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The Development of Technology Bundle in Packaging of
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Authors : Ni Luh Yulianti and Gede Arda
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The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
A17 - 1
The Development of Technology Bundle in Packaging of Export Quality of
Mangosteens' Transportation
Ni Luh Yulianti and Gede Arda
Jurusan Teknik Pertanian Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Udayana
Email : [email protected]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to formulate the packaging technology which able to reduce
the damage on mangosteens fruit after transportation. This study was conducted using the
factorial experiment dsign, the Randomized Complete Block (RCB) designs, in which the first
factor was packaging capacity (K), the second factor was fruits arrangement pattern (P), and the
third one was the packaging types (T). The first factor was designed by implementing two level
of capacity that was 5 kg (K1) and 8 kg (K2). The second factor was designed using two kinds of
fruits arrangement pattern that was fcc (face centered cubic) with net foam (P1), neatly
separation (P2) and the third one was designed using two kinds of packaging types that was
RSC corrugated board (T1) and fullflap corrugated board (T2). Each treatments were replicated
twice. The quality parameters which were measured were physical damage, weight loss
percentage, and respiration rate. The results showed that 5 kilograms of mangosteen which was
package using fcc fruits arrangement pattern and fullflap type (K1P1T1) was the most effective
way to reduce physical damage and weight loss of mangosteen during transportation process.
Keywords: mangosteen, packaging, physical damage, transportation
Introduction
Government’s policy to increase the competitive ability of horticultural commodities in
international market had encouraged the horticultural farmers and stakeholders to enhance their
products quality and increase its price. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L ) was one of
horticultural commodity having high price and it is very potential to be developed as a exported
commodity. Among region in Indonesia, Bali was one of province which produce mangosteen
with good quality. According to production data 2011 based on province (BPS, 2011), suggest
that among 33 provinces in Indonesia, Bali is on 7 position with 39.511 tons of production.
However, its high number of production has not accompanied by high number of export volume
yet. This was showed on indonesis’s mangosteen export value on 2011 in which, out of all
mangosteen export, only 10.71% of indonesia mangosteen production which could penetrate
exported market with volume of 12.600 tons including Bali (BPS,2011). Refusal on mangsoteen
coming from indonesia in marketing countries are caused by the fruit’s condition which was
asserted as improper quality by consumers, for examples, its undergoing physical damage
ranging from hardening, memar, or damage on its shells to damage on its crown causing
incomplete condition. As a consequence, the product could only sale on local market with low
price which led to profit loss to local producers.
The damage which mostly occurred were physical damages caused by transportation
process. The study suggested that 30-35% of damage on food (fresh) product were caused by
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
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transportation process especially land transportation and the 10% were caused by long term
storage Hetzroni et. al. 2000 ; Arazuri et al, 2007; Tim Penulis PS, 2003). The good
transportation packaging was demanding accordance of packaging kinds and packaged
commodity’s characteristics. The kinds of packaging which was usually used for transporting
mangosteen fruits was plastic container of 8-10 kg in capacity. Based on information collected
from farmers and mangosteen exporters, physical damage that was frequently occurred causing
by using this kind of packaging as high as 20-30% (Yulianti et al., 2009). In addition, proper
packaging was the packaging that could deflate the impact during transportation. A corrugated
board was a packaging material which had high damping properties at low price and accepted by
export destination countries because of its recycling ability and environmentally friendly
compared to other materials. The study suggest that application of corrugated board able to
reduce the damage on packaged product to 3.7% (Yulianti, 2007). Thompson et al., (2006) said
that pear that was packaged using corrugated board and transported as far as 4.500 km
experienced low degree of damage compared to other kinds of material. Lewis et al., (2007)
reported that apple packaged using corrugated board underwent bruise area smaller than other
kinds of packaging material at various level of drop. Therefore, it is important to conduct a study
to formulate the technological bundle of packaging that has an ability to reduce the level of
damage of mangosteen during transportation process considering the capacity of packaging,
fruits arrangement of mangosteen inside the packaging and types of packaging that is applied.
Materials And Methods
Materials and instruments
The materials that were used in this study were mangosteen with index of maturity 2, first
class of quality which had 6.0 cm – 6.5 cm in diameter, corrugated board and net foam. The
instrument test were digital balance ((Kris Chef Model Ek9250, China), glass jar, gas analyzer
TA. XTplus, England).
(a) (b)
Picture 1. The types of packaging (a) fullflap type (b) RSC type
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
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Methods
This study was conducted using the factorial experiment dsign, the Randomized
Complete Block (RCB) designs, in which the first factor was packaging capacity (K), the second
factor was fruits arrangement pattern (P), and the third one was the packaging types (T). The first
factor was designed by implementing two level of capacity that was 5 kg (K1) and 8 kg (K2).
The second factor was designed using two kinds of fruits arrangement pattern that was fcc (face
centered cubic) with net foam (P1), neatly separation (P2) and the third one was designed using
two kinds of packaging types that was RSC corrugated board (T1) and fullflap corrugated board
(T2). Each treatments were replicated twice. Data was analyzed with Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA), and if there was any influence of treatment on observed parameters then further
analysis would be conducted by Duncan Test (Steel and Torrie, 1993).
Observed Parameters
The observed parameters that were measured after transportation process were percentage
of fruits that underwent sinking on its shell, weight loss, and CO2 production rate during storage.
All parameters except physical damage were measured and observed every day until fruits were
asserted as not acceptable to consume.
Results And Discussion
Physical Damage
Physical condition of mangosteen after transportation is one of important factors that is
considered by consumers when they consume the fruit. Defect damage on fruit when it is being
consumed is the cause of refusal of mangosteen in export destination countries. The study found
that physical damage on fruit were sunk shell and crown damage. The sunk shell was indicated
by some are of shell was pressed by other fruit’s shell result in a concave shape. This was one of
the physical damage caused by transportation. The percentage of sunk shell was obtain by
counting the ration between the sum of sunk shell and total sum of observed shell’s surface.
According to counting results it was found that the lowest percentage, that was 0.35%, was
occurred on K1P1T1 treatment; that is mangosteen that were packaged at 5 kg of capacity with fcc
pattern in fullplap type of packaging. In contrast, the highest percentage of sunk shell was shown
by K2P2T2; mangosteen that were packaged at 8 kg of capacity with separation in fullplap type of
packaging, that is 2.58%. however, if the treatment K2P2T2 was compared to control
(mangosteen that were packed with plastic container of 8 kg in capacity, based on what farmers
or exporter usually use), percentage of sunk shell on control significantly higher than other
treatments, that is 4.73% (Table 1). As a consequence of high percentage of sunk shell is it will
generally influences percentage of physical damage.
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
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Tabel 1. Mean of percentage of sunk shell after transportation
Treatment Sunk shell (%)
control 4.73
capacity 8 kg,separation, fullflap (K2P2T2) 2.58
capacity 8 kg, fcc, fullflap (K2P1T2) 1.35
capacity 8 kg, fcc, rsc (K2P1T1) 0.98
capacity 5 kg, sekat, fullflap (K1P2T2) 0.87
capacity 8 kg, sekat, rsc (K2P2T1) 0.68
capacity 5 kg, fcc, rsc (K1P1T1) 0.38
capacity 5 kg, separation, rsc (K1P2T1) 0.38
capacity 5 kg, fcc, fullflap (K1P1T2) 0.35
Percentage of physical damage was counted by calculate the ration between sum of
damage fruit in a pack and total sum of all fruit packed in that pack. A sample was asserted as
damage fruit if it was observed one of this kinds of damage: sunk shell, detach any part of its
crown, broken stalk and crack on the shell (Picture 1). The study results showed that the lowest
physical damage, that is 2.5%, was found on K1P1T2 treatment that is mangosteen that was
packed 5 kg in capacity with fcc pattern in the fullplap type pack. The highest percentage of
damage was showed by control of 10.93%. The low percentage on K1P1T2 indicated smaller
number of fruit lesser force that work on fruits. In addition, the utility of net foam on fruit that
were arranged with fcc pattern was able to protect fruits’ shell from friction and impact which
occurred during transportation. Arrangement of fruits with fcc pattern give fruits more
advantages because this pattern increase the density of fruit in a pack, therefore arrangement is
more compact and void left inside the pack which allow fruit experience friction become smaller.
Application fcc pattern to arrange the fruits in a corrugated board result in 34% higher than
randomized arrangement (Yulianti, 2007). Maximum percentage of density of fruit that are
arrenged with randomized arrangement is 50% (Peleg, 1985).
Gambar 2. Physical damage (a) detached crown; (b) sunk shell
Weight loss
Economically, weight loss of agricultural commodity result in loss in profit especially for
the commodities that are sold based on its weight such as mangosteen. Weight loss indicates the
level of damage that occurred after transportation. Based on ANOVA to each treatment’s data
were found that interaction among treatments (capacity, arrangement and packaging type)
significantly influenced the weight loss during storage. The lowest percentage of weight loss was
found on treatment K1P1T2 that is 0.183%, in contrast, the highest percentage of weight loss was
found on treatment K2P2T1 that is 0.259% (Table 2).
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
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The low percentage of weight loss on treatment K1P1T2 was the consequence of low level
of damage. In contrast, high percentage of weight loss was the consequence of high level of
damage occurred on K2P2T1. Possibly, the low percentage of weight loss on treatment K1P1T2 are
caused by force that was exist in fruits arrangement was low and was dispersed evenly. The
advantages of using fcc pattern are fruits are arranged more tidy, the fruits number per pack is
the same, and the number of fruits per pack can be determined in advance (Sutrisno, 2008 dan
Yulianti, 2007). Moreover, packing the fruit in lower or equal to 5 kg in capacity will reduce
fruit load and damage during transportation. (Osman, 2006 ).
The utility of fullplap type packaging is one of the supporting factors that give the good
advantage because this type have an ability to support the product against the load that exist
when the pack are stacked.
Tabel 2. Mean of percentage of weight loss
Treatment Weight loss mean (%) Notation*
capacity 8 kg, separation, rsc (K2P2T1) 0.259 a
capacity 5 kg, sekat, fullflap (K1P2T2) 0.250 a
capacity 8 kg, fcc, fullflap (K2P1T2) 0.248 a
capacity 8 kg, fcc, rsc (K2P1T1)
0.242 a
capacity 5 kg, separation, rsc (K1P2T1) 0.238 a
capacity 8 kg, separation, fullflap (K2P2T2) 0.231 a
capacity 5 kg, fcc, rsc (K1P1T1)
0.223 a
capacity 5 kg, fcc, fullflap (K1P1T2) 0.183 b
*number followed by same letter in the same collumn are not significantly different at DMRT
5%.
The percentages of weight change during observation are depicted on Picture 3. The
graph shows that percentage of weight loss increase day by day. The graph points out that
control shows the highest percentage of weight loss among others. This phenomena has proved
the employing plastic container 8 kg in capacity as mangosteen packaging is not sufficient to
decrease the weight loss during transportation. The 8 kg plastic container is container that is
generally used by mangosteen farmers or exporter to transport their product. The high percentage
of weight loss on control are caused by higher level of mechanical damage occurs on
mangosteen packed using this kind of packaging. The higher level of mechanical damage
experienced by mangosteen come from container properties itself which are not able to redeem
the impact during transportation. The low damping properties of plastic container bring on
mechanical damage such as wound or scratch on mangosteen’s shell dan it will influence the
weight loss during transportation. Water loss from product potentially occur through open part of
fresh product’s surface tissues that are influenced by internal factor such as wound on product’s
surface. (Utama, 2002).
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
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Picture 3. Percentage of weight loss
Respiration Rate
Respiration rate is a good indicator to know shelf life of fruits after fruit are harvested.
High respiration usually indicate short shelf life (Pantastico, 1997). According to ANOVA it was
found that interaction between capacity and arrangement pattern significantly influenced the
production rate of CO2. In addtion, K1P1 (5 kg in capacity, fcc) showed the lowest production
rate of CO2 that is 52.594 ml/kg.hr, and it also significantly different compared to other
treatments.
Another phenomena illustrated that interaction between capacity and packaging types
showed significant influence to production rate of CO2 during storage. Advanced analysis (table
3) showed that the lowest production rate of CO2 was indicated by K1T2(5 kg in capacity,
fullplap) and the highest one was showed by K2t1 (8 kg in capacity, rsc). In conclusion,
employment of fullplap corrugated board with 5 kg in capacity had an ability to reduce the
production rate of CO2 of packed mangosteen.
The low production rate of CO2 on K1T2 indicated that level of damage occurred was
low as well. In one hand, application lower load on fullplap type packaging through lower
capacity result in maximum protection to mangosteen against friction, impact, and pressure/load.
On the other hand high production rate of CO2 on K2T1 (8 kg in capacity, rsc) indicated the high
level of damage on mangosteen. High level of damage lead to respiration process as an influence
of ethylen gas production (Pantastico, 1997).
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
6 12 18 24 36 48 60 84 108 132 156 180
awe
igh
t lo
ss (
%)
Time (hour)
(K1P1T1)
(K2P2T2)
(K2P1T1)
(K1P2T1)
(K1P2T2)
(K2P2T1)
(K2P1T2)
(K1P1T2)
KONTROL 1
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
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Tabel 3. Mean of percentage of production rate of CO2 on interaction between capacity
and types of packaging
Treatment Rate (ml/kg.hr) Notati
on*
capacity 8 kg, rsc (K2T1) 78.264 a
capacity 8 kg, fullflap (K2T2) 75.832 a
capacity 5 kg, rsc (K1T1) 75.104 a
capacity 5 kg, fullflap (K1T2) 52.594 b
*number followed by same letter in the same collumn are not significantly different at
DMRT 5%.
Conclusion
Application fullplap type corrugated board of 5 kg in capacity with face centered cubic
pattern is able to significantly reduce physical damage and weight loss during transportation
process of mangosteen.
References
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