malaria ppt
TRANSCRIPT
Malaria: General Information
Prepared by:
NOE P. MENDEZCENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY (CMU)
Reference
Murray, P. R., Rosenthal, K. S., Kobayashi, G. S. and Pfaller, M. A. 2002. Medical Microbiology (4th Ed.).Mosby, Inc. United States of America.
Report OutlineReferenceReport OutlineMalariaEpidemiologyIncubation Period and InfectionSymptomsTreatmentPrevention and Control
MalariaCaused by blood protozoa
Plasmodium spp.Mosquitos serves as vectors
(Anopheles)Two hosts: mosquito (sexual) and human or
other organisms (asexual)Four species:
Plasmodium vivaxPlasmodium malariaePlasmodium ovalePlasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria cont…
blood transfusion (Transfussion malaria) congenital acquisition (Congenital malaria)DeadlyP. falciparum causes cerebral malaria
Epidemiology• P. vivax P. ovale P. malariae P. falciparum
Most prevalent.
Tropics, subtropics,
and temperate regions.
Distributed mainly in tropical Africa.
Also found in Asia and
South America.
Occurs primarily in
the same subtropical
and temperate regions but
are less prevalent.
Exclusively in tropical
and subtropical
regions.
Incubation Period and InfectionP. vivax P. ovale P. malariae P. falciparum
Usually 10-17 days but if left
untreated, infection could last for several
years.
Infection lasts for about a
year.
Incubation is 18-40 days but possibly several
months to years. If left untreated,
infections may last as long as
20 years
Incubation period is 7-10
days.
SymptomsAfter incubation period, the patient will experience
HeadacheMuscle painsPhotophobiaAnorexiaNauseaVomiting
Then
• Chills
• Fever
• Malarial rigors
For P. falciparum:
• Daily chills and fever
• Severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
• Malarial pigment
TreatmentCombination of supportive and
chemotheraphySupportive Therapies
• Bed rest
• Relief for fever and headache
• Regulation of fluid balance
• Blood transfusion
Treatment Cont….Chemotherapies
• Suppressive –avoid infection and clinical symptoms
• Therapeutic- erythrocytic cycle
• Radical cure- eradication of the exoerrythrocytic cycle in liver
• Gametocidal- destroy the erythrocytic gametocytes to prevent their transmission by mosquito.
Treatment Cont…Chloroquine
Drug of choice for suppression and treatmentPrimaquine
For radical cure and elimination of gametocytesOther Agents
MefloquineQuininePyrimethamine-sulfadoxin (Fansidar)Doxycycline
Prevention and ControlControl of mosquito breeding
Screening
Netting
Wearing protective clothes
Insect repellents