X and tr ngy ca nam c hnh l
?Y and ?X sinh ?Y then Tr ngy tng sinh cho nhau"
Gi s chng ta c cc s kin:
"tr ngy ca n c hnh l Thu"
"tr ngy ca nam c hnh l Mc"
kt hp vi s kin ban u
"Thu sinh Mc"
th ta c th rt ra c kt lun "tr ngy tng sinh cho nhau"
S kt hp gia mt gi tr c th (Thu) vi mt bin s (?X) c gi l
s h p gii, cng tng t cho gi tr Mc v bin s ?Y. Thut ng trn bt
ngun t cch x l ca my tnh. y chng ta c 2 mu thng tin mu thun:
"tr ngy ca n c hnh l Thu"
"tr ngy ca n c hnh l ?X"
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
38
Mu thun trn c x l bng cch nhn ra rng 1 trong 2 gi tr l tn
bin s (bi v trong c php ca chng ta n c t sau du ?) v bng cch
thc hin mt lnh gn:
X:= Thu
3.2.5 Sdng bin dliu:
Bn cnh cc khi nim c bn trong h chuyn gia l lut v s kin,
chng ti a thm khi nim mrng l bin d liu. Bin d liu l nhng n
v c th cha d liu, cng tng t nh khi nim bin trong cc ngn ng lp
trnh trn my tnh. Cng vi bin d liu n gin, chng ti cn s dng thm
cc d liu c cu trc (tng t nh bin cu trc) lu gi cc gi tr c quan
h vi nhau. S xut hin ca bin d liu dn n s b sung mt s thao tc mi
cng nh thay i ca mt s thao tc c nh sau:
3.2.5.1 Cung cp thng tin cho ng c:
Ngoi vic cung cp thng tin cho ng cbng cch cung cp cc s kin,
ta c th cung cp thng tin cho ng cbng cch t gi tr cho cc bin d liu( khai bo trc). V d, thay v khai bo s kin sau:
"tr ngy ca ngi n c can l Gip"
ta gn gi tr "Gip" cho bin "n.tr_ngy.can"
3.2.5.2 Sdng gi tr ca cc bin dliu:
Mt im thun tin trong vic s dng bin d liu l ta c th biu din
nhng lut c s dng n cc gi tr bin i gn gng, sc tch v quen thuchn so vi nu s dng cch hp gii. lm iu ny, ta cung cp mt k hiu
truy xut ly gi tr t bin d liu v thay th vo biu thc cn s dng. V ta
c th dng k hiu ny trong lut thay th cho vic s dng mt lut cn hp
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
39
gii. Chng ta c th thy iu ny bng cch xem xt v d trn (trong mc bin
s):
"if tr ngy ca n c hnh l ?X and tr ngy ca nam c hnh l ?Y and
?X sinh ?Y then Tr ngy tng sinh cho nhau"
lut trn c thay bng lut di y:
"if @n.tr_ngy.hnh sinh @nam.tr_ngy.hnh then Tr ngy tng sinh
cho nhau"
3.2.6 Sdng lut vi bin lp:
Trong phn bin s, ta cng cp n mt vn , l p dng mt
lut i vi nhiu i tng cng loi. Trong bin d liu, ta cng gp li mt vn
tng ti vi bin d liu. s dng mt lut lp i vi nhiu bin d
liu cng loi ta c biu din lut tng t:
"if tr ?X.can l Gip then tr ?X.hnh=Th v tr ?X.nghi= Dng"
3.2.7 Suy din tin:
Suy din tin l tn c t cho mt chin lc hng d liu, ngha l,
nhng lut c chn v p dng p ng vi css kin hin ti. Css
kin bao gm tt c cc s kin bit bi h thng, c suy din t lut hay
c cung cp trc tip.
Mt lc cbn ca chu trnh la chn, kim tra v thc hin ca cc lut
c trnh by trong hnh sau:
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
40
Bt u
La chn lut kim tra
Lng gi phn iu kin ca lut ban u
Tha iukin ?
Thm lut vo tp mu thun
Cn lut kim tra
Lng gi lut k tip
Tp mu thun rng
Tp muthun rng ?
La chn 1 lut t tp mu thunv thc hin
Kt thc
C
C
C
Khng
Khng
Khng
Hnh 3 M hnh suy din tin
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
41
Chu trnh ca cc s kin trnh by trn ch l mt th hin ca suy din
tin, v c th thay i. Nhng im chnh cn lu trong lc c trnh by
l:
lut c kim tra v thc hin trn csca cc s kin hin ti, c
lp vi cc ch nh trc;
tp hp cc lut sn sng cho kim tra c th bao gm tt c hay l mt
tp con;
cc lut sn sng, m iu kin c tho mn to thnh t p mu
thun, v phng php la chn mt lut t tp mu thun c gi l
phn gii mu thun
mc d c nhiu lut trong t p mu thun, ch mt lut l c thc
hin trong mt chu k. (iu ny bi v mt khi mt lut c thc
hin, cc suy lun c lu tr c nhng thay i tim tng, v n
khng thm bo rng cc lut khc trong tp mu thun vn tho mn
iu kin)
3.2.7.1 Th hin n tr v th hin a tr trong bin s
Nh cp trc trn, bin s trong lu cbn cho suy din tin l
c chp nhn. Khi cc bin sc s dng trong cc lut, nhng kt lun c
th thc thi ch s dng tp th hin u tin c tm thy- y l th hin n.
Thay vo , cc kt lun c thc thc thi lp i lp li s dng tt c th
hin- y l th hin a. Vi chng trnh h chuyn gia ny, chng ti s dng
phng thc a tr cho bin s trong cc lut.
3.2.7.2 Phn gii mu thun
Phn gii mu thun l phng php la chn mt lut thc hin t
nhng lut c th thc hin, tp mu thun. Cc gii php bao gm vo trc ra
trc; s dng u tin cho cc lut; s dng cc siu lut (lut v cc lut).
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
42
Vo trc, ra trc: trong lc Hnh 3 M hnh suy din tin, tp
mu thun hon ton c tm ra trc khi la chn mt lut thc hin. Bi v
ch mt lut t tp mu thun c th thc s thc hin trong mt chu k, thi gian
lng gi phn iu kin ca cc lut khc b lng ph. Mt chin lc vtqua im khng hiu qu ny l thc hin ngay lp tc lut u tin c tm thy
m tiu chun cho tp mu thun. Trong lc ny, tp mu thun hon ton
khng c to thnh, v th t m cc lut c la chn kim tra xc nh s
phn gii mu thun. Thng thng th t kim tra lut l th t xut hin ca
lut trong cstri thc.
Bat au
Chon luat e kiem tra(thng tat ca cac luat c chon)
Lng gia ieu kien cua luat au tien
ieu kien thoa ?
Lng gia ieu kien cua luat ketiep
Thc hien luat Con luat ?
Ket thuc
Co
Khong
Khong
Co
Hnh 4: Suy din tin vi phn gii mu thun vo trc, lm trc
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
43
Siu lut (lut v cc lut): l nhng lut khng lin quan n bi ton m
lin quan n cch thc s dng ca cc lut khc, mt v d s dng siu lut l
dng xc nh th t thc hin ca cc nhm lut:
refer Tien_de to Dieu_kien
lut trn s bo m cho cc lut v Tin c thc hin trc cc lut
viu kin.
thc hin suy din vi s hng dn ca siu lut, ta b sung cho mi
lut mt ch s thc hin v gn gi tr cho chng da vo cc siu lut c khai
bo.
Thut gii: gn ch s cho cc lut da trn siu lut
D liu vo: b lut L, b siu lut M
D liu ra: ch sindca mi lut
Vi mi lut l L
ind(l):= -1
f:= false
Vi mi siu lut m M
Nu l l lut sau trong m th
f:= true
Nu f= false
ind(l)= 0
f:= true
Lp khi f= true
f:= false
Vi mi siu lut m M
i:= ind(lut_trc(m))
Nu I -1 th
Nu i+ 1 > ind(lut_sau(m)) th
ind(lut_sau(m)):= i+1
f:= true
Cui lp
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Chng 3: H chuyn gia
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Sau khi c gn ch s th cc lut sc thc hin ln lt theo ch s
t thp n cao.
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Chng 4: Khai thc d liu
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Chng 4: Khai thc dliu
phn trn chng ta kho st v tm hiu cch a cc tri thc t bn
ngoi vo bn trong my tnh v s dng cc tri thc . Cc tri thc don c
c l do ngi xa da trn cc tin v m Dng, Ng Hnh cng vi
vic quan st thng k cc hin tng xy ra trong cuc sng m c c. V th,
trong phn ny, chng ta s tip cn n mt vn mi trong vic tm hiu v
Kinh dch: l khm ph thm cc tri thc don mi v b sung chng vo c
stri thc t cc d liu quan st c trn ngi dng.
Bi ton t ra y l: vi mt csd liu v ngi dng m ta thu thp
c, trong d liu ca mi ngi dng l mt tp hp cc s kin ni bt
xy ra i vi h, ta tm cch rt ra c thm cc tri thc don mi c th
p dng cho nhng ngi mi sau ny. Cscho vic khm ph tri thc ny l
vic tm ra mt quan h xc nh gia cc tri thc iu kin trong cs tri thc
(c rt ra t cc lut tin v m dng Ng hnh da trn cc thng tin v
ngy thng nm sinh ca mt ngi) v cc d kin thu thp c.
Vic khm ph cc tri thc c thi theo nhiu hng tip cn khc nhau:
Tip cn theo hng phn lp: mi d kin quan st c trthnh cc
thuc tnh phn lp, phn chia csd liu thnh nhng lp ty theo
gi tr ca d kin (n gin nht l phn chia c s d liu thnh 2
l p: mt l p c v mt l p khng c d kin). Sau chng ta tin
hnh khm ph cc lut phn l p v t rt ra c tri thc. Ccthut gii thng dng cho phn lp bao gm: cy nh danh v hc theo
quy np (ILA).
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Chng 4: Khai thc d liu
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Tip cn theo hng lut kt hp: p dng ton b d liu, chng ta s
dng ph bin v tin cy xc nh cc lut kt hp X Y,
trong X l cc iu kin v Y l cc d kin quan st c.
4.1 Cy nh danh
Cy nh danh l mt cng c kh ph bin trong nhiu dng ng dng, vi
cch rt trch cc lut nhn qu xc nh cc mu d liu.
Mt cch ph hp cho php thc hin cc th tc th nghim cc thuc tnh
l sp xp cc th nghim trn cy nh danh. Do cy nh danh thuc loi cy
quyt nh, c t ca n nhc t cy quyt nh.
nh ngha: Cy nh danh (Identification tree)
Cy nh danh c th hin nh cy quyt nh, trong mi tp cc kt
lun c thit lp ngm nh bi mt danh sch bit.
Mi i tng a vo nh danh i xung theo mt nhnh cy, ty theo
gi tr thuc tnh ca n.
Pht biu Occam dng cho cc cy nh danh:
Thuc tnh
Gi tr 1 Gi tr 2 Gi tr 3
Thuc tnh Thuc tnh
Thuc tnh
Gi tr 1 Gi tr 2 Gi tr 1 Gi tr 2
i tng 1
i tng 2i tng 3
i tng 5i tng 6
i tng 4
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Th gii vn n gin. Do vy cy nh danh gm cc mu l ci thch hp
nht nh danh cc i tng cha bit mt cch chnh xc.
Phn loi i tng theo cc thuc tnh
Nu nh ta tm kim cy nh danh nh nht khi cn c rt nhiu th
nghim th khng thc t. Chnh v vy m cng nn dng li th tc xy dng
nhng cy nh danh nh, d rng n khng phi l nh nht. Ngi ta chn th
nghim cho php chia c sd liu cc mu thnh cc tp con. Trong nhiu
mu cng chung mt loi. i vi mi tp c nhiu loi mu, dng th nghim
khc chia cc i tng khng ng nht thnh cc tp ch gm cc i tng
thun nht. ln xn ca tp hp
i vi csd liu thc, khng phi bt k th nghim no cng cho ra
tp ng nht. Vi csd liu ny ngi ta cn o mc ln xn ca d liu,
hay khng ng nht trong cc tp con c sinh ra. Cng thc o l thuyt
thng tin v ln xn trung bnh:
bnbntc
-nbcnb log2
nbcnb
Trong nb l s mu trong nhnh b, nt l tng s cc mu, v nbc l s mu
trong nhnh b ca lp c.
Thc cht ngi ta quan tm n s cc mu ti cui nhnh. Yu cu nb v
nbc l cao khi th nghim sinh ra cc t p khng ng nht, v l th p khi th
nghim sinh ra cc tp hon ton thng nht.
ln xn tnh bng
c
-nbcnb
log2nbcnb
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Chng 4: Khai thc d liu
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D cng thc cha cho thy s ln xn, nhng ngi ta dng n o
thng tin. thy c cc kha cnh quan tm, gi s c mt tp gm cc phn
t ca hai lp A v B. Nu s phn t ca hai lp l cn bng, th ln xn l 1
v gi tr cc i v ln xn c tnh theo cng thc:
-1/2 log2 1/2-1/2 log2 1/2 = 1/2 + 1/2 = 1
Mt khc nu phn t thuc ch mt trong A, B, ln xn l 0
-1 log21 0log20 = 0
ln xn bng 0 khi tp l hon ton thng nht, v bng 1 khi tp hon
ton khng ng nht. o ln xn c gi tr t 0 n 1.
Bng cng c ny, ngi ta c th tnh c ln xn trung bnh ca cc
tp ti cui cc nhnh sau ln th nghim.
ln xn trung bnh = b
nbnt
to ra cy nh danh, ngi ta dng th tc SINH c trnh by nh sau:
Th tc SINH dng cy nh danh:
Cho n khi mi nt l c ghi tn cc phn t ca tp ng nht, thc hin:
1. Chn nt l ng vi tp mu khng ng nht
2. Thay th nt ny bng cc th nghim cho php chia tp khng ng nht
thnh cc tp ng nht, da theo tnh ton ln xn.
Chuyn cy sang lut
Mt khi dng c cy nh danh, nu mun chuyn cc tri thc sangdng lut th cng n gin. Ngi ta i theo cc nhnh ca cy, t gc n cc
nt l, ly cc th nghim lm gi thit v phn loi nt l lm kt lun.
chuyn cy nh danh v tp cc lut, thc hin th tc tn l CAT sau:
Dng th tc CAT cho php to nn cc lut tcy nh danh:
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To mt lut tmi nhnh gc l ca cy nh danh.
n gin ha mi lut bng cch khcc gi thit khng c tc dngi
vi kt lun ca lut.
Thay thcc lut c chung kt lun bng lut mc nh. Lut ny c kch hot
khi khng c lut no hotng. Khi c nhiu kh nng, dng php may ri
chn lut mc nh.
4.2 Thut gii ILA
Thut gii ILA (Inductive Learning Algorithm) c dng xc nh cc
lut phn loi cho tp hp cc mu hc. Thut gii ny thc hin theo cch lp,
tm lut ring i din cho tp mu ca tng lp. Sau khi xc nh c lut,
ILA loi b cc mu lin quan ra khi tp mu, ng thi thm lut mi ny vo
tp lut. Kt qu c c l mt danh sch c th t cc lut ch khng l mt cy
quyt nh. Cc u im ca thut gii ny c th trnh by nh sau:
Dng cc lut s ph hp cho vic kho st d liu, m t mi lp mt cch
n gin d phn bit vi cc lp khc. Tp lut c sp th t, ring bit cho php quan tm n mt lut ti
thi im bt k. Khc vi vic x l lut theo phng php cy quyt
nh, vn rt phc tp trong trng hp cc nt cy trnn kh ln.
Xc nh dliu
Tp mu c lit k trong mt bng, vi mi dng tng ng vi mt
mu, v mi ct th hin mt thuc tnh trong mu.
Tp mu c m mu, mi mu gm k thuc tnh, trong c mt thuc tnh
quyt nh. Tng s n cc gi tr ca thuc tnh ny chnh l s lp ca tp mu.
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Chng 4: Khai thc d liu
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Tp lut R c gi tr khi to l .
Tt c cc ct trong bng ban u cha c nh du (kim tra).
Thut gi ILA
Bc 1: Chia bng m mu ban u thnh n bng con. Mi bng con ng vi mt
gi tr ca thuc tnh phn lp ca tp mu.
(*thc hin cc bc 2 n 8 cho mi bng con*)
Bc 2: Khi to bm kt hp thuc tnh j, j=1
Bc 3: Vi mi bng con ang kho st, phn chia danh sch cc thuc tnh theo
cc t hp ring bit, mi t hp ng vi j thuc tnh phn bit.
Bc 4: Vi mi t hp cc thuc tnh, tnh s lng cc gi tr thuc tnh xuthin theo cng t hp thuc tnh trong cc dng cha nh du ca bng con ang
xt (m ng thi khng xut hin vi t hp thuc tnh ny trn cc bng cn
li). Gi t hp u tin (trong bng con) c s ln xut hin nhiu nht l t hp
ln nht.
Bc 5: Nu t hp ln nht bng , tng j ln 1 v quay li bc 3
Bc 6: nh du cc dng tha t hp ln nht ca bng con ang x l theo lp.
Bc 7: Thm lut mi vo tp lut R, vi v tri l tp cc thuc tnh ca t hpln nht (kt hp cc thuc tnh bng ton t AND) v v phi l gi tr thuc tnh
quyt nh tng ng.
Bc 8: Nu tt c cc dng u c nh du phn lp, tip tc thc hin t
bc 2 cho cc bng con cn li. Ngc li (nu cha nh du ht cc dng) th
quay li bc 4. Nu tt c cc bng con c xt th kt thc, kt qu thu c
l tp lut cn tm.
nh gi thut gii
S lng cc lut thu c xc mc thnh cng ca thut gii. y
chnh l mc ch chnh ca cc bi ton phn lp thng qua mt tp mu hc.
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Mt vn na nh gi cc h hc quy np l kh nng h thng c th phn
lp cc mu c a vo sau ny.
Thut gii ILA c nh gi mnh hn hai thut gii kh ni ting v
phng php hc trc y l ID3 v AQ, th nghim trn mt s tp mu nh
Balloons, Balance, v Tic-tac-toe.
4.1 Tp ph bin v lut kt hp
4.1.1 Pht biu bi ton
Gii thiu mt cch khi qut v Bi ton tm kim lut kt hp.
t { }miiiI ,...,, 21= l mt tp m thuc tnh phn bit. V d nh tp cc mt
hng khc nhau siu th hay cc tn hiu bo ng khc nhau trong mng in
thoi. Mt giao tc (transaction) Tl mt tp cc thuc tnh trongI. Mt giao tc
c biu th cho vic khch hng mua mt s mt hng hay tp cc tn hiu bo
ng xy ra trong mt thi im. Csd liu D tp hp cc giao tc. Tp cc
thuc tnh c gi l tp thuc tnh (itemset). Ch l cc thuc tnh trong tp
thuc tnh c sp xp c th t.
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Hnh 5. Csdliu v cc giao tc
Mt giao tc Tc gi l h tr(support) mt tp thuc tnh IX nu
v ch nu n cha tt c cc thuc tnh caX, ngha l TX . T l cc giao tc
trongDc h trXth c gi l htrcaX, k hiu l support (X). C mt
ngng h trnh nht minimum supportc ngi dng nh ngha, trong
khong [0,1]. Mt tp gi lphbin (frequent) nu v ch nu n h trln hn
hoc bng h trnh nht. Nu khng n khng ph bin (infrequent).
Mt lut kt hp (association rule) c dng YXR : , nu X v Y u
khng phi l tp rng v khng phn cch. H tr cho lut Rc nh ngha
nh l support(X Y). tin cy (confidence factor) (biu din bng phn trm),
nh ngha nh l support(X Y) / support(X), c dng nh gi bn ca
lut kt hp.
ch n ca vic tm lut kt hp l tm tt c cc lut m c h trv
tin cy ln hn ngng h trv tin cy do ngi dng nh ngha.
Ngi ta thng tm lut kt hp theo hai bc sau:
1. tm cc tp ph bin, tip theo l
2. pht sinh cc lut kt hp.
4.1.2 Tp ph bin cc i l g?
Trong tt c cc tp ph bin mt s tp thuc tnh tho m tnh cht khng
c tp cha no ca chng ph bin, th l cc tp phbin ti i maximal
frequent itemset.
Do vy bi ton tm cc tp ph bin c th chuyn sang bi ton tm tp
ph bin cc i. Tp ph bin cc i c xem nh l bin gii ca cc tp phbin v khng ph bin. Mt khi tp ph bin cc i c tm thy, cc tp ph
bin v khng ph bin s tm thy.
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4.1.3 Cc tnh cht ca bi ton
Qu trnh tm tp ph bin l qu trnh thc hin vic phn chia tt c cc
tp thuc tnh thnh ba tp hp:
1. phbin (frequent) : y l tp hp cc tp thuc tnh c tm thy l
ph bin.
2. khng phbin (infrequent) : y l tp hp cc tp thuc tnh c tm
thy l khng ph bin
3. cha phn bit (unclassified) : y l tp hp cc tp thuc tnh khc
cn li.
Lc u, cc tp h p ph bin v khng ph bin l rng. Qua qu trnh
thc hin, cc tp hp ph bin v khng ph bin c mrng t cc tp hp
cha c phn loi. Vic m rng kt thc khi tp hp cha phn loi l rng,
ngha l, khi tt c cc tp thuc tnh hoc l ph bin hoc l khng ph bin. Ni
mt cch khc, qu trnh kt thc khi tp ph bin cc i tm c.
Xt mt qu trnh phn loi bt k cc tp thuc tnh v ti mt thi im
no ca trong qu trnh, th mt s tp thuc tnh c phn loi thnh tp ph
bin, tp khng ph bin v tp cha phn loi. C hai tnh cht quan trng c s
dng phn loi cc tp hp cha c phn loi:
Tnh cht 1: Nu mt tp thuc tnh l khng ph bin, th tt c cc cc tp
cha (superset) cng khng ph bin v khng cn phi kho st tip.
Tnh cht 2: Nu mt t p thuc tnh l ph bin, th tt c cc t p con
(subset) cng l ph bin v khng cn phi kho st tip.
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Hnh 6. Hai tnh cht quan trng
V dXt csd liu nhHnh 5. Csd liu v cc giao tc Tp thuc tnh
{5} l khng ph bin v nh th tp thuc tnh {2,5} cng khng ph bin, v
support ca {2,5} chc chn l s nh hn hoc bng support ca {5}. Tng t
nh vy, nu tp thuc tnh {1,2,3,4} l ph bin th tp thuc tnh {1,2,3} phi
ph bin, v c nhiu hn hoc bng s lng cc giao tc cha cc thuc tnh 1,
2, v 3 hn l cc giao tc cha cc thuc tnh 1, 2, 3, v 4.
Thng thng, c hai cch c th tm kim tp ph bin cc i hoc l t
di ln (bottom-up) hay t trn xung (top-down). Nu tt c cc tp thuc tnh
ph bin cc i c xem l ngn (c kch thc ngn gn vi 1), th c v s
dng cch tm t di ln s hin qu. Nu tt c cc tp thuc tnh ph bin cc
i c xem l ln (c kch thc di gn vi n) th c v s dng cch tm kim
t trn xung hiu qu hn.
u tin chng ta phc ha mt cch tip cn thng dng nht tm MFS
(tp ph bin cc i Maximum Frequent Set). y l cch tip cn theo hng
t di ln bottom-up. N p dng lp i lp li cc k (pass) gm hai bc.
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Bc u tin l kk+1, tp thuc tnh c kch thc k+1 c to ra t
hai tp con chp kphn t c cng k-1 phn t ging nhau. Mt s tp thuc tnh
s c cht bi (prune), v chng khng cn phi x l tip na. c bit l
nhng tp thuc tnh l tp cha ca cc tp thuc tnh khng ph bin c chtbt (bi), v dnhin chng khng ph bin (bi Tnh cht 1). Nhng tp thuc
tnh cn li hnh thnh tp hp cc ng vin (candidate) cho k hin ti.
Bc th hai, support ca cc t p thuc tnh ny s c tnh v chng
c phn loi thnh ph bin hay khng ph bin. Support ca cc ng vin
c tnh bng cch c csd liu.
Hnh 7. Tm kim mt chiu
V d Xem Hnh 7. Tm kim mt chiu mt v d ca cch tip cn t
di ln. Xt csd liu Hnh 5. Csd liu v cc giao tc C tt c nm tp
thuc tnh chp 1 ({1},{2},{3},{4},{5}) c cho l cc ng vin ca ku tin.
Sau khi tnh support, tp thuc tnh {5} l khng ph bin. Bng Tnh cht 1, tt
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c cc tp cha ca {5} s khng c xem xt. Nh vy k th hai cc ng vin
s l {1,2}, {1,3}, {1,4}, {2,3}, {2,4}, {3,4}. Vi chu trnh lp li nh vy cho
n khi tp ph bin cc i (trong v d ny l {1,2,3,4}) c tm thy.
Trong cch tip cn t di ln, mi tp thuc tnh ph bin u phi l ng
vin mt k no . Nh chng ta thy v d trn, mi tp ph bin (cc tp
con ca {1,2,3,4}) u cn phi gh thm trc khi n c tp ph bin cc i.
Nh vy, cch tip cn ny ch hiu qu khi tt c cc t p ph bin cc i l
ngn.
Khi c mt stp ph bin cc i di xy ra, cch thc ny s khng hiu
qu. Trong trng hp , n cn mt cch tm kim hiu qu hn cho cc tp ph
bin cc i di.- s dng cch tip cn t trn xung.
Cch tip cn t trn xung (top-down), bt u vi mt tp thuc tnh chp
n v ri gim dn kch thc ca cc ng vin i mt trong mi k. Khi tp thuc
tnh chp kc quyt nh l khng ph bin th tt c cc tp con chp (k-1) s
c kho st trong k tip theo. Ni cch khc, nu mt tp thuc tnh chp kl
ph bin th tt c cc tp con ca n chc chn l ph bin v khng cn phi xttip (theo Tnh cht 2).
V d Xem Hnh 7. Tm kim mt chiu v xt cng mt csd liu nh Hnh
5. Csd liu v cc giao tc Tp thuc tnh chp 5 {1,2,3,4,5} l ng vin duy
nht ca ku tin. Sau khi tnh support, n s khng ph bin. Cc ng vin
tip theo ca k th hai l tt c cc tp con chp 4 ca tp {1,2,3,4,5}. Trong v
d ny, tp {1,2,3,4} l ph bin v tt c cc tp thuc tnh khc l khng ph
bin. Theo Tnh cht 2, tt c cc tp con ca {1,2,3,4} s ph bin v khng cn
phi xt tip. Th tc ny c lp li cho n khi tp ph bin cc i c tm
thy (ngha l, sau khi tt c cc tp thuc tnh khng ph bin c xem xt).
Vi cch tip cn ny, mi tp thuc tnh khng ph bin u phi xt qua thc s.
Nh Hnh 7. Tm kim mt chiu mi tp thuc tnh khng ph bin (tp thuc
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tnh {5} v cc tp cha ca n) cn phi xem xt trc khi cc tp ph bin cc
i c tm thy.
4.1.4 Mt s thut gii thng dng
4.1.4.1 Thut gii khi u AIS
Bi ton tm lut kt hp c gii thiu u tin trong bi bo ca
R.Agrawal, T.Imielinski v A.Swami a ra. Thut ton c gi l AIS c
xut tm tp ph bin cc i. tm cc tp thuc tnh ph bin AIS to ra cc
ng vin trong lc c c s d liu. Trong sut mi k, ton b c s d liu
c c. Mt ng vin c to ra bng cch thm cc thuc tnh vo cc tp
hp, c gi l tp thuc tnh bin (frontier), c tm thy l ph bin trong k
va mi qua. trnh pht sinh cc ng vin khng c trong csd liu, cc
ng vin c pht sinh ch t cc giao tc. Cc ng vin mi sc pht sinh
bng cch m rng tp thuc tnh bin vi cc thuc tnh cn li trong mt giao
tc.
Th d, nu tp {1,2} l tp thuc tnh ph bin, trong giao tc {1,2,3,4,6}
chng ta c cc ng vin nh sau:1. {1,2,3} c xem l ph bin: tip tc mrng.
2. {1,2,3,4} c xem l khng ph bin: khng mrng thm na
3. {1,2,3,5} c xem l ph bin: khng th mrng thm na
4. {1,2,4} c xem l khng ph bin: khng mrng thm na
5. {1,2,5} c xem l ph bin: khng th mrng thm na
Tp thuc tnh {1,2,3,4,6} khng c xem xt, v {1,2,3,4} l tp khng
ph bin. Tng t, {1,2,4,6} khng c xem xt, v {1,2,4} l tp khng phbin. Cc tp thuc tnh {1,2,3,5} v {1,2,5} khng xem xt tip v thuc tnh 5
khng nm trong giao tc.
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Hai heuristics phc tp, ti u t p cn li v ti u chc nng cht ta,
c s dng cht bt cc ng vin. Tht khng may, thut ton ny vn pht
sinh ra qu nhiu cc ng vin.
4.1.4.2 Thut gii Apriori
Mt thut gii kh tt do R.Agrawal v R.Srikant a ra. y l mt cch
tip cn chun ca thut ton t di ln, vi cch thc hin tt hn rt nhiu so
vi thut ton AIS. N lp i lp li thut tonApriori-gen pht sinh ra cc ng
vin v sau m support ca cc ng vin bng cch c ton b csd liu
1 ln.
Thut ton Thut ton Apriori
D liu vo: c s d liu v Minsupport c ngi dng nh ngha
D liu ra: cc tp ph bin cc i
1. L0 := ; k = 1;
2. C1 := {{i}| iI}
3. MFS:=
4. Trong khi Ck
5. c c s d liu v m support ca Ck
6. Lk := {cc tp thuc tnh ph bin trong Ck}
7. Ck+1:= Apriori-gen(Lk)
8. k := k + 1;
9. MFS:= (MFS Lk) \ {MFS| MFSLk}
10. tr vMFS
Apriori- gen l mt thut ton pht sinh ng vin. N d vo Tnh cht 1
c cp trn.
Thut ton Thut ton Apriori-gen
D liu vo: Lk, y l tp cc tp thuc tnh ph bin c tm thy
trong kk
D liu ra: tp cc ng vin mi Ck+1
1. gi th tc join pht sinh tp ng vin tm thi
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2. gi th tcprune tm c tp ng vin cui cng
Th tcjoin ca thut ton Apriori-gen c nhim v kt hai tp thuc tnh
ph bin chp k, m chng c (k-1) phn tu ging nhau, thnh mt tp thuctnh chp (k+1) - mt ng vin tm thi.
Thut ton Th tc join ca Thut ton Apriori-gen
D liu vo: Lk, y l tp cc tp thuc tnh ph bin c tm thy
trong kk
D liu ra: tp cc ng vin mi Ck+1tm thi
/* Cc tp thuc tnh phi c sp xp theo th t tin */
1. Vi m
iit1
n |
Lk- 1|
2. Vi mi j ti+1 n |Lk|
3. Nu Lk.itemsetiv Lk.itemsetjc cng (k-1) phn tu
4. Ck+1 = Ck+1 {Lk.itemsetiLk.itemsetj}
5. Ngc li
6. break
Tip theo l th tc prune (cht bt) c dng bi cc ng vin
tm thi c trong Ck+1m c tp con chp kno ca c khng nm trong tp phbinLk. Ni cch khc, tp cha ca cc tp thuc tnh khng ph bin phi c
loi b.
Thut ton Th tcprune ca Thut ton Apriori-gen
D liu vo: tp cc ng vin mi Ck+1tm thi c pht sinh t th tc
join trn
D liu ra: tp cc ng vin mi Ck+1cui cng m khng cn cha bt k
mt tp con khng ph bin no1. Vi tt c cc tp thuc tnh c trong Ck+1
2. Vitt c cc tp con chp ks ca c
3. nus Lk
4. xac khiCk+1
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Thut ton Apriori-gen rt thnh cng trong vic gim bt s lng cc ng
vin.
4.1.4.3 Thut gii DHP (sdng bng HASH)
DHP c gng ci tin thut ton Apriori bng cch s dng b lc bm
(hash filter) m support cho cc k tip theo. Thut ton ny nhm vo vic
gim bt s lng cc ng vin trong k th hai, kc xem l rt ln.
Bng cch s dng b lc, mt s cc ng vin c thc b bt trc
khi c csd liu trong k tip theo. Tuy nhin, mt vi nghin cu cho thy
s ti u ca thut ton ny khng tt bng cch s dng mt bng hai chiu1.
4.1.4.4 Mt s thut gii khc
4.1.4.4.1 Thut ton Partition
tng thut ton l chia csd liu theo chiu ngang (tc l phn tch
cc giao tc ) thnh cc phn d nh va vi b nh. Mi phn c mt tp ph
bin cc b (local frequent set) ku tin. Qu trnh x l cc phn c thc
hin theo cch tip cn t di ln ging nh thut ton Apriori nh vi cu trcd liu khc. Sau khi tt c cc tp ph bin cc bc tm thy, hp chng li
thnh mt tp hp, gi l tp phbin ton cc (global frequent set) thnh mt tp
cha ca cc tp ph bin ny. Da trn mt iu l nu tp thuc tnh ph bin th
chc n phi ph bin t nht trn mt phn. Tng t, nu tp thuc tnh khng
ph bin trong bt k phn no, th n s khng ph bin.
K th hai, d liu c c mt ln na v tnh support thc s cho tp
ng vin ton cc. Nh vy ton b qu trnh ch din ra trong hai k.
c csd liu vi mi ln kch thc ca ng vin tng dn, cs
d liu phi chuyn thnh mt cu trc d liu mi, c gi l danh sch TID.
1 Cha tm c ti liu chng minh
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Mi mt ng vin s cha mt danh sch cc ID giao tc m ng vin ny support
c. Csd liu cn phi c chia thnh nhiu phn c kch thc va vi b
nhchnh. Tuy nhin, danh sch TID ny c th xy ra kh nng trn, v ID giao
tc cho mt giao tc cha m thuc tnh c th xy ra, trong trng hp xu nht,
l trong
k
mdanh sch TID trong k ln thk.
C ba vn chnh khi tip cn thut ton Partition. u tin, n yu cu
phi quyt nh chn mt kch thc cc phn phi tt biu din. Nu qu ln,
th TID s pht trin rt nhanh v s khng cn b nh cha. Nhng nu qu
nh, th s xy ra qu nhiu ng vin ton cc v hu ht chng u l khng ph
bin. Th hai, cc tp ph bin cc b s rt khc bit nhau, do vy m ng vin
cc b s rt ln. Th ba, thut ton ny xem xt nhiu ng vin hn thut ton
Apriori. Nu c mt thuc tnh ph bin cc i di, th thut ton ny khng th
thc hin c.
4.1.5 Thut gii tng cng
4.1.5.1 Tip cn bng cch gim s lng ng vin v s k duytNh cp, hng tip cn bottom-up cho kt qu tt trong trng hp
tt c cc tp ph bin ti i l ngn v phng php top-down tt khi ton b tp
cc tp ph bin ti i l di (s lng phn t trong tp ln).Nu cc tp ph
bin va ngn va di th s dng mt trong hai phng php trn s khng cho
kt qu tt. thit k ra mt thut ton c kh nng tm cc tp ph bin ti i
c ngn ln di mt cch hiu qu, ngi ta nghn vic thc thi c hai chng
trnh bottom-up v top-down cng mt lc. Tuy nhin cch ny khng cho hiu
qu tt nht, chng ta s cng tm hiu thut ton sau y.
Nhc li, phng php bottom-up s dng tnh cht 1, cn top-down ch
dng tnh cht 2 lm gim s lng ng vin. Tip cn theo hng kt hp c
hai tnh cht ta cnh cc ng vin, v s dng thng tin va tp hp c trong
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khi duyt theo mt chiu lc b nhiu ng vin hn trong lc duyt chiu cn
li. Nu vi tp ph bin ti i no va c tm thy theo chiu top-down,
chng s c dng loi tr mt hoc nhiu ng vin trong khi duyt theo
chiu bottom-up. Cc tp con ca tp ph bin ti i ny c thc lc b (tacnh) v chng ph bin (tnh cht 2). Dnhin nu mt tp khngph bin c
tm thy theo chiu bottom-up, chng sc dng loi b vi ng vin theo
chiu top-down (do tnh cht 1). Phng php tm kim theo c hai hng ny s
dng c hai tnh cht 1 v 2 nn n cho kt qu tm kim nhanh hn, c t tn
l Pincer-Search. V d sau s lm r khi nim ca phng php ny.
Hnh 8: Gim s lng ng vin v s ln duyt
Hnh trn l tin trnh ca thut ton Pincer-Search. Trong bc u tin,
tt c 5 tp hp (mi tp 1 phn t) l cc ng vin cho bottom-up v tp gm 5
phn t {1,2,3,4,5} l ng vin duy nht cho top-down. Sau khi tnh ton ph
bin, t p khng ph bin {5} c bottom-up pht hin, v thng tin ny c
chia x cho top-down. T p khng ph bin {5} ny khng nhng cho php
bottom-up loi bt cc tp cha vn l ng vin ca n, m {5} cn cho php top-down tm v loi b nhng tp cha (thng khi s l ng vin ca n) trong bc
th hai.
Trong bc 2, cc ng vin cho bottom-up l {1,2}, {1,3}, {1,4}, {2,3},
{2,4}, {3,4}. Cc tp {1,5}, {2,5}, {3,5}, {4,5} khng l cc ng vin v chng l
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tp cha ca tp {5}. ng vin duy nht cho top-down trong bc 2 l {1,2,3,4}.
V tt c cc tp con 4 phn t khc ca {1,2,3,4,5} u l tp cha ca {5}. Sau
khi tnh ton ph bin ln th hai, top-down pht hin ra {1,2,3,4} l tp ph
bin. Thng tin ny c chia x cho bottom-up. Tt c cc tp con ca n l phbin v cn c b qua khng tnh ton. Nh vy {1,2,3}, {1,2,4}, {1,3,4},
{2,3,4} khng l ng vin cho bottom-up v top-down. Sau chng trnh kt
thc v khng cn ng vin cho bottom-up v top-down.
Trong v d ny, phng php tip cn 2 chiu xem xt t ng vin hn v
s bc c csd liu cng t hn c hai cch top-down v bottom-up. Trong
v d ny, bottom-up nguyn thy phi thc hin 4 bc v top-down nguyn thy
phi n 5 bc. Pincer-search ch cn 2 bc. Tht vy, phng php 2 chiu c
s bc duyt ti a cng ch bng min {s bc ca bottom-up, s bc ca top-
down}. Gim s lng ng vin l nhn t quan trng cho vic tng hiu nng ca
gii thut tm tp ph bin, v chi ph cho ton b tin trnh pht sinh t vic c
c s d liu (thi gian I/O) tnh ton ph bin cho ng vin (thi gian
CPU) v pht sinh ng vin mi (thi gian CPU). Vic m ph bin cho cc
ng vin l cng on tn km nht. V th s lng ng vin chi phi ton b
thi gian ca tin trnh. Gim s lng ng vin khng ch gim thi gian I/O m
cn gim thi gian CPU, v lng ng vin phi tnh ton v pht sinh t i.
Phn tip theo s trnh by chi tit hn.
4.1.5.2 Tm kim hai hng bng cch sdng MFCS (maximum frequent
candidate set)
Chng ta cn mt cu trc d liu mi thut ton tm tp ph bin ti i
(MFCS) c th hot ng.
nh ngha 1: Xem xt mt sim trong qu trnh thut ton thc thi
tm ra tp ph bin ti i. Vi tp l ph bin v vi tp khng ph bin, mt s
li khng phn loi c. MFCS l mt tp hp ca tt c cc tp hp ln nht m
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khngb xem l khng phbin. C th, n l tp hp nh nht ca cc tp hp,
phi tha iu kin sau:
Lp_ph_bin { 2X | X MFCS}
Lp_khng_ph_bin { 2X | X MFCS} =
trong lp_ph_bin v lp_khng_ph_bin tng ng l tp hp ca
cc tp ph bin v cc tp khng ph bin. V hin nhin bt kim no ca
thut ton, MFCS l tp cha ca MFS, khi tin trnh hon tt, MFCS v MFS cn
bng.
Thut ton ny tnh ton theo hng tip cn ca bottom-up tm theo chiu
ngang (chiu rng). Ni tm li, mi bc, m ph bin ca cc ng vin
theo chiu bottom-up, thut ton cng m ph bin ca cc tp h p trong
MFCS: tp hp ny c sa li cho hp vi qu trnh tm kim theo hng top-
down. iu ny c