mandinka - english dictionary -

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Mandinka - English Dictionary prepared by Peace Corps The Gambia PO Box 582 Banjul The Gambia tel: 220 392466 1995

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Page 1: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

Mandinka - English Dictionary

prepared by

Peace Corps The GambiaPO Box 582

BanjulThe Gambia

tel: 220 392466

1995

Page 2: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- i -

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Page 3: Mandinka - English Dictionary -
Page 4: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 5: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 6: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 3 -

Mandinka-English D V H W R RD V H W R R � �Q��SODWH��$VHWRR�PDØVHQH\DD��7KH�SODWH�LV�QRW�FOHDQ�

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Page 7: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 4 -

ED D M L \ R Mandinka-English

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Page 8: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 5 -

Mandinka-English E D K D O O R RE DK D O O R R � �Q��PXOH��%DKDOORR�OHEDPEDQWD�IDORR�WL��$�0XOH�LVVWURQJHU�WKDQ�D�GRQNH\�

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Page 9: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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E DP E D Ú R Mandinka-English

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Page 10: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 11: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 12: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 13: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 10 -

E X O D D M R R Mandinka-English

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Page 14: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 11 -

Mandinka-English E X W R RE X W R R � �Q��YDJLQD�E X W R Ú R � �Q��ERWWRQ�E X W X N X Ú R � �Q��FOLWRULV�E X W X X W R R � �Q��*DPELDQ�FXUUHQF\�%XWXW��%XWXXWRR�PDØ�QDIDD�VRWRVDD\LØ��$�EXWXW�KDV�QR�XVH�QRZ�

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F D DZX W D � �DGM��FRQIXVHG��6XØRFDDZXWD�NDELULØ�SROLLVRRIX�QDDWD�

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FD I D U L W RR � �Q��OXQDWLF��&DIDULWRR�VLLxRR\DD�PD�NR\��/LYLQJ�ZLWK�DOXQDWLF�LV�QRW�VDIH�

F D I D U RR � �Q��LQVDQLW\��&DIDURR�MDDURRPD�GL\DD��,V�QRW�HDV\�WR�KHDOLQVDQLW\�

F D I R R � �Q��KDQG�IXOO��RI�ULFH���WDVVHO�HWF��:RR�PDDQL�FDIRR�NH�VLQVLØRNRQR��3XW�WKDW�KDQGIXO�RI�WDVVHO�ULFHLQ�WKH�EDVNHW�

FD I X � �Y��WR�KROG��fLØ�FDIX�ØD�WDD�+ROG�WKLV�OHWV�JR�

F D N D E X Ú R � �Q��EURWKHO�FDND W L � �Y��WR�VQDWFK��$�\H�QQD�NDODDFDNDWL�Q�EXOX��+H�VQDWFKHG�P\�SHQIURP�PH�

F D N D \ D D � �Q��SURVWLWXWLRQ��&DND\DDPD�EHWH\DD��3URVWLWXWLRQ�LV�QRWJRRG�

F D N R R � �Q��ORRVH�ZRPDQ��ZKRUH�SURVWLWXWH��$�PX�FDNRR�OH�WL��6KH�LV�DSURVWLWXGH�

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F DPS L \ R Ú R � �Q��FKDPSLRQ�F D Q V X � �Y��WR�FOXWFK���*RDO�NHHSHU��\HNDWRR�FDQVX��7KH�JRDO�NHHSHU�KHOGWKH�EDOO�

FD Ú � �Y��WR�EH�XQDEOH�WR�JR�DKHDG��UHDFWDJDLQVW��WR�KDYH�D�EUHDNGRZQ�

F D Ú D \ R R � �Q��IDWLJXH��ERG\�SDLQ�&DQD\RR�OH�EH�Q�QD��,�KDYH�IDWLJXH�

F D S D U HZR � �Q��IHDWKHUOHVV�IRZO�F D S D W R R � �Q��VQDNH��FREUD�FDS L � �Y��WR�KROG��FDUU\��:RR�EXNRRFDSL�QD��+ROG�WKDW�DQG�FRPH�

F D S X � �Y��WR�KROG��FDUU\�FD U DD � �Q��R[�SHFNHU�F D U R R � �Q��R[�SHFNHU�F D X V � �Y��WR�GLIILFXOW��FRPSOLFDWH�KDUG��H[SHQVLYH��,�ODILWD�D�NROH\DQGLOD�OH��<RX�ZDQW�WR�PDNH�LW�GLIILFXOW�

F H H Q R R � �Q��FKDLQ��QHFNODFH�F H N R R � �Q��FKHTXH�F H Ú R � �Q��IDW��fLØ�QLLVRR�FHØR�VL\DDWDOH��7KLV�FRZ�KDV�D�ORW�RI�IDW�

&H U Q R � �Q��PDQV�QDPH�F L L IX � �Y��WR�KLVV��$�PD�L�FLLIX��+HGLGQW�KLVV�DW�\RX�

Page 15: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 12 -

F L L I X U RR Mandinka-English

F L L I X U RR � �Q��KLVVLQJ��&LLIXURR�EXOD�6WRS�KLVVLQJ�

F L L SX � �Y��WR�KLVV��.DQD�Q�FLLSX��'RQWKLVV�PH�

F L L S X U RR � �YQ��KLVVLQJ��&LLSXURR�EXOD�6WRS�KLVVLQJ�

F L L V RR � �Q��FKHHVH��1�PD�ODIL�FLLVRROD��,�GRQW�OLNH�FKHHVH�

F L ND � �Y��WR�OLIW��UDLVH��SLFN��$�FLND�/LIW�LW�

F L N DQG L � �Y��WR�OLIW��UDLVH��,�VLØRFLNDQGL��5DLVH�XS�\RXU�IRRW�

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F L Q R R � �Q��FRRNHG�IRRG��$OL�FLQRRQDDWL��%ULQJ�WKH�IRRG�

F L S D Q S D Ú R � �Q��VRGRP�DSSOH�&LSDQSDØR�EXND�ZDUD�EDDNH��6RGRPDSSOH�WUHH�GRHVQW�JHW�YHU\�ELJ�

F L SR Ú � �Y��WR�MXPS�GRZQ�IURP�XS��,FLSRØ��-XPS�GRZQ�

FRN L � �Q��MRLQ�FR N L U R R � �Q��MRLQ��:RR�MXORROX�FRNL�-RLQ�WKRVH�URSHV�

F R N R G L P R R � �Q��DUWKULWLV��&RNRGLPRROH�EH�D�OD��+H�KDV�DUWKULWLV�

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F RPS L Q � F RPS L Q � �DGM��VSRWWHG�LQFRORXU��:RR�QLLVRR�PDØFRPSLQFRPSLQ��7KDW�FRZ�LV�QRWVSRWWHG�

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F X E D O R R � �Q��ILVKHUPDQ��&XEDORR�EHQQD�VXZR�NRQR��7KHUH�LV�DILVKHUPDQ�LQ�P\�FRPSRXQG�

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FXQNX W L � �Y��WR�WLOO��VRLO��:RR�EDPEHHFXQNXWL��7XUQ�WKDW�JDUGHQ�EHG�

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F X S X W R R � �Y��WR�SLPSOH��6HH��FLSR��F X U HPS H Q � �Y��WR�6HH��FLSR��F X X E R R � �Q��G\HG�IDEULF��G\H��WLH�DQGG\H��&XXERR�PX�MHOX�OH�WL"�'\HGIDEULF�LV�KRZ�PXFK"

F X X Q H H � �Q��LJQRUDQW��LQHIILFLHQWSOD\HU��$�PX�FXXQHH�OH�WL��+HV�DQLQHIILFLHQW�SOD\HU�

FXX U D � �Y��WR�EUHZ�DWDD\DD��-XPDD�OHEH�DWDD\DD�FXXUD�OD"�:KR�ZLOO�EUHZWKH��DWDD\DD�"

F XX U D D \ L � G D QG L Ú R � �Q��SRW�&XXUDD\L�GDQGLØR�EH�NRREDD�NRQR�7KH�LQFHQVH�SRW�LV�LQ�WKH�NLWFKHQ�

F X X U D D \ R R � �Q��LQFHQVH��fLØFXXUDD\RR�VHHURR�GL\DDWD��7KLVLQFHQVH�KDV�D�QLFH�VFHQW�

F X X U R R � �Q��SRUULGJH��&XXURR�ELWL�&RYHU�WKH�SRUULGJH�

F X X U X � �Y��WR�EUHZ�DWDD\DD�FXX W � �Y��WR�SLHUFH��'RNLWDURR�\H�QFXXWL�Q�MXZR�WR��7KH�GRFWRU�SLHUFHGPH�RQ�P\�EXWWRFNV�

Page 16: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 13 -

Mandinka-English G D DG D D � �Q��MDU��PRXWK��HQWUDQFH��SULFH�)HØROX�GDD�PDØ�GL\DD�VDD\LØ��7KLQJVDUH�QRW�FKHDS�QRZ�

GD D � �Y��WR�PDNH�G D D E D D � �Q��GUXP��FDUYLQJ�WRRO��PDLQHQWUDQFH��'DDEDD�NRVL��%HDW�WKHGUXP�

G D D E D D � N X U X W R R � �Q��ELJ�$IULFDQWURXVHU��'DDEDD�NXUXWRR�NDUD�Q�xH�6HZ�D�WURXVHU�IRU�PH�

G D D E D O R R � �Q��EXUQW�ULFH��,�ODILWDGDDEDORR�OD�EDDNH��<RX�OLNH�EXUQWULFH�D�ORW�

G D D E H U R R � �Q��SRUULGJH��'DDEHURR�NDGL\DD�VRPDQGDD�OH��3RUULGJH�LV�QLFHLQ�WKH�PRUQLQJ�

GDD I D D � �Q��PRXWKIXO��'DDIDD�NLOLØWDD��7DNH�RQH�PRXWKIXO�

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GDD M D D � �Q��GHQ\LQJ��'DDMDD�EXOD�6WRS�GHQ\LQJ����ZKDW�\RX�VDLG��GLG�

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G D D N D D � �Y��WR�VWD\��-DDUL�Q�EH�GDDNDDOD�MD�QH��1H[W�\HDU�,OO�VWD\�KHUH�

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G D D N D O R R � �Q��EHDN��SRXWHG�PRXWK��$GDDNDORR�NXQWX��&XW�LWV�PRXWK�

G D D N D Q G H H � �Q��VWDUFK�IRU�FORWKHV�'DDNDQGHH�ZDDIL�Q�PD��6HOO�PHVWDUFK�

G D D N D Q G H H � �Y��WR�VWDUFK��,�VL�Q�QDIHØR�OX�GDDNDQGHH�VDDPD��<RXVWDUFK�P\�FORWKHV�WRPRUURZ�

G D D N R \ R R � �Q��EXVK�FDWWOH�G D D N X O R R � �Q��HGJH��VLGHOLQH��$�ODQGLGDDNXORR�WR��3ODFH�LW�RQ�WKH�HGJH�

G D D N X Q W X � �Y��WR�LJQRUH��QRW�WR�VSHDN�$�\H�D�GDDNXQWX�Q�QD�OH��+H�GRHVQWVSHDN�WR�PH�

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GDD O D � �Q��EHVLGH�

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G D D O D E D Ú R � �Q��ODVW�SULFH�G D D O DPD D � �Q��RQH�ZKR�FDQ�VSHDN�'DDODPDD�EXND�ILOL��2QH�ZKR�FDQVSHDN�QHYHU�JHWV�ORVW�

GDD O L Ú R � �Q��EDFN�JDWH��7DD�GDDOLØR�OD�*R�E\�WKH�EDFN�JDWH�

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G D DPD Q W D � �FRQM��XQOHVV��'DDPDQWD�LPD�WD��L�WH�NRGRR�VRWR�OD��8QOHVV\RX�JR��\RX�ZRQW�KDYH�PRQH\�

G D DPDQ W D Ú � �FRQM��XQOHVV�G D DPDQ W H H � �FRQM��XQOHVV�G D DPD Q W R � �FRQM��XQOHVV�G D DPH Ú � �US��ZKHUH��$�EH�GDDPHØPRR�WH�D�MH�OD�QRR��1R�RQH�FDQ�VHHKLP��WKH�SODFH��ZKHUH�KH�LV�

GD DQ L � �Y��WR�EHJ��SUD\��SOHDG��FDGJH�.DQD�Q�GDDQL��'RQW�EHJ�PH�

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G D D Q L U R R � �Q��EHJJLQJ��1�EH�GDDQLURROD��,P�EHJJLQJ�

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G D D Ú D U R R � �Q��YLSHU�GDD U L O D D � �Q��ZHDYHU��FUHDWRU�'DDULODD�\H�IDDQRR�GDGDD��7KHZHDYHU�PDGH�D�VDURQJ�

G D D U R R � �Q��ZHDYLQJ��PDNLQJ��$�\HGDDURR�QRR�EDDNH��+HV�JRRG�DWZHDYLQJ�

G D D V D D � �DGY��UHWDLO��1�EXND�D�GDDVDDZDDIL��,P�QRW�VHOOLQJ�LW�LQ�ELWV�

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GDD W L \ R � �Q��PRXVWDFKH�G D D W R N D D � �Q��SRUULGJH�G D D W X U R R � �Q��OLS��1�GDDWXURR�\LWLWDOH��0\�OLS�KDV�VZROOHQ�

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GDED U L � �Y��WR�ZLWFK��KH[��$WH�OH�\H�QGDEDUL��+HV�WKH�RQH�ZKR�KH[HG�PH�

G D E L G D E R R � �Q��QLJKW�MDU�G D E R R � �Q��VKRXOGHU��KRH��EHG�EXJ�G D E R R N R W R � �Q��DUPSLW��0XQQH�EH�LGDERR�NRWR"�:KDW�LV�XQGHU�\RXUDUPSLW"

G D G D D � �Y��WR�PDNH��PHQG��UHSDLU��fLØGDGDD�Q�xH��0HQG�WKLV�IRU�PH�

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'D I H H � �Q��VXUQDPH�G D K D D � �Y��WR�JLYH�XS��UHVW��VWRS��$OLWDD�L�GDKDD��*R�DQG�UHVW�

'D K D E D � �Q��VXUQDPH�G D K D Q G L � �Y��WR�OHDYH��UHOLHYH��'XNDUHQ�GDKDQGL��3OHDVH�OHDYH�PH�DORQH�

GDND W L � �DGY��UHDO��1�EDDGLØR�GDNDWL�OHPX��+H�LV�P\�UHDO�UHODWLYH�

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G D O D V R R � �Q��*DPELDQ�FXUUHQF\�'DODVL��'DODVRR�PX�EXWXW�NHPH�OH�WL�$�'DODVL�LV�����EXWXWV�

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GD O L W D � �DGM��IRQG�RI��1�GDOLWD�ND�WDD7HQGDDEDD��,P�IRQG�RI�JRLQJ�WR7HQGDED�

G D O R R � �Q��DFTDLQWDQFH��IDPLOLDULW\�ODNH��'DORR�EHWH\DDWD�OH��)DPLOLDULW\LV�JRRG�

' DPE D � �Q��D�VXUQDPH�G DPED O L � �DGM��FRXQWOHVV��fL�PXGDPEDOL�OH�WL��7KLV�LV�FRXQWOHVV�

'DP I D D � �Q��VXUQDPH� ��

Page 17: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 14 -

G DP I X Mandinka-English

G DP I X � �Y��WR�NLFN��DEDQGRQH��.DQDxDQNXPRR�GDPIX��'RQW�NLFN�WKHFDW�

G DPP D D � �DGM��RQO\��DORQH��1GDPPDD�OH�EH�MD��,P�WKH�RQO\SHUVRQ�KHUH�

G DP R R � �Q��GUDXJKWV�JDPH��,�PDØGDPRR�QRR��<RX�FDQW�SOD\GUDXJKWV�

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Page 18: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 15 -

Mandinka-English G H H N D Q G LG H H N D Q G L � �Y��WR�OHYHO��0DVRØR�EH�MDØGHHNDQGL�OD�OH��7KH�PDVRQ�ZLOO�OHYHOWKLV�SODFH�

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Page 19: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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G L L Q R Ú Mandinka-English

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G L Q G L Ú \ D D � �Q��FKLOGKRRG��$�EHGLQGLØ\DD�OH�NRQR��+HV�LQFKLOGKRRG��VWDJH��

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G L QN L U D D � �Q��SODFH��%R�QQD�GLQNLUDDWR��*R�DZD\�IURP�P\�SODFH�

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G L Q W D � �Y��WR�KDV�SURGXFHG�IUXLW��:RROHHPXQRR�GLQWD�OH��7KDW�RUDQJH�WUHHKDV�SURGXFHG�

G L Q W D Ú R � �Q��FKLOGOHVV��'LQWDØR�EHGXZDD�NDØ�GLØ�NXZR�OD��7KHFKLOGOHVV�LV�SUD\LQJ�IRU�FKLOGUHQ�

G L Ú � �Y��WR�IUXLW��'XXWRROX�PDØ�GLØxLLQDØ��0DQJR�WUHHV�KDYHQW�ERUQHIUXLW�WKLV�\HDU�

G L Ú R � �Q��FKLOG��IUXLW��RIIVSULQJ�PHPEHU��-XPDD�OH�PX�L�GLØR�WL":KR�LV�\RXU�FKLOG"

G LS L W H H � �Q��GHSXW\��1QD�GLSLWHH�PX(EULPD�6DUU�OH�WL��0\�0�3�LV(EULPD�6DUU�

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G L U LPRR � �Q��ELJ�UDW��'LULPRR�PXVXXWD�GDDIHØR�OH�WL��7KH�ELJ�UDW�LV�DQLJKW�DQLPDO�

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G L \DD U L Ú � �DGM��VZHHW��MR\RXV�GHOLFLRXV��QLFH��FKHDS��-DØ�EHGL\DDULØ�QH�ELL��7KLV�SODFH�LV�QLFHWRGD\�

G L \ DD W D � �DGM��VZHHW��XQLWHG��IULHQGO\�GHOLFLRXV��HDV\��FKHDS��fL�ELVLNLWRRGL\DDWD��7KLV�ELVFXLW�LV�GHOLFLRXV�

G L \ DQG L � �Y��WR�XQLWH��FDXVH�WR�EHGHOLFLRXV��VZHHWHQ��,�xDQWD�2PDU�QLØ0XVX�GL\DQGL�OD�OH��<RX�VKRXOGXQLWH�2PDU�DQG�0XVX�

G L \ D QG L U R R � �YQ��XQLWLQJ��$�EHGL\DQGLURR�OD��+H�LV�XQLWLQJ�SHRSOH�

GRN L W D U R R � �Q��GRFWRU�G R N R R � �Q��VWLFN��\RXQJ�VLEOLQJ�GR N R W � �DGY��YHU\��$�EH�VXWX\DDULØGRNRW��+H�LV�YHU\�VKRUW�

G R O R E D W R R � �Q��JRUG�IRU�SDOP�ZLQH�G R O RP L Q W R R � �Q��GULQNHU�G R O R R � �Q��DOFRKRO�G RPD Q G L Ú � �DGY��IHZ��OLWWOH��7DDxDDWR�GRPDQGLØ��*R�IRUZDUG�DOLWWOH�

G RPD Q G L Ú � G RP D Q G L Ú � �DGY��OLWWOH�JUDGXDOO\��$�NH�GRPDQGLØ�GRPDQGLØ��'R�LW�JUDGXDOO\�

G RP D Ú � G RP D Ú � �DGM��VORZO\�JUDGXDOO\��$�GRPDØ�GRPDØ��7DNH�LWHDV\��WDNH�\RXU�WLPH�

G RPE L L � �DGY��PD\�EH��SHUKDSV�SUREDEO\��XVXDOO\�ZLWK�WKH�SDVW�'RPELL�D�QDDWD�VDD\L��3HUKDSV�KHKDV�FRPH�QRZ�

G RP R � �Y��WR�HDW�G RPR E D O R R � �Q��XQHGLEOH�WKLQJ��fLØPX�WDOL�GRPREDORR�OH�WL��7KLV�LV�DQRQ�HGLEOH�WDOORZ�IUXLW�

G RP R G D D � �Q��SHDQXW�EXWWHU�VRXS�VRUUHO�

G RP R R � �YQ��HDWLQJ��1�EH�PEXXUXGRPRR�OD��,�DP�HDWLQJ�EUHDG�

G RPR U L I H Ú �P H V H Ú R � �Q��MXQN�IRRG�GRPR U L I H Ú R � �Q��IRRG�GRPR U L O D D � �Q��HDWHU��VRPHRQH�HDWLQJ�GRPR U L O D Ú R � �Q��VSRRQ��FXWOHU\�G RPR U L Q G L � �Y��WR�IHHG��'HH�QDDQRRGRPRULQGL��)HHG�WKH�EDE\�

G RP R U R R � �Q��HDWLQJ��IRRG��$�EHGRPRURR�OD��+H�LV�HDWLQJ�

Page 20: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 17 -

Mandinka-English G RP R W D DG RPR W D D � �Q��HGLEOH�WKLQJ��fL�VXERRPDQNH�GRPRWDD�WL��7KLV�PHDW�LV�QRWPHDQW�WR�EH�HDWHQ�

'R Q G H � �Q��VXUQDPH�G R Q G L � �Q��FDXVH�WR�GDQFH�G R Q G L N D E X O R R � �Q��VOHHYH�G R Q G L N R R � �Q��VKLUW��JRZQ��GUHVV�VZHDWHU��HWF�

G R Q G R O R R � �Q��ZDVS�G R Q G X O D D � �Q��GDQFLQJ�SODFH��GDQFLQJJURXQG��$�EH�GRQGXODD��+H�LV�DW�WKHGDQFLQJ�SODFH�

GRQN L O L � �Y��WR�VLQJ��VRPHRQH�RUVRPHWKLQJ��1�EH�SHUHVLGDØR�GRQNLOLOD�OH��,�ZLOO�VLQJ�WKH�SUHVLGHQW�

GRQN L O L O D D � �YQ��VLQJLQJ��$�EHGRQNLOLODD�OD��+H�LV�VLQJLQJ�

GRQN L O L O D D � O D D � �Q��VLQJHU��RQH�ZKRVLQJV�

GRQ N L O R R � �Q��VLQJLQJ��VRQJ��$�EHGRQNLORR�OD��+H�LV�VLQJLQJ�

G R Q N R W R Ú R � �Q��SORXJKLQJ�KRH�G R Q Q D D � �Q��GDQFHU�GRQ W L Ú R � �Q��ORQJ�VWLFN��IRUKDUYHVWLQJ�

G R Q W R � �Y��WR�ERUURZ��OHQG��ÙD�xLØEXNRR�GRQWR�OH��,�ERXJKW�WKLV�ERRNRQ�FUHGLW�

G R Q W R R � �Q��OHQGLQJ�GRQ W R U L N D \ L W R R � �Q��FUHGLW�FDUG�GRQ W R U L O D D � �Q��FUHGLWRU��$WH�OH�PXQQD�GRQWRULODD�WL��+H�LV�RXUFUHGLWRU�

G R Q W R U R R � �YQ��EX\LQJ�RQ�FUHGLW�OHQGLQJ��VHOOLQJ�RQ�FUHGLW�ERUURZLQJ��'RQWRURR�GL\DDWD�D�\H�+H�OLNHV�EX\LQJ�RQ�FUHGLW�

GR Ú � �Y��WR�GDQFH��6DDPD�DOL�EH�L�GRØQD��7RPRUURZ�\RXOO�GDQFH�

G R R � VRPH��&LQRR�GRR�EH�ERRORR�NRQR�7KHUH�LV�VRPH�IRRG�LQ�WKH�ERZO�

G R R � �DGM��RWKHU��DQRWKHU��:RR�PRRGRR�NXPDQGL�Q�xH��&DOO�PH�WKHRWKHU�SHUVRQ�

G R R E D D � �Q��IDUPHU�G R R E D D \ D D � �Q��EHLQJ�D�IDUPHU�'RRED O L � �Q��SHUVRQV�QDPH�GRRE D O L \ D D � �Q��ODFN�RI�ZRUNLQJ�G R R E D O R R � �Q��RQH�ZKR�GRHVQW�ZRUN�GRR I H H � �Q��KXVN��FKDII�G R R N D D V R R � �Q��GRFNHU�G R R N H H � �Q��\RXQJ�EURWKHU�G R R N R W H � DQRWKHU�G R R N R W H Ú � DQRWKHU�G R R N X Q G L � �Y��WR�FDXVH�WR�ZRUN�'LQGLØROX�VDPED�NXQNRR�WR�L�\H�LGRRNXQGL��7DNH�WKH�NLGV�WR�WKH�IDUPDQG�PDNH�WKHP�WR�ZRUN�

G R R N X X � �Y��WR�PDNH��KH[��ZRUN�RQ�1WH�OH�\H�xL�DOLPRRURR�GRRNXX��,PDGH�WKLV�FXSERDUG�

G R R N X X N X Q W L \ R � �Q��IRUHPDQ�G R R N X X O D D � �Q��ZRUNHU�G R R N X X U D Ú R � �Q��WRRO��GUHVV�IRU�ZRUN�,OD�GRRNXXUDØROX�PDDER��.HHS�\RXUWRROV�

G R R N X Z R � �YQ��ZRUN��ZRUNLQJ��fLØGRRNXZR�NROH\DDWD��7KLV�ZRUN�LVKDUG�

GRR O D D � �Q��ZRUNHU��1QD�GRRODDOXPD�QDD��0\�ZRUNHUV�KDYHQW�FRPH�

GRR O L Q I D \ L O D D � �Q��ILVKHUPDQ���E\KRFN�DQG�OLQH���'RROLQID\LODD�PDØWDD�IRORR��7KH�ILVKHUPDQ�KDYHQWJRQH�\HW�

GRR O L Q M X O R R � �Q��ILVKLQJ�OLQH�GRR O L Ú R � �Q��KRRN�G R R O X � �Q��VHH��GRR��G R RP D D � �Q��\RXQJ�VLEOLQJ��EURWKHU�RUVLVWHU��$�PX�Q�GRRPDD�OH�WL��+H�LVP\�\RXQJHU�EURWKHU�

G R RP X V R R � �Q��\RXQJ�VLVWHU�G R Ú R � �YQ��GDQFLQJ��'RØR�OH�PX�DODPHFRR�WL��'DQFLQJ�LV�KLVRFFXSDWLRQ�

G R R U R R � �Q��VSURXW��URG��:RR�QHHGRRURR�NXQWX��&XW�WKDW�LURQ�URG�

G R R V D D � �Q��VSRRQ��ODGOH�G R R W R � �DGY��VRPHWLPHV��EHIRUH�QHYHU��QRW�DW�DOO��'RRWR�Q�ND�WDDMHHOH��6RPHWLPHV�,�JR�WKHUH�

G R R \ D D � �Q��VPDOOQHVV��PLQXWHQHVV�$OD�GRR\DD�PDQNH�NDVL�WL��,WVPLQXWHQHVV�LV�QR�SUREOHP�

G R R \ D D � �DGM��OLWWOH��VPDOO��$�PDØGRR\DD��,WV�QRW�VPDOO�

G R R \ D D � �Y��WR�OLWWOH��UHSUHKHQG�UHEXNH��UHSURYH��.DQD�Q�GRR\DDPRROX�xDD�OD��'RQW�UHEXNH�PH�LQSHRSOHV�SUHVHQFH�

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G X N X � �Y��WR�EULEH�G X N X G X N X � �Y��WR�PXUPXU�ZRUGV��$OLEH�PXQQH�GXNXGXNX�NDØ"�:KDW�DUH\RX�PXUPXULQJ"

G X N X Q G L � �Y��WR�GHOD\��.DQD�DOD�VLORRGXNXQGL��'RQW�GHOD\�KLV�WULS�

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GX O D D � �Q��SODFH�G XPD N H U H Ú R � �Q��JURXQG�VTXLUUHO�'XXPDNHUHØR�VXERR�PDØ�VL\DD��$JURXQG�VTXLUUHO�GRHV�QRW�KDYHSOHQW\�RI�PHDW�

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G X Q G L Q N D Ú � �Y��WR�WDNH�D�YLUJLQ�WR�KHUKXVEDQG��,�EH�)DDWX�GXQGXQNDØ�QDVDDPD��7KH\�ZLOO�WDNH�)DDWX��DV�DYLUJLQ��WR�KHU�KXVEDQG�

G X Q G X Q N D Ú R � �Q��VHH��GXQGLQNDØR��G X Q G X Q N D U D U D Ú R � �Q��PDVRQ�ZDVS�GXQ I H Ú R O X � �Q��FORWKHV��'XQIHØROXGRR�EH�ZRR�NXQQHH�NRQR��6RPHFORWKHV�DUH�LQ�WKDW�FKHVW�

GXQ L � �Y��WR�KHDG�FDUU\��FDUU\�D�ORDG�/RR�GXQL�L�NXØR�WR��&DUU\�WKHILUHZRRG�RQ�\RXU�KHDG�

GXQ L U D Ú R � �Q��FDUULDJH��FDUULHU�FRQYH\RU��3XXVXSXXVRR�PX

Page 21: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 18 -

G X Q L \ D D Mandinka-English

GXQLUDQR�OH�WL��$�ZKHHOEDUURZ�LV�DFDUULHU�

GXQ L \ D D � �Q��ZRUOG�GXQ L \ D D N L U R R � �Q��GRRPVGD\�'XQL\DDNLURR�VLLWD�OH��,WV�GRRPVGD\WLPH�

G X Q L \ D D N XZ R � �Q��ZRUOG�DIIDLU�ZRUOGO\�DIIDLU��$�\HGXQL\DDNXZRROX�OR�EDDNH��+HNQRZV�ZRUOG�DIIDLUV�D�ORW�

GXQ L \ D D O D E D Ú R � �Q��ODVW�GD\V��1�EHGXQL\DDODEDØR�OH�NRQR��:H�DUH�LQWKH�ODVW�GD\V�

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G X Q N X W R R � �Q��QHZ�UHFUXLW��PHPEHU�JUHHQ�OHDI��$�PX�GXQNXWRR�OH�WL��+HLV�D�JUHHQ�OHDYH�

G X Q R R � �Q��ORDG��fL�GXQRR�ZDUDWD�OH�7KLV�ORDG�LV�ELJ�

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G X Q W X Ú R � �Q��FRFN�G X Q X � �Y��WR�VHH��GXQL��G X Q X Q G L � �Y��WR�ORDG��PDGH�WR�FDUU\�-XPDD�OH�\H�L�GXQXQGL�xLØ�QD"�+HPDGH�\RX�WR�FDUU\�WKLV"

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GXX W D O D D � �Q��ODWH�QLJKW��'XXWDODD�OH�DQDDWD��+H�FDPH�ODWH�DW�QLJKW�

G X X W D V X Ú R � �Q��PDQJR�WUHH��$ODGXXWDVXØR�ZDUDWD�OH�VDD\LØ��+LVPDQJR�WUHH�LV�ELJ�QRZ�

G X X W R R � �Q��PDQJR�IUXLW��PDQJR�WUHH�'XXWRR�QDIDD�ZDUDWD�OH��$�PDQJRKDV�D�ORW�RI�EHQHILW�

' XZ D � �Q��PDQV�QDPH�G XZ D D � �Y��WR�EOHVV��SUD\��1�EH�GXZDDOD�L�\H�OH��,OO�SUD\�IRU�\RX�

G XZ D D � �Q��EOHVVLQJ��LQN��'XZDD�EHNDEDQGLØR�NRQR��7KH�LQN�LV�LQ�WKHVPDOO�ERWWOH�

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G XZ D D x L � �Y��WR�SD\�FXVWRPV�GXW\�7DD�LOD�PRWRR�GXZDDxL��*R�DQG�SD\FXVWRPV�GXW\�IRU�\RXU�FDU�

G XZ D D x L � N X Q G D D � �Q��FXVWRPGHSDUWPHQW��FXVWRP�SRVW��0RWRR�EHORR�OD�GXZDDxL�NXQGDD�OH��7KH�FDUZLOO�VWRS�DW�WKH�FXVWRPV�SRVW�

G XZ D D x R R � �Q��FXVWRPV�RIILFHU�FXVWRPV�GXW\��$�PX�GXZDDxRR�OH�WL�+H�LV�D�FXVWRPV�RIILFHU�

G XZ D D U D Ú R � �Q��SUD\HU�SKUDVHV��$�\HGXZDDUDØR�NDUDØ��+H�UHFLWHG�WKHSUD\HU�

G XZ D M R Ú R � �Q��KRRGHG�YXOWXUH�'XZDMRØR�ND�IHØ�IXUHH�OH�GRPR�+RRGHG�YXOWXUH�HDWV�GHDG�WKLQJV�

G X Z R � �Q��9XOWXUH��'XZDIRURR�NDGRPR�OH��1XELDQ�YXOWXUH�LV�HGLEOH�

G X Z R R � �Q��9XOWXUH��'XZRR�VLLIDDVL\DDWD�OH��7KHUH�PDQ\�NLQGV�RIYXOWXUHV�

Page 22: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 19 -

Mandinka-English H G R RH G R R � �Q��ZDLWLQJ�SHULRG��$�EH�DODHGRR�OH�NRQR�VDD\L��6KH�LV�LQ�KHUZDLWLQJ�SHULRG�QRZ�

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Page 23: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 20 -

I DG L Mandinka-English

I DG L � �Y��WR�KLW��$�\H�Q�IDGL�GRNRR�OD�+H�KLW�PH�ZLWK�D�VWLFN�

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I D Ú � � R � �ZD U D � �Y��WR�EH�WRR�JRRG�EHKDYH�DUURJDQWO\��PDNH�RQHVHOIDUURJDQW��.DQD�L�IDØR�ZDUD��'RQWPDNH�\RXUVHOI�DUURJDQW�

I D ÚPD M L L � �Y��WR�KXPEOH��,�IDØPDMLL�+XPEOH�\RXUVHOI�

Page 24: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 21 -

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Page 25: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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I H H U H H G D G D D Mandinka-English

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Page 26: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 27: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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I R O R R O D D Mandinka-English

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Page 28: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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I X X x H H � �Q��GXQJ�EHHWOH�I X X x H Q G L Ú R � �Q��ZHHYLO�I X X Ú X Q G D Ú R � �Q��EDORRQ�I X X U D D � �Q��VORXJK��VNLQ��I XX U L Ú � �DGM��DLPOHVV��IRROLVK�ZRUWKOHVV��$�EH�IXXULØ�QH��+H�LVIRROLVK�

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I XX U L Ú \ DD � �Q��IRROLVKQHVV�DLPOHVVQHVV��ORRVHQHVV��EHLQJIRROLVK��$�GL\DDPXQGL�D�\HIXXULØ\DD�EXOD��$GYLVH�KLP�WR�VWRSEHLQJ�IRROLVK�

I X X U R R � �Q��RYHQ��OHQGLQJ�I X X U X Ú R � �Q��VORXJK��VNLQ���fLØ�PXVDD�IXXUXØR�OH�WL��7KLV�LV�D�VQDNHVVORXJK�

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I X X V D W D � �Y��WR�EXUVW�RSHQ�DOFRKRO�HWF���6DPOD�GROR�NMDERR�IXXVDWD�6DPV�ERWWOH�RI�DOFRKRO�EXUVWHG�XS�

I X X V L E D D � �Q��PHDVOHV�I X X V R R � �Q��IDUWLQJ��IRXO�DLU�I X X V X E D D � �Q��PHDVOHV�I XX W D � �DGM��DLPOHVV��IRROLVK�ZRUWKOHVV��:RR�NHH�NR�D�GLØR�IXXWDOH��7KDW�PDQ�VDLG�KLV�VRQ�LV�DLPOHVV�

I XX W L � �DGM��GHSULFLDWH��VWDOH��fL�ED\RRIXXWLWD�OH��7KLV�FORWK�KDV�ORVW�LWVTXDOLW\�

I XZ D � �Y��WR�WZLQH��$�EH�MXORR�IXZDND��+HV�WZLQLQJ�WKH�URSH�

I XZD D U H H � �DGM��ZRUQ�RXW��fLØ�EXORØRPDØ�IXZDDUHH��7KLV�EROW�LV�QRW�ZRUQRXW�

I XZDD U H H W D � �DGM��ZRUQ�RXW�DQXW�EROW�HWF���fLØ�PRWR�VLØR��EXORØRIXZDDUHHWD�OH��7KH�EROW�RI�WKLV�ZKHHOLV�ZRUQ�RXW�

I XZDD U L \ D D � �DGM��SRRU��$�PDØIXZDDUL\DD��+H�LV�QRW�SRRU�

Page 29: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 26 -

I XZD D U L \ D D Mandinka-English

I XZDD U L \ D D � �Q��SRYHUW\��)XZDDUL\DDWH�ER�OD�QRR��3RYHUW\�FDQW�EHHUDGLFDWHG�

I XZDD U L \ D D W D � �DGM��SRRU��:RR�NHZRIXZDDUL\DDWD�OH�VDD\L��7KDW�PDQ�LVSRRU�QRZ�

I XZ D D U R R � �Q��SRRU�SHUVRQ�I X Z R � �Q��SXV��OHQGLQJ��IROLVKQHVV�I X \ � �Y��WR�PDVVDJH��$�\H�Q�EXORR�IX\�+H�PDVVDJHG�P\�DUP�

KD D � �H[��\HV�K D D E X � �Y��WR�JXOS�OLTXLG��$�KDDEXVLxDDNLOL��*XOS�LW�DW�RQH�JR�

K D D G D \ � �Q��\HV�K D D G XZ D D U R R � �Q��FDODPLW\��IDPLQH�+DDGXZDDURR�ND�EDQNRR�NROH\DQGLOH��$�IDPLQH�PDNHV�D�FRXQWU\XQSOHDVDQW�

KDD I L M L \ DD � �Q���+DILMRR���EHLQJ�DPHPRULVHU�RI�WKH�4XUDQ��+DDILML\DDPD�IHH\DD��%HLQJ�D��KDDILMRR��LVQWHDV\�

KDD I L M R R � �Q��RQH�ZKR�PHPRULVHGWKH��4XUDQ��$�PX�KDDILMRR�OH�WL��+HLV�D��KDDILMRR��

K D D I R R � �Q��ZKDUI��KDOI��VWXE��:RRKDDIRR�GLL�Q�QD��*LYH�PH�WKDW�KDOIFLJDUHWWH�

KDD M L � �Q��EXVLQHVV��DIIDLU��,�PD�KDDMLVRWR��<RX�KDYH�QR�EXVLQHVV�

KDD M L Q W D Q \ D D � �Q��ZLWKRXW�ZRUN�WRGR�

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K D D N R R � �Q��VSXWXP��+DDNRR�ERQGL�LGDD�NRQR��7DNH�RXW�WKH�VSXWXP�IURP\RXU�PRXWK�

KDD O D D O L G L Ú R � �Q��OHJLWLPDWH�FKLOG��$PX�KDDODDOL�GLØR�OH�WL��+H�LV�DOHJLWLPDWH�FKLOG�

KD D O D D O R R � �Q��KRQHVW�HDUQLQJ��GHFHQWHDUQLQJ��$�PDQNH�KDDODDORR�WL��,WVQRW�D�GHFHQW�HDUQLQJ�

K D DP R R � �YQ��\DZQLQJ��+DDPRRGL\DDWD�D�\H�EDDNH��+H�OLNHV\DZQLQJ�ORW�

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KDD V L G L \ D D � �DGM��KDWUHG��MHDORXV�HQYLRXV��+DDVLGL\DD�ND�PRRPXUXQGL�NRRPD�OH��-HDORXV\�UHWDUGVD�SHUVRQ�

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K D E X � �DGM��JOXWWRQRXV��:RR�ZXORRPD�KDEX�EDDNH��7KDW�GRJ�LV�QRWYHU\�JUHHG\�

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K DEX U L Ú R � �DGM��JOXWWRQRXV��0RRKDEXULØR�NRQRR�EXND�IDD��$JOXWWRQRXV�SHUVRQV�VWRPDFK�LVQHYHU�IXOO�

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K D G D D x L � �Y��WR�WHDVH��PRFN��fL�PXNHHEDD�OH�WL��NDQD�D�KDGDDxL��7KLV�LVDQ�ROGHUO\�SHUVRQ�GRQW�PRFN�KLP�

KDGDDx L U L O D D � �Q��VRPHRQH�ZKRWHDVHV��PRFNHU�

K D G D D x L U R R � �YQ��WHDVLQJ��PRFNLQJ�+DGDDxLURR�EXOD��6WRS�PRFNLQJ�

K D G DPD G L Ú R � �Q��KXPDQ�EHLQJ��VRQRI�$GDP��1�EHH�PX�KDGDPDGLØR�OHWL��:H�DUH�DOO�KXPDQ�EHLQJV�

K D G DPDG L Ú \ D D � �Q��EHLQJ�KXPDQEHLQJ��SROLWHQHVV��EHLQJ�JRRGSHUVRQ��+DGDPDGLØ\DD�NROH\DDWD�OH�%HLQJ�D�JRRG�SHUVRQ�LV�GLIILFXOW�

K D G DP D \ D D � �DGM��SROLWH��NLQG��,WROXPD�KDGDPD\DD��7KH\�DUH�QRWSROLWH�

K D G DP D \ D D � �Q��VHH��KDGDPDGLØ\DD��+DG D Ú � �Q��ODG\V�QDPH�+DG L � �Q��ODG\V�QDPH�+DG L L V R R � �Q��0XKDPPDG�VD\LQJV�K D G XP H � �DGM��JUHHG\��$�PDØKDGXPH��+H�LV�QRW�JUHHG\�

Page 30: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 27 -

Mandinka-English K D G XP H Q W X Ú RK D G XP H Q W X Ú R � �Q��JUHHG\�SHUVRQ�0RR�KDGXPHQWXØR��3HUVRQ�ZKR�LVQRW�JUHHG\�

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K D G XPH W D � �DGM��JUHHG\��:RR�NHZRKDGXPHWD�OH��7KDW�PDQ�LV�JUHHG\�

K D G XP R R � �Q��JUHHG�K D I X W D D Q R R � �Q��ELJ�VKLUW�K D N H � �FRQM��EHFDXVH�RI��1�PD�VLLQRRQRR�KDNH�VXXVXXODD��,�DP�XQDEOH�WRVOHHS�EHFDXVH�RI�PRVTXLWRHV�

K D N H H � �Q��DPRXQW��$�KDNHH�PX�MHOXOH�WL"�+RZ�PXFK�GRHV�LW�FRVW"

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KDN L O L E RR � �Q��IRUJHWIXOQHVV�KDN L O L G L LPDD � �DGM��LQWHOOLJHQW��FOHYHU�$�PX�GLQGL�KDNLOLGLLPDD�OH�WL��+HLV�DQ�LQWHOLJHQW�FKLOG�

KDN L O L G L \ DD � �Q��LQWHOOLJHQFH��$ODKDNLOLGL\DD�IXXPDWD�OH��+LVLQWHOOLJHQFH�LV�RYHU�WKH�PDUN�

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K DPH Q W D Q \ D D � �Q��DLPOHVVQHVV�K DPH Q W D Ú R � �Q��DLPOHVV��DLPOHVVSHUVRQ��+DPHQWDØR�EXND�NDWD��$QDLPOHVV�SHUVRQ�QHYHU�ZRUN�KDUG�

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K DPH W D � �Y��WR�HDJHU��ORQJ�IRU�.RQNRR�OH�EH�QQD��Q�KDPHWDGRPRURR�OD�EDDNH��,�DP�KXQJU\��,PHDJHU�WR�HDW�

K DP H W R R � �Q��DLPIXO�SHUVRQ�DPELWLRXV�SHUVRQ��HDJHU�SHUVRQ��$PDQNH�KDPHWRR�WL�NR�D�NRWRR��+HVQRW�DQ�DPELWLRXV�SHUVRQ�OLNH�KLVHOGHU�EURWKHU�

K DP R R � �Q��DLP��LQWHQWLRQ��HDJHUQHVV�DPELWLRQ��$�KDPRR�ZDUDWD�OH��+LVDPELWLRQ�LV�JUHDW�

KDQ L � �H[��QR��+DQL��QWH�WH�/DDPLQ�WL�1R��,P�QRW�/DDPLQ�

KDQ L � �DGY��HYHQ�KDQ L Q L Ú �HYHQ�LI��+DQLQLØ�L�IDDWDPRROX�EH�LOD�NXPRR�IR�OD�OH��(YHQ�LI\RX�GLH�SHRSOH�ZLOO�WDON�DERXW�\RX�

K D S R R � �Q��DPRXQW��$�KDDSRR�PX�MHOXOH�WL"�+RZ�PXFK�GRHV�LW�FRVW�

K D U D DPR R � �Q��LQGHFHQW�HDUQLQJ�6XXxDUL�NRGRR�PX�KDUDDPRR�OH�WL�6WROHQ�PRQH\�LV�DQ�LQGHFHQWHDUQLQJ�

K D U D DPX � �DGM��IRUELG��SURKLELW�LOOHJDO��1XQWR�GRORR�PD�KDUDDPX�,Q�WKH�SDVW�DOFRKRO�ZDV�QRWIRUELGGHQ�

K D U D DPX U L Ú � �DGM��IRUELGGHQ�LQGHFHQW��VLQIXO��'RORR�PX�IHØKDUDDPXULØ�QH�WL��$OFRKRO�LV�DIRUELGGHQ�WKLQJ�

K D U D DPX U L Ú R � �DGM��IRUELGGHQ�LQGHFHQW��VLQIXO��6HHZX�VXERR�PXIHØ�KDUDDPXULØR�OH�WL��3RUN�LV�DIRUELGGHQ�WKLQJ��PXVOLP��

K D U D DPX W D � �Y��WR�IRUELGGHQ��-HHQRRKDUDDPXWD�OH��$GXOWHU\�LV�IRUELGGHQ�

KD U D I R R � �Q��OHWWHU��ZRUG� ��

Page 31: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 28 -

KD U D M H H Mandinka-English

KD U D M H H � �Q��VHH��KDULMHH��KD U L M H H � �DGM��IRUWXQDWH��OXFN\�IRUWXQH��1�PD�KDULMHH�ELL��,P�QRWIRUWXQDWH�WRGD\�

KD U L M H H � �Q��OXFN��IRUWXQH�KD U L M H H � NX\DD W D � �DGM��XQIRUWXQDWH�XQOXFN\��$WH�KDULMHH�NX\DDWD�OH��+HLV�EDG�OXFNHG�

KD U L M H HG L \ DD � �Q��JRRGOXFN��JRRGIRUWXQH��0RR�EHH�ND�KDULMHHGL\DD�OHGXZDD��$OO�WKH�SHRSOH�DUH�SUD\LQJIRU�JRRG�OXFN�

KD U L M H HG L \ DD W D � �DGM��IRUWXQDWH�OXFN\��.DUDID�KDULMHH�GL\DDWD�OH�.DUDID�LV�OXFN\�

KD U L M H H NX\DD � �Q��EDG�OXFN��EDGIRUWXQH��+DULMHHNX\DD�PDQNH�PRRGL\DD�WL��%DG�OXFN�LV�QR�RQHVFKRLFH�

KD U L M H HPDD � �Q��OXFN\�SHUVRQ�IRUWXQDWH�SHUVRQ��$�PX�KDULMHHPDDOH�WL��+H�LV�D�OXFN\�SHUVRQ�

KD U L M H HQ W D ÚR � �Q��XQOXFN\�SHUVRQ�KD U L M H H U L ÚR � �DGM��IRUWXQDWH��OXFN\�:RR�PX�PXVX�KDULMHHULØR�OH�WL��7KDWLV�D�OXFN\�ZRPDQ�

KD U L M H H V L W RR � �Q��EDGOXFN��EDGIRUWXQH�

KD U L M H H W D � �DGM��IRUWXQDWH��OXFN\�.DPEDDQRR�KDULMHHWD�SDODVRR�OD�7KH�ER\�LV�OXFN\�WR�KDYH�WKHSRVLWLRQ�MRE��

+D V D Q � �Q��PDQV�QDPH�KD WDD M L � �DGM��VHH��KDZXML��KD W D D M R R � �Q��VHH��KDZXMRR��KD W L � �Y��WR�JLYH�DWWHQWLRQ�DFNQRZOHGJH��FRQVLGHU��,�\H�<DDVLQQH�KDWL�QWH�WL��<RX�FRQVLGHUHG<DDVLQ�PRUH�WKDQ�PH�

K DZ � �Y��WR�EDUN��:XORR�\H�D�KDZ��7KHGRJ�EDUNHG�DW�KLP�

+ DZ D D � �Q��ODG\V�QDPH��(YH�K D Z R R � �Q��EDUNLQJ��:XORR�EH�KDZRROD��7KH�GRJ�LV�EDUNLQJ�

K DZX M D � �DGM��VHH��KDZXMD��K DZX M L � �DGM��KDVWH��KXUU\��,�PDØKDZXML��<RX�DUH�QRW�LQ�D�KDVWH�

K DZX M L Q G L � �Y��WR�FDXVH�WR�EH�LQ�DKDVWH��KDVWHQ��FDXVH�WR�KXUU\��KXUU\�ZRUU\��.DQD�PRROX�KDZXMLQGL�'RQW�PDNH�SHRSOH�KXUU\�

KDZX M L U L Ú � �DGM��LQ�D�KDVWH��KXUU\��1EH�KDZXMLULQ�QH��,P�LQ�D�KXUU\�

KDZX M L W D � �DGM��LQ�D�KDVWH��LQ�D�KXUU\�'DQRR�KDZL\LWD�OH�QX��7KH�KXQWHUZDV�LQ�D�KDVWH�

K DZ X M R R � �Q��KDVWH��KXUULHGQHVV�+DZXMRR�WDPELULØR�PDØ�EHWH��7RRPXFK�KDVWH�LV�QRW�JRRG�

K DZ X U R R � �YQ��EDUNLQJ��:XORR�EHKDZXURR�OD��7KH�GRJ�LV�EDUNLQJ�

K DZ X V D U R R � �Q��VZRUG�K DZX W D � �Y��WR�EDUNHG��QHDUO\�ULSH�fL�GXXWRR�KDZXWD�OH��7KLV�PDQJRLV�DERXW�ULSH�

KD \ L Q D Ú � �Y��WR�VHH�IURP�D�GLVWDQFH�ÙD�L�KD\LQDØ�PDULVHH�WR��,�VDZ�\RX�IURP�D�GLVWDQFH��DW�WKH�PDUNHW�

KHH U D � �Q��VHH��ND\LUD��KH N D W X � VHH��KDNHWX��K H N R R � �Q��JRLQJ�DZD\�ZLWK�FDWWOH�LQGU\�VHDVRQ��)XORROX�QDDWD�KHNRR�OD�7KH�IXODV�KDYH�FRPH�IRU�WKH�KHNRR��

KH O O R R � �Q��VDGGOH�ELOO�VWRUN�K H OP H W R R � �Q��KHOPHW�K HP R R � �Q��KHP��KHPPLQJ��$�EHNXUXWX�KHPRR�OD��+H�LV�KHPPLQJ�WKHWURXVHU�

K HP X � �Y��WR�KHP��:RR�NXUXWRRKHPX��+HP�WKDW�WURXVHU�

K H Q G D � �Y��WR�EUHDWK��$�EH�KHQGD�ND�+H�LV�EUHDWKLQJ�

K H Q G R R � �Q��EUHDWKLQJ��UHVSLUDWLRQ�,OD�KHQGRR�PD�WHPEH��<RXUUHVSLUDWLRQ�LV�QRW�QRUPDO�

K H U H E X � �Y��WR�VLS�K LG L N L � �Y��WR�KLFFXS��KLFFRXJK��$�EHKLGLNL�ND��+H�LV�KLFFXSSLQJ�

K LG L N L W D � �Y��WR�KLFRXJKHG��'LQGLØRKLGLNLWD��7KH�FKLOG�KLFFXSSHG�

K L G L N R R � �Q��KLFFXS��KLFFXSSLQJ�KLFFRXJK��KLFFRXJKLQJ��+LGLNRR�NDPRR�IDD�OH��+LFFXS�NLOOV�D�SHUVRQ�

K L LPR R � �YQ��EUHZLQJ�DWDD\DD�HWF��$EH�DWDD\DD�KLLPRR�OD��+H�LV�EUHZLQJDWDD\DD�

K L LPX � �Y��WR�EUHZ��DWDD\DD���HWF�-XPDD�OH�EH�DWDD\DD�KLLPX�OD"�:KRZLOO�EUHZ�WKH��DWDD\DD�"

K L LPX U R R � �YQ��EUHZLQJ�DWDD\DD��6DQXVLL�EH�KLLPXURR�OD��6DQXVLL�LVEUHZLQJ�

K L L Q D � �Q��SHUVRQV�QDPH�K L L Q D � �Y��WR�KDYH�PHUF\�IRU��'XNDUHKLLQD�Q�QD��3OHDVH�KDYH�PHUF\�IRUPH�

K L L Q D Q W D Ú R � �Q��PHUFLOHVV�SHUVRQ�6DPED�PX�KLLQDQWDØR�OH�WL��6DPEDLV�D�PHUFLOHVV�SHUVRQ�

K L L Q DQ W D Ú \ D D � �Q��EHLQJ�PHUFLOHVV�PHUFLOHVVQHVV��+LLQDQWDØ\DDMDZX\DDWD�OH��0HUFLOHVVQHVV�LV�HYLO�

K L L Q DQ W H H � �Q��PHUFLIXO�SHUVRQ��$WHPX�KLLQDQWHH�OH�WL��+H�LV�VRPHRQHZKR�KDV�PHUF\�

K L L Q D Q W H H \ D D � �Q��PHUFLIXOQHVV�EHLQJ�PHUFLIXO��+LLQDQWHH\DD�PDØ

xR�VRWR��0HUFLIXOQHVV�LV�VHFRQG�WRQRQH�

K L L Q R R � �Q��PHUF\��$�PD�KLLQRR�VRWR�+H�GRHVQW�KDYH�PHUF\�

K L M D D ERR � �Q��FKDUP��$�\H�KLMDDERRGLL�Q�QD��+H�JDYH�PH�D�FKDUP�

K L M D D EX � �Y��WR�EOHVV��LQYRNH�SRZHUIXOZRUGV�RQ�VRPHWKLQJ��$�\H�Q�QDELWLNRR�KLMDDEX��+H�LQYRNHG�D�FKDUPXSRQ�P\�VKRS�

KL M L ��Y��WR�JR�RQ�D�SLOJULPDJH��$IDDPDD�EH�KLML�OD�OH�MDDUL��+LV�IDWKHUZLOO�SHUIRUP�WKH�SLOJULPDJH�QH[W\HDU�

K L M L E RR � �Q��SRUWLRQ��RI�7KH�4XUDQ��$�ND�KLMLERR�NDUD�OX�R�OX��+HUHDGV�D�SRUWLRQ�RI�WKH�4XUDQHYHU\GD\�

K L M L O DD � �Q��UHWXUQHG�SLOJULP�IURP0HF��+LMLODD�PD�WX�PDND��7KHSLOJULP�GLGQW�VWD\�LQ�0HFFD�

K L M L Q NHH � �Q��PDOH��SLOJULP�K L M R R � �Q��SLOJULPDJH�WR�PHFFD�SHUIRUPLQJ�SLOJULPDJH��+LMRRZDDWRR�VXWX\DDWD�OH��7KH�WLPH�IRUWKH�SLOJULPDJH�LV�FORVH�

K L Ú � �Y��WR�WDNH��KHUH��+LØ�EXNRR�OD�+HUH�LV�WKH�ERRN�

KR M L � �Y��WR�EHQG�RYHU��$�IR�D�\H�NR�D\H�KRML��7HOO�KLP�WR�EHQG�RYHU�

KR M L U L Ú � �VY��EHQGLQJ�RYHU��$�EHKRMLULØ��+H�LV�EHQGLQJ�RYHU�

KR M L W D � �Y��WR�EHQG�RYHU��$�KRMLWD�EXØRNRQR��+H�EHQW�RYHU�LQ�WKH�KRXVH�

K R M R Q M R R � �Q���SDOP�NHUQDO�VKHOO�7HQNXOX�KRMRQMRR�EH�\LURR�NRWR�.HUQDO�VKHOOV�DUH�XQGHU�WKH�WUHH�

K RP E R R � �Q��VKHOO�KRR M L � �Y��WR�ZRUN�RXW��SRVVLEOH�PDWHULDOL]H��$�PD�KRRML�IRORR��,W�LVQRW�SRVVLEOH�\HW�

K R R O R R � �Q��KDOO�KR U L W R R � �Q��LVRODWHG�SODFH��FRUQHUHGSODFH��QRRN��:RROX�EH�KRULWRR�OHNRQR��7KRVH�SHRSOH�DUH�LQ�DQLVRODWHG�SODFH�

K R U RP D � �Y��WR�KRQRXU��UHVSHFW��$�\H�LKRURPD�EDDNH��+H�KRQRXUHG�\RXYHU\�PXFK�

K R U RPD Q W D Ú R � �Q��GLVUHVSHFWIXO�XQGLVFLSOLQHG�SHUVRQ��.DQDKRURPDQWDØR�NH�L�WHHUL�WL��'RQWPDNH�D�GLVUHVSHFWIXO�SHUVRQ�\RXUIULHQG�

K R U RPD Q W D Ú R � �DGM��UXGH�GLVUHVSHFWIXO��XQGHFLSOLQHG��$�PXPRR�KRURPDQWDØR�OH�WL��+H�LV�DGLVUHVSHFWIXO�SHUVRQ�

Page 32: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 29 -

Mandinka-English K R U RPD U L ÚK R U RPD U L Ú � �DGM��UHVSHFWIXO��'LQGLØKRURPDULØ�EDD�OH�PX�D�WL��+H�LV�DYHU\�UHVSHFWIXO�FKLOG�

K R U RP R R � �Q��KRQRXU��UHVSHFW�GLFLSOLQH��,WH�PD�KRURPRR�VRWR�<RX�GRQW�KDYH�DQ\�UHVSHFW�

K R U R W R R � �Q��VHH�KRULWRR��KR W H H O R R � �Q��KRWHO��ORGJH��KRVWHO�PRWHO�

K X G X N R R � �Q��GHQW��KROORZ��+XGXNRROH�EH�EDULJRR�MXZR�WR��7KHUH�LV�DGHQW�RQ�WKH�ERWWRQ�RI�WKH�GUXP�

K X G X N X � �Y��WR�GHQW��$�PD�KXGXNX�,W�LV�QRW�GHQWHG�

K X U X N X � �Y��WR�FROODSVH��.DELUL�QORRWD�EDQNRR�ND�D�KXUXNXWD��:KHQ,�VWRRG�RQ�WKH�JURXQG�LW�FROODSVHG�

K X Z R � �Q��KROH��KROORZ��:RR�VLWDMXZR�\H�KXZR�VRWR�OH��7KDW�EDREDEWUHH�KDV�D�KROORZ�

L ��VSQ��\RX��,�ERWD�PLØ"�:KHUH�DUH�\RXIURP"

L ��RS��\RX��/DDPLQ�EH�L�MH�OD�OH�/DDPLQ�ZLOO�VHH�\RX�

L � Q L Ú � EDD UD �JUHHWLQJV�IRU�D�ZRUNHU��\RX�DW�ZRUN���FDQ�DOVR�PHDQ��ZHOOGRQH��

L � Q L Ú � V HQH �VHH�L�QLØ�EDDUD��L � V D DPD � �Q��JRRG�PRUQLQJ�L �V L L O L Ú ��Q��JUHHWLQJ�XVHG�DURXQG��DP�

L � W L L QDÚ � �Q��JRRG�DIWHUQRRQ�L � ZX O D D U D � �Q��JRRG�HYHQLQJ�, E L O L L VD � �Q��VDWDQ�, E X � �Q��PDQV�QDPH��$EUDKDP�, EX O L L V D � �Q��VDWDQ�, E X U D D K L LPD � �Q��PDQV�QDPH�$EUDKDP�

, E X U D D \ LPD � �Q��PDQV�QDPH�$EUDKDP�

, G L � �Q��PDQV�QDPH��VKRUW�IRUP�IRU,GLULLVD�

, G L U L L VD � �Q��(QRFK��QDPH�RI�DSURSKHW�

, L VDD � �Q��-HVXV��L O D ��SD��\RXU��,OD�EXNRR�OHH"�:KHUH�LV\RXU�ERRN"

L O D � NHH � �Q��WKDW�SHUVRQ��\RXU�PDQ�XVHG�ZKHQ�QDPH�LV�ZLWK�KHOG��,ODNHH�OHH"�:KHUH�LV�\RXU�PDQ"

, O L ��Q��ODG\V�QDPH�, O LPDDQ � �Q��PDQV�QDPH�L V L S L U L ÚR � �Q��VSULQJ�RI�D�FDU��HWF��0RWRR�LVLSLULØR�PDØ�EHWH\DD��7KHFDUV�VSULQJ�LV�QRW�JRRG�

L V L S R R N R R � �Q��VSRNH��1QDLVLSRRNRROX�NDWLWD�OH��0\�VSRNHVKDYH�EURNHQ�

, V L \ DDND � �Q��PDQV�QDPH��,VDDF�, VPDD\ L O D � �Q��PDQV�QDPH��,VPDHO�L W DD � �SRVSQ��\RXUV��fL�PX�LWDD�OH�WL�7KLV�LV�\RXUV�

L WH ��VSQ��\RX��HPSKDWLF���,WH�PXMXPDD�OH�WL"�:KR�DUH�\RX"

L W H � W DD � �SRVSQ��\RXUV��,WH�WDD�OHH":KHUH�LV�\RXUV"

, W HHV L W L ��Y��WR�WLJKWHQ�\RXU�EHOW��ZRUNKDUG���WLH�\RXU�ZDLVW���,�xDQWD�LWHHVLWL�OD�EDDNH�OH��<RX�KDYH�WR�ZRUNKDUG�

L W H OD � �SD��\RXU��$�PD�LWHOD�NDD�QDDWL�+H�KDVQW�EURXJKW�\RXU�ILOH�

L W H OX � �VSQ��WKH\��HPSKDWLF���,WHOX�PX$PHULFD�QNRROX�OH�WL��7KH\�DUH$PHULFDQV�

L W H OX � W DD � �SRVSQ��WKHLUV��fL�WH�LWHOXWDD�WL��7KLV�LV�QRW�WKHLUV�

L W H OX O D � �SD��WKHLU��,WHOXOD�VLLUDØR�WH�xLØWL��7KLV�LV�QRW�WKHLU�FKDLU�

L W R O X � �VSQ��WKH\��HPSKDWLF���,WROX�PXVXUXZDDOX�OH�WL��7KH\�DUH�:RORISHRSOH�

L W R O X � W DD � �SRVSQ��WKHLUV�L W R O X O D � �SD��WKHLU�t ��VSQ��WKH\��¸�WDDWD�PLQWRR�OH"�:KHUHGLG�WKH\�JR"

t ��RS��WKHP�t O D ��SD��WKHLU��tWOD�PRWRROX�SDDQLWD�OH�7KHLU�FDUV�KDYH�D�EUHDNGRZQ�

t W DD � �SRVSQ��WKHLUV��tWDD�WH�MD��<RXUVLVQW�KHUH�

Page 33: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 30 -

M D D Mandinka-English

M DD � �DGM��GU\��KDUG��%D\RR�PD�MDD�7KH�FORWK�LV�QRW�GU\�

M DD � �Q��GURXJKW��-DD�OH�EH�NHHULØ�xLØVDØROX�NRQR��7KHUH�KDV�EHHQGURXJKW�GXULQJ�WKHVH�\HDUV�

M DD � �Y��WR�SDGGOH��GU\��.XOXØR�MDD�3DGGOH�WKH�ERDW�

- D D E D D \ � �Q��VXUQDPH�- D D E D Ú � �Q��VXUQDPH�M D D E H H U R R � �Q��\DP�URRW��1�EXNDMDDEHHURR�GRPR��,�GRQW�HDW�MDDEHHURR��

M D DE L � �DGM��FKDUP�WR�ZRUN��D�SUD\HU�WREH�DQVZHUHG��$OD�GXZDD�PD�MDDEL�+LV�SUD\HU�LV�QRW�DQVZHUHG�

M D DE L � �Q��VXUQDPH��DFNQRZOHGJH�M D DE L � �Q��VXUQDPH��DFNQRZOHGJH�M D DE L � �Y��WR�UHVSRQG��DQVZHU��1QDxLQLQ�NDDURR�MDDEL��$QVZHU�P\TXHVWLRQ�

M D DE L � �Y��WR�UHVSRQG��DQVZHU��1QDxLQLQ�NDDURR�MDDEL��$QVZHU�P\TXHVWLRQ�

M D DE L � �DGM��FKDUP�WR�ZRUN��D�SUD\HU�WREH�DQVZHUHG��$OD�GXZDD�PD�MDDEL�+LV�SUD\HU�LV�QRW�DQVZHUHG�

M D DE L U RR � �Q��DQVZHU��UHVSRQGLQJ�UHVSRQVH��DQVZHULQJ��1�PDØMDDELURR�VRWR�IRORR��,�GRQW�KDYH�DUHSO\�\HW�

M D DKD O L � �Y��WR�SX]]OH��SHUSOH[��0XQQH\H�L�MDDKDOL"�:KDW�SX]]OHV�\RX"

M D DKD O L QG L � �Y��WR�FDXVH�VRPHRQH��WREH�FRQI��FDXVH�RQH�WR�EH�SX]]OHG�.DQD�Q�MDDKDOLQGL��'RQW�SX]]OH�PH�

M DDKD O L U L Ú � �DGM��FRQIXVHG��SX]]OHG��1EH�MDDKDOLULØ�QH��,�DP�SX]]OHG�

M D DKD O L U L Ú R � �DGM��FRQIXVHG��SX]]OHG�$�PX�PRR�MDDKDOLULØR�OH�WL��+H�LV�DFRQIXVHG�SHUVRQ�

M D DKD O L W D � �YD��WR�EH�FRQIXVHG�SX]]OHG��1�MDDKDOLWD�xL�NXZR�ODEDDNH��,P�YHU\��FRQIXVHG�DERXW�WKLVWKLQJ�

M D D K D O R R � �Q��SX]]OH��SHUSOH[LW\�LQWULFDF\��fL�PX�MDDKDORR�OH�WL�7KLV�LV�D�SX]]OH�

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M D D M D D QRR � �Q��VHULRXV�WKLQJ��GLVDVWHU�-DDMDDQRR�OH�NHWD�MD��$�GLVDVWHUKDSSHQHG�KHUH�

M D D M HH � �Q��NLQG�RI�D�JUDVV��0RROX�NDMDDMHH�GRPR�OH�QXQ�WR��3HRSOH�XVHGWR�HDW��MDDMHH�

-DD M X � �Q��VXUQDPH�- D D N � �Q��VXUQDPH�M DDND O L � �Y��WR�VHH��MDDKDOL��M D DND O L QG L � �Y��WR�VHH��MDDKDOLQGL��

M DDND O L U L Ú � �DGM��VHH��MDDKDOLULØ��M D D N D O RR � �Q��VHH��MDDKDORR��M D D N I X U X W RR � �Q��MDFN�IUXLW�M D D O D ÚR � �Q��UKXP�SDOP�IUXLW��-DDODØREH�VLERR�VDQWR��7KH�UKXP�SDOP�IUXLWLV�XS�WKH�UKXP�SDOP�

M D D O RR � �Q��FRSSHU��fL�PDQNH�MDDORRWL��7KLV�LV�QRW�FRSSHU�

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Page 34: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 31 -

Mandinka-English M D O DPX W DM D O DPX W D � �Y��WR�XULQDWH��SLVV��7DD�LMDODPXWD��*R�DQG�SLVV�

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Page 35: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 32 -

M D Q N X W D Mandinka-English

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Page 36: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 33 -

Mandinka-English M H Q V R RFURRNHGQHVV�RI�WKH�WLPEHU�LV�QRWVHULRXV�

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Page 37: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 34 -

M L P E D Ú R Mandinka-English

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M R Q NR W R U L Ú � �VY��VTXDWWLQJ��$�EHMRQNRWRULØ�L�GDDOD��+H�LV�VTXDWWLQJQHDU�\RX�

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M R R N D D M D O R R � �Q���MRRNDD��M R R O D D � �Q��SD\HU��SD\PDVWHU��6DIL�PXLWHOX�OD�MRRODD�OH�WL��6DIL�LV�WKHLUSD\PDVWHU�

M R R Q R R � �Q��EHDGV�IRU�WKH�ZDLVW��$NHHPDD�ND�DOD�MRRQRR�PRRPRR�OH�+HU�KXVEDQG�IHHOV�KHU�EHDGV�DURXQGKHU�ZDLVW�

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Page 38: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 35 -

Mandinka-English M R R U L Q G LM RR U L QG L � �Y��WR�FDXVH�VRPHRQH�WR�SD\�7LLGD�\H�D�MRRULQGL�EXNRR�OD��7LLGDPDGH�KLP�SD\�IRU�WKH�ERRN�

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M R R V H H � �Y��WR�UHSODFH��,�EH�D�MRRVHH�ODOH�EDØ"�:LOO�\RX�UHSODFH�LW"

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M R R V L U D Ú R � �Q��VSRQJH��VFUXE��VSRQJHIRU�EDWKLQJ��-RRVLUDØR�QDDWL�Q�xH�%ULQJ�WKH�VSRQJH�IRU�PH�

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M R R W R R � �Q��NLQG�RI�ILVK�M R Ú \ DD W D � �Y��WR�HQVODYHG��,WROXMRQ\DDWD�OH��7KH\�DUH�HQVODYHG�

M R R \ H H � �Y��WR�DYRLG��VNLS��fL�PXNDWDDWRR�OH�WL��D�MRR\HH��7KLV�LV�DWURXEOHVRPH�SHUVRQ��DYRLG�KLP�

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M X U XP L � �Y��WR�VHH��MXUXPD��M X U XPR R � �Q��SLOH��SLOLQJ��7L\DMXUXPRR�EH�WRQNRØR�WR��$�SHDQXWSLOH�LV�DW�WKH�FRUQHU�

M X U XPX � �Y��WR�SLOH��VHH�MXUXPD��M X UX U L Ú � �VY��JURXQG��PLOOHG��FUXVKHG�fRR�EH�MXUXULØ�QH��7KH�PLOOHW�LVJURXQG��LQWR�IORXU��

M X U X U L Ú R � �DGM��JURXQG��FUXVKHG��fRRMXUXULØR�EH�ERRORR�NRQR��7KH�JURXQGPLOOHW�LV�LQ�WKH�ERZO�

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M X V R R � E H Q W D � �DGM��EUDYH�FRXUDJHRXV��,WH�MXVRR�EHQWD�OH��<RXDUH�FRXUDJHRXV�

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M X V RR M D D W D � �DGM��EUDYH��OLRQ�KHDUWHG�$OD�PXVRR�OH�MXVRRMDDWD�D�WL��+LVZLIH�LV�EUDYHU�WKDQ�KLP�

M X V RR � N X \ D D W D � �DGM��VDG��%DDNDULMXVRR�NX\DDWD�OH��%DDNDUL�LV�VDG�

M X V R R N X \ D Q G L � �Y��WR�VDGGHQ��.DQD�QMXVRR�NX\DQGL��'RQW�PDNH�PH�VDG�

M X V RR O D D W D � �DGM��KDSS\��JODG��$MXVRR�ODDWD�OH��+H�LV�KDSS\�

M X V RR O D QG L � �Y��WR�JODGGHQ��)DDWX�\HQ�MXVXODQGL�ELL��)DDWX�PDGH�PH�JODGWRGD\�

M X V R R V XPX \ D D W D � �DGM��VDWLVILHG�JODG��SOHDVHG��DSSHDVHG��$OL�MXVRR

Page 39: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 36 -

M X V X E H Q G L Ú R Mandinka-English

VXPX\DDWD�OH�VDD\L��<RX�DUHSOHDVHG�QRZ�

M X V X E H Q G L Ú R � �DGM��EUDYH��EROG�FRXUDJHRXV��$�PX�PRR�MXVXEHQGLØROH�WL��+H�LV�D�EUDYH�SHUVRQ�

M X V X E H Ú R � �Q��EUDYLW\��FRXUDJH��.HZRxDQWD�MXVXEHØR�VRWR�OD�OH��$�PDQVKRXOG�KDYH�FRXUDJH�

M X V X E R R � �DGM��DQJU\��XQKDSS\��.DQDMXVXERR��'RQW�EH�DQJU\�

M X V X E R R � �Q��DQJHU��GLVVDWLVIDFWLRQ�-XVXERR�PD�EHWH\DD�PRR�WR��$QJHULV�QRW�JRRG�IRU�D�SHUVRQ�

M X V X E R R W D � �Q��XQKDSS\�M X V X E R R W D � �DGM��DQJU\��XQKDSS\�WHPSHUHG��$�MXVXERRWD�OH��+H�LVDQJU\�

M X V XG L \ D D � �Q��JHQHURXVLW\��MXVXGL\DPD�xR�VRWR��*HQHURVLW\�LV�VHFRQGWR�QRQH�

M X VXG L \ D D U L Ú � �DGM��KDSS\��JODG��1�EHMXVXGL\DDULØ�EDDNH��,�DP�YHU\KDSS\�

M X V XG L \ D D W D � �DGM��KDSS\��JODG��1MXVXGL\DDWD�EDDNH��+H�LV�YHU\�JODG�

M X VX M D D � �Q��EUDYLW\��EROGQHVV�IHDUOHVVQHVV��-XVXMDD�OH�PX�NHH\DDWL��%UDYLW\�LV�PDQKRRG�

M X VX M D D U L Ú R � �DGM��EUDYH��EROG��$�PXPRR�MXVXMDDULØR�OH�WL��+H�LV�D�EROGSHUVRQ�

M X V X N X \ D D � �Q��VRUURZ��VDGQHVV��ØDMXVXNX\DD�OH�VRWR�ELL��,�KDYH�VDGQHVVWRGD\�

M X VX O D D � �DGM��KDSS\��MR\RXV��JODG��1PD�MXVXODD�GH��,P�QRW�KDSS\�

M X VX O DD U L Ú � �DGM��KDSS\��JODG��SOHDVHG�1�EH�MXVXODDULØ�QH�ELL��+HV�KDSS\WRGD\�

M X VX O D D U L Ú R � �DGM��KDSS\��JODG��0RRMXVXODDULØR��$�KDSS\�SHUVRQ�

M X VX O D D W D � �DGM��KDSS\��JODG��.XQX�QMXVXODDWD�EDDNH��<HVWHUGD\�,�ZDVYHU\�KDSS\�

M X V X O D QG L � �Y��WR�SOHDVH��JODGGHQ��$\H�Q�MXVXODQGL�OH��+H�PDGH�PHKDSS\�

M X V X VX W L \ D D � �Q��VKRUW�WHPSHUHG�M X W R R � �Q��GHVSLVLQJ��FRQWHPSW��-XWRRPD�EHWH\DD��&RQWHPSW�LV�QRW�JRRG�

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M X WX U L Ú � �DGM��FRQWHPSWXRXV��$�EHMXWXULØ�Q�QD�OH��+H�LV�FRQWHPWXRXV�RIPH�

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M XX I � �Q��D�VXUQDPH�- X X M X X � �Q��D�PDQV�QDPH�M X X M XZR � �Q��FLUFXPFLVVLRQ�FDPS�WHPSRUDO�VKHG��$�EH�MXXMXZR�WR��+HLV�DW�WKH�FLUFXPFLVVLRQ�FDPS�

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M X X W D � �DGM��GHFOLQHG��FDOPHG�GRZQ�ZHDNHQHG��%DDNDUL�MXXWD�OH�VDD\L�%DDNDUL�KDV�FDOPHG�GRZQ�QRZ�

M X X W H O H Ú R � �Q��EXWWRFNV���6DOLPDWDMXXWHOHØR�ZDUDWD�OH��6DOLPDWDVEXWWRFNV�DUH�ELJ�

M X X W L \ R � �Q��SXELF�KDLU��,�MXXWL\R�OLL�6KDYH�\RXU�SXELF�KDLU�

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M X Z R � �Q��EXWWRFNV��ZKROH�SODQW�SULYDWH�SDUW��:RR�\LULMXZR�ZXWX�8SURRW�WKDW�WUHH�

Page 40: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 37 -

Mandinka-English N DND � �SRVWS��WR��1�ODILWD�ND�WDD�%DQMXO��,ZDQW�WR�JR�WR�%DQMXO�

ND � �DGY��KDELWXDO��PDUNHU��SURJUHVVLYHPDUNHU��$�ND�VXERR�GRPR�OH��+HHDWV�PHDW�

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Page 41: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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.D F D D W D Mandinka-English

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Page 42: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 43: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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N D Q M X U R R Mandinka-English

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Page 44: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 45: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 42 -

N D V D W D Mandinka-English

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Page 46: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 43 -

Mandinka-English N H H M DZ X \ D DN H H M DZX \ D D � �DGM��XJO\��RGG��1�PDØNHHMDZX\DD��,P�QRW�XJO\�

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Page 47: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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N H Q G L Ú R Mandinka-English

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Page 48: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 45 -

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Page 49: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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N L U L Q W L ÚR Mandinka-English

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Page 50: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 47 -

Mandinka-English N RP H ÚN RP H Ú � �FRQM��OLNH��MXVW�OLNH��$�NDUDNRPHØ�ZRR�VLSD��6HZ�LW�OLNH�WKDWVNLUW�

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Page 51: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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NRQ W D DQ L U L Ú Mandinka-English

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Page 52: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 53: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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N X G R Ú Mandinka-English

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Page 54: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 55: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 56: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 57: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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NXX U L Q N H � �DGY��DOPRVW��\HW��1�PDØSDUHH�NXXULQNH��,�DP�QRW�UHDG\�\HW�

Page 58: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 55 -

Mandinka-English NXX U L ÚNXX U L Ú � �VY��ZDVKHG��%RRORR�EH�NXXULØQH��7KH�ERZO�LV�ZDVKHG�

NXX U L Ú R � �DGM��ZDVKHG��)HØ�NXXULØROXEH�VLQVLØR�NRQR��7KH�ZDVKHG�FORWKHVDUH�LQ�WKH�EDVNHW�

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Page 59: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 56 -

O D DP D D Mandinka-English

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O D I L WD � �Q��DERXW�O D I L WD � �Y��WR�OLNH��ZDQW��,�ODILWD�PXQQHOD"�:KDW�GR�\RX�ZDQW"

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O D N D I XQG L � �Y��WR�VODFNHQ��0XQQH�\H�LODNDIXQGL"�:KDW�PDGH�\RX�VODFN"

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O D ND I X U L Ú R � �DGM��VODFN��ORRVH��0RRODNDIXULØR��$�VODFN�SHUVRQ�

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O D ND W L U L ÚR � �DGM��SRZHUOHVV��LQYDOLG�fLØ�VDIH�ODNDWLULØR�ERQGL�MDØ�5HPRYH�WKLV�SRZHUOHVV�DPXOHW�IURPKHUH�

O D ND W L U RR � �YQ��ZHGGLQJ�QRW�D�\RXQJJLUO��

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O D O O XPRR � �Q��KLJKO\�OHDUQHG�SHUVRQ�OHDUQHG�SHUVRQ��$�PX�ODOOXPRR�OH�WL�+H�LV�D�KLJKO\�OHDUQHG�PDQ�

/ DP D � �Q��SHUVRQV�QDPH�O DPE D Ú R � �Q��ILVK�D�NLQG�RI��O DPEDV L L V H H � �Q��ILVK�D�NLQG�RI��O DPE H H � �Q��OLQHDJH��UHODWLYHV��$ODPEHH�VL\DDWD�MDØ�QH��+H�KDV�PDQ\UHODWLYHV�KHUH�

O DP E R R � �Q��:RORI�GUXPPLQJ�/DPERR�OH�EH�MD�ELL��7KHUHV�ZRORI�ZUHVWOLQJ��GUXPPLQJ�KHUH�

O DP I H H � �Y��WR�DYRLG��GLYHUW��fL�PXVHHWDDQLPRR�OHWL��D�ODPIHH��7KLV�LV�DWURXEOHVRPH�SHUVRQ��DYRLG�KLP�

O DP I H H W D � �YD��WR�EH�OHIW�RXW�7HQGDDEDD�ODPIHHWD�OH��7HQGDDEDDLV�RII�WKH�URDG�

O DP I R R � �Q��VODFNQHVV��6DDVDD�NDODPIRR�OH�VDDEX��6LFNQHVV�FDXVHVVODFNQHVV�

O DP I X � �DGM��VODFN��UHOD[HG��ZHDN��1VDDVDDWD�OH�EDUL�Q�PD�ODPIX��,PVLFN�EXW�,P�QRW�VODFN�

O DP I X QG L � �Y��WR�VODFNHQ��0XQQH�\H�LODPIXQGL"�:KDW�PDGH�\RX�VODFN"

O DP IX U L Ú � �DGM��VODFN��1�EH�ODPIXULØQH��,�DP�VODFN�

O DP I X U L Ú R � �DGM��VODFN��$�PX�PRRODPIXULØR�OH�WL��+H�LV�D�VODFN�SHUVRQ�

Page 60: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 57 -

Mandinka-English O DP I X W DO DP IX W D � �DGM��VODFN��VORZ��1�ODPIXWDOH��,�DP�VODFN�

O DP R R � �Q��EDQJOH��/DPRR�EH�D�EXORRWR��$�EDQJOH�LV�DURXQG�KLV�DUP�

O DPR \ � �Y��WR�ZDLW��OLVWHQ��,�ODPR\�QQD��/LVWHQ�WR�PH�

O DPR\ L U L O D D � �Q��OLVWHQHU��1WH�PXODPR\LULODD�OH�WL��,�DP�D�OLVWHQHU�

O DPR\ L U R R � �YQ��ZDLWLQJ��OLVWHQLQJ��$EH�OHPR\LURR�OD��+H�LV�OLVWHQLQJ�

O DPS L � �Y��WR�IROG��:RR�IDDQRR�ODPSL�)ROG�WKDW�VDURQJ�

O DPS L E H U R R � �Q��EDWWHU\��/DPSLEHURRWH�OXXVRR�NRQR��7KHUH�LV�QR�EDWWHU\LQ�WKH�IODVK�OLJKW�

O DPS L Ú R � �Q��ODGGHU�URSH��ODGGHU�/DPSLØR�\RRUD�NRORØR�NRQR��3XW�WKHODGGHU�LQ�WKH�ZHOO�

O DPS L V D U D E R R � �Q��ZLFN��fLØODPSLVDUDERR�VXWX\DDWD�OH��7KLV�ZLFNLV�VKRUW�

O DP S R R � �Q��ODPS��ODPSRR�EH�EDDJRRNRQR��7KH�ODPS�LV�LQ�WKH�EDJ�

O D QG L � �Y��WR�DGPLW��SODFH��OLH�GRZQ�SXW�GRZQ��fL�ODQGL�D�QRR�WR��3XWWKLV�LQ�LWV�SODFH�

/ DQG L Ú � �Q��PDQV�QDPH�O D Q G R R � �Q��FXOWXUH��FXVWRP��WUDGLWLRQ�$OL�OD�ODQGRR�OH�PX�xLØ�WL��7KLV�LV\RXU�FXOWXUH�

O D Q I H H � O DP I HH � � �Q��GLYHUVLRQ�DYRLGLQJ��6LOD�GDGDDODDOX�\H�ODQIHHNH�NDUD�OD��7KH�URDG�PDNHUV�PDGH�DGLYHUVLRQ�RQ�WKH�VLGH�

O D Q I H HV L O RR � �Q��URDG�RWKHU�WKDQ�WKHPDLQ��GLYHUVLRQ�URDG���/DQIHH�VLORREH�xDDWR��7KHUH�LV�D�GLYHUVLRQDKHDG�

O D Q M X U RR � �Q��GHIRUPLW\��IODZ�SUREOHP��GHIHFW��/DQMXURR�PDØEHWH\DD��'HIRUPLW\�LV�QRW�JRRG�

O D Q M X U X � �Y��WR�FULSSOH��GDPDJH�GHIRUP��KDQGLFDS��$�PD�ODQMXUX�+H�LV�QRW�FULSSOHG�

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O D Q M X U X W D � �Y��WR�FULSSOHG��GHIRUPHG�$�ODQMXUXWD�OH��+H�LV�FULSSOHG

O D Q M X U X W R R � �Q��FULSSOH��GHIRUPHGSHUVRQ��GLVDEOH�SHUVRQ��$�PXODQMXUXWRR�OH�WL��+H�LV�D�FULSSOH�

O D Q N D D U R R � �Q��DQFKRU��$�\HODQNDDURR�ID\�ML\R�NRQR��+H�WKURZVWKH�DQFKRU�LQWR�WKH�ZDWHU�

O D Q N D Ú R � �Q��LQWHUHVW��H[WUD��/DQNDØRPDØ�EHWH\DD���/HY\LQJ��LQWHUHVW�LVQRW�JRRG�

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O D Q N H Q HPD U L Ú � �VY��RSHQ��GLVFORVHG�fLØ�NXZR�EH�ODQNHQHPDULØ�QH��7KLVDIIDLU�LV�RSHQ�

O D Q N H Q HPD W D � �Y��WR�RSHQ��GLVFORVHG�fL�NXZR�ODQNHQHPDWD�OH�VDD\L�7KLV�DIIDLU�LV�RSHQ�QRZ�

O D QQ DED O L \ D D � �Q��GLVEHOLHYH��VHH�ODDEDOL\DD��

O D Q Q D E D O R R � �Q��GLVEHOLHYHU��VHH�ODDEDORR��

O D Q Q DPR R � �Q��WUXVWZRUWK\�SHUVRQ�EHOLHYDEOH��,�PDQNH�ODQQDPRR�WL�<RX�DUH�QRW�D�WUXVWZRUWK\�SHUVRQ�

O D Q Q D W DPE R R � �Q��H[FHHGLQJ�WUHVVSDVV��H[WUHPH��H[WUHPLW\�/DQQDWDPERR�PD�EHWH��([WUHPLW\LV�QRW�JRRG�

O D Q Q R R � �Q��WUXVW��EHOLHYLQJ��/DQQRRWH�DOD�NXZR�WR��7KHUH�LV�QR�WUXVW�LQKLP�

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O H H I DD � �Q��FRYHU��GLVF��IDQ��$�ELWLOHHIDD�OD��&RYHU�LW�ZLWK�FRYHU�

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O H H \ D ÚR � �Q��DQLPDO��VDFULILFHG�RQ7REDVNL�GD\���1�PDØ�OHH\DØR�VRWR��,GRQW�KDYH�DQ�DQLPDO�IRU�7REDVNL�

O HPE D � �Y��WR�VKRXW��ZDLO��VFUHDP�-XPDD�OH�EH�OHPED�NDØ�MDØ"�:KR�LVVKRXWLQJ�KHUH"

O HP L Q Q D D W R R � �Q��VRIW�GULQN�/ HP R Q � �Q��D�VXUQDPH�O HP S R R � �Q��VHH�QDDPRR�� ��

Page 61: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 58 -

O H P X Mandinka-English

O HPX � LW��LW�LV��-XPDD�OH�PX"�:KR�LVLW"

O HPX Q D D W R R � �Q��GULQN�V��VRIW��fLØOHPXQDDWRR�PDØ�GL\DD��7KLV�VRIWGULQN�LV�QRW�WDVW\�

O H P X Q D � N XPX Ú R � �Q��OLPH�IUXLW�.DQD�OHPXQD�NXPXØR�ILL�NRWHNH�'RQW�SODQW�OLPH�IUXLW�DJDLQ�

O HP X Q D �P H V H Ú R � �Q��OLPH�IUXLW��VHH�OLPXQD�NXPXØR���:RR�PX�OHPXQDNXPXØ�ML\R�OH�WL��7KDW�LV�OLPH�MXLFH�

O H P X Q R R � �Q��RUDQJH��OHPRQ��,�xDQWDOHPXQRR�ILL�OD�OH��<RX�VKRXOG�SODQWRUDQJHV�

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O H Q N D � �Y��WR�VKRXW��FDOO��ORXGO\���.DQDQ�WRR�OHQND��'RQW�VKRXW�P\�QDPH�

O H Q N R R � �Q��FUDQH��SULYDWH�SDUW��VH[RUJDQV��/HQNRR�\H�PRWRR�FLND��7KHFUDQH�OLIWHG�WKH�FDU�

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Page 62: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Mandinka-English O R R E RO R R E R � �DGM��IHG�XS��WLUHG�RI��VLFN�RI�6XERR�\H�Q�ORRER�OH��,P�WLUHG�RIPHDW�

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Page 63: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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P Mandinka-English

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Page 64: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 65: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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PD Q V D D O R R Mandinka-English

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Page 66: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 63 -

Mandinka-English PH G D D \ R RP H G D D \ R R � �Q��PHGDO��3HUHVLGDØR�\HPHGDD\RR�GLL�D�OD��7KH�SUHVLGHQWJDYH�KLP�D�PHGDO�

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Page 67: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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P L Q L Q G D Ú R Mandinka-English

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Page 68: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 65 -

Mandinka-English P XPX � �DY��WR�LV��DUH��0XQQH�PX�xL�WL":KDW�LV�WKLV"

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PX V X O RP E D O R R Mandinka-English

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Page 70: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 71: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Q DPE D U D W D Mandinka-English

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Page 72: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Q R R Mandinka-English

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Page 76: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Page 77: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Mandinka-English SD F LSDF L � �Y��WR�JLYH�D�JUDLQ�D�ODVWSRXQGLQJ��:R��PXVRR�\H�DODPDDQRR�SDFL��7KDW�ZRPDQ�GLG�KHU�DILQDO�SRXQGLQJ�

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Page 81: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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S H H O R R Mandinka-English

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Page 82: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Mandinka-English S R P R RS RP R R � �Q��EULGJH��DSSOH��3RPX�NLOLØPX�MHOX�OH�WL"�+RZ�PXFK�GRHV�RQHDSSOH�FRVW"

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V D I H H Mandinka-English

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V D Q W R Mandinka-English

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V H Q H \ D D Mandinka-English

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V L Q D Ú Mandinka-English

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Page 92: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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Mandinka-English V RP D Q G D DV RP D Q G D D � �Q��PRUQLQJ�WLPH�6RPDQGDD�OH�D�EH�QDD�OD��+H�ZLOOFRPH�LQ�WKH�PRUQLQJ�

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Page 93: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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V RR W L U R R Mandinka-English

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Page 95: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

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V X Q W X Mandinka-English

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Page 111: Mandinka - English Dictionary -

- 108 -

\ H U R R Mandinka-English

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- 110 -

English-Mandinka DD � FRE � � R I � FR UQ � H W F � � �Q��WXØR�D � GHFN � FKD L U � �Q��SLOL\DDQRR�D � J DPH � �Q��FRNRQGLØ�VLQMDQR��FRNRR�D � K R U Q � D V � D � F K D UP � �Q��FRRGLELQRR�D � N L QG � R I � V DXFH � �Q��EXNRRORR�D � N L QG � R I � V W R YH � �Q��RVRR�D � O R DG � �Q��VDULVHH�$ �SH W � U DP � �Q��EDWXQGRR�D � URR I � H W F � � �Q��VRURQWRR�D � U RZ � �Q��VDSRR�D � U X Q � DZD\ � �Q��ERULMRQR�D � VPD O O � V Q D N H � �Q��VDDULØR�D � V W D W HPHQ W � �H[��MHH�D � W U L E H � L Q � 7 K H �*DPE L D � �Q�VHHUHHURR�

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D G DPD Q W � �DGM��NDØRMDDWD�D G G � �Y��NDIXxRR��NDIXURR��MDDUD�DGG L F W H G � �YD��MDUDELWD�DGG L F W H G � �DGM��MDUDEL�DGG L W L R Q � �Q��NDIXQGDØR�D GG U H V V � �Q��DGHUHHVRR�D G M R X U Q � �Y��xRULQGL�DGP L W � �Y��EXODQGL��ODQGL�DGR U H � �Y��EDWX��NDQX�D G R U Q � �Y��xDUDQGL��xLLxDQGL�DGX O W � �Q��NHHEDD�DGX O W H U H U � �Q��WXOXQQDD�D G Y D Q W D J H � �Q��NDxHH��QDIDD�D G Y D Q W D J H R X V � �DGM��QDIDDPDD�DGY L F H � �Q��\DDPDURR��\DDPDULURR�DGY L V H � �Y��GL\DDPXQGL��\DDPDUL�DGY L V H U � �Q��\DDPDULODD�DG Y L V L Q J � �Q��\DDPDURR��\DDPDULURR�D H U R S O D Q H � �Q��NXOXQWLLODD�DI ID L U � �Q��KDDML��KDDMRR��NXX��NXZR�NXXxDD�

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D I U D L G � �Q��VLOD�$I U L FD � �Q��IDWDILQGXX�$I U L F DQ � I U DQF � �Q��VHHIDD�$ I U L F D Q �P DKRJ D Q \ � �Q��MDORR�D I U R UPRV L D � �Q��NXOXNXORR�D I WH U � �SRVWS��NRRODD��QRRPD�D I W H U � W RPR U U RZ � �Q��VLQLQGL�D I W H UPD W K � �Q��NRRPRR�D I W H U QRRQ � W LPH � �Q��WLOLEXORR�DJ D L Q � �DGY��NRWHNH��NRWH��WXNX�WXQNX��NRWHQNH�

DJ D L Q � �Q��NRWHQNH�DJD L Q V W � �DGM��NDVL\DDWD�$JDPD � O L ] D U G � �Q��EDVDNRPERURØR�D J H � J U R X S � �Q��NXURR��NDIRR�D J H Q G D � �Q��NXPRR�

DJJ U H V V L Y H � �DGM��VDØDUD��VDQDUDWD�VDØDUDULØ�

D JJ U H V V R U � �Q��ER\LQNDQQDD�D J R � �DGY��NRRPD�DJ U H H � �Y��VRØ�DJ U H H � R Q � �Y��VDUDWL�DJ U H H L Q J � �Q��VRØR�D J U H HPHQ W � �Q��VDUDWRR�DKHDG �R I � � � � � �Q��VDDEDD�D L G � �Q��GHHPDDURR�D LP � �Q��KDPRR��MXVRR��QDWRR�D LP � I R U � �Y��QDWD�D LP I X O � S H U V RQ � �Q��KDPHPDD�KDPHWRR�

D LP O H V V � �Q��KDPHQWDØR�D LP O H V V � �DGM��IXX��IXXWD��IXXULØ�IXXULØR�

D LP O H V V � S H U V RQ � �Q��KDPHQWDØR�D LP O H V V Q H V V � �Q��KDPHQWDQ\DD�IXXULØ\DD�

D L U ��Q��IRxRR�D O F RKR O � �Q��GRORR�D O L HQ � �Q��QDDODD��WXPDUDQNHH�D O L IH � �Y��EDOXX�D O L NH � �DGM��NLOLQ\DDWD�D O O ��DGM��EHH�D O O H JD W L RQ � �Q��NDØR�D O O RZ � �Y��VRØ�$ OP L J K W \ � * R G � �Q��$OD�D OPRV W � �DGY��QDD��NXXULQNH��ODILWD�D OPV � J L Y L Q J � �YQ��MDNDERR��VDGDD�ERR�D O R Q H � �Q��NXQNLOLØ��NXØNLOLØWDDODD�D O R Q H � �DGM��GDPPDD��GRURØ��NLOLØ�D O R Q H � �Y��IHUH�D O S K DE H W � �Q��VLLURR�D O U H DG\ � �DGY��IRNDEDØ��PXXPHHNH�D O VR � �DGY��IDQDD��IDQDØ�D OZ D \ V � �DGM��ZDDWLZRZDDWL�DPE L W L R Q � �Q��KDPRR�DPE L W L R X V � S H U V R Q � �Q��KDPHPDD�KDPHWRR�

DPEX O D Q F H � �Q��DPEXODQVRR�DPPXQ L W L R Q � �Q��NHVRR��NLGLNHVRR�DP R Q J � �SRVWS��NRQR��WHHPD�DPR X Q W � �Q��KDNHH��KDNRR��KDSRR�NRQWRR��QDQNDPRR��\DDWHH�

DPX O H W � �Q��VDIRR��WXXVRR�DQF H V W R U � �Q��EHPEDD�DQF H V W R U V � �Q��DOLIDD�IRORROX�D Q F K R U � �Q��ODQNDDURR�D Q G � �Q��DQL�D Q G � �FRQM��QL�DQG � R W K H U V � �Q��xROX�DQJH O � �Q��PDODD\LNRR�DQJ H U � �Q��ILLMRR��IXQGRR��NDPIDD�MXVXERR�

DQJ H U � �Y��MXVRRERQGL��NDPIDQGL�DQJ U \ � �Q��NDQIDD�

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D Q J U \ English-Mandinka

DQJ U \ � �DGM��MXVRRERWD��NDPIDD�NDPIDDULØ��NDPIDDULØR��MXVXERR�NDPIDDWD��MXVXERRWD�

DQ LPD O � �Q��EHH\DØR��GDDIHØR�DQN O H � �Q��WDOLNXORR�D Q Q R X Q F H � �Y��NDQNXODD��VDUDQGL�EDQNHH�

D Q Q R X Q F HP H Q W � �Q��NDQNXODDURR�D Q Q R X Q F H U � �Q��NDQNXODDULODD�NLEDDULODD�

D Q Q R X Q F L Q J � �Q��NDQNXODDURR�D Q Q R X Q F L Q J � �YQ��VDUDQGRR�D Q Q R \ � �Y��MXVRRERQGL�D Q Q R \ H G � �DGM��MXVRRERWD�D QQX D O � D OPV � �Q��MDNRR�DQR W K H U �GRRNRWH��GRRNRWHØ�DQR W K H U � �DGM��GRR�D Q VZH U � �Y��GDQNX��MDDEL��MDDEL�D Q VZH U � �Q��MDDELURR�D Q VZH U L Q J � �Q��MDDELURR�DQ W � �Q��GXQWXPDODØR��PHQHPHQHØR�DQ W H O R S H � �Q��PLQDØR�DQ W L F L S D W H � �Q��\LOODD�DQ W L F L S D W H � �Y��xRRVDDEDD�D Q X V � �Q��EXUXGHZR��EXXGDD��NXWXGDD�MXXGDD�

D Q \ �PR U H � �DGY��NRWHNH�D Q \ � R Q H � �Q��PHØ�ZR�PHØ�D Q \ K RZ � �DGY��xDD�ZRR�xDD�D Q \ W K L Q J �NXXZRNXX�D Q \ W K L Q J � �Q��PHØ�ZR�PHØ�DSD U W � I U RP � �SRVWS��NRRODD�DS H � �Q��QGHPRR�D SR O R J L V H � �Y��ERORRVH\�D SR O R J L ] H � �Y��WXXELVH\L�DSSH D O � �Y��ZRRVLL�D S S H D O H G � �Y��ZRRVLLWD�DSSH D O L Q J � W K L Q J � �Q��xDDERR�DSSHD O L Q J � W R � �Y��xDDER�D SS H D U � �Y��ILQWL��ILQWLQGL��IXQWL�D S S H D V H G � �DGM��MXVRRVXPX\DDWD�D S S H D V HPH Q W � �Q��QHHKDORR�DSS O H � �Q��SRPRR�DSS O \ � �Y��MDPEDQGL�DSS O \ � � E R G \ � F U H DP � � �Y��PXX�DSSR L Q W � D � O H DGH U � � �Y��WRORR�DSS U HQ W L F H � �Q��DSDUDQWHH��NDUDQGLØR�D S S U R D F K � �Y��GDQWHH��QDD��ZDOLØ�$SU L O � �Q��(SLUHO�NDURR�$ U DE � �Q��$UDDERR�D UH � �DY��EH��PX�D U HD � �DGY��EHUHEHURR�D U HD � �Q��IDQQDD��NHHNXQGDD��.XQGDD�PDDIDØ��PDDIDØR��PXURR��WXQGRR�NDURR�

D U H DG\ � �Q��xDDMDØD\DD�D U J X L Q J � �Q��xRRVRRVRR�D U J X L Q J � �YQ��xRR�VDERR�

D U J XPHQ W � �YQ��xRR�VDERR�D U J XPHQ W � �Q��xRRVRRVRR�D UP � �Q��EXORR��EXOXNDORR�D UPS L W � �Q��GDERRNRWR�D UP\ � D Q W � �Q��NHOHODD�D U UHV W � �Y��GDQGL��PXWD�D U U H V W L QJ � �Q��PXWRR�D U U L YH � �Y��IXWD��IXWDQGL�D U U R J DQ F H � �Q��IDØZDURR��IDUDWRR�NRQRIDD��ZDURR�

D U U RJDQ W � �DGM��IDUDWL��NRQRRIDDWD�QL\R�GL\DDWD��QL\R�ZDUDWD��ZDUD�

D U U RZ � �Q��EHxRR��NDODEHxRR�DU WK U L W L V � �Q��FRNRGLPRR��GD\LQRR�D U W L V DQV � J U RXS � �Q��xDPDDORR�DV � �DGY��NR��NR�D V F H Q G � �Y��VHOH�D V F H Q G H G � �YQ��VHOHWD�D VK � �Q��VHH��VHHEXXWRR�DVN � �Y��xLQLQNDD�D V N L Q J � �Q��xLQLQNDDURR�DVRE L L � �Q��DVREL\R�D V V H V V � �Y��NRQWLERR��NRURVL�D V V H V V L Q J � �Q��NRQWLERRURR�DVV L V W DQ W � �Q��IDDOLIRR��QRRPDODQNRR�DVVRF L D W H � �Q��NXXNHHxRR��NDIXxRR�PRRxRR��WDDPDxRR��WDDxRR�

D W � �SRVWS��OD��PD��WR�D W � D � W LPH � �DGY��NLOLØNLOLØ�DW �D O O � �DGY��PXXPHHNH�DW � I L UV W ��DGY��IRORRIRORR�D W � O RQJ � O D V W � �DGM��PHH�ZR�PHH�D W � R Q FH � �DGY��NLOLQNH�D W � W K H �PRPHQ W � �DGY��IRORR��VLODØ�D W W D FK � �Y��QDNL�D W W D FK HG � �Y��QDNLWD�D W W D FK HG � �VY��QDNLULx�D W W D F K H G � W R � Q XPEH U V � �QMDØR�D W W DFN � �Y��xDSL��ER\LQNDØ�D W W DFNH U � �Q��xDSLQNDQQDD�D W W D F N L QJ � �YQ��ER\LQNDØR�D W W H QG � �Y��PDDEHH�D W W UDF W � �Y��VDED�DX F W L R Q � �YQ��ZDQWHHURR�DX F W L R Q � �Y��ZDQWHHUL�DXG L W � �Y��NRQWLERR�DXG L W R U � �Q��NRQWLERRODD�DXG L W W L Q J � �Q��NRQWLERRURR�DXQ W\ � I D WKH U V � V L V W H U � � �Q��ELQNL�DX W KR U L W D W L Y H � S H U VRQ � �Q��NDQGDD�DX W KR U L W \ � �Q��NDØR�DYD L O DE L O L W \ � �YQ��VRWRR�DYD L O DE O H � �Y��NHHULØ��VRWR�D Y D U D F L R X V � �Q��xDDMDØD\DD�$Y L F HQQ L D � Q L W L G D � �Q��MXEXNXØR�$Y R F D G R � �Q��SL\DD�D YR L G � �Y��MRR\HH��ODPIHH��NDDUL��MHQNH�D Y R L G L Q J � �Q��ODQIHH�ODPIHH��

DZ D N H Q � �DGM��NXQLØ�DZ D N H Q � �Y��NXQLQGL�DZ D N H Q H V V � �Q��NXQLØR�DZD U H � �Y��NXQLQWD�DZD U H Q H V V � �Q��NXQLØR��NDODPXWDURR�DZ O � �Q��OR\RR�D[ � �Q��WHHUDØR�E D E R R Q � �Q��NRØR�EDE\ � V L W � �Y��EDPEDDQL�EDE\ � V L W W H U � �Q��GLQPXWDODD�EDPEDDQLODD�

EDE\ � V L W W L Q J � �Q��EDPEDDQRR�ED FK H O R U � �Q��PXVXQWDØR�E D F N � �DGY��NRRPD�E D F N � �Q��NRRPD��NRR�E D F N � �SRVWS��NRRPD�E D F N � �Y��EDPEX�E D F N � E H O RZ � W K H � Q H F N � �Q��VDxRR�EDFN � F O DZ � R I � D � F R F N � �Q��VDOXØR�EDFN � J D W H � �Q��GDDOLØR�%DFN � R I � W K H � K D QG � �Q��EXOXNRR�EDFN � R I � W K H � Q H F N � �Q��WRØR�EDFNE L W H � �Y��NRRPDNXPD�ED F NE L W L Q J � �Q��NRRPDNXPDURR�E D F N E R Q H � �Q��NRRNXORR�EDFN � R I � D � ERD W � � �Q��NXOXQIHxRR�E D G � �YD��MDZX\DDWD�E D G � �DGM��MDZRR��-DZ��NXUXØ��NXUXØR�MDZX\DD��MDZX\DDULØ�

EDG � I R U W X Q H � �Q��KDULMHHNX\DD�KDULMHHVLWRR�

EDG � O X F N � �Q��IDODNX\DD��KDULMHHNX\DD�VLWRR�

EDG � U H O D W L Y H � �Q��EDDGLQMDZRR�E D G J H � �Q��EDDMRR�E D G J H �P H V V H Q J H U � �Q��NRQVLQEHORR�E D G O X F N � �Q��KDULMHHVLWRR�E D J � �Q��EDDNRR��ERRWRR��VXIXURR�E D J J D J H � �Q��EDNDDVRR�ED L O � �Y��NRRMHH�ED L O �ZD W H U � �Y��NDZ�ED L O L QJ � �Q��NRRMHH�ED L W � �Q��PDORR�E D N H � �Y��MDQL�EDNH U � �Q��PEXXUX�MDQLODD��EXODQVHH�E D N L Q J � �YQ��MDQLURR�ED O D Q F H � �Y��EXODQFDQFDØ�E D O G � K H D G � �Q��NXØEXXVRR�E D O G � K H D G H G � �Q��NXØEXXVRR�ED O H � �Q��EDORRWRR��IXGRR�ED O O � �Q��NXSHH��NDWRR�E D O R R Q � �Q��EDOXØR��IXXØXQGDØR�E DP E R R � �Q��ERØR�E DP E R R � E H G � �Q��EDOODDUDØR�E DPERR � E H G � V H D W � H W F � � �Q��ZDQGRR�E D Q D Q D � �Q��EDQDDQRR�E D Q G D J H � �Q��EDQGDDVRR�EDQG L W � �Q��EDQGL\R�

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English-Mandinka EDQG L W U \E DQG L W U \ � �Q��EDQGLL\DD�E DQJ O H � �Q��EXOXWRWDD��ODPRR�E D Q N � �Q��EDQNL�E D Q N � E R R N � �Q��EDQNLEXNRR�EDQN � L Q W H U H V W � �Q��ULLEDD�EDQN �R I � D � U L Y H U � H W F � � �Q��WLQWRR�E DQ N U X S W � �DGM��ER\LULØR�E D R E D E � �Q��VLWRR�EDREDE � W U H H � �Q��VLWDMXZR�ED U E HG �Z L U H � �Q��EDDEXZD\DD�ED U E H U � �Q��OLLULODD�ED U G � �Q��ILQRR��MDORR�ED U H � �DGM��NHQVHØR��NHQVHØ\DD�ED U N � �Y��KDZ��ZRQ�ZRØ�ED UN � F O R W K � W U H H � �Q��MDIRR�E D U N H G � �Y��KDZXWD�E D U N H G � �DGM��ZRQ�ZRQWD�ED U N L Q J � �Q��KDZRR�ED U N L Q J � �YQ��KDZXURR��ZRQ�ZRØR�ED U U H O � �Q��EDULNRR��EDUHORR�ED U U L H U � �Q��NXQWXQWHH�ED V L F � Q H H G V � �Q��PDDIHØR�ED V L Q � �Q��ERRORR�EDVN H W � �Q��VLQVLØR�EDV W D U G � �Q��EDDWDUDGLØR��MDQNDGLØR�ED W � �Q��WRQVRR�ED W K H � �Y��NXX�E D W K L Q J � �Q��NXZRR�ED W K L Q J � S O D F H � �Q��NXXGXODD�E D W K U R RP � �Q��MRQNRØR��NXXGXODD�E D W R Q � �Q��EDDWLQRR�ED W W H U \ � �Q��EDDWLUL\R��ODPSLEHURR�ED W W O H � �Y��MDQMXØ�ED W W O H � I L H OG � �Q��NHOHGXODD�ED W W O HG � �Y��MDQMXQWD�ED W W O H � L Q � FRX U W � � �Y��NLLWLL�ED\ � O H D I � �Q��ORRUL\D�E D \ R Q H W � �Q��EDMLQHHWRR�EH � D W � D � S O D FH � �Y��WDUD�E H � E X V \ � �DGM��GHZXØ�EH � HYH U \ � G L U W \ � �DGM��IRR�EH � I U L J K W H Q HG � �Y��EDUD�EH � S U H V HQ W � �Y��PDDEHH�EH � TX L H W � �Y��GH\��GHH�E H � W R R � J R R G � �Y��IDØ��R��ZDUD�E H � X Q DE O H � W R � J R � D K H D G � �Y��FDØ�E H D F K � �Q��EDDGDD�E H D G � �Q��NRQRØR�EHDGV � I R U � W K H �ZD L V W � �Q��MRRQRR�E H D N � �Q��GDDNDORR�E H DP � �Q��ELLPRR�E H DQ � F D N H � �Q��$NDUDD�E H D Q V � �Q��VRVRR�EHD U � �Q��QGHPRR�EHD U � �Y��IRURIRUR��xLPDNLØ��ZDNLOL�IDQND�

EH D U G � �Q��ERRUDD�EHD U L QJ � I U X L W � �VY��GLQGL�

EHDV W � �Q��EHH\DØR�EHD W � �Q��ODSL��OLSD�EHD W � �Y��EXXWHH��NRVL�EH D W L Q J � �Q��EXVRR�EH D W L Q J � L Q V W U XPHQ W � �Q��NRVLUDØR�EHDX W L I X O � �DGM��GLLPDD��xLLPDD�EHWH\DD��xLLxDDWD��xLLxDDULØ�xLLxDDULØR�

EHDX W L I \ � �Y��xLLxDQGL�EH DX W \ � �Q��xLLxDD�E H F D X V H � �FRQM��NDDWX�EH F DX V H � R I � �SRVWS��NDPPD�EH F DX V H � R I � �FRQM��KDNH�E H F RP H � �Y��NH�E H F RPH � I U L H Q G V � �Y��WHHUL\DD�E H F RPH � I U L H Q G V � �VY��WHHUL\DDUL�EH FRPH � L Q I L G H O � �Y��NDDILUL\DDWD�NDDILUL\DD�

EH FRPH � U X O H U � �Q��PDQVD\DD�E H G � �Q��ODDUDØR��VDPEDD�E H G � E X J � �Q��GDERR�E H G �PD W H � �Q��ODDxRR�EHG � V K H H W � �Q��GDUDERR��ODDUDQNDØ�IDDQRR�

E H G � K H D GZD U G V � � �Q��NXQQDWRR�E H G U R RP � �Q��ODDEXØR��NDELQHHWRR�E H G W LP H � �Q��ODDZDDWRR�EH H � �Q��NXPRR�E H H � Z D [ � �Q��NDDxRR�EHH I � S U HSD U HG � L Q � R L O � �Q��GLEL�EH HK L Y H � �Q��NXPERR�E H H Q � Z D V K H G � �Y��NXXWD�E H H S � �Q��SLLS�EH I R U H � �FRQM��MDQQLØ�EH I R U H � �DGY��GRRWR��QDPDQDØ�QDPLQDØ��QHQH�

EH I R U H � �DGM��xDD��xDD�E H J � �Y��GDDQL��PDDQHHQHH�E H JJ D U � �Q��GDDQLULODD�E H J J L Q J � �Q��GDDQLURR�E HJ L Q � �Y��IRORR��SDNL��NXPDDVL�E HJ L Q Q H U � �Q��IRORRODD��IRORRULODD�E H J L Q Q L Q J � �Q��IRORRGXODD�E H J L Q Q L Q J � �YQ��IRORRURR�E H K D Y H � �Y��PDD�EHKD Y H � D U U R J DQ W O \ � �Y��ID��R��ZDUD�EHKD Y H �ZH O O � �Y��PDDNXX�EHKD Y L R U � �Q��PDDQRR�E HK D Y L R X U � �Q��GDDMLNRR��PDDxDD�E H K L Q G � �DGY��NRRPD�E H K L Q G � �SRVWS��NRRPD�EH L Q J � D � E D FK H O R U � �Q��PXVXQWDQ\DD�EH L QJ � D � E D V W D U G � �Q��MDQNDGLQ\DD�EH L QJ � D � E H W U D \ H U � �Q��MDQIDDWXQ\DD�EH L QJ � D � E U L G H � �Q��PDDxRR\DD�EH L QJ � D � G H F H L Y H U � �Q��WDSDOHH\DD�EH L QJ � D � I D UPH U � �Q��GRREDD\DD�EH L QJ � D � I HPD O H � � �Q��PXVX\DD�

EH L Q J � D � � I R RG H H � � �Q��IRRGHH\DD�EH L QJ � D � J L U O � �Q��VXQNXWX\DD�EH L Q J � D � J RRG � S O D \ H U � �Q�ZDDQHH\DD�

EH L Q J � D � J U H D W �P\V W L F �PDQ � �Q�ZROLL\DD�

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EH L Q J � D � \ R X W K � �Q��IRQGLQNHH\DD�E H L Q J � D G DPDQ W � �Q��NDQMDD�E H L Q J � D Q � H X Q X F K � �Q��NHHQWDQ\DD�EH L QJ � DQ � L Q I L G H O � �Q��NDDILUL\DD�EH L Q J � D Q � R O G H U � S H U V RQ � �Q�NHHEDD\DD�

EH L Q J � D V VR F L D W H V � �Q��NDIXØRR\DD�E H L Q J � E H G �PD W H V � �Q��ODDxRR\DD�EH L QJ � E H W U D \ H U � �Q��ILVLULZDOOHH\DD�EH L Q J � E O D F N � �Q��ILØR�E H L Q J � E X V \ � �Q��GHZRR�EH L QJ � F D U H I X O � �Q��KDNLOLWXZR�E H L Q J � F D X JK W � �VY��PXWDULØ�E H L Q J � F L U F XPF L V H G � �Q��ØDQVLQ\DD�E H L Q J � F R X V L Q V � �Q��VDQDZX\DD�E H L Q J � G H V W U R \ H G � �VY��NDVDDUDULØ�EH L QJ � G L O L J HQ W � �Q��VRREHH\DD�EH L QJ � G L V F L S O L Q HG � �Q��NXXORØR�E H L Q J � H Q R X J K � �Q��NDDxDØR�EH L QJ � H Y L O � �Q��NXWXQNDQQD\DD�EH L QJ � H [ F L W H G � �Q��NXIDØR�EH L QJ � I R R O L V K � �Q��IXXULØ\DD�E H L Q J � J O X W W R Q R X V � �Q��MDUDERR�NRQRPRR\DD��PHH\DD�

E H L Q J � J R R G � S H U V R Q � �Q�KDGDPDGLØ\DD�

EH L Q J � K H O G � �VY��PXWDULØ�E H L Q J � K XPD Q � E H L Q J � �Q�KDGDPDGLØ\DD�

EH L QJ � L G L R W L F � �Q��WRROHH\DD�EH L QJ � O R V W � �Q��ILORR�EH L Q J � O X F N \ � �Q��IDODGL\DD�PDQWDDEHØR�

E H L Q J �P H D Q � R Q � I R R G � �Q��SLVDDORR�EH L QJ �PH U F L I X O � �Q��KLLQDQWHH\DD�EH L Q J �PH U F L O H V V � �Q��KLLQDQWDØ\DD�E H L Q J �P L Q G I X O � �Q��KDNLOLWXZR�E H L Q J � Q H H G \ � �Q��xDDQRR�E H L Q J � Q H L J K E R X U V � �Q��VLLxRR\DD�EH L QJ � S H W W \ � �Q��PHVH\DD�E H L Q J � S U H J Q D Q W � �Q��NRQRPDD\DD�EH L Q J � V H Q V L E O H � �Q��KDNLOLPDD\DD�EH L Q J � V H U L R X V � �Q��VRREHH\DD�

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E H L Q J English-Mandinka

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E O R F N � �Q��EXORRNRR�E O R F N D G H � �Q��EDQWDPELORR��NDOHH�VXNRR�

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E O R R G � �Q��\HORR�E O RZ � �Y��IHH��ILQMD��ILQMD��IXXQXQGL�MDQL�

E O RZ � DZ D \ � F O R X G V � � �Y��ZDDULQGL�E O RZH U � �Q��IHHUDØR�E O RZ L Q J � �Q��IHHURR�E O RZQ � DZ D \ � F O R X G � � �Y��ZDDUL�E O RZ Q � R Q H � �Q��MDQLULØR�E O X H � �DGM��EXOXX��EXOXXULØR��EXOXXWD�

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English-Mandinka % O X H% O XH � I R U � F O R W K HV � �Q��EXOXZR�ER D U G � � � D E D Q G RQ � �Y��EXOD�ERD UG � O L N H � W K L QJ � �Q��ZDODD�ERD V W � �Y��NLELUL��VDSX��ZDVX�ER D V W � R Q � D Q � R S R Q H Q W � �Y��SLLSLL�ER D V W H G � �Q��SLLSLLWD�ER D V W H G � �YQ��ZDVXWD�ERDV W I X O � �DGM��QHØR�GL\DDWD�ERD V W I X O Q H V V � �Q��QHØ�GL\DD�ER D V W L Q J � �Q��SLLSLLURR��VDSRR�ERD W � �Q��IHxRR��NXOXØR�E R G \ � �Q��EDODMDDWRR��EDORR��MDDWRR�ERG\ � K D L U � �Q��EDODWL\R�ERG\ � M R L Q W � �Q��VXXIRR�ERG \ � S D L Q � �Q��FDØD\RR�ER L O � �Y��IDML��NRWRQGL�ER L O � �Q��ID\RR��\LWRR�ER L O � V RPH W K L Q J � �Y��IDMLQGL�ER L O H G � �DGM��NHWXQGLULØR�ER L O H G � D QG � I H UPHQ W H G � O R F V � �Q�QHWHWXZR�

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E X P S H G English-Mandinka

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English-Mandinka FDV W U D W H GFDV W U D W HG � �DGM��VHHQHULØR�FDV W U D W HG � �YQ��SXNDWD�FDV W U D W H G � D Q LPD O � �Q��VHHQHH�FDV W U D W HG � JRD W � �Q��EDDVHHQRR�FDV W U D W H G � U DP � �Q��VDDPRRUHH�FDV W U D W L QJ � �YQ��SXNDURR�FDV W U D W L QJ � W RR O � �Q��SXNDULODØR�FD W � �Q��xDQNXPRR�FD W � I L VK � �Q��NXQNHOHØR�FD W DSX O W � �Q��ODQVLSHHURR��NDWDSRRORR�FD W FK � �Y��PXWD�FD W FK � E \ � V X U S U L V H � �Y��WHHULQGL�F D W F K � U H G � K D QG HG � �Y��WHHULQGL�F D W F K � X S � �Y��VRWR�F D W F K L Q J � �YQ��PXWDURR�&D W W O H � �Q��QLLVRR�FD W W O H � HJ UH W � �Q��KDDULNR\RR�NXQDQNR\RR�

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F D X V H � W R � E XPS � �Y��WDNLQGL�F DXVH � W R � F DSV L ] H � �Y��NXSLQGL�FDXVH � W R � F D U U \ � O D RG � �Y��xXQGL�F DXVH � W R � F O LPE � �Y��VHOHQGL�F DXVH � W R � F RPP L W � H Y L O � �Y��PDULVD�F DX V H � W R � F RQ W L Q X H � �Y��WHQWHQGL�FDXVH � W R � F U \ � �Y��NXPERQGL�F DXVH � W R � F X U Y H � �Y��ØRRMLQGL�F DX V H � W R � G D Q F H � �Q��GRQGL�F D X V H � W R � G H F H QG � �Y��MLQGL�F DXVH � W R � G HQ W � �Y��ERRPXQGL�F D X V H � W R � G U H DP � �Y��VLLERQGL�FDXVH � W R � G U H V V �ZH O O � �Y��SDUHQGL�F DX V H � W R � H G X F D W H G � �Y��ORQGL�FDXVH � W R � HQ M R \ � RQH V � O L I H � �Y�ØDDxDQGL�

F DX V H � W R � H V F DS H � �Y��NDQDQGL�FDXVH � W R � I D L Q W � �Y��NHWXQGL�FDXVH � W R � I H O O � �Y��ER\LQGL�FDXVH � W R � I H U U \ � �Y��WH\LQGL�FDXVH � W R � I L JK W � �Y��NHOHQGL�FDXVH � W R � I O D VK � �Y��ØDODVLQGL�FDXVH � W R � I O \ � �Y��WLQGL�FDXVH � W R � I R U J H W � �Y��xLQDQGL�FDXVH � W R � J H W � R X W � �Y��ILQWLQGL�F DXVH � W R � J H W � X S � �Y��ZXOLQGL�F DX V H � W R � J R � R Q � �Y��WHQWHQGL�FDXVH � W R � K DYH � D � W D V W H � �Y��QHQHQGL�F D X V H � W R � K D Y H � S U R E O HP � �Y�WRRUDQGL�

FDXVH � W R � KX U U \ � �Y��KDZXMLQGL�F D X V H � W R � N Q RZ � �Y��ORQGL�FDXVH � W R � O H DQ � �Y��QDMLQGL��VHPEHQGL�FDXVH � W R � O L N H � �Y��ODILQGL�FDXVH � W R � O R QJ � I R U � �Y��KDPHQGL�F DXVH � W R � O R R V H � �Y��ODNDWL�FDXVH � W R � O R V H � �Y��IRQGL�

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F D X V H English-Mandinka

FDXVH � W R �PDNH � H I I R U W � �Y��ZDNLOLQGL�F D X V H � W R �PR Y H � �Y��NDWDQGL�F DXV H � W R � S D V V � �Y��WDPELQGL�F DXVH � W R � S U H S D U H � �Y��SDUHQGL�FDXVH � W R � U H I X V H � �Y��EDODQGL�FDXVH � W R � U H W X U Q � �Y��PXUXQGL�VD\LQGL��VH\LQGL�

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F DX V H � W R � V X U S D V V � �Y��WDPELQGL�F DX V H � W R � VZHD U � �Y��NDOLQGL�FDXVH � W R � VZH O O � �Y��IXXQXQGL�FDXVH � W R � W D N H � W LPH � �Y��PHQGL�FDXVH � W R � W H O O � O L H V � �Y��IDQL\DQGL�FDXVH � W R � W R � E H �ZH W � �Y��VLQDQGL�FDXVH � W R � W U DQV I H U � �Y��xRULQGL�VDZXQGL�

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FDXVH �ZD W H U � W R � D SSHD U � L Q � � �YQ�VRQGL�

FDXVHG � W R � E H � D F W L Y H � �Y��VDD\LQGL�F D X V H G � W R � E H � E L J � H Q R XJK � �Y�\LULZDQGL�

FDXVHG � W R � E H � F R U U H F W � �Y��VDKDQGL�F DXV HG � W R � E H � V H U L R X V � �Y�ZDMDELQGL�

FDXVHG � W R � E H � Y D O L G � �Y��VDKDQGL�FDXVHG � W R � F RQ I O L F W � �Y��ZDDOLQGL�F DX V HG � W R � F RQ Y H U W � �Y��WXXELQGL�F DX V HG � W R � F X U Y H � �Y��WXUXQHQGL�FDXVHG � W R � I O H H � �Y��ZXGDD\LQGL�FDXVHG � W R � I O R D W � �Y��\DQNDQGL�F D X V H G � W R � V O RZ � G RZQ � �Y�\RRUDQGL�

F DX V HG � W R � V Q H D N � �Y��\RROHQGL�F DXVHG � W R � VZH O O � �Y��\LWLQGL�FDXVHG � W R � W U D QV I H U � �Y��ZXWXQGL�FDXVHG � W R � W X U Q � L Q W R � � �Y��\HOHPDQGL�F D X V H � V RPHRQ H � � W R � E H � F R Q I � �Y�MDDKDOLQGL�

FDXV L QJ � W R � E H � I D L U � �YQ��WLOLQGLURR�F DX V L Q J � W R � E H � K RQ H V W � �YQ�WLOLQGLURR�

FDXV L QJ � W R � GR � H Y L O � �Q��PDULVDURR�FDXV L QJ � W R � I H U U \ � �YQ��WH\LQGLURR�F DXV L Q J � W R � J H W � X S � �YQ��ZXOLQGLURR�ZXOLQGRR�

FDXV L QJ � W R � U L V H � �YQ��ZXOLQGLURR�ZXOLQGRR�

F DX V L Q J � W U R XE O H � �Q��MDNDVRR�F D Y H � �Q��NRQNRKXZR�FH L O L QJ � �Q��ELORR�F H O H E D F \ � �Q��IXWXXEDOL\DD�FH O HED W H � �Q��IXWXXEDORR�F H O H EE U D W L Q J � �Q��MXXUDURR�FH O HE U D W H � �Y��MRPER��NLGLPDQGL�MXXUD��MXXUL�

FH O HE U D W L QJ � �YQ��MRPERR��MXXURR�FH O HE U D W L RQ � �Q��MXXUDURR�FH O HE U D W L RQ � �YQ��MRPERR��MXXURR�FH O O � �Q��VHHORR�F HPHQ W � �Q��VLPHQWRR�F HPH W U \ � �Q��EDDGHHNRR�F H Q VR U � �Y��NDQWDQGL��NRURVL�F H Q V R U L Q J � �YQ��NDQWDQGLURR�FHQ W H U � �Q��WDZXQWHH�FH U W D L Q O \ �GH�FH U W D L Q O \ � �H[��ND\��NR��NR�FKD I I � �Q��GRRIHH�FK D L Q � �Q��FHHQRR��MRORR�FKD L U � �Q��VLLUDØR�FKD O N � �Q��FRNRR�FK D O O H Q J H � �Y��GDWL�FKD O O H QJH � D �Z U H V W O H U � �Y��VXX�FK D O O H Q J L Q J � �YQ��GDWLURR�F K DPH O H R Q � �Q��xDQNRQNRØR�F K DPS L R Q � �Q��FDPSL\RØR�F K D Q J H � �Q��IDOLØR�F K D Q J H � �Y��IDOLØ��VDQVHH�FKDQJH � I L G H O L W \ � W R � �Y��EDGDOL�F K D Q J H G � �YQ��VDQVHHWD�FKDQJHV � D W � V H D � � �Q��ZDDPRR�F K D QJ H V � Y H U E � W R � Q R X Q � �WDD�F K D QJ H V � Y H U E V � W R � Q R X Q V � �UDØR�F K D Q J L Q J � �YQ��IDOLQGLURR�F K D Q J L Q J � �Q��VDQVHH��VDQVHHURR�FKDS W H U � R I � W K H �4X U DQ � �Q��VRRURR�FKD U DF W H U � �Q��PDQNXWRR�FKD U D F W H U � L V � G H I R UPHG � �DGM�WRRWLxDDWD�

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F K D UP � �Q��EXOXGXØR��KDDUDQGRR�KLMDDERR��NXEDQWRR��NDDWLPRR�QRPERR��xDPRR��VDDERR�

F K D UP � I R U � E HZ L W F K L Q J � �Q��VLWLNRØR�FK D UP � I R U � K H [ L Q J � �Q��VLWLNRØR�FKD UP � � L Q � O L T X L G � I R UP � � �Q��QDVRR�FKD UP � W K D W � E O L Q G V � �Q��GLELQGLUDØR�F K D UP � W R � ZR U N � �DGM��MDDEL��MDDEL�F K D V H � �Y��ED\��ED\LQGL�FKD W � �Y��NDFDD�FKD W � �Q��NDFDD�FKD W � Q L JK W � W LPH � � �Y��VXPXØ�FKD W W H G � �YQ��.DFDDWD�FKHD W � �Y��QDNDUL��WDSDOHH��xDDPHØ�FK H D W L Q J � �Q��QDNDURR��WDSDOHH\DD�F K H F N � �Q��WDPRR�FK H F N �PHG L F D O O \ � �Y��ZLVLWHH�FK H F N L Q J �PHG L F D O O \ � �Q��ZLVLWHHURR�F K H H N � �Q��NDDUDD�FKHH U � �Y��NLELUL�FK H H U L Q J � �Q��NLELURR�F K H H V H � �Q��FLLVRR�F K H T X H � �Q��FHNRR�FKHV W � �Q��NHHVRR��NXQQHH��VLVRR�F K HZ � �Y��xLPL�F K HZ H G � �YQ��xLPLWD�F K HZ L Q J � �YQ��xLPLURR��xLPRR�FK HZ L QJ � V W L F N � �Q��xLQMRRVLUDØR�FK L F N H Q � �Q��VXXVHH�FK LH I � R I � D �G L V W U L F W � �Q��VHHIRR�FK L H I � R I � D � Y L O O DJH � �Q��$OLNDDORR�FK L H I V � F RQ I H U HQFH � �Q��PDQVDEHØR�FK L O G � �Q��GLQGLØR��GLØR�FK L O G � W K D W � V W D U W HG �ZD O N � �Q�WDDPDQGLØR�

FK L O G � W U D L QH U � �Q��NXOXXULODD�F K L O G K R R G � �Q��GLQGLØ\DD�FK L O G O H V V � �Q��GLQWDØR�FK L O G U HQ � �Y��ERØR�FK L O G V �ZR UG � I R U � I D W KH U � �Q��3DD�&K LP S D Q ] H H � �Q��QGHPRR�FK L Q � �Q��ERPERØR�FKR L F H � �Q��GL\DD�F K R N H � �Y��FRRNX��VXNL�F K R R V H � �Y��NHVHØ��7RPERØ�F K R S � �Y��VHH��VHSX�FKRS � G RZQ � � W U H H V � � �Y��WHH�FKRS � L Q W R � S L H F H V � �Y��MDVLØ�MDVLØ�F K R S S L Q J � �YQ��VHSXURR�F K R V H Q � S H U V R Q � �Q��WRPERQPRR�FK U L V W H Q L QJ � �Q��NXOOL\R�FK U L V W L DQ � �Q��NXUXPHHWRR�FK U L V WPDV � �Q��NLULLVLPDDVRR�&K U R Q L F � J R Q R U U K R H D � �Q��VRSLLVRR�F K U R Q L F � Z R X Q G � �Q��WHORR�F K X U F K � �Q��FRRFRR�F K X U Q � �Q��IXUXIXUX�FKX U Q L QJ � V W L F N � �Q��IXUXIXUXODØR�

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English-Mandinka F L F D G DF L F DGD � �Q��NHUHOHØR�F LJD UH W W H � �Q��VLNDD��VLNDUHHWRR�F L Q HPD � �Q��VLQDPDD�F L U F XPF L V H � �Y��NDVD\��NX\DØ��VXQQD�F L U F XPF L V H G � �YQ��NDVD\LWD�F L U F XPF L V H G � �Y��VXQQDWD�F L U F XPF L V H G � S H U V R Q � �Q��ØDQVLØR�F L U F XPF L V L Q J � �YQ��VXQQDURR�F L U F XPF L V L Q J � �Q��NDVD\RR��NX\DØR�NX\DØER\RR��VXQQRR�

F L U F XPF L V L R Q � � F DPS � �Q��ZDDQDD�F L U F XPF L V V L R Q � �Q��EDUDPER\RR�EDUDØR��NDVD\RR��NX\DØR�NX\DØER\RR��VXQQRR�

F L U F XPF L V V L R Q � �YQ��VXQQDURR�F L U F XPF L V V L R Q � F DPS � �Q�PDQWDQNDURR��MXXMXZR�

F L U F XPV W D Q F H � �Q��DOLKDDORR�F L W L ] HQ � �Q��EDQNXGLØR��EDQNXGLQ\DD�F L W\ � �Q��VDDWHH�F L Y L O L V D W L RQ � �Q��NXQLØR�F L Y L O L V HG � �DGM��NXQLØ�F L Y L O L ] D W L RQ � �Q��VLELODD\LVRR�F L Y L O L ] HG � �DGM��VLELODD\LV�F O DQ � �Q��NDDELLORR�F OD U L I \ � �Y��NR\LQGL�F O D VV � �Q��NDODDVRR�F O D V V U R RP � �Q��NDODDVRR�F O DZ � �Q��ØRQVLØR�F O D\ � �Q��SRWRR�F O D \ L VK � �DGM��SRWRSRWR�F O H DQ � �YD��MDQNXWD�F O H DQ � �Y��MDQNXQGL�F O H DQ � �DGM��MDQNX��VHQXPDD��VHQH\DD�VHQH\DULØ��VHQH\DULØR��VHQH\DDWD�VHQXØR��VLELODD\LV��MDQNXULØR�

F O H D Q � R Q H � �Q��MDQNXULQR�F O H D Q HG � �DGM��MRRVLULØ��MRRVLULØR�F O H D Q L Q J � �YQ��VHQH\DQGLURR�F O H DQ L Q J � W R R � �Q��MDQNXQGLUDØR�F O H DQ O L Q H V V � �Q��MDQNRR��VHQH\DD�F O H DQ V H � �Y��NXX�F O H D Q V L Q J � �Q��NXZRR�F O HD U � �DGM��IDUDQPDQVD��NR\��NR\LWD�NR\LULØ��NR\LULØR��NR\RR��VHQXPDD�VHQH\DD��VHQH\DULØ��VHQH\DDWD�VHQXØR�

F O HD U � �Y��IDUDIDUD��IRURIRUR��MDQNXQGL�NDØRNHHV��.RRUD��NXUXED��NXXUD�VDDVDD�

F O HD U � �YD��MDQNXWD�F O HD U � � RQH V � W K URD W � �Y��NDØRVDDVDD�F O HD U � D � S O D FH � R I I � J U DVV � �Y��\DUL�F O H D U HG � �DGM��QXQNXULØ��VDDVDDULØ�F O HD U HG � I L H O G � �Q��NDNXERR�F O HD U HG �R I I � J U DVV � � H W F � � �DGM�\DULULØ�

F O HD U HG � R I I � J U DVV � H W F � �YQ��\DULWD�

F O H D U L QJ � �YQ��NXUXERR��VHQH\DQGLURR�F O HD U L QJ � D � I D UP � � H W F � �YQ��VDDVDDURR�F O HD U L QJ � J U DVV � � H W F � � �Q��\DURR�F O HD U O \ � �DGY��MDKDUDØ�F O H UN � �Q��NLODDNRR�F O HYH U � �DGM��IHHUH��KDNLOLGLLPDD�xDDPHQWD��xDDPHQGLØ��xDDPHQGLØR�xDDPHØ�

F O HYH U � �Q��NXØREHWH\DDWD�F O HYH U � �Y��xDDPHQGL�F O H Y H U Q H V V � �Q��xDDPHØR�F O L F N � R Q H V � W R QJXH � �Y��QHØR�EXQWDØ�FO L I I ��Q��EDDWRNRQNRR�F O LPE � �Y��VHOH�F O L P E � G RZQ � �Y��MLL�F O LPE HG � �YQ��VHOHWD�F O L P E H G � G RZQ � �Q��MLLWD�F O LPE L Q J � �Q��VHORR�F O LPE L QJ � E H O W � �Q��NDQGDDERR�F O LPE L Q J � U R S H � �Q��NDQGDDERR�F O L QJ � �Y��OHØOHØ��WHOOHØ���\RØ�F O L Q J L QJ � �VY��OHØOHQGLØ��\RQGLØ�F O L Q L F � �Q��ORSLWDDQRR�F O L WR U L V � �Q��EXWXNXØR��VROORR�F O R V H � �Y��EXUXND��NRR�F O R V H � �DGM��VXWL\DD�VXWX\DD��VXWL\DDWD�VXWL\DDULØ��VXWL\DDULØR��VXWXØR�

F O R V H � �SRVWS��VLQQD�F O R VH � V FKRR O � H W F � � �Y��VRURØ�F O R V H � W R JH W K H U � �VY��QDNLULx�F O R V HG � �Y��VRURQGLØ��WDZXQWD�F O R V H G � G RZQ � �Y��MLLWD�F O R VHG � GRR U � � H W F � � �VY��WDZXQGLØ�F O R V HG � V FKRR O � H W F � � �Y��VRURQWD�F O R V H Q H V V � �Q��VXWL\DD�F O R V L Q J � �YQ��GDDVRR�F O R V L Q J � D � G RR U � �Q��WDZXØR�F O R V L QJ � V FKRR O � H W F � � �Q��VRURØR�F O R W K � �Q��ED\RR�F O R W K � I R U � W \ L QJ � E DE\ � �Q�EDPEXUDØR�

F O R W K H V � �Q��GXQIHØROX��IHHWRRIDWRR�F O R W K H V � I R U � K R O G L Q J � E D F N � �Q�QHQHPXWDUDØR�

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FRDV W � �Q��EDDEDORR��EDDGDQGDØR�EDDGHQGHØR�

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FRE � R I �P L O O H W � �Q��xRRPXURR�FREE O H U � �Q��IDUDERR�FRE O H U � �Q��NDUDQNHH�FRE O H U V � G \H � I R U � O H D W KH U � �Q��NDIDD�FRE U D � �Q��FDSDWRR�F R F N � �Q��GXQWXØR��VLLVHHGXQWXØR�FRFN �Z L W K � G D U N � F R O R U V � �Q�IDUDQGXPERR�

F R F N F U RZ � �Q��GXQWXQNXPRR�FRFN O H U � �Q��ERVRR��PERVRR�F R F N U R D F K � �Q��xHSHWRR�F R F R D � S RZG H U � �Q��NRNRR�F R F R Q X W � �Q��NRNRR�FRFRQX W � I U X L W � �Q��NRNRGLØR�FRFRQX W � W U H H � �Q��WXEDDEXVLERR�FR I I H H � �Q��NDIHH�FR I I L Q � �Q��IXUHHNHHVRR�FR L Q V � �Q��NRGLFRURRVRR��NRGLPHVHØR�FR O G � �DGM��VXPD\DDWD��VXPD\DDULØ�VXPD\DDULØR��VXPDD�

FR O G � �Q��QHQRR��QXQWR�VDDVDD�VXPD\DD�VXPX\DD��VXPD\DD�

F R O G Q H V V � �Q��QHQRR�FR O O D S V H � �Y��KXUXNX�FR O O D U � �Q��NRRORR�FR O O HF W � �Y��NDQL�FR O O HF W � U D L Q � �Q��\RQWRURR�FR O O H F W L QJ � �YQ��NDQLØR�FR O O H F W R U � �Q��NDQLQQDD�FR O R X U � �Q��NXORRURR�FR O R X U � �Y��NXORRUL�FR O RX U L V H � �Y��NXORRUL�F RP E � �Q��NRRPRR��VDQWLUDØR�NXØVDQWLUDØR�

F RP E � �Y��VDQWL�F RPE L Q J � �Q��VDQWRRWR�F RPE L Q J � �YQ��VDQWLURR�F RPE U H W XP � �Q��MDPEDNDWDØR�NXQXQGLQGRORR�

F RPE U H W XP � Q L J U L F D Q D � �Q�NXOXQNDODØR�

F RPE U H W XP � S O D Q W � �Q��EDURR�F RP H � �Y��QDD�F RPH � I U RP � �Y��ER�F RP L Q J � �DGM��QDDODD�F RP L Q J � �Q��QDD�F RPPHPR U D W H � �Y��MXXUD��MXXUL�F RPP H Q F H � �Y��IRORR��NXPDDVL�F RPPH Q F L Q J � �YQ��IRORRURR�F RPP H Q G � �Y��MD\�F RPPH Q G D W L R Q � �Q��MD\LURR�F RPP H Q G L Q J � �Q��MD\LURR�

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F RPPH U F L D O English-Mandinka

FRPPH U F L D O � F H Q W U H � �Q��ILLULGXODD�F RPP L V V L R Q H U � �Q��NXPDQGDØR�F RPP L W � V L Q � �Y��VRRNL�F RPS D F W � �Y��GHQNXØ�F RPS D Q L R Q � �Q��NDIXxRR��PRRxRR�F RP S D Q \ � �Q��IDDPRR��NRPSLQRR�F RPS D U H � �Y��NXQWDNL�F RPS D U L V R Q V � WL��WL�F RPS H Q V D W H � �Y��VDUDD�F RPS H W H � �Y��xRR�VDED�F RPS H W L Q J � �YQ��xRR�VDERR�F RPSH W L W L R Q � �Y��NXOODDEDD\�F RPS O HPHQ W � I R U � D � F K D UP � �Q�VXPDUHH�

F RPS O HPHQ W � R I � V H Q W H Q F H � WL��WL�F RPS O H W H � �DGM��IXWDULØR��NHPSH�WLPPD��WLPPDWD��WLPPDULØR�

F RPS O H W H � �Y��IXWDQGL��NHPSHQGL�NXPIDD��ODED��WLPPDQGL�

F RPS O H W H � R Q H � �Q��WLPPDULØR�F RPS O H W H G � �DGM��ODEDQWD�F RPS O H W H G � �YQ��NXPIDDWD�FRPS O H W H O \ � �DGY��GDNL��IHU��IHUHØ�IHZ��NDZ��NHUHØ��QLN��SDN��ZHF�

FRPS O H W H O \ � �DGM��WHS�F RPS O H W L Q J � �YQ��ODEDQGLURR�FRPS O L F D W H � �Q��NROH\DQGL�FRPS O L F D W H � �Y��FDXV�F RPS O L F D W L Q J � �DGM��NROH\DD�NROH\DDWD��NROH\DDUL�

F RPS O L F D W L R Q � �Q��NROH\DD�F RP S R X Q G � �Q��NRULGDD�F RP S R X Q G � K H D G � �Q��NRULGDDWL\R�VXXWL\R�

F RP S R X Q G � R Z Q H U � �Q��VXXWL\R�F RPS R X Q G � W D [ � �Q��QDDPRR�xHWLWDQNRR�

F RPSX O V L R Q � �Q��IDULORR�F RPSX O V R U \ � �Y��IDULOD\DQGL�FRQ F H D O � �Y��QXNX��QXNXQGL�FRQFHD O � D � S H U VRQ V � V H F U H W � �Y�VXWXUD�

F R Q F H D O H G � �DGM��VXWXUD�FRQF HQ W U D W H V � �Y��xDDORR�F R Q F H U Q � �Q��xDDQRR�F R Q F H U Q H G � �DGM��IRQGLQVLUH\DD�xDDQL�

F R Q F H U Q H G � �Q��xDDQLUL�F R Q F O X G H � �Y��NXPIDD�F R Q F O X G H G � �YQ��NXPIDDWD�FRQGHPQHG � � W R � G H D W K � � H W F � � �Y�WXWD�

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F RQGR O H � W K H � E H U H D Y H G � �Y�VDØDNRQWRØ�

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F R Q I X V H G � �YD��MDDKDOLWD�FRQ I X V HG � Q R L V H � R I � Y R L F H V � �Q�ZDFDZDFRR�

F R Q I X V L R Q � �Q��ILORR��FDDZRR�F R QJ H D O � �Y��VLPEL�F R QJ H D O � �Q��PXWD��VLPELQGL��GXWX�F R Q J H D O H G � �DGM��VLPELULØ��VLPELULØR�F R Q J H D O H G � �Y��PXWDWD�FRQV L G H U � �Y��KDWL��NRQWL�FRQ VS L U D F \ � �Q��MDQIDD��IHHURR�FRQVS L U D W R U � �Q��MDQIDDODD�FRQVS L U H � �Y��MDQIDD�F RQ VS L U L Q J � �YQ��IHHUHHGDGDD�FRQV W L S D W H G � �DGM��NRQRRMDDWD�FRQV W L S D W L R Q � �Q��NRQRMDD�FRQ W D L Q H U � �Q��NDORRQRR��NHHUDØR�F R Q W HPS O D W H � �Q��PLLURR�F R Q W HPS W � �Q��MXWRR��MXWXWD�F RQ W HPS W L E O H � S H U V R Q � �Q�MXWXQQDPRR�

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F R Q Y H \ R U � �Q��GXQLUDØR�F R Q Y L Q F H � �YQ��VRQGL�F R Q Y L Q F H G � �DGM��VRQGLØR�F R R N � �Q��WDELULODD�F R R N � �Y��WDEL�F RR N � S R U U L G J H � �Y��GXX�F R R N H G � �Y��WDELWD�F R R N H G � �DGM��WDELULØR�F R R N H G � I R R G � �Q��FLQRR�F RR N H G � O R F X V W � E H D Q V � �Q��WXXOLØR�FRRNHG � U L F H � � H W F � �Q��NLQRR�F R R N L Q J � �YQ��WDELURR�F R R N L Q J � �Q��WDERR�F RR N L Q J � I R U � V RPH W K L Q J � � �YQ�xLQLQGLURR�

F R R N L Q J � S R W � �Q��NDOHHURR�FRRN L QJ � U L F H � �Q��FDOLML\R�FRRN L Q J � X W H Q V L O � �Q��WDELULMRRUDØR�F R R V � �Q��xRR�FRRV � FRRNHG � O L N H � U L F H � �Q��VHUHØR�F R R V � F R R V � �Q��IXWRR�F R R V F R R V � O XPS � �Q��IXWX�NDQNDWDØR�F R R V F R R V �P R O G � �Q��IXWX�NDQNDWDØR�F R SS H U � �Q��MDDORR�FRSX O D W H � �Y��ODDxRR\DD��PDD��VDPH�VHPH�

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FR U U HF W � �Q��WRxDD�FR U U HF W O \ � �DGY��NXX��NXXNH�FR U U XJD W HG � L U RQ � V KHH W � V � � �Q�NRULNHHWRR�

F R VPR V � �Q��DOLKDZDD�FR W W R Q � �Q��NRWRQGRR��NXWDQGRR�FR W W RQ � V W D L Q H U � �Q��EDQWDQNRRPHH�FR W W RQ � W U H H � �Q��EDQWDØR�F R W W R Q �ZRR O � �Q��NRWRQGLEXQDD�NRWRQGRR�

FRXF D O � �Q��MDPEDGXXGXZR�NDQGXXWRR�

F R X J K � �Q��NHWLNHWRR��WRRWRR�F R X J K � �Y��WRRWRR�FRXQF L O O R U � �Q��NDQVXORR�F R XQ W � �Y��GD��NDVDEL��NRQWL��\DDWHH�\LULND�

F R X Q W H G � �YQ��NRQWLWD��\DDWHHWD�FRXQ W H U � �Q��NRQWXZDDURR�F R XQ W L Q J � �YQ��GDQGLURR��\DDWHHURR�\LULNDURR�

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English-Mandinka F R X Q W L Q JF R XQ W L Q J � �Q��NRQWRR��VLLIDURR�FRXQ W O H V V � �DGM��GDPEDOL�F R X Q W Q J � �Q��NRQWLURR�FRXQ W U \ � �Q��EDQNRR��MDPDDQRR�F RXQ W U \ � S H U V R Q � �Q��VDQWRQNRR�F R X S R Q � �Q��NXSRØR�F R X U D J H � �Q��MXVRR��MXVXEHØR�F R X U D J H � �Y��GDQNHQH\DD�F R X U D J H R X V � �DGM��MXVRR�EHQWD�MXVXEHQGLØR�

FRX U W � �Q��NLLWLLGXODD��NLLWL\R�F RX U W � K R X V H � �Q��NLLWLLEXØR�F R X U W �P HPEH U � �Q��NLLWLLGLØR�FRX U W L Q J � �Q��PXVXØLQRR�PXVXØLQLØR�

F RX V L Q � �Q��VDQDZRR�FRYH U � �Y��ELWL��PXXUL��PXXUD�FRYH U � �Q��ELWLUDØR��NXEHHURR��OHHIDD�WDZXQGDØR��ELWLQGDØR��VXNLQGDØR�PXXULODØR�

FRYH U � D � ER W W O H � H W F � �Y��WDZXØ�FR Y H U � D Q � DPX O H W � �Y��EDWDQL�FRYH U D � ER W W O H � D � KR O H � � H W � � �Y��VXNL�F R Y H U H G � �DGM��VXWXUD�F R Y H U H G � X S � �YQ��VDDUHHWD�F R Y H U H G �Z L W K � E X V K � �DGM��xDQNDWD�xDQNDULØ��xDQNDULØR�

FRYH U HG � D � ER W W O H � H W � � �Y��WDZXQWD�FRYH U HG � D � ER W W O H � H W F � �VY��WDZXQGLØ�FRYH U L QJ � ER W W O H V � H W F � � �YQ��VXNLURR�F RZ D U G � �Q��MRRWHQWXØR�F RZD U G O L Q H V V � �Q��MRRWH\DD�F RZD U G O \ � �DGM��MRRWHH��MRRWH\DD�MRRWH\DDULØ�

FR �Z L I H � �Q��VLLQDD�FR �Z L I H � R I �PR W K H U � �Q��EDDVLLQDD�FRZ U L H � V KH O O � �Q��NXXUXØR�& U D E � �Q��xDQNDURR�F U DFN � �Q��IDURR�F U DQH � �Q��OHQNRR�F U DZ O � �Y��NXUXQWX�F U DZ O � � R Q � N Q HH � � �Y��ØXQXPD�F U DZ O H G � �YQ��NXUXQWXWD��ØXQXPDWD�F U DZ O L Q J � �Q��ØXQXPRR�F U H DP � �Q��QDDUHH�F U HD WR U � �Q��GDDULODD�F U HD W X U H � �Q��EHH\DØR��GDDIHØR�F U HG L W � F D UG � �Q��GRQWRULND\LWRR�F U HG L W R U � �Q��GRQWRULODD�F UHH @ � �Y��ZDD\HH�F U HHN � �Q��ERORØR��MLLEXORR�& U HR O H � S H RS O H � �Q��$NXZR�F U H R O H � S H U V RQ � �Q��+DNXZR�F UHR O H � W U L EH � �Q��+DNXZR�F U H R VR W H � �Q��NDUDEDOLLQRR�F U L FNH W � �Q��WRURQNRVRR�F U L SS O H � �Q��ODQMXUXWRR�F U L SS O H � �Y��ODQMXUX�

F U L SS O HG � �DGM��ODQMXUXULØR�F U L SS O HG � �VY��ODQMXUXULØ�F U L SS O HG � �Y��ODQMXUXWD�FU L W L FD O � �DGM��PDQHHWD��PDQHHULØ�F U R FRG L O H � �Q��EDPERR�F U R R N H G � �DGM��MHQNHØ�MHQNHØ�MHQNHULØR��ØRRMLULØ��ØRRMLULØR�WLOLPEDORR��MHQNH�

F U R R N H G � �Q��MHQNHULØ�F U R R N H G � �YD��MHQNHWD�F U R R N H G � �YQ��ØRRMLWD�F U R R N H G Q H V V � �Q��IRURQGLQ\DD�MHQNRR��WLOLQEDOL\DD�

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F X V W RP � G H S D U WP H Q W � �Q��GXZDDxL�NXQGDD�

F X V W RP � S R V W � �Q��GXZDDxL�NXQGDD�F X V W RPV � G X W \ � �Q��GXZDDxRR�FXV W RPV � R I I L F H U � �Q��GXZDDxRR�FX W � �Q��NXQWXQGDØR��QDPRR�FX W � �Y��MDVLØ�MDVLØ��NXQWX��QDPD�FX W � �DGM��QDPDULØ��QDPDULØR�F X W � G RZQ � �Y��MDVL�FX W � I L QJH U � QD L O V � H W F � �Y��WHUX�FX W � J U D V V � �Y��IDUDIDUD��\DUL�FX W � KD L U � �Y��EDDEX�FX W � KD L U � Y H U \ � VKR U W � � �Y��PHVX�FX W � L Q W R � S L H FHV � �Y��NXQWXØ�NXQWXØ�FX W � R I � �Y��MDVL�FX W � R I I � �Y��NXSHH��NXSHHWD�FX W � R I I � O H D YHV � DQG � VPD O O � �Y�ZDUDZDUD�

FX W � RX W � O D QG � �Y��)DUD�FX W �Z L W K � D � V L F N O H � �Y��NDD�FX W O D V V � �Q��IDØR�FX W O H U \ � �Q��GRPRULODØR�FX W W H U � �Q��NXQWXUXODØÙ��NXQWXUDØR�FX W W L Q J � �Q��NXQWRR��NXQWXURR��WH\RR�F\F O H � �Q��VXZRR�G D JJ H U � �Q��WDPEDPXURR��WDPERR�GD L O \ � F KR U H V � �Q��PXUDDGRR�'D O DV L � �Q��GDODVRR�G DP D J H � �Y��ODQMXUX�G DP D V T X H � �Q��0EDVDxRR�G DP Q � �Y��KDODNL�G DP Q � �DGM��KDODNLULØ�G DP Q H G � �DGM��KDODNL��KDODNLULØR�G DP Q H G � �Q��KDODNLWD�G DP S � �DGM��PRQWR�G DP S H Q � �Y��VLQDQGL�G DPS Q H V V � �DGM��PRQWRR�

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G D Q F H English-Mandinka

G D Q F H � �Q��IHUHH�G D Q F H � �Y��GRØ�G DQ F H U � �Q��GRQQDD�G D Q F L Q J � �YQ��GRØR�GDQF L QJ � F L U F O H � �Q��OXZR�G D Q F L Q J � J U R X Q G � �Q��GRQGXODD�G DQ F L Q J � S O D F H � �Q��GRQGXODD�GDQG U X I I � �Q��NDUDDVRR�GD U H � �DGM��KDDxL�G D U H Q H V V � �Q��KDDxRR�GD U L Q J � �DGM��KDDxL�GD U N � �DGM��GLELULØ��GLELULØR��GLELWD�GLEL�

GD U N � F R O R U H G � �DGM��GLELUL��GLEL�G D U N Q H V V � �Q��GLERR�GD W H � S D OP � �Q��NRURVRR��NXQMXQNRR�G DXJK W H U � �Q��GLQPXVRR�G DZ Q � �Q��GXQWXQNXPRR��VXEDD�G DZQ �P H D O � G X U L Q J � 5 DPD G D Q � �Q�VXXURR�

GD \ � �Q��WLORR��OXØR�GD\ � E H I R U H � \ H V W H U G D \ � �Q�NXQXQNRR�

GD\ � E U H D N � �Y��IDQRRNHWD�GD\ � E U H D N � �Q��IDQLNHH�G H D G � �DGM��VDDULØR�G H D G � �VY��VDDULØ�G H D G � �YQ��VDDWD�G H D G � E R G \ � �Q��IXUHH�GHD I � �DGM��WXORRWH\LWD�GHD O � �Z L W K � � �Y��PXX�GHD O �Z L W K � �Y��MDQMXØ�GHD O W � �Y��MDQMXQWD�GHD O W � �Z L W K � � �Y��PXXWD�GH D W K � �YQ��EHORR�GH D W K � �Q��ODWHH��VDD\DD�GHD W K � R I � D � S H U V RQ � �Q��VDØRR�GHE W � �Q��MXORR�GHE W � �Y��NDQL�GHFH L Y H � �Y��IHHUH��ILOLQGL��NHWX�WDSDOHH��xDDPHØ�

G H F H L Y H G � �DGM��ILOLULØR�GHFH L Y H U � �Q��ILOLQGLULODD�GH F H L Y L Q J � �Q��NHWXURR��QHHQHH�'H F HPE H U � �Q��'LLVHPEDNDURR�G H F H Q G � �Y��MLL�G H F H Q G D Q W V � �Q��NRRPRR�G H F H QG DQ W � V � � R I � $ G DPD � �Q�DGDPDGLØR�

G H F H Q G H G � �Y��MLLWD�GH F HQ W � �YD��MDQNXWD�GH F HQ W � H D U Q L Q J � �Q��KDDODDORR�G H F H S W L R Q � �Q��ILORR��NHWXURR��QHHQHH�WDSDOHH�

GH F L G H � �Y��NLLWL\RNXQWX�G H F L G H G � �Y��NXPRRNXQWX�GHF L H Y H � �Y��QHHQHH�GHF O D U D W L RQ � �Q��EDQNHH�

GHF O D U H � �Y��EDQNHH�GHF O L Q H � �Y��MLL��\RRUD�GH F O L Q H G � �Y��\RRUDWD��MLLWD�GH F O L Q H G � �DGM��MXXWD�GHFR U D W H � �Y��NLGLPDQGL��xDUDQGL�xLLxDQGL�

GHFR U D W H �Z L W K � O L S V W L F N � �Q��UXXMRR�GHFR U D W L QJ � D � V W L F N � �Q��xDQFRR�G H F U H H �*RG � � �Q��ODxLQRR�GHG L F D W H G � �DGM��VDD\L��VDD\LWD�VDD\LULØ��VDD\LULØR��ZDNLOLULØ�

GHG L F D W L Q J � �Y��ZDNLOL�GHG L F D W L Q J � �DGM��NXØRIDDWD�G H H G � �Q��NDVRR��NHHEDDURR��NHHNXZR�NHHURR��VRØR�

G H H S � �DGM��GLLQRØ��GLQND�G H H S � �Y��KDNLORRERULWD�G H H S Q H V V � �Q��GLLQRØR�GHH U � �Q��MLQNLMDQNRR��NRQNRWRØR�G H I DPD W L R Q � �Q��WRRxDD�G H I DPH � �Y��WRRWLxDD�G H I DPH � �Q��NDMDIL�G H I DP H G � �DGM��WRRWLxDDWD�G H I DP L Q J � �Q��NDMDILURR�GH I HD W � �Y��NXWX�GH IHD W � D � U L YD O � �Y��\DQNDQGL�GH I H FD W H � �Q��NDEDDQL�GH I H F D W H G � �Q��EXX�GH I H F D W L Q J � �YQ��EXXNHH�GH I HF W � �Q��HOORR��ODQMXURR�G H I H Q G � �Y��IDDVDD��NDQMX�GH I H QG H U � �Q��NDQMXULODD�G H I H Q G L Q J � �Q��NDQMXURR�G H I H Q G L Q J � �YQ��IDDVDDURR�GH I L Q H � �Y��ILULØ�G H I R UP � �Y��ODQMXUX�G H I R UP H G � �Y��ODQMXUXWD��QDDVL�G H I R UP H G � �DGM��ODQMXUXULØR��QDDVLWD�QDDVLULØR�

G H I R UP H G � �VY��ODQMXUXUL�G H I R UPH G � S H U V R Q � �Q��ODQMXUXWRR�GH I R UP L W \ � �Q��ODQMXURR��QDDVRR�VRRWDDURR�

GH O D \ � �Q��WDIDO�WDIDO�GH O D \ � �Y��GXNXQGL��QDDIDQGL�QDPEDUD�

GH O D \ H G � �Y��QDPEDUDWD�GH O D \ L Q J � �Q��WDIDO�WDIDORR�GH O L EH U D W H � D F W � �Q��WDZRR�GH O L F D W H � �Q��NDWLIHØR�GH O L F L RXV � �DGM��GLLPDD��GL\DDULØ�WLPL\DD��GL\DDWD��GL\DD�

GH O L F L R X VQ H V V � �Q��GL\DD�GH O L Y H U � �Y��MLLGL��ZXOXX�GH O L Y H U L QJ � �Q��ZXOXZR�GH O L Y H U L QJ � � O D ERX U � �Q��WLØR�G HPD U F D W H � �Q��VXPDØ�G HPD U F D W H � �Y��QXXQHH�

G HPD U F D W H G � �Y��VXPDQWD�G HPD U F D W L Q J � �Q��VXPDØR�G HPD U F D W L Q J � �YQ��VXPDQGLURR�G HPR U D O L V L Q J � �Q��SLLSLLURR�G HPR W H � �Y��MLQGL�GHQ W � �Y��ERRPX��KXGXNX�GHQ W � �Q��KXGXNRR�G H Q W H G � �VY��ERRPXULØ�G H Q W H G � �DGM��ERRPXULØR�GHQ W L V W � �Q��xLØ�MDDDUDODD�G H Q \ � �Y��EDOL��GDDMDD��NDQRMDD�GHQ\ � D � V W D W HPHQ W � �Y��VRRVRR�G H Q \ L Q J � �Q��GDDMDD�GHQ \ L Q J � D � V W D W HPHQ W � �YQ�VRRVRRURR�

GHSD U W � �Y��ER��WDD�G H S D U WPHQ W � �Q��IDQQDD�G H S H Q G � �Y��VHPEH��WXNX��\DDND�G H S H Q G L Q J � �VY��WXNXULØ�GHS U L F L D W H � �DGM��IXXWL�G H S W K � �Q��GLLQRØR��GLQNRR�G H SX W \ � �Q��GLSLWHH�GHVF U L E H � �Y��PLVDDOL��WDDPDQVHHU�GHVF U L S W L R Q � �Q��PLVDDORR�WDDPDQVHHURR�

GHVH U W �ER��D��WR�GHVH U W � �Y��NRRGLL�GHV L U H � �Q��ODIRR��GL\DD�GHVSD L U � �Q��GHZRR�GHVSD U D W H � �DGM��GHZX�GHVSD U D W H � �Q��MDNDOL�GHVSH U D W H � �DGM��GHZXWD��GHZXUL�GH VS L V H � �Y��MXWX�G H VS L V L Q J � �Q��MXWRR�GHV W L Q D W L R Q � �Q��GDQGXODD�GHV W U R \ � �Y��NDVDDUD��ODNDWL�GHV W U R\ � D � S O D FH � W R � U X L Q � �Y�WXPEX�

G H V W U R \ H G � �Y��NDVDDUDWD�G H V W U R \ H G � �VY��NDVDDUDUL��WLLxDQGL�GH V W U R \ L Q J � �YQ��NDVDDURR�WLLxDQGLURR�

GHV W U X F W L R Q � �YQ��NDVDDURR�GHV W U X F W L R Q � �Q��WLLxDDURR�GH W D L Q H G � �DGM��PXWDULØR�G H W K U R Q H � �Y��ZXUD�G H Y H O R S � �Y��MLLGL��MLLGLQGL��NXUXNXUX�\LULZDD��\LULZDQGL�

G H Y H O R S H G � �DGM��\LULZDDWD�G H Y H O R SPHQ W � �Q��\LULZDD�GHY L O � �Q��MLQRR��NRQWRURØR��VHHWDDQRR�VH\LWDDQRR�

GHY L O � D � N L QG � R I � VKR U W � � �Q�NRQGRURØR�

G HZ � �Q��EDQMRR��NRPERR�G L D E H W H V � �Q��VXNXUXNXXUDØR�G L DP R Q G � �Q��OXXOXXZR�G L D U U KR H D � �Q��NRQRED\RR�

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English-Mandinka G L E E O HG L E E O H � �Y��OXSD�G L F L S O L Q H � �Q��KRURPRR�G L H � �Y��EHOH��IDD��)DDWX��IDD��IDD��VDD�G L H � QD WX U D O O \ � �Y��MLID�G L I I H U HQFH � �Q��IDWDQIDQVRR�G L I I H U HQ W � �DGM��IDWD�G L I I H U HQ W � FR O R U V � �DGM��IDQWD�IDQWD�G L I I H U HQ W L D W H � �Y��IDUDQIDQVL�IDWDQIDQVL�

G L I I L FX O W � �DGM��NROHØR��NROH\DD�NROH\DDWD��NROH\DDULØ��NROH\DDULØR�PDQHHULØ�

G L I I L FX O W � �Y��FDXV�G L I I L FX O W � �Q��NROH\DD��NROH\DQGL�G L I I L FX O W � RQH � �Q��NROHPDD�G L J � �Y��VLØ�G L JJ H U � �Q��VLQGDØR��VRPERR�G LJJH U � �ZH O O � � �Q��NRORQVLQQDD�G L J RX W � �Y��ZLUL�G L N H � �Q��EDODØR�G L O L J HQFH � �Q��VRREHH�G L O L J HQ W � �DGM��VRREH\DDWD�VRREHH\DDULØ��VRREHH\DULØR�VRREHH\DD�

G L O L J HQ W O \ � �DGY��VRREHHNH�G L O X W H � �Y��FXQWL��MXPEX�G L O X W HG � �Y��MXPEXWD�G L Q H � �Y��VLLPDØ�G L QQ H U � �Q��VLLPDØR�G L S � �Y��EXOD�G L S � L Q � E O X H � �Y��EXOXX�G L U HF W � �Y��WDDPDQVHHUL�G L U H F W L RQ � �Q��PDDIDØ��PDDIDØR�WDDPDULVHH�

G L U W \ � �DGM��QRR��QRRWD��QRRULØ�xHPEXWD��xHPEXULØ��xHPEXULØR�

G LVDE L O L W \ � �Q��QDDVRR�G L V DE O H � �Y��QDDVLQGL�G L V DE O H � �DGM��QDDVLWD��QDDVLULØ�G L V D E O H G � �Y��QDDVL�G L V D E O H G � �DGM��QDDVLULØR�G L V D J U H HPHQ W � �Q��EHPEDOL\DD�G L V DJ U H H V � �Q��EDODQQDD�G L V D SS H D U � �Y��\HHPDØ�G L V D S S H D U H G � �Y��\HHPDQWD�G L V D SS H D U L Q J � �Q��\HHPDØR�G L V D S S R L Q WP H Q W � �Q��MLNLWLxDD�G L VDV W H U � �Q��DOLEDODD��MDDMDDQRR�NRRURR��PDDVLLERR��EDDNDDURR�

G L VEH O L H Y H � �Q��ODQQDEDOL\DD�G L VEH O L H YH U � �Q��ODQQDEDORR�G L V F � �Q��OHHIDD�G L V F � S O D \H U � �Q��SLNRRIRR�G L VF L S O H � �Q��VDD\LERR�G L V F L S O L Q H � �Q��NXOXZR�G L V F L S O L Q H � �Y��NXOXX��VDUL\DØ�G L V F L S O L Q HG � �DGM��NXOXX��NXOXXULØR�NXOXXULØ�

G L V F L S O L Q HG � �YQ��NXOXXWD�G L V F L S O L Q L QJ � �Q��NXOXXURR��NXOXZR�G L V F O R V H � �Y��WHQNHUH��ZDDxDDUL�G L VF O RVH � D � V HF U H W � � �Y��WHQNHUH�G L V F O R V HG � �VY��ODQNHQHPDUL�G L V F O R V HG � �Y��ODQNHQHPD�ODQNHQHPDWD�

G L V F O R V HG � �YQ��ZDDxDDULWD�G L V F O R V L Q J � �YQ��ZDDxDDURR�G L V FR � D U H Q D � �Q��EDDORR�G L V F RP I R U W � �Q��ILWL\R�G L V F RQ W H Q W � �Q��ZDVDEDOL\DD�G L V F R X U D J H G � �DGM��MLNLODWHH�G L V F RX U D J HG � � E \ � D � S U H Y L R X � �DGM�NLMRR�ERWD�

G L V F U LP L Q D W H � �Y��IDWDQIDQVL��NHVHØ�G L V F X V V � �Y��NXØORRWD��NDFDD�G L V FXVV � V HF U H W O \ � �Y��NXØORR�G L V F X V V H G � �YQ��.DFDDWD�G L V F X V V L Q J � �Q��NDFDD�G L V F X V V L R Q � �Q��NDFDD�G L V H D V H � �Q��NXXUDØR�G L V J U D F H � �Q��PDORR�G L V J U D F H � �Y��PDOXQGL�G L V J U D F L Q J � �Q��PDOXQGLURR�PDOXQGRR�

G L V J X V W H G � �DGM��IDVL�G L V K � �Y��NDOHH�G L V K � R X W � I R R G � I R U � V RPHRQ H � �Y�QLLER�

G L V K RQ H V W � �YD��MHQNHWD�G L V K RQ H V W � �DGM��MHQNHULØR�WDSDOHH\DDWD��WDSDOHH\DDULØ�WLOLPEDORR��MHQNH�

G L V K R Q H V W � S H U V R Q � �Q��WDSDOHH�WDSDOHH\DD��WLOLQEDORR�

G L V K RQ H V W \ � �Q��IRURQGLQ\DD�IRUR\DD�EDOL\DD��WDSDOHH��WDSDOHH\DD�WLOLQEDOL\DD�

G LV O L NH � �Q��WDQD�G LV O L NH � �Y��NRØ�G L V O R FD W H � �Y��NXEL��NXSLQGL�G L V O R F D W H G � �Y��NXSL��NXSLWD�G L V O R F D W L R Q � �Q��NXERR�G L VPDQ W O H � �Y��MDQMDØ��NRORØ�G L VPDQ W O H G � �Y��NRORQGLØ��NRORQWD�G L VPDQ W O L Q J � �YQ��MDQMDQGLURR�G L VP L V V � �Y��ED\�G L V R E H G L H Q F H � �Q��VRRNLURR��VRRNRR�G L V R E H \ � �Y��VRRNL�G L V R E H \ � V RPHRQ H � H W F � � �Y��VRRVRR�G L V S HQ V D U \ � �Q��ORSLWDDQRR�G L V S H U V H � �Y��MDQMDØ��MDQMDQGL�G L V S H U V L Q J � �YQ��MDQMDQGLURR�G L VS O D \ � �Y��ODD��ODD��ODD�G L V S O D \ L Q J � �Q��ODDURR�G L V U H VSHF W I X O � �Q��KRURPDQWDØR�G L V U H VSHF W I X O � �DGM��KRURPDQWDØR�

G L V VD W L V I D F W L RQ � �Q��ZDVDEDOL\DD�MXVXERR�

G L V VR O Y H � �Y��\RR\�G L V V R O Y H G � �YQ��\RR\LWD�G L V W D Q F H � �Q��MDQIRR�G L V W L Q JX L V K � �Y��IDUDQIDQVL�G L V W L Q J X L V K HG � �DGM��IDUDQPDQVD�G LV W U L F W � �Q��VHHIXEDQNRR��WXQGRR�G L VXQ L W \ � �Q��EHPEDOL\DD�G L W FK � �Q��GLQNRR�G L Y H U V L RQ � �Q��ODQIHH�ODPIHH��G L Y H U V L RQ � U R DG � � �Q��ODQIHHVLORR�G LYH U W � �Y��ODPIHH�G L Y L G H � �Y��WDODD�G L Y L G HG � �Y��WDODDWD�G L Y L G HG � �DGM��WDODDULØ�G L Y L V L RQ � L Q � D � Y L O O DJH � �Q��NDDELLORR�G L Y R U F H � �Q��IXWXXEDØR��PXVXEXORR�G L Y R U F L Q J � RQH V �Z L I H � �Q�PXVXEXORR�

G L ] ] L Q H V V � �Q��xDDPLQLØR�G R � �Y��ZDD��NH�GR � D � I RX U W K � W LPH � �Y��QDDQLQMDØ�GR � D � V H F RQG � W LP H � �Y��IXODQMDØ�GR � D � V L [ W K � W LPH � �Y��ZRRURQMDØ�GR � D � W K L U G � W LPH � �Y��VDEDQMDØ�GR � D E R X W � �Y��NXWXWHH�GR � D J D L Q � �Y��VD\LQNDØ��VH\LQNDØ�GR � I R U � V RPH W LPH � �Y��IDDPDWD�GR � I R U � W K H � H L JK W K � W LPH � �Y��VH\LQMDØ�GR � VP L W K � ZR U N � �Y��WXQNDØ�GR F N H U � �Q��GRRNDDVRR�GRF W R U � �Q��GRNLWDURR�G R F XP H Q W � �Q��ND\LWRR�GRHVQ W � �DGY��EXND�GRHVQ W � S DQ L F � H D V L O \ � �DGM��NLMRREDQEDQWD�

G R J � �Q��ZXORR�GRJ � I L V K � �Q��MLLWRZXORR�GR O O � �Q��WXEDDEXGLØR�GR O S K L Q � �Q��NXQWXPEHORR�G RP L Q D W H � �Y��NXWX�GRQ D W H � �Y��MDQVD�GRQ D W L R Q � �Q��MDQVRR�GRQH � D � I R X U W K � W LPH � � �YD�QDDQLQMDQWD�

GRQH � D � V L [ W K � W LPH � �Y��ZRRURQMDQWD�GRQH � D � W K L U G � W LPH � �YD��VDEDQMDQWD�GRQ H � D J D L Q � �Y��VD\LQNDQWD�GRQH � W K H � H L J K W K � W LPH � �YQ�VH\LQMDQWD�

G R Q N H \ � �Q��IDORR�GRQN H \ � O R D G � � � � E D J V � � �Q��IDOLNLOLØ�GRQ W � �DGY��EXND�GRQ W � �DY��NDQD��PDØ�G R RP V G D \ � �Q��GXQL\DDNLURR�GRR U � �Q��GDDWDZDXGDØR��WDZXQGDØR�GRR U � E R O W � �Q��NRQFRR��NRURVRR�

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' R U R Q J R English-Mandinka

'R U R Q J R � �Q��VHZXUDDVHH�GR W � �Q��WRPERR�G R X E O H �PR Q H \ � � �Y��\HOHPDQGL�G R X E W � �Y��VLND��VLULND�G R X E W � �Q��VLNRR�GRXE W I X O � �DGM��VLULNDULØ�G R X J K W Q X W � �Q��FRSRWL�G R Y H � �Q��ELWLLILØR��SXUDD�G R Z Q � �SRVWS��GXXPD�G R Z Q � �DGY��GXXPD�G RZQ F D V W � �DGM��MLUDQGLØ��MLUDQGLØR�MLUDØ�

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G U X Q N � S H U V R Q � �Q��VLLUDWRR��WXXWRR�G U X Q N D U G � �Q��VLLUDWRR�G U X Q N H Q Q H V V � �Q��VLLURR�G U X Q N Q H V V � �Q��FDDNRR�G U \ � �DGM��MDD��MDDULØR��MDDULØ�G U \ � �YD��MDDWD�G U \ � �Y��MDD��MDQGL�G U \ � R Q H � �Q��MDDUDPDD�G U \ � V H D V RQ � �Q��WLOLNDQGRR�G U \ L Q J � �YQ��MDDURR�G X F N � �Q��EXURR�G X H � �Q��QL\R�GXJ � R X W � F D Q R H � �Q��MXZDDQRR�G XPE � S H U V R Q � �Q��PXXPXQHH�G X Q J � �Q��EXZRR�GXQJ � E H H W O H � �Q��IXXxHH��NXEXUXØ�NXEXUXØR�

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HG L E O H � W K L QJ � �Q��GRPRWDD�H GX F D W H � �Y��NXQLQGL�H G X F D W H G � �DGM��NDUDQWD�H GX F D W L R Q � �Q��ORQGRR�HH O � �Q��EDDNRQRVDD�H I IR U W � �Y��NDWD�H I IR U W � �Q��NDWRR�H I I R U W O H V VQHVV � �Q��NDWDEDOL\DD�H J J � �Q��NLORR�HJJ � S O D Q W � �Q��EDWDQVHH��SDWDQVHH�H L JK W � �DGM��6H\�H L JK W K � �Q��VH\LQMDØR�H M D FX O D W H � �Y��MLL�H ODV W L F � �Q��IRROHH�H O E RZ � �Q��QRQNRQNXØR��QRQNRØ�H O E RZ � E H Q G L Q J � �Q��QRQNRQNDWRR�H O GH U � �Q��DOLIDD�H O GH U � E U R W KH U � �Q��NRWRRNHH�H O GH U � V L E O L QJ � �Q��NRWRR�H OGH U � V L V W H U � �Q��NRWRRPXVRR�H OGH U O \ � �DGM��NHHEDD\DDWD�NHHEDD\DDULØ��NHHEDD\DD�

H O G H U O \ � Z RPDQ � �Q��PXVXNHHEDD�H O G H U VK L S � �Q��DOLIDD\DD�H O H F W L RQ � �Q��NDULWHHID\RR�H O HF W U L F �Z L U H � �Q��ILLORR�H OHF W U L F L W \ � �Q��NXUDØR�H O H SK DQ W � �Q��VDPRR�H O H SKDQ W � � J U D V V � �Q��EDDUDD�H O HSKDQ W L D V L V � R I � W K H � O H JV � �Q�NLWLPEDØR�

H O R T X H Q F H � �Q��QHØ�GL\DD�H O R T X HQ W � �DGM��QHØR�GL\DDWD�H O R TX HQ W � 4X U D Q L F � V F KR O D U � �Q�IRRGHH�

HPE D U D V V H � �Y��PDOXQGL�HPE D U D V V L Q J � �Q��PDOXQGLURR�PDOXQGRR�

HPE D U D V VPH Q W � �Q��PDORR�HPE H U � �Q��GLPEDD�NHxHPERR�NHxHPERR�

HPE U R L G H U � �Y��NXULVHH�HPE U R L G H U H G � �VY��NXULVHHUL�HPE U R L G H U H G � �YQ��NXULVHHWD�� HPSKD V L V H V � �GH�

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English-Mandinka HPS K D V L ] HHPSK D V L ] H � �Y��EDPEDQGL�� HPSK D V L ] H V � S U H G H G L Q J � � Z R � �H[�NR��NR�

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HPS W \ � D � E DJ � � H W F � �Y��ZX\D�HPS W \ � D � F RQ W D L Q H U � �Y��\HOHPD�HPS W \ � K D Q G � �DGM��EXOXNHQVHØR�HPS W \ � K D Q G H G � �DGM��EXOXNHQVHØR�EXOXNRORØR�

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H Q Y L R X V � S H U V R Q � �Q��KDDVLGRR�NRQQDQWHH�

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H \ H English-Mandinka

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I D V W L QJ � �Q��VXØR�ID W ��DGM��QXQNXWD��QXQNXULØ�QXQNXULØR��QXQNX�

ID W ��Q��FHØR��NHØR��ZDURR�I D W � S H U VRQ � �Q��EDODPDD�I D WKH U � �Q��EDDED��IDD��IDDPDD��IDD�IDD�

I D W KH U � L Q � O DZ � �Q��ELWDQNHZR�I D W KH U V � H O GH U � E UR WKH U � �Q�)DDNHHEDD�

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I HPD O H � F L U F XPF L V L R Q � F DPS � �Q�ELLUHH�

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I HPD O H � V H [ � R U J DQ � �Q��PXVX\DD�I HPD O H � V K H H S � �Q��VDD\HURR�I H Q F H � �Y��NDGXX��VDQVDØ�I H Q F H � �Q��NDULWRR��NLULQWLØR��NRRURR�ODQVDØR��VDQVDØR��VRRWHH�

I H QFH �Z L W K � D �ZD O O � �Y��WDWRURR�I H Q F HG � �VY��VDQVDQGLØ�I H Q F HG � �Y��VDQVDQWD�I H Q F L Q J � �YQ��VDQVDQGLURR�I H Q F L Q J � �Q��VDQVDØR�I H Q F L QJ �Z L W K � D �ZD O O � �YQ��WDWDURR�I H Q F L QJ �Z L W K � D �ZD O O � �Q��WDWRR�I H UPHQ W � �Y��NXPXQGL�I H UPHQ W H G � �DGM��NXPX��NXPXULØR�NXPXULØ��NXPXWD�

I H U U\ � �Q��IHHUL\R��'DUDD��WH\�I H U U\ � �Y��WHHQGL�I H U U \ � ERD W � �Q��EDUDD�I H U U \ L QJ � �YQ��WH\LQGRR�I H U U \ L QJ � �Q��WH\RR�IH U W L O L W\ ��Q��NHØR�IH U W L O L ]H U ��Q��MDPEDQGRR�I HV W L Y L W \ � �Q��EXPEDD\RR�I H W F K L QJ �ZD W H U � �Q��MLLEL\R�I HYH U � �Q��EDODNDQGRR��IXODNDMHH�NLULNLURR��NDMHH�

I H YH U L VK � �DGM��NLULNLUL��NDMHHWD�I HZ � �DGY��GRPDQGLØ��NLOLØNLOLØ�I HZ � �DGM��GDQWDØ�I L E U RX V �PHD W � �Q��IDDUDD�VXERR�I L H OG � �Q��ILLORR��NHQRR�� I L H OG � IHH�I L H UFH � �DGM��VDØDUD��VDQDUDWD�VDØDUDULØ�

I L H U F H � S H U VRQ � �Q��MDULQWHH�I L H U F HQHVV � �Q��VDØDURR�I L I WK � �DGM��OXXOXQMDØR�I L I W \ � EX WX W V � �Q��WDODD�I L J � �Q��GXZDDOLØR�I L J � W U HH � �Q��NRERR��VRRWRR��VRRWRVXØR�I L JK W � �Q��NHORR�I L JK W � �Y��NHOH��NHOHQGL�I L J K W � RQH � DQR W KH U � I R U � �Y��xRR�VDED�I L J K W � RQH � DQR W KH U � I R U � �Q�NHOH\DQGL�

I L JK W H U � �Q��NHOHODD�I L J K W L QJ � �Q��NHORR�I L J K W L QJ � S O D F H � �Q��NHOHGXODD�I L OH ��Q��UDØR�I L OH W ��Q��ILLOHH�I L O L QJ �KR O HV � H W F � � �YQ��VXNLURR�I L O O ��Y��IDQGL�I L O O � D �ER W W O H � � D � VDFN � � HF � �Y��VRRGL�I L O O � D � ER W W O H � � EDJ � � G UXP � � �Y��6RUL�

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English-Mandinka I L O OI L O O � D � KR UQ � �Y��VRVR�I L O O � KR OHV � �Y��IDD��QRWR��IDD��IDD�I L OP � �Q��ILLPRR��ILOLPRR�I L O W H UHG � �Y��VRURQWRWD�I L Q � �Q��MD\RR�I L QD O � �Q��GDØR�I L QD O � �DGM��ODEDØ��ODEDØR�I L QD O O \ � �DGY��ODEDØROD�I L QD O O \ � �Q��GDØROD�I L QG � �Y��MH�I L QG � D �J L U O � D � Y L UJ LQ � �Y��WDUD�� I L Q G RR � � �YQ��VHOHQGRR�� I L Q G RR � � �Q��ILQGLNDD�� I L Q GRR � � I D UP � �Q��ILQGLIHH�I L QH � �Q��DODPDDQRR�I L QH � �Y��DODPDDQL�I L QJH U � �Q��EXOXNRQGLØR��EXOXNRQGLØ�VHHGRR��FRRGLUDØR��ØRQVLØR�

I L QJH U � Q D L O � SR O L VK � �Q��NXWHHVRR�I L QJH U � U L QJ � �Q��NROLQQDD��NRQQDD�I L Q L VK � �Y��EDQGL��ED��ODED�I L Q L VK �RQH V � O L I H � �Y��NDODILOL�NDORRILOL�

I L Q L V KHG � �DGY��EDQWD�I L Q L V KHG � �DGM��SDUHHULØR�I L Q L V K L QJ � �YQ��ODEDQGLURR�I L UH ��Q��NLPDD�I L U HZRRG � �Q��ORR�I L U HZRRG � I R U � Z D UP L Q J � �Q��MDDUDØR�I L U HZRRG � S L H F H � R I � � �Q��ORRNXQWRR�I L UP � �Q��IDDPRR��NRPSLQRR�I L UP O\ � �DGY��NDØ�I L UV W ��DGY��IRORR��IRORRIRORR�I L U V W � ER UQ � �Q��NRQRxDDIRORR��VDDURR�I L UV W �R I �D O O � �DGY��IRORRIRORR�I L U V W � S U HJQDQF\ � �Q��NRQRxDDIRORR�I L U V W �4X U DQ � FKDS W H U � �Q��IDDWL\DD�I L VK � �Q��EDODQWDØR��GDDZXOHØR�IDQWDØR��IHWDD��NRWHUHH��PDDIRR��xHH�xHZR��VDUGLLQRR�

I L V K � H DJ O H � �Q��NXODQMDØR�I L VK � � N L QG �R I � � �Q��EDDØDDOLØDDORR�I L VK � D � N L QG �R I � � �Q��NRQRNRQRR�NXMDORR��NXOXQGRPRR��ODPEDØR�ODPEDVLLVHH��OLPERR�

I L V K H UPDQ � �Q��EDDGDQQRR�EDDPRRODD��FXEDORR��GHHPDODD�GRROLQID\LODD��MDODID\LODD��PRRORR�

I L V K L QJ � �YQ��EDDGHHPRR��GHHPRR�I L V K L QJ � �Q��EDDPRR��NRRMHH��NRRPRR�I L VK L QJ � O L Q H � �Q��GRROLQMXORR�I L V K L QJ � Q \ O RQ � O L Q H � �Q��FDDVRR�I L V K L QJ � W U DS � �Q��ND\DD�I L W ��Y��NXQWD��NX�I L W QHVV � �Q��VHPERR�I L W W HG � �Y��NXQWD�I L W WHU ��Q��ILLWDD�I L YH � �DGM��OXXOX�

I L[ ��Y��EXODQGL��SRRVHH�I L [ � RQH V � H \ HV � RQ � �Y��xDDORR�I O DJ � �Q��EDQGHHURR�I O DPER\DQ W � W U H H � �Q��WXEDDEXQHWRR�I O D VK � �Q��ØDODVRR�I O D VK � �Y��ØDODVL��ØDOLØDOL��IDODVL�I O D VK � O L JK W � �Q��OXXVRR�I O D V KHG � �YQ��ØDODVLWD�I O D VK L QJ � �Q��ØDODVRR�I OD W ��DGM��GDPSDWDØ��IHHQHH��IHHWHH�I O D W � VPD O O � I L VK � �Q��WDSDQGDDURR�I O D W � V W L U U L QJ � VSRRQ � �Q��VXQNDODØR�I O D W W HQ � �Y��GDPSDWDQGL�I O D W WH U � �Y��MDPEDQGL��\RRWL�I O D W W H U L QJ � �YQ��\RRWLURR�I O DZ � �Q��HOORR��ODQMXURR��VRRWDDURR�I O HD � �Q��MDDWDNRORR�I O HG � �YQ��ZXGDD\LWD�I O HH � �Y��ERUL��ZXGDD\�I O H VK � �Q��EXXxRR�I O HZ � �YQ��WLLWD�I O HZ � D ERX W � �Q��\DDUDWD�I O L FN � �Y��ILULVD��NRQNRØ��OLVL�I O L QJ � �Y��ZXUXQGD�I O RD W � �Y��\DQND�I O RD W � �Q��EXVRØR�I O R D W HG � �Y��\DQNDWD�I O R D W L QJ � �VY��\DQNDULØ�I O RR U � �Q��EXQWHURR��WHURR�I O RX U � �Q��IDULxRR��PXQNRR�I O RX U � V L H YH � �Q��VDQNDORR�I O RZH U � �Y��ILUL�I O RZH U � �Q��ILURR�I O RZ L QJ �ZD W H U � �Q��MLLERURR��ZR\RR�I O X WH � �Q��IHHWDØR��NDOLLWRR��ØDOLLWRR�ØDOOLLWRR�

I O\ ��Y��WLL�I O \ � DERX W � �Y��ILULØ�ILULØ��\DDUD�I R DP � �DGM��NDQNDØ��NDQNDQWD�I R DP � �Q��NDQNDØR�I R DP � �Y��NDQNDQGL�I R J � �Q��WXXWXZR�I R O G � �Y��GDPSL��ODPSL��ØRRML�I R O G � U R XJK O \ � W R J H W K H U � �Y�PRQMRPRQMR�

I R O L V KQHVV � �Q��IXZR�I R O O RZ � �Y��EXOD��QRRPD�I R O O RZ � X S � �Y��ZDWDDMRRED\L�I R O O RZH U � �Q��NRRPDQNRR��QRRODD�I R O O RZ L Q J � �YQ��QRRPDURR��VDDWDURR�I R QG � R I � �DGM��GDOL��GDOLWD�I R R G � �Q��GRPRULIHØR��GRPRURR�I R R G � F U R S � �Q��VLLPDØR�I R RG � G L V K � I X I X � � �Q��WXZRR�I RRG � I R U � E U H DN L QJ � I D V W � �Q�VXQWHHUDØR�

I RR O � �Q��WRROHH�

I RR O L V K � �DGM��EDUDNDQWDØR��IXX�NXQWDØR��NXQWDQ\DDWD��NXØRIHH\DDWD�NDODQW�DQ\DDULØ��NDODQWDQ\DD�WRROHH\DDULØ��IXXWD��IXXULØ��IXXULØR�KDODNLULØR��NXQWDQ\DD�

I RR O L V K � �Q��NDODQWDØR��KDODNLWD�I R R O L V K Q H V V � �Q��EDDWDUD\DD�EDDWDURR��MDQNDGLQ\DD��NDODQWDQ\DD�WRROHH\DD��NXQWDQ\DD��IXXULØ\DD�

I R R O L V K Q H V V � �DGM��NXØIHH\DD�I RR W � �Q��GDIDWRR��VLQGDIDWRR��VLØR�I RR W � S U L Q W � V � � �Q��VLØ�QRR�I RR W � V W HS � �Q��WHSHURR�I RR WED O O H U � �Q��NDWDGDPIXODD�I R U � �SRVWS��NDPPD��\H�I R U � DG M HF W L Y HV � �ULØR�I R U � G U L Q N L QJ � �Q��PLQWDD�I R U � H [ DPS O H � �Q��0LVDDOLIHH�I R U � K D U Y HV W L QJ � �Q��GRQWLØR�I R U � Q R W K L Q J � �DGY��NHQVHQNH�I R U � U HQ W � �Q��OXZDDVLWDD�I R U � VD O H � �Q��VDQWDD��ZDDILWDD�I R U � X QG H UZH D U � �Q��EHOHPERR�I R U E L G � �Y��WRØ��NRØ�I R U E L G � �DGM��KDUDDPX�I R U E L G G H Q � �YQ��WRQWD�I R U E L G G H Q � �DGM��KDUDDPXULØ�KDUDDPXULØR�

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I R U HV W � �Q��VHHORR��ZXORR�I R UHV WD O O � �Y��xDDWR�NXQWX��xRRVDDEDD�I R U HV W D O O L QJ � �YQ��xRRVDDEDDURR�I R U H W DV W H � �Q��ILxLQNRR�I R U J D Y H � �YQ��\DPIDWD�I R U J H � �Q��IDURR�I R U JH W � �Y��xLQD�I R U JH W � �YQ��xLQDWD�I R UJH W I X O � �DGM��KDNLORR�MDZ\DDWD�xLQDULØ��xLQDULØR�

I R U J H W I X O Q H VV � �Q��KDNLOLERR�I R U JH W W L QJ � �Q��xLQRR�I R U J L Y H � �H[��KDNHWX�I R U J L Y H � �Y��\DPID�I R U J L Y H � V L Q � �Y��NDIDUL�I R U J L Y HQ � �DGM��VDEDULWD�I R U J L Y H Q H V V � �Q��\DPIRR�I R U J L Y HQHVV � R I � V L Q � �Q��NDIDURR�I R U J L Y L QJ � �DGM��VDEDUL�I R U J L Y L QJ � �Q��\DPIRR��\DPID�I R U JR W � �Y��KDNLORRERWD�

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I R U N English-Mandinka

I R U N � �Q��IXUXVHWRR��VXEXVRRUDØR�I R U N � U R DG � �Q��VLODIDWRR�I R U N � V K DSH � �Q��IDWRR�I R U N HG � �Q��EDUXPDD�I R U N HG � �DGM��EDUDPDD��EDUXPDD�I R U NHG � V W L F N � �Q��EDUDPDD��EDURR�I R UP � R I � D GG U H V V � �Q��)DDID�I R UPD O O \ � �DGY��QXØ�I R UPH U �P L O O H W � I L H O G � �Q��xRRNDUDØR�I R UPH U � S H DQX W � I L H O G � �Q��WL\DNDUDØR�I R UPH U � V H W W O HPHQ W � �Q��WXPEXØR�I R U Q L F D W H � �Y��IHH\DD�I R U Q L F D W L RQ � �Q��EDDWDUD\DD��EDDWDURR�I R U Q L F D W R U � �Q��WXOXQQDD�I R U V W H U � FK L O G � �Q��NXOXXULGLØR�IR U W � �Q��WDWRR�I R U W L I L FD W L RQ � �Q��WDWRR�IR U W L I \ � �Y��WDWRURR�I R U W L I \ L QJ � �YQ��WDWDURR�I R U W L I \ L QJ � �Q��WDWRR�I R U W XQD W H � �Y��ZDWL�I R U W XQD W H � �DGM��ILULØ��KDULMHHGL\DDWD�KDULMHHWD��KDULMHHULØR��KDULMHH�

I R U W XQD W H � �Q��IDODGL\DD��NXQQDGL\R�KDORRGL\DDWD�

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J H UP L Q D W H � �Y��IDOLØ�J H UP L Q D W H V � �Q��IDOLQGDØR�J H UP L Q D W L Q J � �Q��IDOLØR�JHV W X U H � W R � �Y��SDVLØ�JH W � EH W W H U � �DGM��IHVH\DD�JH W � I H G � XS � �Y��SDVL�JH W � L Q � �Y��EXOD��IXWD��IXWDQGL�JH W � O RV W � �Y��ILLILL�JH W � RX W � �Y��ILQWL�JH W � U H DG\ � �Y��SDUHH�JH W � X S � �Y��ZLOL�*LE U L H O � �Q��-LELULLQ�J L G G L Q H V V � �Q��WLLURR�J L G G \ � �DGM��WLLULWD��WLLUDULØ�J L G G \ � �Y��WLLUL��WLLUD�J L I W � W D NHQ �RQ � D � W U L S � �Q��VLODIDQGRR�

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English-Mandinka J L O OJ L O O ��Q��xDDxDD�J L O O � E O DGGH U � �Q��NXQDQNXQDØR�J L QJ H U � �Q��MLQMDQEHHURR��xDPD\RR�J L QJH U � E H H U � �Q��MLQMDQEHHURR�J L UD I I H � �Q��ZRQWRR�J L U O � �Q��NDDORR��VXQNXWRR�J L U O � I U L HQG � �Q��MDQNDPDD��NDxDDPRR�VXQNXWRR�

J L Y H � �Y��GLL��IHHWRRIDWD�J L Y H � D W W HQ W L RQ � �Y��KDWL�J L YH � E L U W K � �Y��MLLGL�J L YH � E L U W K � W R � �Y��ZXOXX�J L Y H � F K DQ F H � �Y��NDUDEXOD�J L YH � FKD U L W \ � �Y��VDGDD�ER��VDGDDERQGL�

J L Y H � F RPS D Q \ � �Y��IDDEDQGL�J L Y H � G L U H F W L RQV � �Y��WDDPDQVHHU�J L Y H � H [ DPS O H � �Y��PLVDDOL�J L Y H � RX W � �Y��QLL��QLLODD�J L YH � RX W � FKD U L W \ � W R � �Y��VDGDD�J L Y H � R X W � VPRN H � �Y��VLLVLL�J L Y H � U H VSHF W � W R � �Y��NXOL\DD�J L Y H � U R RP � �Y��NXQGL�J L Y H � X S � �Y��EXOD��GDKDD��IRxR�J L Y H �Z D \ � �Y��xRUL��MHQNH�J L Y HQ � R X W � �Q��QLLODDWD�J L Y L Q J � �YQ��GLLURR�J L Y L QJ � E L U W K � �Q��ZXOXZR�J L Y L Q J � RX W � �YQ��QLLURR�J L Y L QJ � RX W � F KD U L W \ � �YQ��VDGDDERQGRR��VDGDD�ERR�

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J UHD W � �DGM��EDD��ZDUDWD�J U H D W � J U DQG � FK L O G � �Q��WXOXPXWRR�J U H D W �P\V W L F �PDQ � �Q��ZROL\R�J U H D W � S H U V RQ � �Q��VDQNDODØR�J U HD W � W H DFKH U � �Q��.DUDPEDD�J U H D W � Z RPDQ � �Q��xDDQRR�J U H D W J U D QG � F K L O G � �Q��PXPXULØR�J U H D W J U DQG � S D U HQ W � � �Q��PXPRR�J U H D W J U D QG � S D U H Q W � �Q��PXPX�J U H D W Q H V V � �Q��ILVDPDQWHH\DD�J U H D W Q H V V � � J RG � � �Q��0DQVDEDD\DD�J U H H G � �Q��KDERR��KDGXPRR�J U H H G L Q H V V � �Q��NRQRZDURR�J U H H G \ � �DGM��KDGXPH��KDGXPHWD�KDGXPHULØ�

J U H H G \ � S H U V R Q � �Q��KDGXPHQWXØR�J U H H Q � �DGM��MDPEDNHUH��MDPEDNHURR�J UHHQ � O H D I � �Q��GXQNXWRR�J U HHQ � O H DYH � � HG L E O H � � �Q�NHUHQNHUHØR�

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J U H H Q English-Mandinka

J U H H Q � V Q D N H � �Q��MDPEDNDWDQVDD�MDPEDNRWRVDD�

J U H HQ � W H D � �Q��DWDD\DD�J UHH W � �Y��NRQWRØ�J U H H W � L Q � W K H � H Y HQ L QJ � �Y��ZXODDUD�J U H H W � � L Q � W K H �PR UQ L QJ � � �Y��VDDPD�J U H H W L Q J � �Q��NRQWRQGLURR��NRQWRØR�PDDOHHNXPVDODDP�

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J U H \ � �Q��VHHEDORR�J U H\ � E U H DG � W U H H � �Q��7DPEDD�J U H \ � K H U R Q � �Q��MHHEDØR�J U H \ � S O XP � �Q��7DPEDD�J U L H Y DQ F H � �Q��ILLMRR�J U L Q G � S H D QX W � �Y��6LL��VLL�J U L Q G L Q J � �Q��VLLURR�J U R D Q � �Y��ØXQWDØ�J U R D Q H G � �YQ��ØXQWDQWD�J U R D Q L Q J � �Q��ØXQWDØR�J U R X Q G � �Q��EDQNXPHWRR�J U R X Q G � �VY��MXUXULØ�J U R X Q G � �DGM��MXUXULØR�J U RXQG � L Q � S L H F H V � �Y��MXUXWD�J U RXQG � L Q W R � I O R X U � �Y��MXUXWD�J U RXQG � V TX L U U H O � �Q��GXPDNHUHØR�J U R X Q G Q X W � �Q��WL\RR�J U R X S � �Q��ERURR��NRPSLQRR��NRRUHH�NXURR��NDIRR�

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J U RZ W K � �Q��PRRORR�J U XPE O H � �Y��VRQND�J U XPE O L Q J � �Q��VRQNRR�J U XQ W � �Y��ØXXUD�J X D U D Q W H H � V RPH R Q H � �Y��VDQND\DD�JX D U D Q W H H L Q J � �Q��VDQND\DD�JXD U D Q W \ � �Q��VDQND\DD��NDDUDQWH�JX D U G � �Y��NDQWD�JX D U G � �Q��NDQWDULODD��NDQWDODD�ZDDFLPDDQR�

JX D U G L D Q � �Q��DOLIDD��PDUDODD�JX D U G L D Q V K L S � �Q��DOLIDD\DD�JX D U G L Q J � �YQ��NDQWRR�JXDYD � I U X L W � �Q��EL\DDERR�JXD Y D � S O D Q W � �Q��EL\DDERR�JXH V W � �Q��OXQWDØR�JX L G H � �Y��GDQGDØ�

JX L W D U � �Q��MLWDD��MLWDDURR�JX O I � H W F � � �Q��WRURQNRVRR�JX O S � O L T X L G � �Y��KDDEX�J XP � �Y��NROHH�J XP � �Q��GDZRR�J XP � R I � W K H �PRX W K � �Q��WLPRR�J X Q � �Q��NLGLGRRURR��NLGLIDORR�NLGLMXZR��NLGRR�

JXQ � O R D G � �Q��VRVRR�J X Q S RZ G H U � �Q��NLGLPXQNRR�KDE L W � �Q��GDDMLNRR��MLNRR��PDDQRR�VRØR�

KDE L W X D O � �DGY��ND�KDE L W X D O � LPSH U D W L Y H � �DY��NDOL�K D G � D � E U H D N G RZQ � �Y��SDDQLWD�KDG � F RQ I U R Q W D W L R Q � �Y��MDQMXQWD��+D I L M R R � � �Q��KDDILML\DD�KD L U � �Q��NXQWLxRR��WL\R�KD L U � F U H DP � �Q��NXQWLxDWXORR�KD L U � L Q � W KH � QRV W U L O V � �Q��QXQWL\R�KD L U � R I � V K HHS � �Q��VDDWL\R�KD O I � �Q��KDDIRR��WDODD��WDODQWHHPRR�WDODQWHH��WRR�

KD O I � EXQG O H � R I �P L O O H W � �Q��SDNDQNRR�KD O I � N L O R � �Q��OLLEDURR�KD O O � �Q��KRRORR�K DPPH U � �Q��PDULWRR�K DPPH U � �Y��FXSD��SHPSH�K DPPR F N � �Q��IDD\DQMDORR�K D Q G � �Q��EXORR��EXOXMLQVRR�EXOXWLQVRR�

K D Q G � E D J � �Q��VDNRRVRR�K DQG � I D Q � �Q��IHHUDØR��ILQMDULODØR�WDDIL\DD�

KDQG � I X O O � � R I � U L F H � � �Q��FDIRR�K D Q G � V K D N H � �Q��EXOXGXØR�K D Q G E D J � �Q��NDUDWDDEDORR�NDUWDDEXORR��NXIRR�

K DQG I X O � �Q��EXOXIDD�KDQG I X O � R I � I R RG � �Q��PRQGRR�K D Q G L F D S � �Y��ODQMXUX�KDQGN H U F K L H I � �Q��VDULEHHWRR�K DQG O H � �Q��IDORR��NDORR��PXWDUDØR�K DQG O H � D � S U R E O HP � �Q��NDODØ�KDQG O H � F D U H I X O O \ � �Y��PDDNXX�KDQG O H � R I � D Q � D [ � �Q��WHHUDQIDORR�K D Q G V RP H � �DGM��xLLPDD��EHWH\DD�xLLxDDWD��xLLxDDULØ��xLLxDDULØR�

K D Q J � �Y��OROOR��VDNL��\R�K D Q J H G � �Q��\RQWD�K D Q J L Q J � �VY��\RQGL�K D Q J R X W � �Q��EDQGDD��GDDNDD�VLLGXODD�

K D S S H Q � �H[��\DDUD�K D S S H Q � �Y��NH��QDDQLQMD�KDSSHQ � D � I L I W K � W LPH � �Y��OXXOXQMD�OXXOXQMDQWD�

KDSSHQ � D F F L G H Q W D O O \ � �Y��ODxLQL�

K D S S H Q � X Q H [ S H F W H G O \ � �Y��WHUHQGL�K D S S H Q H G � �Y��NHWD�K DSS HQ HG � D F F L G H Q W D O O \ � �Y�ODxLQLWD�

K D S S H Q L Q J � �Y��NHHUL�K D S S L Q H V V � �Q��NRQWDDQRR��PDDGL\DD�VHHZRR�

K D S S \ � �DGM��NRQWDDQL��NRQWDDQLWD�NRQWDDQLULØ��PDDGL\DD��PDDGL\DDWD�PDDGL\DDULØ��MXVXODD��MXVXODDWD�MXVRRODDWD��MXVXODDULØ��MXVXODDULØR�MXVXGL\DDWD��MXVXGL\DDULØ��VHHZRR�VHHZRRWD��VHHZRRULØ�

KD U G � �Y��FDXV�KD U G � �DGM��MDD��MDDULØR��NROH\DD�NROH\DDWD��NROH\DDULØ��NROH\DDULØR�MDDULØ��EDPEDQGLØR�

KD U G � �Q��EDPEDQGLØR��NROH\DQGL�KD U G � �YD��MDDWD�KD UG � VR L O � �Q��GDWRR�KD U G �ZR U N H U � �Q��WLPSRR�K D U G H Q � �Y��EDPEDQGL�K D U G Q H V V � �Q��EDPEDØR�K D U G V K L S � �Q��NROH\DD�K D U GZR U N � �Q��WHHVLWRR�K D UP � �Y��NDDxL�KD U Y HV W � �Y��.DWL�KD U Y H V W � � S H DQX W � � �Y��VRR�KD U Y H V W � V H D VRQ � �Q��VDQMDDQRR�KD U Y H V W H G � �Y��NDWLWD�KD U YHV W H U � �Q��NDWLULODD�KD U Y H V W L Q J � �Q��ILQGLNDD��NDWLURR�KD U YHV W L QJ � U L F H � �Q��PDDQLNDWRR�NDWRR�

K D V � D � E U H D N G RZQ � �Y��SDDQLWD�K D V � D � E U H D N G RZQ � �VY��SDDQLUL�K D V � D � J R RG � K H D U L Q J � �DGM�WXORRGL\DDWD�

KD V � D � S RR U � K H D U L Q J � �DGM��WXORRNX\DDWD�

K D V � D Q Q R X Q F H G � �YQ��NDQNXODDWD�KD V � E H F RPH � U X O H U � �Y��PDQVD\DDWD�K D V � E H H Q � G U X Q N � �YQ��PLQWD�KDV � E H HQ � S D W L H Q W � �Q��PXxDWD�K D V � F O LPE HG � �VY��VHOHULØ�K D V � F R Q W L Q X H G � �Y��WHQWHQWD�KD V � F U DZ O H G � �YQ��NXUXQWXWD�ØXQXPDWD�

K D V � F U R V V H G � �Y��WH\LWD�KD V � F X U Y H G � �YQ��ØRRMLWD�KDV � F X W � �DGM��QDPDWD�K D V � G H Y H O R S H G � �DGM��\LULZDDWD�KD V � G L H G � �YQ��VDDWD�K D V � G L V D S S H D U H G � �VY��\HHPDQGLØ�K D V � G U R S S H G � �YQ��MRORQWD�K D V � G U R S S H G � �VY��MRORQGLØ�KDV � I D L Q W HG � �YQ��NHWXWD�KDV � I H D U HG � �DGM��VLODWD�

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English-Mandinka K D VKDV � I R U JR W W H Q � �YQ��xLQDWD�KD V � I R UPHG � D �Z H D O � �Y��OLPELULWD�K D V � I U RZQ H G � �DGM��xDDNX\DDWD�K D V � J R Q H � �Y��WDDWD�K D V � J R W � X S � �YQ��ZXOLWD�K D V � K L G G H Q � �Y��QXNXQWD��QXXWD�KD V � L Q F U H D V HG � �Y��ODIDDWD�K D V � M XPS H G � �Y��SRGLWD�KDV � NQH O W � �Y��xR\LWD�KD V � O H D Q HG � �Y��QDMLWD�K D V �P R Y H G � �YQ��xRULWD�KD V � S D L Q W H G � �DGM��SHQWXUXWD�KD V � S U D \ H G � �Y��VDOLWD�K D V � S U R F H G H G � �YQ��xRULWD�KDV � S U RGXFHG � I U X L W � �Y��GLQWD�KDV � S U R V W U D W H G � �YD��VXMXGLWD�KDV � U HJ U H W W H G � �Y��QLPLVDWD�KDV � U H W X U Q HG � �Y��PXUXWD��PXUXQWD�KD V � VP L O H G � �Y��PXXxXWD�KDV � VR O L G L I L H G � �DGM��VLPELWD�VLPELUL�

KD V � V S U L Q H G � �Y��PX\LWD�KDV � V W D U W HG � �YQ��NXPDDVLWD�K D V � VZR O O H Q � �YQ��\LWLWD�KDVQ W � �DY��PD�KDV W H � �DGM��KDZXML��NRURQWR�NRURQWRWD�

KDV W H � �Q��KDZXMRR��NRURQWRR�KDV W H � � KX U U \ � �DGM��NRURQWRUL�KD V W H Q � �Y��NRURQWRQGL��KDZXMLQGL�KD W � �Q��EDPEDGDD��QDDIRR�KD W �Z L W K � V XFK � K D L U � �Q��VDDWL\R�KD W H � �Y��KDDVLGL\DD��NR�KD W U H G � �Q��EDDGLQMDZX\DD�NRQQDQWHH\DD��KDDVLGL\DD�

KD W U H G � �DGM��KDDVLGL\DD�K D W U H G �P L Q G H G � S H U V R Q � �Q�NRQQDQWHH�

K D Y H � �Y��VRWR�KDY H � D � F RQ I U R Q W D W L R Q � �Y��ELUD�KDYH � D � S D U W \ � �Y��SDWLL�KDYH � D � W D V W H � �Y��QHQH�K D Y H � D � W U D F KRPD � �Y��xDDIDOLQWD�K D Y H � E H F RPH � I U L H Q G V � �Y�WHHUL\DDWD�

KDY H � F K D W W H G � �YQ��.DFDDWD�KDYH � FRQ I O L F W � �Y��ZDDOLL�KD Y H � F RQ I U R Q W D W L R Q � �Y��MDQMX�KD Y H � F RQ W HPS W � I R U � �Y��MXWX�KDYH � G H O L Y H U H G � �Y��ZXOXXWD�K D Y H � G L V F R � � G U XPP L Q J � �Y��VXPX�KD Y H � G L V F X V V � �YQ��.DFDDWD�K D Y H � H V F D S H G � �Y��NDQDWD�KDYH � I D L W K � �Y��GDQNHQH\DD�KDYH � I R U J L Y HQ � �YQ��\DPIDWD�KDY H � O H D N HG � �Y��VXOHQWD�KD Y H �PHFK � D Q L F D O � �Y��SDDQD�KDYH �PH U F \ � I R U � �Y��KLLQD�

K D Y H � Q R � �PH DQ V � � �DGM��NRULWD�KD Y H � R Q H V � W LPH �ZD V W H G � �Y�QDPEDUDWD�

KDYH � V W U RQJ � O L N L QJ � I R U � �DGM��MDUDEL�KDYH � W U X V W � �Y��\DDNDDUL�K D Y H � W Z R �P L Q G V � �Y��VLND��VLNDWD�KDYHQ W � �DY��PDØ�K D Y L Q J � D � E U H D N G RZQ � �DGM�SDDQLULØR�

KDY L Q J � D � O RZ � F X W � �YQ��PHVRR�KD Y L Q J � D � V H F RQG � I X Q H U D O � �Q�VDØDZXOLQGRR�

KDY L QJ � I D L W K � �DGM��OLLPDDQL\DDULØ�K D Y L Q J � W Z R �P L Q G V � �Q��VLNRR�K DZN H U � �Q��EDDQDEDDQRR�KH � �VSQ��DWH��D�K H D G � �Y��ERRND��VXUXSD�K H D G � �Q��NXQWLxRR��NXØR��WL\R�KHDG � F D U U \ � �Y��GXQL�KH DG � F R Y H U � �Q��GLVRR��NXPELWLUDØR�K H D G � R I � F L U F XPF L V L R Q � F DPS � �Q�NDUDPED�

KHDG � R I � V W D W H � �Q��EDQNXWL\R�KHDG � W D [ � �Q��NXØMRR�KHDG W L H � �Q��WLNRR�KHD O � �Y��NRVL��MDDUD�KH D O H G � �Y��NHQGH\DQGL�KHD O H U � �Q��MDDUDOLODD��MDDUDULODD�KHD O L Q J � �Q��MDDUDORR�KHD O W K � F HQ W U H � �Q��ORSLWDDQRR�KHD O W K �ZR U N H U � �Q��ERGRIHORR�KHD O W K L Q H V V � �Q��NHQGH\DD�KHD O W K \ � �Y��NHQGH\DQGL�KHD O W K \ � �DGM��NHQGH\DD��NHQGH\DDWD�NHQGH\DDULØ�

KHD O W K \ � �Q��MDDWDNHQGH\DD�K H D S � �Y��MXUXPD�KHDS � R I �PHD W � � �Q��NXGHH�KHD U � �Y��PR\�KH D U G � �Q��PR\LWD�KH D U L Q J � �YQ��PR\LURR�KHD U W � �Q��MXVRR��NLMRR�KHD W � �Y��NDQGLQGL�KHD W � �Q��NDQGRR�K H D Y H Q � V RPHZKH U H � L Q � � �Q��ODDUHHV�K H D Y L Q H V V � �Q��NXOL\DD�K H D Y \ � �DGM��NXOLØR��NXOL\DDWD�NXOL\DULØR��NXOL\DDULØ��NXOL\DD�

K H D Y \ � R Q H � �Q��NXOLPDD�KHH O � �Q��WRQNRORØR��WRURØR�KH L JK W � �Y��ORR�KH L JK W � �Q��MDQIRR��MDØD\DD��PRRORR�K H L J K W H Q � �Y��MDQD\DQGL�KH L U � �Q��NHHWDDODD�KH O G � �DGM��PXWDULØR�KH O O � �Q��MDKDQDED��MDKDQDPD�MDKDQQDED��MDKDQQDPD�

KH OPH W � �Q��NDVLNHWRR��QDDIRR�KHOPHWRR�

KH O S � �YQ��PDDNR\LURR�KH O S � �Y��GHHPDD��PDDNR\L�KH O S � �Q��GHHPDDURR�KH O S H U � �Q��GHHPDDULODD��GHHPDDODD�PDDNR\LULODD�

K H O S L Q J � �Q��GHHPDDURR�K H O S L Q J � �YQ��PDDNR\RR��PDDNR\LURR�KH O S O H V V � �DGM��NRULWD�KH O S O H V V � �Q��NRULULØ�KH O S O H V V � S H U V RQ � �Q��NRULQWXØR�VDGDD�PRR�

K HP � �Y��KHPX��NRSD�K HP � �Q��KHPRR��NRSRR�K HPP L Q J � �Q��KHPRR�K H Q � �Q��VLLVHHPXVRR�KHQ �Z L W K � F K L F N V � �Q��VLLVHHGLPEDD�K H Q F H � �FRQM��EDDZRR��ED\LUL�KHQQD � � I R U � W KH � I H H W � � � �Q��IXGDQRR�KH U � �RS��DWH�KH U � �VSQ��D�KH U � �SD��DWHOD�KH U H � �Y��IHOH��KLØ�KH U H � �DGY��MDØ��GXODD�KH UH � D I W H U � �Q��DOLNL\DDPD��ODDNLUD�KH U L W D JH � �Q��FRVDDQRR�KH UQ L D � � R I � W KH � W H V W HV � � �Q��.DD\DD�KH U R � �Q��ØDULQWHH�KH UR L F � �DGM��ØDULQWHH\DDWD��MDULQWHH�KH U V � �Q��DWDD�KH U V � �SRVSQ��DWHWDD�KH U Y H V W H G � �DGM��NDWLULØR�KH U Y H V W H G � �Q��VRRULØR�KHV L W D W H � �Q��WDIDO�WDIDO�KHV L W D W H � �Y��NHHULNHHUL�KHV L W D W L RQ � �Q��WDIDO�WDIDORR�NHHULNHHURR�

KH [ � �Y��GDEDUL��GRRNXX��NXØRGXØ�K L F F R X J K � �Y��KLGLNL��VRNRML�K L F F R X J K � �Q��KLGLNRR��VRNRMRR�K L F F R X J K L Q J � �Q��KLGLNRR�K L F F X S � �Y��KLGLNL��VRNRML�K L F F X S � �Q��KLGLNRR��VRNRMRR�K L F F X S S L Q J � �Q��KLGLNRR��VRNRMRR�K L F R X J K H G � �Y��KLGLNLWD�K L G � �Y��QXNXQWD��QXXWD�K L G G H Q � �DGM��QXNXQGLØR�K L G G H Q � �VY��QXNXQGLØ��QXXULØ�K L G G H Q � �Q��QXXULØR�K L G G L Q J � �Q��QXNXØR�K L G H � �Y��PDDER��QXNXØ��QXX�K L G L Q J � �VY��QXNXQGLØ�K L G L Q J � �Q��QXZRR��PDDERULØ�K L G L Q J � �YQ��QXXURR�K L J K � �DGM��MDQD\DDULØ��MDØR��NRQWLQWD�K L JK � W L G H � �Q��EDDIDD�

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K L J K O \ English-Mandinka

K L J K O \ � O H D U Q HG � S H U V RQ � �Q�EXKDDERR��ODOOXPRR�

KL O O ��Q��WXØR�K LP � �Q��D�K LP � �RS��DWH�K L S � �Q��VXURR�K L U H � �Y��OXZDDVL�K L U HG � �YQ��OXZDDVLWD�K L U L QJ � �Q��OXZDDVRR�K L V � �SD��DWHOD�K L V � �SRVSQ��DWHWDD�K L V � �Q��DWDD�K L V V � �Y��FLLIX��FLLSX��NLLIX�K L V V L Q J � �YQ��FLLSXURR�K L V V L Q J � �Q��FLLIXURR�K L V W R U \ � �Q��WDDULNRR��FRVDDQRR�K L W � �Q��ODSL��OLSD�K L W � �Y��EXQWDØ��EXVD��IDGL��NRQNRØ�NRVL��OLSL��VHØ��WXX�

K L W � �Z L W K � I L V W � R U � KHDG � � �Q��MXQNX�K L W � �Z L W K � W K H � KHDG � � �Y��VXUXSD�K L W �Z L W K � N QXFN O H V � � �Y��NRNL�K R H � �Q��GDERR�KR H � K D Q G O H � �Q��GDEDIDORR�KRH � �Z L W K � O R QJ � K DQG O H � � �Q�IDODMDØR�

KR O G � �Y��FDIX��FDSL��FDSX�KR O G L Q J � �YQ��PXWDURR�KR O G L Q J � �Q��PXWRR�KR O H � �Q��GLQNRR��KXZR��VRR�KR O L G D \ � �Q��IHHWRR�KR O O RZ � �Q��KXGXNRR��KXZR�K R O \ �P D Q � �Q��$ODODPRREDD�K R O \ �PR V T X H � L Q �P H F F D � �Q��NDDED�+R O \ � 4 X U D Q � �Q��$OLNXUDDQRR�KR O \ �Z D U � �Q��MLKDGLNHORR�K RP H � �Q��VXX��VXZR�K RP H � W R Z Q � �Q��VXX�KRQ H V W � �DGM��WLOLQWD��WLOLQGLØR��WLOLØ�KRQ H V W � H D U Q L Q J � �Q��KDODDORR�KDDODDORR�

KRQ H V W � S H U V R Q � �Q��IRURR�PRRWLOLQGLØR�

KRQH V W � S U R S H U W \ � �Q��KDODDORR�KRQ H V W \ � �DGM��IRUR\DD�KRQ H V W \ � �Q��WLOLØR�K R Q H \ � �Q��OL\R�K R Q H \ � F RPE � �Q��GDPSRR�OLLGDPSRR�

K R Q R X U � �Y��EXXxDD��KRURPD��NXOL\DD�K R Q R X U � �Q��EXXxDD��KRURPRR�KRQRX U DE O H � J L I W � �Q��EXXxDD�KRRG HG � Y X O W X U H � �Q��GXZDMRØR�KRR I � �Q��ZRURVRR�K R R N � �Q��GRROLØR��ORQNRR�K R S � �Y��SRGL��VDZXØ�K R S H � �Y��MLNLWD��\DDNDDUL��\DDNDDULWD�K R S H �NRUL�

K R S H � �Q��MLNL��MLNRR��MLNLGDD�\DDNDDURR�

KRS H I X O � �DGM��MLNLULØR��MLNLULØ�K R S L Q J � �DGM��MLNLULØ�K R S S H G � �Y��SRGLWD�KR U Q � �Q��ELQRR�KR UQ � R I � D � F D U � �Q��SLLSRR�KR UQ O H VV � F D W W O H � �Q��MXNRR��QMXNRR�KR U V H � �Q��VXZRR�KR V H � S L S H � �Q��WXURRPRR�KRVS L W D O � �Q��ORSLWDDQRR�KRV W � �Q��MDDWLLPDD�KRV W � �Y��ML\DQGL��ML\DD�KRV W H O � �Q��KRWHHORR�KR V W H V V � �Q��MDDWLLPDD��MDDWLLPXVRR�KR V W L Q J � �YQ��ML\DQGRR�KR W � �DGM��NDQGL��NDQGLWD��NDQGLULØ�NDQGLULØR�

KR W � �Q��NDQGLPDD�KR W H O � �Q��KRWHHORR�KRX U � �Q��ZDDWRR�KRX U O \ � �DGY��ZDDWLQLØZDDWL�K R X V H � �Q��EXØR�K R X V H � �Y��EXØ�+RX V H � G R R U � �Q��EXQGDD�+RX V H � H T X L SP H Q W � �Q�EXQNRQRMRRUDØR�

KRXVH � I O \ � �Q��VL\R�KRXV H � R I � S D U O L DPHQ W � �Q�GLSLWHHEXØR�

+RX V H � RZ Q H U � �Q��EXQWL\R�+RXV H � U H Q W � �Q��EXQMRR�K R X V H K R O G � �Q��GLPEDD\DD��VLQNLURR�K R Z � �DGY��xDDPHØ�K R Z � �LQW��xDDGLL�K RZ �P D Q \ � �LQW��MHOX��MROX�K RZ � P X F K � �LQW��MHOX��MROX�K RZ H Y H U � �DGY��xDD�ZRR�xDD�K XPD Q � E H L Q J � �Q��KDGDPDGLØR�DGDPDGLØR��PRR�

K XPE O H � �Y��IDØPDMLL�KXPE O H � R Q H V H O I � �Y��IDQNDDxDØ�K XP L G � �DGM��PRQWR�KXP L G L W \ � �DGM��PRQWRR�KXP L O L D W L R Q � �Q��MDOD\LURR��GRR\DDURR�KXP L O L W \ � �Q��IDQNDDxDQR��IDPPDML\R�K XP S � �Q��WXNRR�K X Q G U H G � �Q��NHPRR�K X Q G U H G � �DGM��NHPH�KXQG U H G � N L O R � E D J � �Q��VDQNLORR�K X Q J H U � �Q��NRQNRR�K X Q J U \ � �DGM��NRQNRWD��NRQNRULØ�K X Q J U \ � S H U V R Q � �Q��NRQNRWRR�KXQ W � �Y��GHHPD�KXQ W H U � �Q��GDQQRR��GHHPDODD�KXQ W L Q J � �YQ��GHHPRR�KXQ W L Q J � �Q��IHOHED\RR�KX U U L H G Q H V V � �Q��KDZXMRR�

KX U U \ � �Y��NRURQWRQGL��KDZXMLQGL�KX U U \ � �Q��NRURQWRR�KX U U \ � �DGM��KDZXML��KDZXMLUL�NRURQWRWD�

KX U U \ � L Q � D � � �DGM��NRURQWR�KX U W � �Q��NDDxL�KX U W � �Y��EDUDPD�KX U W L Q J � �DGM��GLPL�K X V E D Q G � �Q��NHHPDD��NHH�KX VE DQG � R U � Z L I H � �Q��IXWXXxRR�K X V N � �Q��GRRIHH�KX W � �Q��MHPEHUHØR�K \ H Q D � �Q��VXOXZR�K\HQDV � S O D F H � �Q��NRORR�K \P H Q � �Q��WXPEDD�K \SQR W L ] H � �Q��VLWLNRØ�K\SRF U L F \ � �Q��QDDILNL\DD�K\SRF U L W H � �Q��EXQDDID\RR�NXWXQNDQQRR��QDDILNRR�

K\SRF U L W L F D O � �DGM��QDDILNL\DDWD�, ��VSQ��P��Q�, � � HPSKD W L F � � �VSQ��QWH�L F H � E O R FN � �Q��NDODDVRR�L G H D � �Q��IHHURR�L G HQ W L I L F D W L RQ �PD U N � �Q��VXXWHHUDØR�L G HQ W L I \ � �Y��VXXWHH�L G HQ W L I \ L QJ � �YQ��VXXWHHURR�L G L R W � �Q��WRROHH��VDD�L G L R W L F � �DGM��GDVD��QDPDULØR�QDPD\DDULØ��QDPD\DDWD�QDPD\DDULØR��WRROHH\DDULØ�WRROHH\DDWD�

L G O H � �DGM��EDUDNDQWDØR��IXX�NXQWDQ\DDWD��NDODQW�DQ\DDULØ�NDODQWDQ\DD��NXQWDQ\DD�

L G O H � S H U VRQ � �Q��PXUDDGLQWDØR�L G O H Q H VV � �Q��NDODQWDQ\DD�PXUDDGLQWDQ\DD��NXQWDQ\DD�

L G O L QJ � �Q��PXUDDGLQWDQ\DD�L G O L QJ � �YQ��FDDNDDQRR�L GR O � �Q��MDODØR�L G R O � N H HSH U � �Q��MDODQWL\R�L G R O �PDV W H U � �Q��MDODQWL\R�L GR O D W U \ � �Q��MDODQEDWRR�L I ��FRQM��IR��IR��IR��IR��QLØ�L J Q R U D Q F H � �Q��ORQEDOL\DD�L J QR U D Q W � �Q��FXXQHH��MDDKLORR�WDZXQWHH�

L J QR U H � �Y��GDDNXQWX�L JQR UH � D � FD O O � � H W F � � �Y��VRRMDD�L J Q R U H �ZR U G V � � �Y��WXORR�NDDVL�WXERIDD�

L J Q R U L Q J � �Q��xDDNDDVRR�L O O ��DGM��NXXUDQWD��NXXUDQGLØ��NXXUDØ�NXXUDQGLØR��VDDVDDWD��VDDVDDULØ�VDDVDDULØR��VDDVDD�

L O O � I R U WXQH � �Q��VDDEXMDZRR�L O O � O XFNHG � �DGM��VLWL�

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English-Mandinka L O O HJD OL O O HJD O � �Q��NRØ�L O O HJD O � �DGM��KDUDDPX�L O O HJ L W LPD W H � FK L O G � �Q��MDQNDGLØR�L O O L J L W LPD WH � FK L O G � �Q��EDDWDUDGLØR�MHHQDGLØR�

L O O QHVV � �Q��MDQNDURR��NXXUDØR��VDDVDD�L O O XP L QD W L Q J � �DGM��IDQX��IDQXULØR�L P D J H � �Q��ILQLILQRR��VDZXURR�L P DP � �Q��DOLPDDPH��DOLPDDPRR�LPDP V � D V V L V W D Q W � �Q��QDD\LERR�LP L W D W H � �Y��VDQND��\DDND�L PPD W X U H � �DGM��QDPD�L PPD W X U H � R Q H � �Q��GDVDULØR�L P S H G H � �Y��NDUL��WRQNRØ�L P S H G H G � �Q��NDOHHWD�L P S H G LP H Q W � �Q��NDOHH��VXNRR�LPSR U W D Q W � �DGM��EDUDPDD��NXPPDD�NXPPDD\DD��NXPPDD\DDWD�EDUXPDD�

L P S R W H Q F H � �Q��NHHQWDQ\DD�L P S U H J Q D W H � �Y��NRQRPDQGL�L PS U L V R Q � �Y��VRURØ�L P S U L V R Q H G � �Y��VRURQGLØ�L P S U L V R Q L Q J � �Q��VRURØR�L P S U R S H U � �DGM��PDØ�xDØ�L Q � �DGY��NRQRWR�L Q � �SRVWS��NRQR�L Q � D � KDV W H � �DGM��KDZXMLULØ��KDZXMLWD�L Q � D � KX U U \ � �DGM��KDZXMLWD�L Q � D � VTXD W W L QJ � V W D W H � �Q��MRQNRWR�L Q � D � V W D W H � R I � S URV W U D W L RQ � �VY�VXMXGLULØ�

L Q � F K D U J H � �Y��PDUD�L Q � G L I I H U HQ W � FR O RX U V � �DGM�ZDDUHQZDDUH�

L Q � G L VR U GH U � �Y��MDIDMDID�L Q � O DZ � �Q��ELWDØ��ELWDØR�L Q � R U GH U � �DGM��NHHNXXULØ�L Q � W K H � E H J L Q Q L Q J � �DGY��IRORRWR�L Q � W KH � I X W X U H � �DGY��xDDWRQWR�L Q � W KH � I X W X U H � �SRVWS��xDDWR�L Q � W K H � SDV W � �DGY��IRORRWR��QXØ�WRR�QXØ�

L Q � W K U H H � G D\V � W LPH � �Q��VLQLQGLQNRR�L Q � W U RXE O H � �Y��QDPEDUDWD�L Q � WZRV � �DGM��IXODIXOD�L Q � Y D L Q � �DGY��NHQVHQNH�L Q � Y D U L RXV � FR O R U V � �DGM��NXORRULMDPDD�

L Q DF W L Y H � �DGM��WDML��WDMLWD��WDMLULØ�L Q D XJ U D W L Q J � �YQ��MRPERR�L Q D XJX U D W H � �Y��MRPER�L Q D XJX U D W L R Q � �YQ��MRPERR�L Q F H Q V H � �Q��FXXUDD\RR��VDQWDØxDDML\R�

L Q F HQ W L Y H � �Q��QHHKDORR��PDQGDD�L Q F K D U J H � �Y��NXPDQGL�

L Q F RPS O H W H � �DGM��QDDVLWD��QDDVLULØ�QDDVLULØR��GDVDULØR�

L Q F RPS O H W L R Q � �Q��GDVRR��QDDVRR�L Q FR U U H F W � �DGM��PD�xD�L Q F U H D VH � �Y��MLLGL��MLLGLQGL��NDIXxRR�NDIXURR�

L Q F U H DVH � L Q � �Q��NDIX�L Q F U H DVH � L Q � �DGM��EX\�L Q F U H D V HG � �Q��NDIXWD�L Q F U H D V HG � �Y��ODIDDWD�L Q F U H D V L QJ � �YQ��ODIDDURR�L Q F U H D V L QJ � �Q��ODIDD��NDIXURR�L Q F U HPHQ W � �Q��ODIDD�L Q G H F HQ W � �DGM��KDUDDPXULØ�KDUDDPXULØR��xHPEX��xHPEXWD�xHPEXULØ��xHPEXULØR��ØD\LEHULØR�

L Q G H F HQ W � G H D O � �Q��GLLORR�L Q G H F HQ W � H D U Q L Q J � �Q��KDUDDPRR�L Q G H S H Q G H Q F H � �Q��IDØVRWRR�L Q G H [ � �Q��EXOXNRQGLØ�VHHGRR�, Q G L D Q � M X M X E H � �Q��WRPERURØR�L Q G L V F L S O L Q H � �Q��NXOXXEDOL\DD�L Q H I I L F L HQ W � S O D\H U � �Q��FXXQHH�L Q H Y L W DE O H � H YHQ W � �Q��EDD\LEDORR�L Q I L GH O � �Q��NDDILURR�L Q I L GH O L W \ � �Q��NDDILUL\DD��EDGDORR�L Q I R UP � �Y��NLEDDUL��NXPSDER��ORQGL�VDUD��VRELQGL��\LWD��\LWDQGL�

L Q I R UPD W L R Q � �Q��NLEDDURR�L Q I R UP L Q J � �Q��VDURR��\LWDQGLURR�NLEDDULURR�

L Q I U RQ W � �SRVWS��xDDWR�� L QJ �NDØ�L Q KD O H � �Y��NLLPD��QL\R�VHOH�L QKH U L W � �Y��NHHWDD�L Q K H U L W H G � W K L QJ � �Q��NHH�L Q KH U L W L QJ � �Q��NHHWDDURR�L Q M HF W � �Y��SHQNX�L Q M H F W L QJ � �Q��SHQNRR�L Q M H F W L QJ � �YQ��SHQNXURR�L Q M H F W L RQ � �Q��SHQNRR��SLNLLURR�L Q M X U H � �Y��EDUDPD��NDDxL�L Q N � �Q��GXZDD�L Q TX L U H � �Y��NLVLNLVL�L QTX L V L W L Y H � �DGM��NXPSD��NXPSDWD�L Q TX L V L W L Y H � S H U VRQ � �Q��NXPSDEDORR�L Q V D Q H � �DGM��FDIDUL��MDEXUX��xDDPDD�xDDPDDULØR��xDDPDQGL��FDIDULWD�

L Q V DQ L W \ � �Q��FDIDURR��MDEXURR�L Q VHF W � �Q��ELVRR��IHUHQWHØR��WXPERR�L Q V HF W L F L G H � �Q��WXPEXERRURR�L QVHF W L F L GH � � I R U � O L FH � � �Q��NDDIXXUDD�L Q V HF W � N L QG � R I � DQ � � �Q��PHHVHHVRR�L QVH U W � �Y��VRRWL�L Q V H U W HG � �VY��VRRWLULØ�L Q V L G H � �DGY��NRQRWR�L Q V L G H � �SRVWS��NRQR��NRQRWR�L Q V L G H � �Q��xDDMDZRR�

L Q VR O HQ W � �DGM��GDDWLxDDULØR�L Q VSHF W � �Y��MLLEHH��NRURVL�L Q V S H F W L Q J � �Q��NRURVLURR�L Q V S H F W R U � �Q��NRURVLULODD�L Q V W L JD W H � �Y��NXUXNXUX��VXNXVXNX�VXVXQGL�

L Q V W U XPHQ W � �Q��MRRUDØR�L Q VX O W � �Y��QHQL��QHØ�L Q VX O W � �Q��NDMDIL��QHQGLURR�L Q VX O W L QJ � �Q��NDMDILURR��QHQGLURR�QHQRR��QHØR�

L Q W H O O HF WXD O � �Q��ORQQDD�L Q W H O O L J HQFH � �Q��KDNLOLGL\DD�L Q W H O O L JHQ W � �DGM��KDNLOLGLLPDD�L Q W H QG � �Y��KDPH��NHUHNHUH��ØDQL\D�L Q W H Q G L Q J � �VY��KDPHULØ�L Q W H Q G L Q J � �YQ��ØDQL\DULØ�L Q W H Q W L RQ � �Q��KDPRR��ØDQL\R�L Q W H U HV W � �Q��ODQNDØR��ULLEDD�L Q W H U H V W HG � �DGM��VDZDUL�L Q W H US UH W � �Y��NDQQDVRRUL�L Q W H US UH W H U � �Q��NDQQDVRRULODD�L Q W H U S U H W L QJ � �Q��NDQQDVRRURR�L Q W H U U XS W � �Y��NXPRRNXQWX�L Q W H V W L QH � �Q��QXZRR�L Q W L D W L RQ � �Q��NDVD\RR��NLGLQGLURR�NX\DØR�

L Q W R � �SRVWS��WL��WL�L Q W U L F DF\ � �Q��MDDKDORR�L Q YD O L G � �DGM��ODNDWLULØ��ODNDWLULØR�L Q YD O L G � �Q��ODNDILWD�L Q YD O L G � �Y��ODNDWLWD�L Q Y HV W L J D W H � �Y��NLVLNLVL�L Q Y L V L E O H � �Q��MHHEDORR�L Q Y L W D W L RQ � �Q��NLOLURR�L QY L W H � �Y��EXXxDD��NLOL��NXPDQGL�NXGHH�

L U L V K � SR W D W R � �Q��SRPSLWHHURR�L U RQ � �Y��SDDVL�L U RQ � ED U � �Q��QHHGRRURR�L U RQ � � I R U � L U RQ L QJ � � �Q��IHHURR�L U RQ �PH W D O � �Q��QHHILØR�L U R Q � U RG � �Q��QHHGRRURR�L U RQ � W U HH � �Q��NHPERR�L U RQ � I R U � L U RQ L QJ � � �Q��NXXVRR�L U R Q L QJ � �Q��SDDVRR��SDDVLURR�L U U H VSRQV L E O H � �DGM��NXQWDQ\DDWD�NXQWDQ\DD�

L U U H V SRQV L E O H Q H V V � �Q��NXQWDQ\DD�L U U L WD WH ��Y��NDPIDQGL�L U U L W D WHG � �DGM��NDPIDDUL�L V � �DY��EH��PX�L V � G HQ W HG � �Y��ERRPXWD�L V � G U XQN � �DGM��VLLUDWD�LV � L W ��H[��GLL�L V � O L NH � �DGM��EH�NR�L V � V HHQ � �YQ��MHWD�, V O DP � �Q��OLVLODDPRR��PLVLOLPH\DD�

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, V O DP L F English-Mandinka

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M H D O R X V � S H U V RQ � �Q��KDDVLGRR��NLLORR�M H D O RXV\ � �Q��NLLOL\DD��NRQQDQWHH\DD�KDDVLGL\DD��MDZX\DD�

M H DQ � F O R W K � �Q��MLLQRR�M L K DG � �Q��MLKDGRR�M L QQ � �Q��MLQRR�M R L Q � �Q��FRNLURR��GX��GX��VXQNXURR�FRNL�

M R L Q � �Y��VXQNXUX�M R L Q W � �Q��FRNRR�M R N H � �YQ��FDDNDDQRR�M R N H � �Q��VDQDDURR��VDUDDQRR�M R N H � �Y��FDDNDDQL��QHHQHH��VDQDDUL�VDUDDQL��WXOX�

M R N L Q J � �Q��QHHQHH��VDQDDURR�VDUDDQRR�

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M XE L O D W L RQ � �Q��NRQWDDQRR�M X G J H � �Y��NLLWLL��NLLWL\RNXQWX�M X G J H � �Q��MRRMRR�M X G J HPH Q W � �Q��NLLWLLNXQWRR�M X G J HPHQ W � G D \ � �Q��DOLNL\DDPDORROXØR��OXØODEDØR�

M X J G L Q J � �Q��NLLWLLNXQWRR�-X O \ � �Q��-XODD\�NDURR�M XPS � �Y��SRGL��VDZX�M XPS � G RZQ � I U RP � X S � �Y��FLSR�M XPS � I U L JK W I X O O \ � �Y��FRROL�M XP S H G � �Y��SRGLWD�M X Q H � �Q��MXXQXNDURR�

M X QJ O H � �Q��VXWRR�M X Q L R U �Z L I H � �Q��PDDxRR�M X Q N � I R RG � �Q��GRPRULIHØ�PHVHØR�M X U \ � �Q��NLLWLLGLØR�M XV W � �DGY��GDQNR�M XV W � O L NH � �FRQM��NRPHØ�N D S R N � �Q��EDQWDPEXXQDD��EXQNXØ�EXXQDD��EXXQDD�

N H H S � �Y��PDDER�NHHS � � � �DGY��WDDULØ�N H H S � G R L Q J � �Y��ZDD�NHHS � O R QJ � � W LPH � � �DGM��PHH�NHHS � V H F U H W � �Y��QHØR�PXWD��QXX�NHHS � W R � U L S H � �Y��IXID��PRQGL�N H HS L Q J � T X L H W � �YQ��GHH�NH UQH O � �Q��NRURVRR��WHQNXORR�N H U R V H Q H � �Q��NDUDVLLQRR�N H U R V HQ H � J D V � V W R Y H � �Q��VLWRRIRR�NH W W O H � �Q��EDUDDGDD��WDVDORR�NH\ � �Q��FDDERR��NXQHHGLØR�N L FN � �Y��GDPIX�N L FN � �Z L W K � W KH � W RHV � � �Y��WRR�N L G Q H \ � �Q��NRRNLORR��VXQGLØR�NL O O ��Y��IDD��IDD��IDD�N L O O H U � �Q��IDDODD��IDDULODD��PRRIDDODD�QMDODD\LUL�

N L O O L QJ � �YQ��IDDURR�N L O R J U DP � �Q��NLORR�N L O RPH W U H � �Q��NLORPHHWDURR�N L Q � �Q��EDDGLØR��EDDGLØ�N L QG � �Q��IDVRØR��xRØR�R���VLLIDD�N L QG � �DGM��KDGDPD\DD��EHWH\DD�N L Q G Q H V V � �Q��xLLxDD�N L Q G Q H V V � �DGM��EHWH\DD�N L QJ � �Q��PDQVDNHH�N L QV � �Q��EDDGLPPDDOX�N L Q VK L S � �Q��EDDGLØ\DD�N L VV � �Y��VXPEX�N L V V L QJ � �YQ��VXPEXURR��VXPERR�N L W F K HQ � �Q��.RREDD��NXWXEXØR�ZDDxRR�

N Q H H � �Q��NXPEDOLØR�N Q H H � F D S � �Q��NXPEDOLØ�PLUDØR�NQHH O � �Y��xR\L�NQ H H O H G � �Y��xR\LWD�NQ H H O L Q J � �VY��xR\LULØ�NQ H H O L Q J � �Q��xR\RR�NQH O W � �Y��xR\LWD�N Q HZ � D E R X W � �Y��NDODPXWD�NQ L I H � �Q��PXURR�NQ L I H V � E O DGH � �Q��PXUXNHVRR�NQ L I H V � VKHD W K � �Q��PXUXODD�N Q R F N � �Y��NRQNRØ�NQR W � �Q��WDIRR�NQR W � �Y��WDIX�NQR W � � D V � D � F K D UP � � �Q��WDIRR�N Q RZ � �Y��ORØ�N Q RZ � R I � �Y��NDODPXWD�

N Q RZ L Q J � �Q��ORØR��NDODPXWDURR�N Q RZ O H G J H � �Q��ORQGRR�N Q RZ O H G J H D E O H � �DGM��ORØ��ORQWD�ORQGLØR�

NR O D QX W � �Q��ELWDNRRODD��NXUXZR�O D ERX U H U � �Q��OHEHUHHVRR�O D FH � �Q��OHHVRR�O D FN �R I � I D L W K � �Q��OLLPDDQL\DDEDOL\DD�O D F N � R I � N Q RZ O H GJ H � �Q��ORQEDOL\DD�O D F N � R I � V K \QHVV � �Q��xDDMDD�O D FN � R I � W LPH � �Q��GHZXØR�xDDVRWREDOL\DD�

O D F N � R I �ZR U N L QJ � �Q��GRREDOL\DD�O D GGH U � �Q��ODPSLØR��VHHORR�VHOHQVHOHQGDØR�

O D GGH U � U R S H � �Q��ODPSLØR�O D GG O H �Z L W K � KR O H V � �Q��FXPXZDDURR�O DG O H � �Q��GRRVDD��NDODPDD�O D G \ V � Q DPH � �Q��ELLUHH��%LQWD��%LQWX�)DDWX��)DQWD��+DGDØ��+DGL��,OL�-DDUDD��-DDUL��-DEX��-DQNHH��-DWX�-HHQHED��-H\��-RPPDD��-RRMR��-RRxL�.DWL��.XQGDD��.XWD��0DDNXWX�0DDPDD��0DDPDQGLØ��0DUDP�0DUDØ��0ERRVH��PXVX��PXVXNHHEDD�0XVXNRWRR��7RRPDDULØ��<DDPD�IDDPDWD�

O D NH � �Q��GDORR�O D NH �R I � I D L W K � �Q��GDQNHQH\DD�EDOL\DD�O DPS � �Q��ODPSRR�O D QG � �Q��EDQNRR��NHQRR�O D QG � O D G \ � �Q��MDDWLL��MDDWLLPDD�MDDWLLPXVRR�

O D Q G � RZQ H U � �Q��EDQNXWL\R�O D QG O R U G � �Q��EXQWL\R��MDDWLLPDD�O D QH � �Q��GDSHH�O D Q J X D J H � �Q��NDØR�O D U JH � �DGM��EDD��ZDUDWD��ZDUDULØ�ZDUDULØR�

O D U J H � RQH � �Q��ZDUDPDD�O D U J HQ H V V � �Q��ZDURR�O DV W � �DGM��ODEDØ��ODEDØR��ODEDQWD�O D V W � GD\ � �Q��DOLNL\DDPD�ORROXØR�OXØODEDØR�

O D V W � G D\V � �Q��GXQL\DDODEDØR�MDPDDQL�ODEDØR�

O D V W � J HQH U D W L RQ � �Q��MDPDDQL�ODEDØR�O D V W � S U L FH � �Q��.DDULNDDURR�GDDODEDØR�

O D V W � \HD U � �Q��VHUXØ�O DV W O \ � �DGY��ODEDØROD�O D W H � Q L JK W � �Q��GXXWDODD�O D W H U � � L Q � W KH � HYHQ LQJ � � �Q��VLQLØ�O D W U L QH � �Q��NDPRR�O D X J K � �Y��MHOH�O D X J K L Q J � �Q��MHORR�O D XJK W H U � �Q��MHOHQGLNXPRR��MHORR�O D XQGH U H U � �Q��NXXULODD�

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English-Mandinka O D X Q G U H V VO D X QG U H V V � �Q��NXXULODD�O D X QG U \ � �Q��NXXURR�O DZ � �Q��OXZDD�O DZ � �DGM��VLORR�O DZ � E U H D N H U � �Q��OXZDDVDZXQQDD�O DZ � E U H D N L Q J � �Q��OXZDDWLLxDD�O DZ � N H HSH U � �Q��OXZDDWL\R�O DZ\H U � �Q��ORR\DD�/D[D W L Y H � �Q��QDQGDORR�O D ] L Q HVV � �Q��NDWDEDOL\DD�O D ]\ � �DGM��NDWDEDOL\DDWD��QDDUL\DD�QDDUL\DDWD��QDDUL\DDUL��EDORRGL\DDWD�

O H DG � D V W U D \ � �Y��ILOLQGL�O H DG � W R � D � S O D FH � �Y��NHQNH�O H DGH U � �Q��DOLIDD��NXQWL\R��NXQWRQNRR�xDDWRQNRR�

O H D G H U VK L S � �Q��DOLIDD\DD��NXQWLL\DD�NHHEDD\DD�

O H D G L Q J � �Q��PDUDURR�O H DG � SHRS O H � � L Q � D � S U D \H U � �Y�VDOLQGL�

O HD I � �Q��ILWRR��MDPERR�O H DN � �Y��ERØ��VXOHØ�O H D N DJH � �Q��VXOHØR�O HDN �D L U � � �Y��SHHUL�O H D N HG � �Y��VXOHQWD�O H DNHG � � D L U � � �Q��SHHULWD�O H D N L QJ � �Q��VXOHØR�O H DQ � �Y��QDML��VHPEH�O H D Q � R Q � �Y��VXML�O H D Q HG � �Y��QDMLWD�O H D Q HG � �Q��6HPEHWD�O H D Q L Q J � �VY��QDMLULØ�O H D Q L Q J � �Q��VHPEHULØ�O H D UQ � �Q��QNNLØ�O H D UQ � �Y��NDUDØ��QLNL��QLØ�O H D U Q HG � �DGM��NDUDØ��ORØ��ORQWD�ORQGLØR��NDUDQWD�

O H D U Q HG � S H U V RQ � �Q��NDUDQQDD�ORQQDD��ODOOXPRR�

O H D UQH U � �Q��NDUDQQDD��NDUDQGLØR�O H D U Q L QJ � �Q��NDUDØR��QLQGLURR�O H D VH � RX W � �Y��OXZDDVL�O H D W KH U � �Q��NXORR�O H D W K H U � E DJ � �Q��VXIXURR�O H D W K H U � V KRH � �Q��NXOXVDPDWRR�O H D W K H U �ZR U N � �Q��EDDURR�O H D W K H U �ZR U N H U � �Q��IDUDERR�NDUDQNHH�

O H D YH � �Y��EXOD��EXODQFDQFD��GDKDQGL�IDWDQGL�

O H D YH � �Q��OLLIRR�O H D Y H � D O RQH � �Y��IDWD��WHQNXQGL��WX�/HEDQH V H � � H W F � �Q��1DDURR�O H H FK � �YQ��QXXURR�O H I W ��Q��PDUDD�O H I W � K DQG � �Q��PDUDD�

O H I W � K DQG � V L G H � �Q��PDUDD�O H I W � K D QGHG � S H U V RQ � �Q��PDUDDPDD�O H I W � RX W � �YD��ODPIHHWD�O H J � �Q��VLQNDORR��VLØR�O H J L W LPD W H � FK L O G � �Q��KDODDOLGLØR�KDDODDOLGLØR�

O HP R Q � �Q��OHPXQRR�O H QG � �Y��GRQWR��IXX�O H Q G L Q J � �YQ��GRQWRURR�O H Q G L Q J � �Q��GRQWRR��IXZR��IXXURR�O H QJ W K � �Q��MDQIRR��MDØD\DD�O H QJ W K � R I � W LPH � �Q��ZXFRR�O H Q J W K H Q � �Y��MDQD\DQGL�O H R S D U G � �Q��VRORR�O H SH U � �Q��EDNLWRR��EDODMDZXWRR�O H S U R V \ � �Q��EDODIXORR��EDODMDZRR�O H W � XV � �Q��ÙÙD�O H W WH U � �Q��KDUDIRR��OHHWDURR�O H W W H U V � FDS L W D O � ER OG � � �Q��NXOXEDD�O H W W H U � VPD O O � � �Q��NXOXPHVHØR�O H W W XFH � �Q��VDODDWRR�O HYH O � �Y��GHHND��GHHNDQGL��WHPEHQGL�O H YH O � VR O YHG � H W F � � �DGM��WHPEH�O L D U ��Q��IDQL\DD�IRRODD��IDQRR��IHxRR�ZXORR�

O L F HQFH � �Q��ODQVLLQRR�O L F HQVH � �Y��ODQVLLQ�O L FN � �Y��QHZ��QHZXØ�O L F N L QJ � �Q��QHZXURR�O L F N L QJ � �YQ��QHZXØR�O L G � �Q��NXEHHURR��ELWLQGDØR�VXNLQGDØR�

O L H ��Q��IDQL\DD��ZXOL\DD��ZXOX�ZXOX\DD�

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O L I W � �D � O L W W OH � ��Y��\HWX�O L I W HG � �Y��VLNDWD��WHHNDWD�O L I W HG � �Q��xLNDUL��WHHNDUL�O L I W L QJ � �YQ��xLNDURR��VLNDURR�O L JK W � �Q��IDQRR��OHHURR��QRRURR�PDORR��PDOD�

O L JK W � �Y��PXWDQGL�O L JK W � �DGM��IHHPDD��IHH\DD�O L J K W H Q L QJ � �Q��VDQØDODVRR�O L JK W H U � �Q��ELULNHHWRR�O L NH �ERNR�O L NH � �VY��ODILULØ�O L NH � �Q��xRØ�O L NH � �Y��ODIL��ODILWD�O L NH � �DGY��NR��PXQWD��NR�O L NH � �FRQM��NRPHØ�O L N H � � H U � � L Q � (QJ O L VK � �ODD�O L NH O\ � �DGY��ODIL�

O L N HQHVV � �Q��PXOXØR�O L NHV � �Q��ODILQQDIHØR��ODILQQDNXZR�O L O O \ � W UR W WH U ��Q��EDDWRQDDQDD�O LPH � I UX L W � �Q��OHPXQD�NXPXØR�OHPXQD�PHVHØR�

O LPH � SD L Q W � �Q��ODVRR�O LP L W � �Q��QDDQHH�O LPS � �Y��MXXPD�O L PS HG � �YQ��MXXPDWD�O L PS L Q J � �YQ��MXXPRR�O L QH � �Q��UDØR�O L Q H DJH � �Q��ODPEHH��ODVLGRR��ZXOXZR�O L QN � �Y��NDIXQGL�O L RQ � �Q��MDWRR�O L R Q � K HD U W HG � �DGM��MXVRR�EDQEDQWD�MXVRRMDDWD�

O L S � �Q��GDDWXURR�O L TX L G � �DGM��MLLPDD�O L T X L G �PHG L F L Q H � �Q��ERRULML\R�O L V W HQ � �Y��ODPR\��WXORR�ORR�O L V W HQH U � �Q��ODPR\LULODD�O L V W HQ L QJ � �YQ��ODPR\LURR�O L W H UD WH � �DGM��NDUDQWD�O L W UH ��Q��OLLWDURR�O L W W OH ��YD��GRR\DDWD�O L W W OH ��Y��GRR\DD��NXØRIHH\DD�O L W W OH ��DGY��GRPDQGLØ��GRPDQGLØ�GRPDQGLØ�

O L W W OH ��DGM��GRR\DD��GRR\DDULØ�O L W W OH � IDU ��DGM��VDEDWD��VDED�O L W W O H � I LQJHU � �Q��EXOXNRQGLØ�ODEDQR�O L YH � �Y��EDOXX��VDEDWL�O L Y H � O RQJ � �Y��VLLPDD\DD�O L Y HG � O RQJ � �Y��VLLPDD\DDWD�O L Y H L K RRG � �Q��EXOXZR�O L Y H O L K RRG � �Q��EDOXXUDØR�O L YH U � �Q��MXVRR��EXxRR�O L Y H V W RFN � �Q��EHH\DØR�O L Y L QJ � �YQ��VDEDWLULØ�O L Y L QJ � �Q��EDOXXxDD��EDOXXUDØR��VLLULØ�O L Y L QJ � O RQJ � �Q��VLLPDD\DD�O L Y L QJ � W K L QJ � �Q��QLLODPDD�O L ] D UG � �Q��EDVRR��NDDQDD�O R D G � �Q��GXQRR�O R D G � �Y��GXQXQGL��VDULVHH�O R D G � D � J XQ � �Y��VRVR�O R DG � RQHVH O I � Z L W K � D � O R DG � �Y�NRQRPDD�

O R D G H G � �Y��VDULVHHWD�O R D G H G � �VY��VDULVHHULØ�O R D G L Q J � �YQ��xXQGLURR�O R D G L Q J � �Q��VDULVHH�O RD I � �Q��NXØR�O REH � R I � W K H � H D U � �Q��WXOXILWRR�/REV W H U � �Q��QGHHULQGHHULØR�O R F N � �Q��VRRUDØR��VRURQGDØR�O R F N � �Y��VRURØ��NRURRVL��VRR�O R F N HG � �Y��VRURQGLØ��VRURQWD�

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O R F N L Q J English-Mandinka

O R F N L Q J � �Q��VRURØR�O R FXV W � �Q��NXQWLØR��NXQWXØR�O R G J H � �Y��ML\DQGL��ML\DD�O R G J H � �Q��KRWHHORR��ML\DDGXODD�O R G J H G � �Y��ML\DDWD�O R G J L Q J � �YQ��ML\DQGRR�O R G J L Q J � �VY��ML\DDULØ�O R L Q � F O R W K � �Q��QMHPERR�O R Q H O L Q H V V � �Q��NLLGHH��NLLGRR�O R QH O \ � �DGM��NLLGHH��NLLGHHULØ�NLLGHHWD��NLLGHHULØR��NLLGRR�NLLGRRWD��NLLGRRULØ�

O R Q H V RPH � �Q��NLLGRR�O R Q H V RPH � �DGM��NLLGHH��NLLGHHULØ�NLLGHHWD��NLLGHHULØR��NLLGRRWD�NLLGRRULØ�

O R Q H V RPH Q H V V � �Q��NLLGHH�O R Q J � �DGM��MDQID��MDQD\DDULØ��MDØR�O R Q J � �Q��MDQIDULØR�O R QJ � I R U � �Y��KDPH��NXPERR��PHH\DD�KDPHWD�

O RQJ � O L I H � �Q��VLLPDD\DD�O R QJ � V O H H Y H � �Q��EXOXMDØR�O R QJ � V W L F N � �Q��GRQWLØR�O R QJ � W D L O H G � VK L U N H � �Q��FDDFDD�O R QJ � W U R X V H U V � �Q��VLQMDØR�O R Q J L Q J � �VY��KDPHULØ�O R R N � �Y��IHOH��MLLEHH�O R R N � �Q��MXXEHH�O RRN � D I W H U � �Y��WRSRWRR�WRSDWRR�O RRN � D O L N H � �Y��PXOXØ��PXOXQ\DD�PXOXQ\DDWD�

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O R R N � D U R X QG � �Q��NDODØ��xDDNDODØ�O RRN � I R U � �Y��xLQL��xLQLØ�O RRN � O L N H � �DGM��EH�NR�O RRN � O L N H �ERNR�O RRN � O L N H � �Y��PXOXØ��PXOXQ\DD�O R R N L Q J � �Q��MXXEHHURR�O R R N L Q J � �YQ��IHOHURR�O R RN L QJ � D I W H U � �YQ��WRSRWRRURR�O RRN O L N H � �DGY��PXQWD�O R R N V � �Q��PXOXØR�O R R V H � �DGM��NXØRIHH\DDWD��ODNDIX�ODNDIXWD��ODNDIXULØ��ODNDIXULØR�\RPID�

O R R V H � �Y��MLQGL�O R R V H � S RZH U � �Y��ODNDWL�O R R V H � Z RPD Q � �Q��IHHUDD\RR��FDNRR�O R R V H Q H V V � �DGM��NXØIHH\DD�O R R V H Q H V V � �Q��IXXULØ\DD�O R U U \ � �Q��NDPL\RØR��NXUL\HH�O R V H � �Y��ERØR��)LOL��NDODILOL��IRR�O R V H �ZH L J K W � �Y��ODEDUD�O R V H G � �Y��IRRWD�O R VH U � �Q��ERQRODD��IRRODD�O R V L Q J � �YQ��ERQRR�

O R V V � �YQ��ERQRR�O RV W � �DGM��ILOLULØR�O R W � �DGM��MDPDD�O R W � �Q��DOLNXXURR�O R X V H � �Q��GXxRR��NDUDQNRR�O R Y H � �Y��NDQX�O R Y H � �Q��NDQRR�O R YH U � �Q��NDQXxRR��NDxDDPRR�O RZ � W L G H � �Q��EDDMDD�O RZH U � M DZ � �Q��ERRGRR�O RZH U � R Q H V � Y R L F H � �Y��NDØRMLL�O X F N � �Q��KDULMHH�O X F N \ � �YD��PDQWDDEHQWD�O X F N \ � �DGM��KDULMHHGL\DDWD��KDULMHHWD�KDULMHHULØR��KDULMHH�

O X F N \ � S H U V RQ � �Q��KDULMHHPDD�O X GR � G L F H � �Q��ORGRNHVRR�O X J J D J H � �Q��EDNDDVRR�O XPS � R I � V R L O � �Q��NXWXNDWRR�O X Q D U � F D O H QGH U � �Q��DOLPDQDDNRR�O XQD W L F � �Q��FDIDULWRR��xDDPDDWRR�O X Q F K � �Y��NRQWRØ�O X Q F K � �Q��NRQWRØR�O X QJ � V � � �Q��NXIXNDIRR�O X U N � �Y��GHQGH�� O\ ��NH�O \ L QJ � �Q��ZXOL\DD�O \ L Q J � G RZQ � �VY��ODDULØ�PDF K L Q H � �Q��PDVLØR�PD G � �DGM��FDIDULWD�PDGH � W R � F D U U \ � �Y��GXQXQGL�PDJ J R W � �Q��WXPERR�PDJ J R W \ � �DGM��WXPEX�PDJ L F L D Q � �Q��EDWXXWDD�PDJQ H W � �Q��QHHEXZDD�PD L G � �Q��PELQGDDQRR�PD L Q � H Q W U D Q F H � �Q��GDDEDD�PD L ] H � �Q��WXEDDEXxRR�PD MR U L W \ � �Q��MDPDD�PDN H � �Y��GDD��GDGDD��GRRNXX�PDNH � D � E O R F N D G H � �Y��ELOL�PDNH � D � O R V W � �Y��ER\L�PDNH � S R V V L E O H � �Y��EHQGL�PDN L Q J � E DPER R � I H Q F H � �YQ�ERQNRVRR�

PD O H � �Q��KLMLQNHH��NHH�PD O H � F L U F XPF L V H U � �Q��PXQNDDxRR�PD O H � J R D W � �Q��NRWRØR�PD O H � S L O J U LP � �Q��$ODDML�PD O H � U X O H U � �Q��PDQVDNHH�PD O H � V K H H S � �Q��NRWRØR�PD O H � Y L U J L Q � �Q��PXVXORPEDORR�PD OH U L D � I H YH U � � �Q��NDMHH�0D O L DQ � W U L E H � �Q��%DPEDUDØR�PD O W U H D W � �Y��KDODNL�PD O W U H D WPHQ W � �Q��KDODNRR�PD Q � �Q��NHH��NHZR��NHQGLØR�

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PDQX U H � �Q��MDPEDQGRR�PDQ \ � �DGM��VL\DD��VL\DDWD��VL\DDULØR�MDPDD�

PD U DERX W � V W R U N � E L U G � � �Q��QMLPRR�0D U F K � �Q��0DDFLNDURR�PD U J D U L Q H � �Q��ERRWD�PD U N � �Q��PDDNRR��PDDULNRR�WDDPDQVHHURR��WDPSRR�

PD U N � �Y��QXXQHH�PD U N � R I � V RPH W K L Q J � �Q��QRR�PD U N H U � �DGY��ND�PD U N H W � �Q��PDULVHH�PDUNH W � I R U � V H O O L QJ � I U X L W V � �Q�VDQGLNDD�

PD U N VP D Q V K L S � �Q��EXOXGL\DD�PD U U L D J H � �Q��IXWXZR�PDU U L D J H � S D U W Q H U � �Q��IXWXXxRR�PD U U L H G � �DGM��IXWXXULØR�PD U U L H G � Z RPD Q � �Q��IXWXXPXVRR�PD U U \ � �Y��IXWXX�PDU U \ � D � O D G\ � �Y��IXWXXVLWL�PDVN L Q J � W D S H � �Y��NROHH�

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English-Mandinka P D V R QP D V R Q � �Q��EXOORRODD��PDVRØR�PD V R Q � Z D V S � �Q��GXQGXQNDUDUDØR�PD V V D J H � �Y��GLL��GLNL��IX\��xDEX�xDML�

PDV V D J L Q J � �YQ��xDEXURR��xDMLURR�PDV W � �Q��NXOXQEDVRR�PDV W H U � �Q��EDWXIDD�PD W � �Q��EDVRR�PD W F K � �Q��DOLPHHWRR�PD W F K H V � �Q��DOLPHHWRR��PDFRR�PD W F K H W � �Q��IDØR�PD W H � �Q��GHØxRR��NXXNHHxRR�PRRxRR�

PDWH U L D O L ] H � �Y��KRRML�PD WH U L D O V � �Q��EXQNRQRIHØR��MRNRØRR�PD W H U L D O V � I R U � D � F H U HPRQ\ � �Q�xDQWRR�

PD W H U Q D O � �Q��EDDODD�PD W L D O � H DJ O H � �Q��ZDWDD�PD W W U H V V � �Q��SDMDDVRR�PD W X U H � �Y��IXWD�PD W X U H � �DGM��IXWDULØR��NDPDOL�NDPDOLULØR��NDPDOLWD��NDPDOLULQ�NHVH��NXØRIDDWD��NXØRNXOL\DDWD�ODNXUD��PHØ��PHQWD��PHQGLØ��WLPPD�WLPPDWD��WLPPDULØR�

PD W X U H � �Q��PHQGLØR��WLPPDULØR�PD WX U H � I R U � �DGM��6LL��VLL�PD W X U H G � V H [X D O O \ � �DGM��EDOLNX\DD�PD WX U L W \ � �Q��NXØR�PDX U L W D Q L D Q �PRR U � �Q��1DDURR�PD\ � E H � �Y��WRPEL�PD\ � E H � �Q��PHØEDDMH�OD��DVH�NH�PD\ � E H � �HP��WHQGXØ�PD\ � E H � �DGY��GRPELL��WXPDQGRR�PD\ �*RG � � � �Q��$ODPDD�PD\ �*RG � I R U E L G � L W � �H[��NDDU�PD\ � , � �Q��ØD�PD\ � Z H � �Q��ÙÙD��$ODPDDØD�PD\R U � �Q��$OLNDDORR�PH �Q�PH � �RS��P��QWH�PH D Q � �DGM��MDZRR��MDZX\DD�PH D Q � �Y��ØXQWDØ�PHDQ � R Q � I R R G � �Y��SLVDDOL�PH D Q L Q J � �Q��NRWRR�PH D Q Q H V V � �Q��NRQRWRNX\DD�PHDQ V � � O H �PX � � OHØ�PHDQ V � � Q � \ H � � �Q��ØD�PHDQV � R I � O L Y L Q J � �Q��EDOXXxDD�PHDV O H V � �Q��IXXVLEDD��IXXVXEDD�PHD V X U H � �Q��VXPDØ�PHD V X U H G � �Y��VXPDQWD�PHD V X U HP H Q W � �YQ��VXPDQGLURR�PHD V X U L Q J � �YQ��VXPDQGLURR�PHD V X U L Q J � �Q��VXPDØR�PHD V X U L Q J � S D Q � �Q��NDQGRR�PHDVX U L Q J � W R R O � �Q��VXPDQGLULODØR�

PHD W � �Q��PDDIRR��VXERR�0HF F D � �Q��0DND�PHFK D Q L F � �Q��ILLWDD�PHGD O � �Q��PHGDD\RR�PHG L D W H � E H WZ H H Q � W Z R � �Y��WHHPD�IR�WHHPRR�IR�

PHG L F L Q D O � R L O � F U H DP � � �Q�EDPEXXWXORR�

PHG L F L Q H � �Q��ERRURR��NDOLSDWRR�QDQGDORR�

PHG L W D W H � �Y��NXQQDPLLUD�PHG L W D W H � �Q��PLLURR�PHG L W D W L Q J � �Q��NXQQDPLLURR��PLLURR�PHH W � �Y��EHQGXØ��EHØ�PHH W L Q J � �Q��NDIXEHØR�PHH W L Q J � �YQ��EHØR�PHH W L Q J � S O D F H � �Q��EHQGXODD�PH O W � �Y��\RR\�PHPE H U � �Q��GLØR��GXQNXWRR�PHPR U L V H � �Y��WDQND�PHPR U L V H G � �Y��WDQNDWD�PHPR U L V L Q J � �YQ��WDQNDURR�PH Q G � �Y��GDGDD�PHQ L QJ L W L V � �Q��WRQMDDNXXUDØR�PHQ V � S O D F H � �Q��NHHNXQGDD�PHQ V � V KR H � N L Q G � R I � � �Q�GXXEDOWDODØR�

PHQV W U X D W L Q J � �Q��NXXURR�PHQV W U X D W L R Q � �Q��\LOLVRR�PHQ W D O � K RPH � �Q��VDQGDDV�PHQ W D O � LPPD W X U L W \ � �Q��QDPRR��PHQ W D O � �PD W X U L W \ � �Q��NXPIDD�PHQ W D O � U H W D U G D W L R Q � �Q��GDVRR�PHQ W D O O \ � LPPD W X U H � �DGM��GDVD�QDPDWD��QDPDULØ��QDPDULØR�QDPD\DDULØ��QDPD\DDWD�QDPD\DDULØR�

PHQ W D O O \ � LPPD W X U H � S H U V R Q � �Q�VRQGRPHQWDØR��VDD�

PHQ W D O O \ � U H W D U G HG � �DGM��GDVDULØR�PHQ W K R O D W XP � �Q��PHQWHODDWRR�PH U F K D Q G L V H � �Q��ILLULIHØR�PDULVDQGLLVRR�

PH U F K D Q W � �Q��ILLULODD�PHUF L I X O � �DGM��IRQGLQVLUH�IRQGLQVLUH\DD�

PH U F L I X O � S H U V RQ � �Q��KLLQDQWHH�PH U F L I X O Q H V V � �Q��IRQGLQVLUH\DD�KLLQDQWHH\DD�

PH U F L O H V V � S H U V RQ � �Q��KLLQDQWDØR�PH U F L O H V V Q H V V � �Q��KLLQDQWDØ\DD�PH U F \ � �Q��EDODIDD��IRQGLQVLUH\DD�KLLQRR�

PH U H � �DGM��NHQVHØR�PH V V D J H � �Q��NLLODDUL\DD�PHV V H Q J H U � �Q��NLLODD�PH W D O � �Q��QHH�PH W D O � I O D N H V � D U RXQG � � �Q��QHHEXZR�

PH W K R G � �Q��IHHUHH�PH W U H � � � � FP � � �Q��PHHWDURR�P LGZ L I H � �DGM��WLQPXWDODD�PLJK W L Q H V V � � J RG � � �Q��0DQVDEDD\DD�PL O L W D U \ � VH U Y L FH � �Q��VRULGDDVL\DD�PL O N � �Y��ELWL�PL O N � �Q��OHH�PL O N � F RQ W D L Q H U � �Q��NDNRR�PL O N � F U H DP � �Q��IHHQHH�PL O N � F U X VK L Q J � �Q��IXUXIXUXODØR�P L O N � G U L Q N L Q J � F H U HPRQ\ � �Q��OHH�P L O N � S RZG H U � �Q��NHHNHHPXQNRR�PL O O H G � �VY��MXUXULØ�PL O O HG � U L F H � �Q��PDDQLNHVRR�PL O O H W � �Q��xRR�PL O O H W � J O H DQ L QJ � �Q��xRRNDUDØR�PL O O H W � S L O H � �Q��xRR�EDMRR�PL O O H W � V W U DZ � �Q��xRRNDORR�PL O O H W � D � N L QG �R I � O D W H � � �Q��PDDMRR�PL O O L S HGH � �Q��PRURPRQWRØR�P L Q G � �Q��KDNLORR��NLMRR��VRQGRPRR�P LQG I X O � �DGM��KDNLOLPDD�P LQG I X O � S H U V R Q � �Q��KDNLOLPDD�P L QG O H V V � �DGM��KDNLOLQWDØR�P L QG O H V V � S H U V R Q � �Q��KDNLOLQWDØR�P L Q H � �SRVSQ��QWDD��QWHWDD�P L Q LPD O � �Y��NDDxDQGL�P L Q LPD O � �DGM��NDDxDQGLØR�P L Q LP L V H � �Y��NDDxDQGL�PLQ W � �Q��PLQWL�P L QX W H � �Q��PLQLWRR�P L Q X W H Q H V V � �Q��GRR\DD�PL U U R U � �Q��IDQIHOHQGDØR��IHOHQGDØR�PLVFD U U L D J H � �Q��NRQRRERWD�P L V F K L H Y R X V � �DGM��NXUXØ��NXUXØR�PLV I R U W XQD W H � � �DGM��NLMRR�ERWD�PL V I R U W X Q H � �Q��NDWDD�P L V V � �Y��IRQGL��IRR��MHQNH�P L V V � V RP H R Q H � �Y��PHH\DD�P L V V H G � �Y��IRRWD�PLV W � �Q��WXXWXZR�PLV W D N H � �Q��HOORR��ODxLQRR�PLV W D N L Q J O \ � �Y��ODxLQL�PLV W U X V W � �Q��ODDEDOL\DD�PLV W U X V W I X O � S H U VRQ � �Q��VLULNDQWXØR�PLV W U X V W L Q J � �DGM��VLULNDULØR�VLULNDULØ�

PLV W U X V W L Q J � �Q��ODDEDOL\DD�PL [ � �Y��MDKDVL��MDNDVLQGL��xDDPL�P L [ �P X G � �Y��GRUL�P L [ H G � �DGM��xDDPLULØ��xDDPLULØR�P L [ H G � �YQ��xDDPLWD�P L [ HG � X S � � S H U V RQ � � �DGM��SLZ�P L [ L Q J � �YQ��xDDPLURR�P L [ L Q J � �Q��xDDPRR�PL[ W X U H � �Q��ERRULML\R��MDNDVRR�PR D Q H G � �YQ��ØXQWDQWD�PR D Q L Q J � �Q��ØXQWDØR�

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PR F N English-Mandinka

PR F N � �Y��KDGDDxL��xDDZDOL�PRF N H U � �Q��KDGDDxLULODD�PRF N L Q J � �YQ��KDGDDxLURR�xDDZDOLURR�

PRG H V W \ � �Q��IDQNDDxDQR�PR O D U � W H H W K � �Q��WDQNDD�PR O G \ � �Q��ILLQD�PR O H � �Q��WLPSRR�PRPH Q W � �Q��WXPD��WXPRR�0R Q G D \ � �Q��7HQHØ�OXØR�PRQ H \ � �Q��NDSLWDDORR��NRGRR�NRSDURR�

PRQH \ � O R Y H U � �Q��NRGLODQGL\R�PRQH\ � L Q � F R L Q V � � �Q��FRURRVRR�PRQ L W R U � O L ] D U G � �Q��NXXWRR�PRQ N H \ � �Q��VXORR�PRQNH \ � � E L J � U H G � � �Q��NXPSDØR�PRQN H \ � E O D F N � � �Q��NRRxHH�PRQ W K � �Q��NDURR�PRQ W K � R I � $ X J X V W � �Q��2NRVL�NDURR�PRQ W K � R I � 0 D \ � �Q��PHHNDURR�PRQ W K � R I � 2 F W R E H U � �Q��2NXWRREDNDURR�

PRR G \ � S H U V R Q � �Q��MLNDWRR�NDOL\DDWRR��ZDDPHWRR��ZXOLQQDPRR�

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PR U Q L Q J � W R � Q R R Q � Z R U N � �Q�VRULPDØR�

PRU W D U � �Q��NXOXØR�0R V H V � �Q��EDOD��0XVDD��0XXVDD�PRV T X L W R � �Q��VLLVLOLØR��VXXVXXODD�PRVTX L W R � Q H W � �Q��VDQNHH�PRV W � F D V H V � �DGM��MDPDD�MDPDD�PRV W � S U H W W \ � �Q��QLUPPDEDD�PRV W O \ � �DGM��MDPDD�MDPDD�PR W H O � �Q��KRWHHORR�PR W K � �Q��ILULILURR�PR W K H U � �Q��EDD��EDDPDD��QDD�PHHURR�

PR WK H U � L Q � O DZ � �Q��ELWDQPXVRR�PR WKH U V � F K L O G � �Q��EDDGLØR�PRWKH U V � V L V W H U � �Q��EDQGLØ�PR W L Y D W H � �Y��QHHQHH��VDD\LQGL�QDDQHH�

PR W L Y D W L Q J � �Q��QHHQHH�PRX O G � �Q��PXXORR�PRX O G \ � �Q��ILLQD�PRXQ W � D � I HPD O H � �Y��VHOH�PRXQ W D L Q � �Q��NRQNRR�PRX U Q L Q J � �Q��IXUXMD\DD�PRX U Q L Q J � Z L G RZ � �Q��IXULMDPXVRR�

PRX V H � �Q��xLQRR�PRX V W D F K H � �Q��GDDWL\R�NDUDQNDPHH�

PRX W K � �Q��GDD�PRX W K I X O � �Q��GDDIDD�PR Y H � �Y��EHUHQWH��MHQNHQGL��NDWD�PDDPD��xRUL�

PRY H � E D F N � �Y��WRURWRUR�PRYH � V RPH W K L Q J � � H W F � � �Y��xRULQGL�PR Y HP H Q W � �YQ��PDDPDØR�PRY L Q J � �YQ��PDDPDØR�PX F K � �DGY��IR��IR��IR��IR�PX F K � �DGM��VL\DD��VL\DDULØR��MDPDD�PXFK � �P D Q \ � � D E X Q G D Q W � �DGM�VL\DDULØ�

PX F K �P R U H � �DGY��VDNR��VDNRQD�PX F K �P R U H � �HP��6DDUD�PX G � �Q��SRWRR�PXG � F O D \ � �Q��SRWRSRWRR�PXG � K R O G L Q J � E O R F N V � �Q��VRRxRR�PX G G \ � �DGM��SRWRSRWR��SRWRSRWRWD�0 X K DPP D G � �Q��ELQLLERR�0X K DPPD G � V D \ L Q J V � �Q��+DGLLVRR�0X K DPP D G � 3 E X K � � �Q��NLLODD�0X K DPPD G V � Q DP H � �Q��$DPDGX�PX O H � �Q��EDKDOORR��PX O X Q M DZX \ D D U L Ú R � � �DGM�PDQHHULØR�

PX UG H U H U � �Q��PRRIDDODD�PX UPX U � �Y��GXPEX��ØXQXØXQX�PX UPX U � Z R U G V � �Y��GXNXGXNX�PX UPX U H G � �Y��ØXQXØXQXWD�PX UPX U L Q J � �Q��ØXQXØXQRR�PXV F O H � �Q��IDVRR�PXVFX O D U � �DGM��IDVD�PX V K U R RP � �Q��WXQWRVXERR�WRWLPDDNDD��WRWRRODPDDNDD�

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PXV L F L D Q � �Q��MDORR�PXV N H W � �Q��ORQNRR�PXV O LP � Q HZ � \ H D U � I H D V W � �Q�PXVXNRWRR�VDORR�

PXV W � �Q��IR��IR��IR��IR�PX W L Q \ � �Y��EDODØ�P\ � �SD��QQD��QWHOD�P\V W H U L R X V � �Q��NDDZDNXZR�P\V W H U L R X V � �DGM��NDDZDNX\DD�P\V W H U \ � �Q��NDDEDNXZR�P\V W L F D O O \ � V L JK W HG � �VSG�NXØRIDQXWD�

P\V W L I L H G � �Y��NDDEDD�P\V W L I \ L Q J � W K L Q J � �Q��NDDEDNXZR�

Q � �Q��NXGHHURR�QD L O � �Y��SHPSHØ�QD L O � �Q��SHUHHNRR��SHUXZR��SRQWRR�Q D N H G � �Q��EDODNHQVHØR�Q D N H G Q H V V � �Q��KDDURR�Q DP H � �Y��WRRODD�Q DP H � �Q��ERUL��-DWD��0DUDØ��.DDWLP�6DPR��WRR�

1DPH � R I � D � F L W \ � �Q��%DQMXO�Q DPH � V D N H � �Q��WRRPDD�Q DP L Q J � �YQ��WRRODD�Q DP L Q J � F H U HPR Q \ � �Q��NXOOL\R�QD U U D W H � �YQ��VDDWD�QD U U D W H � �Y��GDQWHH��VD\LQNDØ�QD U U D W HG � �Y��VD\LQNDQWD�QD U U D W HG � �YQ��VDDWDWD�QD U U D W L QJ � �YQ��GDQWHHURR��VDDWDURR�VD\LQNDQGLURR��VD\LQNDØR�

Q D U U RZ � �DGM��GHWH�QD U U RZ � V W U H H W � �Q��VLULQNRR�Q D U U RZQ H V V � �Q��GHWRR�QD W L R Q � �Q��EDQNRR�QD W L RQD O L W \ � �Q��QDVL\RØR�QD W X U D O � F L U F XPF L V H H � �Q�DODODØDQVLØR�

QD W X U D O � S D U HQ W � �Q��ZXOXXODD�QD W X U H � �Q��PDQNXWRR�QDYH O � �Q��EDWDNXØR�Q G LP E D D � �Q��ILUH�QHD U � �SRVSQ��EDOD�QHD U � �SRVWS��VLQQD��WHPEH�IHH��GDDOD�QHD U O \ � �DGY��QDD��ODILWD�QHD U O \ � U L S H � �Y��KDZXWD�QH F H V V D U \ � �DGM��NXPPDD�NXPPDD\DD��NXPPDD\DDWD�

Q H F N � �Q��NDØR�QHF N O D F H � �Q��FHHQRR��NDQWRWDD�NRQRØR�

Q H H G � �VY��VRRODULØ��VXXODULØ�Q H H G � �Y��xLQLQNDD��VRROD��VXXODWD�Q H H G � �Q��VRRORR��VXXORR��VXXOD�QH HG � V H H � V XX O D W D � � �Y��VRRODWD�QH HG O H � �Q��EHQGDØR��PHVHQGRR�Q H H G \ � �Q��xDDQLULØ�Q H H G \ � �DGM��xDDQL��xDDQLULØR�Q H H G \ � S H U V R Q � �Q��VDGDD�PRR�Q H J D W H V � � E H � � D Q G � �PX � � �DY��WH�QHJD W H V � Y H U E �EDOL\DD��EDORR�QHJD W L Y H � I R U � N D � ND O L � � �DY��NDDND�QHJ O H F W � �Y��EXODQFDQFDØ�Q H L J K E R X U � �Q��VLLxRR�Q H L J K ERX U O L Q H V V � �Q��VLLxRR\DD�Q H S K HZ � �Q��EDULQGLØR�Q H S R W L VP � �Q��EDDGLQIDDVDD�Q H S R W L VP � �YQ��IDDVDDURR�� � QHVV � H W F � �\DD�QHV W � �Q��xDØR��\DD�QH W � �Q��MDORR�

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English-Mandinka QH W W O HQH W W O H � �Q��EDDNDUDQNRR�QH W W O H � W U HH � �DGM��NDPDxDØR�QHYH U � �DGY��GRRWR��PXN��QDPDQDØ�QDPLQDØ�

QHYH U � E H I R U H � �DGY��QDQDPD�Q H Y H U �P L Q G � K RZ � O R Q J � �DGM��PHHZR�PHH�

QHYH U � U H DG\ � W R � W R L O � �DGM��EDORRGL\DDWD�

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R I I H U � R Q H �Z L W K �PHD W � �Y��NXGHH�R I I H U HG � �Q��QLLODDWD�R I I H U HG � � J L Y HQ � RX W � �YQ��QLLWD�R I I H U L QJ � �Q��VRRURR��VRR�R I I H U L QJ � �YQ��GLLURR��QLLURR�R I I H U L QJ � � J L Y L QJ � RX W � �Q��QLLODDURR�R I I L FH � �Q��ELURR��RILVRR�R I I V S U L QJ � �Q��GLØR��MLLGRR�R L O � �Q��WXORR�R L O � I U RP � FD W W O H � F U H DP � �Q��QLLVLWXORR�R L O \ � �DGM��WXOXPDD�RN � �Q��DZDD��DFD��Q\RR�R N D \ � �DGM��.DDxDQWD�RN U D � �Q��NDQMRR�R N U D � V R XS � �Q��NDQMDGDD��VXSDNDQMD�R O G � �DGM��NHHEDD\DDWD��NHHEDD\DDULØ�NRWRR��NHHEDD\DD�

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English-Mandinka S D L Q W L Q JSD L Q W L Q J � �Q��SHQWXURR�SD L Q W L Q J � E U X VK � � �Q��PXXULODØR�SD L Q W L Q J � W RR O � � E U X VK � � �Q�SHQWXUXUDØR�

SD L U � �Q��SHHURR�� S D OP � N H U QD O � V KH O O � �Q��KRMRQMRR�SD OP � N H U Q H O � �Q��WHQNXORR�SD OP � NH UQH O � R L O � �Q��WHQNXOXWXORR�SD OP � QX W � Y X O W X U H � �Q��WHQGRPRODD�SD OP � R I � W K H � � K D QG � �Q��EXOXWHHWHH�SD OP � R I � W K H � K D QG � �Q��EXOXMDPERR�SD OP � R L O � �Q��WHØ�WXORR��WXOXVHH�SD OP � W U HH � � I U X L W � �Q��WHØR�S D OP �Z L Q H � �Q��WHQML\R�S D OP �Z L Q H � W D S S H U � �Q��VRRULODD�S D OP �Z L Q H � W D S S L Q J � �Q��VRRURR�S D Q � �Q��SDDQRR�SDQD F H D � S O D Q W � �Q��NXXEHHMDDURR�S D Q F D N H � �Q��FRSRWL��SDQNHHWRR�SDQ L F � �Q��NLMD�IDURR�SDQ L F � �Y��NLUL�S D Q L F N H G � �DGM��NLMRR�IDUDWD�S D S � �Q��RJL�S D S D \ D � �Q��SDND\DD�SDNDD\RR��SDS H U � �Q��ND\LWRR�SDSH U � O H D I � �Q��ND\LWLMDPERR��OHHURR�SD U DG L V H � �Q��$UDMDQD�SD U D N HH W � �Q��.HOHNHORR�SD UDV L W H � �Q��GXPRR��GXØR��MLNDD�SD U FH O � �Y��IXGL�SD U FH O � �Q��IXGRR�SD U HQ W � �Q��NRRPDQNRR��ZXOXXODD�SD U N L Q J � S O D F H � �Q��ORRGXODD�SD U O RX U � �Q��VDDORR�SD U U R W � �Q��MRRERR�SD U W � �Q��GDØR��ODEDØ�ODEDØR��PDDIDØ�PDDIDØR��WDODDGDD��WXQGRR�

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SHDFH I X O � �DGM��QHHPD�S H D QX W � �Q��WL\RR�SHDQX W � E X W W H U � �Q��GHJHH��GHNHH�WL\DGHNHH��WL\DGHNRR�

SH DQX W � E X W W H U � V R XS � �Q��GRPRGDD�S H DQX W � E X \ L Q J � S O D F H � �Q��VHNRR�SH DQX W � F D N H � �Q��WL\DQNDWRR�SH DQX W � I D UP � �Q��WL\DIHH�S H DQX W � K D U Y H V W L Q J � K R H � �Q��GLERØR�S H DQX W � V F U H H Q L Q J � �Q�WL\DSDDVXZDDURR�

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SHH O L Q J � �YQ��OHVRR��OHVHURR�S H H S � �Y��\RRILL�S H H S L Q J � �YQ��\RRILLURR�SHH U � �Q��ERURR��IXODØR��WHPEHxRR�WHPERR�

S H J � �Q��NXVHØR��SLNDORR�SH O L F DQ � �Q��NDERRNRR�S H Q � �Q��NDODD�SHQ � NQ L I H � �Q��QDEDDMRR�SHQF L O � �Q��NDODD�SHQ L V � �Q��IRWRR��MDNDURR��NXUXWXMXORR�VRORR�

SHQQ L O H V V � �DGM��VHNHHULØ��VHNHHWD�S H Q Q \ � �Q��NRSDURR�S H Q V L R Q � �Y��SHQVRØ�S H Q V L R Q � �Q��SHQVRØR�� S HRS O H � � W D O N � F RQ W L Q XRXV\ � �Y�ZDFDZDFD�

S H SS H U � �Q��NDDQRR�SH U I HF W � �DGM��WLPPDWD��WLPPDULØR�SH U I HF W � �Q��WLPPDULØR�SH U I R UP � D ER O X W L R Q � �Y��VDOLML\RPXWD�

S H U I R UP L Q J � D E R O X W L R Q � �Q�VDOLMLLPXWRR�

S H U I XPH � �Q��NDUDEDQML\R�NDUDEDDQLML\R�

S H U K D S V � �Y��WRPEL�S H U K D S V � �DGY��GRPELL��WXPDQGRR�SH U L R G � �Q��WXPD��WXPRR��ZDDWRR�ZXFRR�

SH U M X U H � �Q��VHHGDQGXXURR�SH U M X U L Q J � �Q��VHHGDQGXXUL\DD�SH U M X U \ � �Q��VHHGDQGXXUL\DD�S H UP L V V L R Q � �Q��ODxLQRR�SH UP L W � �Y��VR�SH UP L W W H G � � E \ �*RG � � �Y��ODxLQLWD�SH U S O H [ � �Y��MDDKDOL�SH US O H [ L W \ � �Q��MDDKDORR�SH U V H FX W H � �Y��MLKDGL��KDODNL�S H U V R Q � �Q��PDDULL��PDDUL\R�SH U VRQ � � W K L Q J � �Q��EDUXPDD�S H U V R Q � Z K R � D U J X H V � �Q�xRRVDEDODD�

S H U V R Q V � Q DPH � �Q��%RRWR��'DED�'RREDOL��)LOL��KLLQD��-RQNR��-XOD�-XPD��NDUDID��NDUDPRR��.RREDD�.LWLPX��/DPD��PDDNXX��0HHWD�NDDVLL��fRQNROL��VXQNDUL��WRRPDD�:DQGL��:DVD��NDIX�

SH U VRQ V � S O D F H � �Q��PRR\DD�SHVV LP L V W L F � �DGM��MLNLODWHH�SHV W O H � �Q��NXGDD��xLQNDORR�SH W UR O � �Q��HVDQVRR��VDQVRR�SH W U R O � V W D W L RQ � �Q��VDQVHHURR�SH W W L Q H VV � �Q��PHVH\DD�SH W W \ � �DGM��0HVHØR��PHVH\DD�PHVH\DDULØR�

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SH W W \ English-Mandinka

SH W W \ � W U DGH U � �Q��MXODQGLØR�SH W W \ � D � S H U VRQ � � �DGM��PHVH\DDWD�3K D U D R K � �Q��)LUDDZRRQD�S K D V H � �Q��IDQQDD�S K R W R � �Q��QDWDDORR��SRULWDOHH�S K R W R J U D S K \ � �Q��QDWDDORR�S L F N � �Y��FLND��7RPERØ�S L F N � D [ � �Q��SLNDDVRR�S L FN � W KH � W HH WK � � H W F � � �Y��VRNXVRNX�S L FN � W KH � W HH WK � � H W F � � �Q��VRNLWL�S L F N � X S � �Y��xLND�S L F N L Q J � �YQ��WRPERQGLURR�S L F N � X S � �Y��VLND�S L F W X U H � �Q��QDWDDORR��SRULWDOHH�S L H F H � �Q��NXQWRR��NXQWXPDD�NXQWXQGDØR��NXQWXURR�

S L H U FH � �Y��FXSD��FXXW��VRR�S L H U F L QJ � �Q��VRRURR�S L J � �Q��VHHZRR�S L J H R Q � �Q��SXUDD�S L JP \ � J R R V H � �Q��EL\DD\L�VDDxD�S L J QX W � �Q��WXEDDEXWDERR�S L O H � �Y��EDMR��ELUD��MXUXPD��MXUXPX�ODOOD��VDSL��WX�

S L O H � �Q��MXUXPRR��WXØR�S L O H � J RRG V � �Y��VHHU�S L O H � JRRGV � I R U � V D O H � �Y��VDDPX�S L O H � L Q W R � D �PRXQG � H W F � � �Y��WXØ�S L O H � W RJH W KH U � �Y��ULLPHH�S L O H � X Q W K U H V K HG � S H D QX W V � �Y�VXQVX�

S L O HG � �YQ��MXUXPDWD�S L O HG � �VY��MXUXPDULØ�S L O J U LP � �Q��KLMLQNHH�S L O J U LPDJ H � W R �PH F F D � �Q��KLMRR�S L O L QJ � �VY��MXUXPDULØ�S L O L QJ � �Q��MXUXPRR��WXØR�S L O L Q J � X Q W K U H V K HG � S H D QX W � �Q�WL\DWXØR�

S L O L R V W L JPD � �Q��IDDUDD�S L O O D U � �Q��EDURR�S L O O R U � �Q��VDPDVLØR�S L O O RZ � �Q��NXOODDUDØR�S L O O RZ � F D V H � �Q��NXOODDUDØ�ERRWRR�S LPS O H � �Q��FXSXWHZR��IHUHQWHØR�IXUXQWRR�

S LPS O H � �Y��FXSXWRR�S L Q � �Q��SLLQRR�S L Q � �Y��SLLQL�S L Q F K � �Y��xRSRRWL�S L Q F K L Q J � �Q��xRSRRWLURR�S L Q H D SS O H � �Q��VDQDDQRR�S L Q N � S H D QX W � �DGM��EXUXNXXVRR�S L R Q H H U � �Q��IRORRODD��IRORRULODD�S L R X V � �DGM��GLLQD��PLVLOLPH\DD�PLVLOLPH\DDUL��PLVLOLPH\DDWD�

S L R X V � S H U V R Q � �Q��GLLQDPRR�S L R X V Q H V V � �Q��PLVLOLPH\DD�

S L V V � �Y��MDODPXWD��VXPXQDD�S L W \ � �Q��EDODIDD�S L W \ � �Y��EDODIDD�S O D F H � �LQW��GXQ�S O D F H � �DGY��GXODD�S O D F H � �Y��ODD��ODD��ODD��ODQGL��NH�S O D F H � �Q��GLQNLUDD��MRR\HH��MRR\RR�.XQGDD��GXODD��QRR��SDODDVRR�WHHPRR��\DD�

� S O D F H � � E O H V VHG � �DGM��QHHPDULØ�S O DFH � W R � V W D \ � �Q��WDUDGXODD�S O D F H � X S V L G H � G RZQ � �Y��NXØOROORØ�S O DFH �ZD W H U � I D O O � I U RP � �Q��VRURQWRR�S O D F L Q J � S D Q V � �Q��\RQWRURR�S O D F L QJ � S DQV � I R U � U D L Q � �Q��\RQWRURR�S O D J X H � �Q��DOLEDODD�S O D L Q � �DGM��NR\��NR\LWD��NR\LULØ�NR\LULØR��NR\RR�

S O D L Q � F RRNHG � U L F H � �Q��PDDQLEDxXØR�S OD L W � �Y��GHEH�S O D L W L QJ � �Q��GHEHURR�S O D L W L QJ � � D � N L QG �R I � � �Q��NRQGRURR�S O D Q � �Q��QDWRR��IHHURR�S O DQ � I R U � �Y��QDWD�S O DQ W � �Q��EXPEDØR��ILLIHØR�MDPEDNDWDØR��MXEXNXØR��\LURR�

S O DQ W D L Q � �Q��NDZXNDZRR�S O D Q W H G � W K L Q J � �Q��ILLIHØR�S O DV W H U � D � I O RR U � �Y��WHUX�S O DV W L F � �Q��QLORØR��SDODDVLWLNRR�NXORR�

S O D V W L F � E DJ � �Q��PEXXVRR�S O DV W L F � VKHH W � �Q��PDQDND\LWRR�S O D W H � �Q��DVHWRR��SDODDWRR�S O D W I R UP � �Q��EHQWHØR�S O D W I R UP �R I � H D U W K � �Q��WLQNLØR�S O D \ � �Q��WXOXØR�S O D \ � �Y��FDDNDDQL��IHH\DD��WXOXØ�S O D \ � �YQ��IHH\DD�S O D \ �Z L W K � �Y��IHH\DD�S O D \ HG � �Y��WXOXQWD�S O D \ L Q J � �YQ��IHH\DD�S O D \ L Q J � �Q��WXOXØR�S O D \ L QJ � F D U G � �Q��ILWRR�S O D \ L Q J � L Q V W U XPHQ W � �Q��NRVLUDØR�S O H D G � �Y��GDDQL��PDDQHHQHH��ZRRVLL�S O H D G H G � �Y��ZRRVLLWD�S O H D V H � �DGY��GXNDUH�S O H D V H � �Y��EDQ��MXVXODQGL��VHHZRQGL�S O H D V H � �H[��PXQD�S O H D V HG � �DGM��MXVRRVXPX\DDWD�MXVXODDULØ��VHHZRR��VHHZRRWD�VHHZRRULØ�

S O H D VX U H � �Q��PDDGL\DD��QLLGL\DD�S O H G J H � �Q��ODDKLGRR��VDUDWRR��NDØR�S O H G J H � �Y��ODDKLGL�S O R X J K � �Y��VHQH�S O R X J K H G � �DGM��VHQHULØ��VHQHULØR�

S O R X J K H G � �YQ��VHQHWD�S O R X J K L Q J � �Q��VHQRR�S O R X J K L Q J � K R H � �Q��GDEDIHHIHH�GDUDPERR��GRQNRWRØR�

S ORYH U V � � D � E L U G � � �Q��WHPXWHPRR�S O X F N � S H D QX W � �Y��WRSRFL�S O X F N H G � �Y��WRSRFLWD�S O X F N L Q J � �YQ��WRSRFLURR�S O XP � �Q��QLQNRØR�S O X Q J H � �Y��SXQVDØ�S OX UD O � IR U � � L � V L L O L Ú � � �Q��DOL�VLLOLØ�S OX UD O � I R U � � L � W L L xDÚ � � �Q��DOL�WLLxDØ�S OX U D O � I R U � � L �ZX O DD U D � � �Q��DOLZXODDUD�

S O X U D O � I R U � L � V D DPD� � �Q��DOL�VDDPD�S Q H XPR Q L D � �Q��OLPRRQL\D�SRF N H W � �Q��MLERR��MLIRR��SRRVRR�SRFNH W � N Q L I H � �Q��QDEDDMRR�SR L Q W � �Y��FRRGL�SR L Q W � D W � V RPH W K L Q J � � �Y��WLOLØ�SR L Q W H U � �Q��FRRGLUDØR�SR L Q W L Q J � �VY��WLOLQGLØ�S R L V R Q � �Q��NXQRR��SRVLQRR��SRVLLQRR�SR O L FH � R I I L F H U � �Q��SROLLVRR�SR O L V K � �Q��SRQLLVRR�SR O L V K � �Y��PXX�SR O L V K � K D L U � E O D F N � �Y��xXXODOL�SR O L V K H G � �DGM��PXXULØR�SR O L V K H G � �VY��PXXULØ�SR O L V K H G � �Y��PXXWD�SR O L W H � �DGM��KDGDPD\DD��PRR\D�PRR\DDWD��PRR\DDULØR�

SR O L W H Q H V V � �Q��KDGDPDGLØ\DD�PRR\DD�

SR O L W L F D O � SD U W \ � �Q��SDWL\R�3R O L W L F V � �Q��SRORWLNRR�SRR U � �DGM��IXZDDUL\DD��IXZDDUL\DDWD�SRR U � S H U V R Q � �Q��IHQWDØR��IXNDDURR�IXZDDURR��PLVLNLLQRR�

SRSX O D U � �DGM��WRRERWD��WRRERRULØR�SRSX O D U L W \ � �Q��GDUDMRR��WRRERR�SR U F K � �Q��SHUHØR��MLELURR��MLPEDØR�SR U F X S L Q H � �Q��EDORR�SR U U L G J H � �Q��FXXURR��GDDEHURR�GDDWRNDD��IDVRR�

SR U U L G J H �PDGH � R I � U L F H � �Q��VDWRR�SR U U L GJH �Z L W K � W L Q \ED O O V � �Q��PRQRR�SR U W L R Q � � R I � 7 K H �4X U D Q � � �Q��KLMLERR�SRV L W L R Q � �Q��DOLKDDORR��PDNDDPRR�PDQNXWRR��SDODDVRR��WXQNXØR�

SRVV L E L O L W \ � �Q��VRRQH\DD�SRV V L E O H � �YQ��WREHQWD�SRV V L E O H � �DGM��VRRQH\DDWD��VRRQH\DD�SRV V L E O H � �Q��GX��GX�SRV V L E O H � �Y��EXODQGL��KRRML��WREH�GX��GX�

S R V W S R Q H � �Y��xRULQGL��VHPEHQGL�SR W � �Q��FXXUDD\L�GDQGLØR�

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English-Mandinka SR W W H U \SR W W H U \ �ZD W H U � F R � �Q��IHQNHØR�S R X Q G � �Y��FRQWL��VDML��WXX�S R X Q G � �Q��OLLEDURR�SRXQG � � E U H D N � � �Y��QXQNXQGL�S R X Q G � L Q W R � S RZG H U � �Y��MXUX�S R X Q G H G � �DGM��QXQNX�SRXQG H G � U L F H � �Q��PDDQLNHVRR�S R X Q G L Q J � �YQ��WXXURR��WXZR�S R X Q G L Q J � L Q W R � S RZG H U � �YQ�MXUXURR�

SRX U � �Y��ER��NXEL�S R X W H G �P R X W K � �Q��GDDNDORR�SRYH U W \ � �Q��IXZDDUL\DD�S RZG H U H G � �P H G L F L Q H � �Q�ERRULPXQNRR�

SRZG H U H G � E D R E D E � O H D I � �Q��QDD�SRZGH U H G � L Q V H F W L F L G H � �Q�SXXGDURR�

S RZG H U H G � R Q H � �Q��PXQNXPDD�S RZG H U H G � V R D S � �Q��RPRR�S RZG H U H G � W K L Q J � �Q��PXQNRR�SRZG H U \ � W K L Q J � �Q��PXQNXPDD�S RZ H U � �Q��VHPERR�SRZH U I X O � �Q��EXUXIDWRR�SRZH U I X O � �DGM��VHPEHPDD�SRZH U I X O � S H U V RQ � � H W F � �Q�VHPEHWL\R�

SRZH U I X O � S H U VRQ � � H W F � � �Q�VHPEHPDD�

SRZH U O H V V � �DGM��ODNDWLULØ��ODNDWLULØR�S RZH U O H V V Q H V V � �Q��VHPEHQWDQ\DD�S UDF W L F H � � H F � �Q��WDUDNXZR�S UD L V H � �Y��MDPXØ��MD\��WHQWX�S U D L V H � E H � W R �*RG � �Q��$OLKDPXGXOLOODD\�

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S UR W H F W L R Q � �Q��WDQNRR�S U R X G � �DGM��IDUDWL�S U R Y H U E � �Q��PDQVDDORR�S U R Y L G H � F O R W K H V � �Y��IHHWRRIDWD�S U R Y R N H � �Y��NXPEDØ��WRRxHH�SXE L F � K D L U � �Q��MXXWL\R��xDUDWLxRR�SXE O L F O \ � �DGY��NHQHEDDWR�SX O O � �Y��EXXVL��VDED�SX O O � D E U XS W O \ � �Y��ZDIX�SX O O � H D FK � R W K H U � �Y��xRR�VDED�SX O O � R YH U � �Q��VXZHHWDD�SX O O H G � D E U XS W O \ � �Y��ZDIXWD�SX O O L Q J � D E U XS W O \ � �YQ��ZDIRR�SX O O RYH U � H W � � �Q��QHQHPXWDUDØR�SX O S L W � �Q��PLPEDURR�S XP S � �Q��SRPSRR�S XPS N L Q � �Q��EDPEDURR��QMHØR�SXQ F W X U H � �Q��VRR�S X Q L V K � �Y��VDUL\DØ�SXQ L V K � E \ � V W R Q L Q J � � �Y��NXUXODEXØ�SXQ L V K L Q J � E \ � V W R Q L Q J � � �YQ�NXUXODEXQGLURR�

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SX W � L Q � W U RXE O H � �YQ��ØD\LEHWD�SX W � L Q � W U RXE O H � �Y��ØD\LEH�SX W � L Q V L G H � �Y��GXQGL�S X W �PXG � E H W Z H H Q � E O R F N V � �Y�VRRxL�

SX W � R I I � �Y��GXEH��IDD��IDD��IDD�SX W � R I I � D � U DG L R � � H QJ L QH � �Y��IDD��IDD�IDD�

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S X W English-Mandinka

SX W � R I I � H QJ L QH � � H W F � �Y��GXEHØ�SX W � W R J H W K H U � �Y��NDIXQGL�SX W � Y H U EV � L Q � S DV W � �WD�SX W � Y H U EV � L Q � W K H � S DV W � �DY��QXØ�SX ] ] O H � �Q��MDDKDORR�SX ] ] O H � �DGM��PXXPHH�SX ] ] O H � �Y��MDDKDOL�SX ] ] O H G � �Y��NDDEDD�SX ] ] O H G � �YD��MDDKDOLWD�SX ] ] O H G � �DGM��PXXPHHWD��WHHNXPX�WHHNXPXWD��MDDKDOLULØ��MDDKDOLULØR�

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TX L F N � W R � V S H D N � �DGM��QHØR�WDUL\DDWD�TX L F N O \ � �DGY��NDWDEDNH�TX L H W � �DGM��GHHWD��GHHULØ��GHHULØR�TX L H W � F RPS O H W H O \ � �DGY��WXN�TX L H W � S H U V RQ � �Q��GHHODD�TX L H W Q H V V � �Q��GHZR�TX L W H � S H U V RQ � �Q��PDOXODD�4X U D Q � �Q��KDDILMRR�4X U DQ L F � V F KR O D U � �Q��$IDØ��WDDOLERR�4X U DQ V � � V W � F K DS W H U � �Q��DOLIDDWL\R�U D FH � �Q��ERURR�U D FH � �Y��xRRVDDEDD�

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U D L Q � �Y��EXVD�U D L Q � �Q��VDPDD��VDQMRR�U D L Q � E O RZQ � RQ �ZD O N � H W F � � �Q�NXIDQVDØR�

U D L Q E RZ � �Q��NXOOLLPDDURR�U D L Q \ � V H D VRQ � �Q��VDPDD�U D L VH � �Y��FLND��FLNDQGL��NDQRVHOH�xLNDQGL��\HWX�

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U D L V H � XS � �Y��WHHND�U D L V HG � �Y��VLNDWD�U D L V HG � �VY��xLNDULØ�U D L V HG � �YQ��xLNDWD�U D L V HG � D U H D � R I � O D QG � �Q��WLQWLØR�U D L V HG � XS � �Y��WHHNDWD�U D L V HG � XS � �VY��WHHNDULØ�U D L V HG � O DQG � � �Y��WLQWLQGLØ�U D L V HG � O DQG � � �DGM��WLQWLQWD�U D NH � �Q��UDWRR�U D NH � �Y��.RRUD��ØDDUD�U D N L QJ � �YQ��ØDDUDURR�U DP � �Q��VDDMLLNRWRØR�5 DP D G D Q � �Q��VXQNDURR�5 DPD G D Q � H Q G L Q J � �Q��VXQNDUL�VDORR�U D QN � �Q��PDNDDPRR��SDODDVRR�U DQN � DQG � I L O H � �Q��NRRPDQNRR�U D QN � D QG � I L O H � S H U VRQ � �Q�FDDOLIHxRR�

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U DZ � R Q H � �Q��NHUHPDD�U D ]R U � E O D GH � �Q��ODQVHHWRR��ULLVD�U H D FK � �Q��VXPD�U H D FK � �Y��IXWD��IXWDQGL��NRVLWHH��6LL�VLL�

U H D FK � W K H � H QG � � �Y��NXPEDØ�U H DF W � DJD L QV W � �Y��FDØ�U HDF W � DQJ U L O \ � �Y��SDQFDQNDODØ�U H DG � �Y��NDUDØ�U H DG � �YQ��NDUDQWD�U H D G L Q J � �Q��NDUDØR�U H DG\ � �DGM��ODNXUD��ODNXUDWD��SDUHHULØ�U H DG\ � �Y��EDQGL��EDØ��SDUHHWD�U H DG\ � �DGY��EDQWD�U H DG\ � W R � �DGM��IDQND�UHD O � �DGY��GDNDWL�U HD O � I D WKH U � �Q��ZXOXXIDD�U H D O �PR W KH U � �Q��ZXOXXEDD�U HD U � �Q��NXOXQIHxRR�U H D V RQ � �Q��GDOLLORR��NXØR�U H E X N H � �Q��MDOD\�U H E X N H � �Y��GRR\DD��VRQNDQGL�U H FHQ W O \ � �DGY��NRRPDQWR�U HF L W H � �Y��NDUDØ�U H F RJQ L V H � �Y��VXXWHH�U H F RJQ L V L Q J � �YQ��VXXWHHURR�U H FRYH U � �Y��ILVL\DD�U HG � �Q��ZXOHHULØR�U HG � �DGM��ZXOHHWD��ZXOHHULØ��ZXOHH�ZXOHHULØR�

U HG � DQ W � �Q��NDORR��NDODZXOHØR�U H G � F O LPE L Q J �PRQ N H \ � �Q�SDWDSDDUHH�

U H G �PRQ N H \ � �Q��VXODZXOHØR�U H G � R Q H � �Q��ZXOHPDD�5HG � V L O N � FR W W RQ � W U H H � �Q��EXQNXØR�U HG � � W KH � H\H � � �DGM��VLLVLL�U H G G H Q � �Y��ZXOHQGL�U H GG L V K � �DGM��NXUXXMLLWD�U H GG L V K � F R O R X U � �Q��NXUXXML\R�U H G Q H V V � �Q��ZXOHH�U H G X F H � �Y��WDODD��ZDDFL�U H G X F H G � �YQ��ZDDFLWD�U H G X F H G � �DGM��WDODDULØ�U H G X F H G � �Y��WDODDWD�U H G X F L Q J � �Q��WDODDURR�

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English-Mandinka U H H GU H HG � �Q��ZDD�U HHG � V � � �Q��VH\LØR�5HH I � K H U R Q � �Q��VDDNXODD�U HH O � R I � W K U HDG � �Q��SLOHHWRR�WDPDERURR�

U H I DP L O D U L V H � �YQ��IDDPDERR�U H I U L JH UD WR U � �Q��ILULMRR�U H I X QG � �Y��MRR�U H I XVD O � �Q��EDODØR�U H I XVH � �Y��EDODØ��EDØ�U HJ L V W H U � �Y��VDIHH�U HJ UH W � �Q��QLPLVRR�U HJ UH W � �Y��QLPLVD�U HJ UH W I X O � �DGM��QLPLVDULØ�U HJ U H W W HG � �DGM��QLPLVDULØ�U HJ U H W W HG � �Y��QLPLVDWD�U H O D W L RQVK L S � �Q��IDDGLQ\DD�U H O D W L YH � �Q��IDDGLØR�U H O D W L YHV � �Q��EDDGLPPDDOX��ODPEHH�EDGLØR�

U H O D [ HG � �DGM��ODPIX�U H O H DVH � �Y��EXOD�UH O L DE L O L W \ � �Q��MLNL�U H O L DE O H � �Q��MLNLPRR�U H O L DE O H � �DGM��NDDUDQWHH�U H O L D E O H � RQH � �Q��NDDUDQWHHULØR�UH O LH I � �Y��MLQGL�U H O L HYH � �Y��GDKDQGL�U H O L J L RQ � �Q��GLLQRR�U H O L J L RXV � O H DGH U � �Q�GLLQDxDDWRQNRR�

U H O L J L R X V � S H U V RQ � �Q��GLLQDPRR�U H O L J L R X V � V RQJ � �Q��VXXNXZR�UH O \ � �Y��WXNX��\DDND�U H O \ � R Q �*RG � �Y��DODPXWD�U H O \ L QJ � RQ � �VY��WXNXULØ�U H O \ L Q J � R Q �*RG � �YQ��DODPXWRR�U HPD L Q � �Y��WX�U HPD L Q G H U � �Q��WRRPDD��WRR�U HPD L Q H G � �Y��WXWD�U HPD L Q L Q J � �Q��IDQNDGDØR�U HP HPE H U � �Y��KDNLORREXODWD�U HP HPE H U H G � �Y��KDNLORREXODWD�U HP HPE H U L Q J � �Q��NXØREHWH\DDWD�U HP L Q G � �Y��PDDPDQGL�KDNLORREXODQGL�

U HP L Q G L Q J � �YQ��PDDPDQGLURR�U HPR Y H � �Y��MHQNHQGL��ORNRWL��ERQGL�U HPR Y L Q J � �YQ��ERQGRR�U H Q HZ � �Y��NXWD\DQGL�U HQ W � �Q��OXZDVRR�U HQ W � �Y��OXZDDVL�U HQ W D O � �Q��OXZDDVRR�U H Q W HG � �YQ��OXZDDVLWD�U H Q W L QJ � �Q��OXZDDVRR�U HSD L U � �Y��GDGDD�U HSHD W � �Y��IXODQMD��VD\LQND�VH\LQND�

U H S H D W H G � �Y��VD\LQNDQWD�U H S H D W L Q J � �YQ��VD\LQNDQGLURR�VD\LQNDØR�

U H S HQ W � �Y��WXXEL�U H S H Q W D Q F H � �Q��WXXERR�U H S HQ W D Q W � S H U V RQ � �Q��WXXELODD�U H S HQ W H G � �Y��WXXELWD�U H S HQ W L Q J � �Q��WXXERR�U HS O D F H � �Y��MRRVHH��MRRVH\�U H S O D F HG � �Y��MRRVHHWD�U H S O D F HPHQ W � �YQ��MRRVHHURR�U H S O D F HPHQ W � �Q��MRRVHH��MRRVH\RR�U H S O D F L QJ � �Q��MRRVH\RR�U H S O D F L QJ � �YQ��MRRVHHURR�U HSR U W � �Y��GDQWHH��NDODDPL�U HSR U W H U � �Q��GDQWHHULODD��NLEDDUL�GLLODD�

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UH W L UH � �Y��SHQVRØ�U H W L U HPHQ W � �Q��SHQVRØR�U H W X UQ � �Y��PXUX��PXUXØ��VD\L�VD\LQGL��6H\�

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U HYHD O � �Y��ZDDxDDUL�U H Y HD O HG � �YQ��ZDDxDDULWD�U H Y HD O L QJ � �YQ��ZDDxDDURR�U H Y H QJ H � �Y��ZDWDDMRRED\L�U H Y H QJ H � �Q��PRQHH�ER��PRQHHERR�U H Y HQJH U � �Q��ZDWDDMLED\LODD�U H Y H Q J L Q J � �Y��ZDWDDMLED\RR�U H Y H Q J L Q J � �Q��PRQHHED\RR�PRQHHERR�

U H Y HQXH � FR O O H F W R U � �Q�QDDPXNDQLQQDD�

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U L F H � S RZGH U � �Q��PDDQLPXQNRR�U L F H �Z L W K � QR � V DXFH � �Q��xDQNDWDØR�U L FK � �Y��ILULQGL�U L FK � �Q��IDQNDPDD��ILULQGLØR�U L FK � �DGM��ILULQGLØR��ILULØ��IDQND�U L F K � S H U VRQ � �Q��IDQNDPDD�U L F KQH V V � �Q��QDDIXOXWLL\DD�U L GJH � �Q��EDOLØR�U L G L QJ � �YQ��ERULQGRR�U L JK W � �YQ��xDQWD�U L JK W � �DGM��VDKD��VDKDWD��VDKD\DDULØ�U L JK W � �Q��NHHNXXWD�U L JK W � �Y��ERORR��VDKDQGL�U L J K W � K D QG � �Q��EXOXEDD�U L J K W � K DQG � V L G H � �Q��EXOXEDD�U L JK W � L Q V L GH � �DGY��VXUXN�U L J K W �PDQQH U � �Q��xDDPD�U L J K W �ZD\ � �Q��xDDPD�U L J K W H RX V � �DGM��xLLPDD�U L J K W H R X V Q H V V � �Q��ERORR�U L J K W RX V � �Q��NXQQDGL\R�

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U LP English-Mandinka

U LP � R I � D �ZKHH O � �Q��ULLPRR�U L Q J � Z R UP � �Q��ILLWHH�U L Q VH � �Y��NXFXNXFX�U L S HQ � �Y��NXPXQGL�U L S H Q L Q J � I R RG � �YQ��IXIDURR�U L S HQ L QJ � I U X L W V � �YQ��IXIRR�U L VH � �Y��IXXVD�U L V H � XS � �Y��ZLOL��ZXOL�U L YD O � �Q��IDDGLØR��VLLQDD�U L YH U � �Q��EDD�U L Y H U � E DQN � �Q��EDDWLQWRR��EDDGDDOD�U L Y H U � M XQF W L RQ � �Q��EDDIDWRR�U R D G � �DGM��VLORR�U R DG � R W K H U � W K D Q � W K H �PD L Q � �Q�ODQIHHVLORR�

U R DP � �Y��\DDUD��<DD\�U R DP � D ERX W � L G O \ � �Y��\XXUX\DDUD�U R DP H G � �Q��\DDUDWD�U R DP H G � �Y��\DD\LWD�U R DP L Q J � �Q��\DD\RR�U R DP L Q J � D E R X W � �YQ��\XXUX\DDURR�U RD U � �Y��EXQEXØ��ØXXUD�U R DV W � L Q � KR W � D VK � �Y��EXUXX�U R D V W H G � �Y��MDQLWD�U R D V W H G � �VY��MDQLULØ�U R D V W H G � �DGM��MDQLULØR�U R D V W H G � S H D QX W V � �Q��WL\D\LODULØR�U R D V W HG � S H DQX W V � V D O W \ � � �Q�PDUDEDD�

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U R W W H QQ H V V � �Q��WRORR�U R X J K � �DGM��VDNDOL��VDNDOLWD�

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U R XJK O \ � D U U D QJHG � W H H W K � � �DGM�VDNDOLUL��VDNDOLWD�

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U XE � RQ � D � V X U I D F H � �Y��PRRVLL�U X E E H G � �YQ��WXXWXXWD�U X E E H G � �DGM��WXXWXXULØ�U X EE H U � �Q��IRROHH��WXXWXXUDØR�U X E E L V K � �Q��xDDPRR�U X E E L V K � G XPS � �Q��6XQWXNXØ�U XE � W K H � H \HV � H W F � � �Y��WRURWRUR�U X G H � �DGM��GDDWLxDDULØR��IDUDWL��QL\RGL\DDWD��QL\R�ZDUDWD��KRURPDQWDØR�

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6D W X U G D \ � �Q��6LELWLOXØR��6LELWRR�V D X F H � �Q��VRRVRR�V D Y H � �Y��NLLVD��NLLVDQGL��PDDER�VXWXUD�

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English-Mandinka V F D O H GV F D O H G � �DGM��ZDDVLULØ��ZDDVLULØR�VFD O HG �R I I � I L VK � � �YQ��ZDVDZDVDWD�VFD O L Q J � �YQ��ZDDVRR�VFD U � �Q��EDUDPDQRR��NXODDWRR�PDDGLLQRR�

V F D U �PDG H � R Q � W K H � F K H F N V � �Q�WDPDIDURR�

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VFD UF L W \ � �Q��IHHWRR��MLLNXZR��NXZR�PDQNRR�

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V F D U L Q J � �Q��SLLSLLURR�V F D U L Q J � �YQ��VLODQGLURR��VLODQGRR�VFD W W H U � �Y��FDDUL��MDIDMDID��MDQMD�MDQMDQGL�

VFD W W H U � XQ W L G L O \ � �Y��xDNDxDND�VFD W W H U HG � XQ W L G L O \ � �DGM��xDNDxDNDWD�xDNDxDNDUL�

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VH O HF W � �Y��NHVH��7RPER�V H O H F W H G � S H U V RQ � �Q��WRPERQPRR�VH O H F W L QJ � �YQ��WRPERQGLURR�

VH O H F W L RQ � �YQ��WRPERQGLURR�VH O I � �Q��IDØR�VH O I � FRQ W UR O � �Q��IDØPXWRR�VH O I � G L V F L S O L QH � �Q��IDØPXWRR�V H O I � H Q HP\ � �Q��IDQMDZRR�VH O I � KH O S � �Q��IDQGHHPDD�VH O I � KH O SH U � �Q��IDQGHHPDDODD�VH O I � VX I I L F L HQF\ � �Q��IDØVRWRR�VH O O � �Y��ILLUL��ZDDIL�VH O O � E \ � DXF W L RQ � �Y��ZDQWHHUL�VH O O H U � �Q��ZDDILULODD�VH O O L QJ � �YQ��ILLURR��ZDDILURR�VH O O L QJ � �Q��ZDDIRR�VH O O L Q J � E \ � D XF W L R Q � �YQ��ZDQWHHURR�VH O O L QJ � RQ � F U HG L W � �YQ��GRQWRURR�VH O O L QJ � S O D FH � �Q��ILLULGXODD�V HP H Q � �Q��PDQL\R��PDQLLML\R�V H Q G � �Y��NLL�V H Q G � DZ D \ � �Y��ED\�V H Q G L Q J � �Q��NLLODDUL\DD�6HQHJD O � I L U H I L Q FK � �Q�PRRULNXQXQGLØR�

VHQ L R U �Z L I H � �Q��PXVXNHHEDD�V H Q V H � �Q��VXXIRR�V HQ V H O H V V � �DGM��KDNLOLQWDØR�V H Q V H O H V V Q H V V � �Q��KDNLOLQWDQ\DD�VHQV L E O H � �DGM��KDNLOLPDD�V HQ V L E O H � S H U V RQ � �Q��KDNLOLWL\R�VHQV L E O L W \ � �Q��KDNLOLPDD\DD�VHSD U D W H � �Y��MDQMDQGL��NDQMX�V HSD U D W H G � �DGM��WDODDULØ�VHSD U D W H U � �Q��NDQMXULODD�V HSD U D W L Q J � �Q��NDQMXURR�VHSH U D W H � �Y��WDODD�V HSH U D W H G � �Y��WDODDWD�6 H S W HPE H U � �Q��6HNLWHPED�V H U L R X V � �DGM��EDUDND��EDUDNDPDD�NXØRIDDWD��NXØRNXOL\DDWD��NDDWL�VDØDUD��VDQDUDWD��VDØDUDULØ�VRREH\DDWD��VRREHH\DDULØ�VRREHH\DULØR��VRREHH\DD��ZDMDEL�ZDMDELWD��ZDMDELULØ��MDZX\DDULØ�

V H U L R X V � �Y��NXØRIDQGL�V H U L R X V � F R X JK � �Q��WRRWRRMDZRR�V H U L R X V � W K L Q J � �Q��MDDMDDQRR�VH U L RXV O \ � �DGY��VRREHHNH�VH U LRXV O \ � L O O � �DGM��NXXUDQWD�NXXUDQGLØ��NXXUDØ�

VH U L RXV O \ � V L F N � �DGM��NXXUDQGLØR�V H U L R X V Q H V V � �Q��VDØDURR��VRREHH�V H U L R X V Q H V V � S H U V RQ � � �Q��NDOD�V H UPR Q � �Q��.XWXERR�VH U Y DQ W � �Q��PHWLODQNRR��VXUXNDD�V H V DPH � �Q��EHQRR�VH W � �Y��ODD��ODD��ODD�VH W � RQ � D � V W R YH � �Y��MRQNL�VH W W L QJ � �Q��ODDURR�VH W W O H � �Y��EDMRQNL��ODD��ODD��ODD�

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V H Y H Q English-Mandinka

V H Y H Q � �DGM��ZRUXZXOD�V H Y H Q W K � R Q H � �Q��ZRURZXODQMDØR�VHYH U H � �DGM��MDZX\DD��MDZX\DDULØ�V HZ � �Y��NDUD�V HZ L Q J � �Q��NDUDORR��NDUDURR�V HZ L Q J � H T X L SPH Q W � �Q��NDUDULODØR�V HZ L Q J �P D F K L Q H � �Q��NDUDULODØ�PDVLØR�

V HZ L Q J �P H F K L Q H � �Q��NDUDOLODØR�V HZ L Q J � W R R O � �Q��NDUDOLODØR�V HZ Q � �VY��NDUDULØ�V HZ Q � �YQ��NDUDWD�VH[ � �Q��NHHNXZR��xRRNRGHH��VHPH�V H [ �PD W H � �Q��ODDxRR�V H [ � R U J D Q V � �Q��OHQNRR�V K D G H � �Q��GXEHØR��QLLNDD�V K D G RZ � �Q��QLLQL\R�VKD I W � �Q��NXØR�VKD I W � R I � D � FD U W � �Q��EDODQNDDURR�VKD I W � R I � DQ � D [ � �Q��WHHUDQIDORR�V K D N H � �Y��ILWLILWL��MDUDMDUD��MLLMDD��MLLMLL�PDDPDQGL��PDDPDØ�

V K D N L Q J � �Q��PDDNDØR�V K D N L Q J � �YQ��PDDPDØR�VKD O O � �Q��EH�OD�V K DP H � �Q��PDORR�V K DPH O H V V � �DGM��PDOXEDOL\DDWD�PDOXEDORR��PDOXEDOL\DDULØ�R��

V K DPH O H V V � S H U V R Q � �Q��PDOXEDORR�V K DPH O H V V Q H V V � �Q��PDOXEDOL\DD�VK DS H �Z L W K � F R U Q H U V � �Q��WRQNRPPD�VKD U H � �Y��WDODD�VKD U H � �Q��QL\R�V K D U H G � �Y��WDODDWD�V K D U H G � �DGM��WDODDULØ�VK D U L Q J � �Q��WDODDURR�VKD U N � �Q��SDWDPRR�VKD UN � I L Q � �Q��ODDIRR�VKD US � O L N H � D � Q HHG O H � �DGM��PHOXØ�VKD U S � S R L Q W � �Q��PHOXØR�V K D U S � S R L Q W H G � �DGM��PHOXQWD�VKD U SHQ � O L N H � D � Q H HG O H � �Q��PHOXØ�V K D U S H Q L Q J � �Q��PHOXØR�VKD US � O L N H � D � Q HHG O H � � �DGM�PHOXQGLØ�

V K D Y H � �Y��OLL�V K D Y H G � K H D G � �Q��NXØQXQNRR�V K D Y L Q J � �Q��OL\R�V K D Y L Q J � H T X L SPHQ W � �Q��OLLULODØR�VKDY L QJ � V W L F N � �Q��OLLULODØR�VK D Y L Q J � W K H � K H DG � � �Q��NXØQXQNRR�VK H � �VSQ��DWH��D�VK H D W K � �Q��ODD��ODD��ODD�V K H G � �Q��PEDDURR�V K H H S � �Q��VDDML\R�VKHH W � �Q��OHHURR�VKHH W � R I � S DSH U � �Q��ND\LWLMDPERR�VKH O O � �Q��KRPERR�

V K H S K H U G � �Q��NDQWDULODD��NDQWDODD�VK L I W � �Y��xRUL�VK L I W � �Q��NDWWD�VK L Q � �Q��NHOHØR�V K L Q � E R Q H � �Q��NHOHQNXORR�VK L Q H � �Y��PDODPDOD�VK L Q H � �Q��PDODPDORR�V K L Q L Q J � �Q��PDODPDORR�VK L S � �Q��EDWRØR��NXOXØR��VLLVLLNXOXØR�VK L U W � �Q��GHQGLNRR��GRQGLNRR�VLPLLVRR�

VK L Y H U � �Y��MDUDMDUD�V K R H � �Q��VDPDWRR�VKRH � O D F H � �Q��VDPDWDMXORR�VKR H � S R O L V K � �Q��VDPDWDPXXUDØR�V K RR W � �Y��EXØ�V K R S � �Q��ELWLNRR��NXPIDD�VKR U H � E L U G � �Q��EDDWR�NXQXQGLØR�VKR U W � �DGM��VXWL\DD�VXWX\DD��VXWL\DDWD�VXWL\DDULØ��VXWL\DDULØR��VXWXØR�

VKR U W � E U H D N � �Q��IRxRQGLØR�VKR U W � E \ � �DGM��GDVD��PDQNLWD�PDQNLULØ�

VKR U W � R I � �Y��QDDVL��QDDVLQGL�VKR U W � R I � �DGM��PDQNL��QDDVLWD�QDDVLULØ��QDDVLULØR��PDQNLWD�PDQNLULØ�

VKR U W � R Q H � �Q��VXWXPDD�VKR U W � S H U VRQ � � H W F � � �Q��QGDDPD�VKR U W � S H U V RQ � F K L F N HQ � H W F � �Q�WXQNXQHH�

VKR U W � V O H H YH � �Q��EXOXVXWXØR�VKR U W � W HPSH U H G � �Q��MXVXVXWL\DD�VKR U W D J H � �Q��PDQNRR�VKR U W D J H � R I �ZD W H U � �Q��MLLNXZR�VKR U W H Q � �Y��VXWL\DQGL�VKR U W O \ � �DGY��MHHQLQMHH�V KR U W Q H V V � �Q��QDDVRR��VXWL\DD�VKR U W � R I � F O R W KHV � � �DGM��IHHWRR�V K RX O G � � U R X J K � �YQ��xDQWD�V KRX O G H U � �Q��GDEDNXQNXØR��GDERR�NDEDNXQNXØR�

VKRX O G Q W � �DY��PDØ�xDQQD��PDØ�xDØ�V K RX W � �Y��OHPED��OHQND��ØDDUD�VDODPL��VDUL��ZXXUL�

V K RX W � �Q��ZXXURR�VKRX W � O L N H � D � S L J � � H W F � �Y��ZLLVD�V K R X W H G � �YQ��ØDDUDWD��VDODPLWD�ZXXUXWD�

V K RX W L Q J � �YQ��ØDDURR�V K RX W L Q J � �Q��ZLLVRR��ZXXURR�VKRY H O � �Q��SHHORR�V K RZ � �Y��\LWD��\LWDQGL�V KRZ � E H L Q J � S O H D V H G � L Q � �Y��\DQGDD�V K RZ � F R Q W HPS W � �Y��SXUXFD�V K RZ �P D Q Q H U � �xDD�V KRZ � R I I � �Q��NRRWHH��NXIDQPRR�NXIDQQDD�

VKRZ � S U L G H � L Q � �Y��\DQGDD�V K RZ � S U L G H � L Q � V RPH W K L Q J � �Y�ØDDxDD�

V KRZHG � S U L G H � L Q � �Y��\DQGDDWD�V K RZ L Q J � �Q��\LWDQGLURR�V KRZ L Q J � E H L Q J � S O H D V H G � L Q � � �Q�\DQGDD�

V K RZ L Q J � O D F N � �QWDØR�V KRZ L Q J � S U L G H � L Q � �Q��\DQGDD�V KRZ L Q J � V X U S U L V H � �H[��ODD\LODD�PEDDNRRNRR��ZD\��MHH�

V K U LPS � �Q��VLSDD��VLSDVLSD��QGHULØ�QGHULØR�

V K U R X G � �Y��NDVDQNHH�V K U R X G � �Q��NDVDQNHH�V K U X E � �Q��ILWRR�VK UXE � � N L QG � R I � D � � �Y��PDQDQNDDVRR�VK \ � �Q��PDOXODD�V L E O L QJ � R I � RQH � I D W K H U � �Q��IDDGLØR�V L FN � �Y��xRRNXxRRNX��VDDVDD�V L FN � �DGM��NXXUDQWD��NXXUDQGLØ�NXXUDØ��NXXUDQGLØR��PDDNX\DDULØ�PDDNX\DD��NDMHHWD��VDDVDDWD�VDDVDDULØ��VDDVDDULØR��VDDVDD�PDDNX\DDWD�

V L FN � �Q��MDQNDULWRR�V L FN �R I � �DGM��ORRER�V L FN �R I � �Y��SDVL�V L F N � S H U V RQ � �Q��NXXUDQWRR�V L F N HQ � �Y��VDDVDQGL�V L FN O H � �Q��ZRURWRR�V L F N O \ � S H U VRQ � �Q��MDQNDULWRR�V L F NQ H V V � �Q��EDODPDD�NX\DD�ID\LULODD��MDQNDURR��NXXUDØR�PDDNX\DD��xRRNXxRRNRR��VDDVDD�

V L F NQHVV � D � N L QG � R I � � �Q��NRRMDD�V L F NQHVV � I X QJD O � � �Q��NXOXIHWHØR�V L GH � �Q��GDQGDØR��GHQGHØR��IDQQDD�NHQWHØR��ODD��ODD��ODD��NDURR�

V LGH �R I � U L YH U � �Q��EDDMHQMHØR�V L GH O L Q H � �Q��GDDNXORR�V L H YH � �Y��WHQWHØ��WDPHH�V L H YH � �Q��WDPHH�V L H YH � � S HDQX W V � � H W F � �Y��SDDVXZDDUL�V L H YHG � � SHDQX W V � � � H W F � � �Y�SDDVXZDDULWD�

V L H Y L QJ � �VY��WHQWHQGLURR�V L H Y L QJ � �Q��WHQWHØR�V L I WH U � �Q��WHQWHØR�V L JQ � �Y��VLLxHH�V L JQ � �Q��WDDPDQVHHURR�V L JQD O � W R � �Y��SDVLØ�V L J Q H G � �DGM��VLLxHHWD�V L J Q H G � �VY��VLLxHHULØ�V L O HQFH � �YQ��GHH�V L O HQFH � �Q��GHZR�V L O HQ W � �Y��GH\��GHH�V L O HQ W � �DGM��GHHWD��GHHULØ��GHHULØR�

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English-Mandinka V L O NV L O N � �Q��VRR\RR�V L O YH U � �Q��NRGLIRURR��NRGRR�V LP L O D U � W R � � � H U � � �ULODD�V LPS O H � �DGM��IHHPDD��IHH\DD�VRRQH\DDWD��VRRQH\DD��VRRQH\DDULØ�VRRQH\DDULØR�

V LPS O H � Q DP L Q J � F H U HPRQ \ � �Q�xDPERR�

V LPS O H � R Q H � �Q��IHHPDD�V LPS O H � W H Q W � �Q��VDPDNRR�V LPS O H � D � S H U VRQ � � H W F � � �DGM��WLPLQRRGL\DDWD�

V LPS O L F L W \ � �Q��VRRQH\DD�WDPLQDGL\DD�

V LPS O L I \ � �Y��VRRQH\DQGL�V L Q � �Q��KDNRR��MXQXERR�V L Q F H � �FRQM��EDDZRR��ED\LUL�V LQ IX O � �DGM��KDUDDPXULØ�KDUDDPXULØR�

V L QJ � �Y��GHQNLORR��ODD���GRQNLOL�MDPX��ODD��ODD��ODD�

V L QJH U � �Q��GRQNLOLODD�ODD�V L Q J L Q J � �Q��GHQNLORR��GRQNLORR�MDPXQGLURR�

V L Q J L Q J � �YQ��GHQNLOLODD��GRQNLOLODD�V L Q J L Q J � U H O L J L R X V � V RQJV � �Q�VXXNXZR�

V L QJ O H W � �Q��MHQVRR��QMHQVRR�V L QN � �Y��NXQXØ��PLNL��VXX��WXXQHØ�V L QNH U � �Q��VXPSRR�V L Q N L Q J � �VY��WXXQHQGLØ��PLNLULØ�V L Q N L Q J � �YQ��WXXQHØR�V L QQH U � �Q��IDDVLNRR�V L Q Q L Q J � D J D L Q V W � * RG � �YQ�$ODNXWRR�

V L S � �Y��KHUHEX�V LV WH U � �Q��EDDULPPXVRR�V L W ��Y��QRPR��6LL��VLL�V L W W L QJ � RQ � D � V W RYH � �VY��MRQNLULØ�V L W W L Q J � U RRP � �Q��VDDORR�V L[ � �DGM��ZRRUR�V L [ � EX W X W V � �Q��xHWDD�V L [ � S HQF H � �Q��QRQNRØ�V L [ � U R X QG � J X Q � �Q��GDDZRRURR�V L [ W K � �Q��ZRRURQMDØR�V L ] H DE O H � �DGM��NDDxDQGLØR��.DDxDQWD�NDDxDØ�

V L ] H DE O H � �Y��NDDxDQGL�VN L G � �Y��SDUDNDVL��WDUDEDVL�V N L G G H G � �Y��SDUDNDVLWD�VN L O IX O � �DGM��IHHUH�VN L O O � �Q��IHHUHH�VN L Q � �Q��EDODIDWHH��NXORR�VN L Q � �Y��EXVX�VN L Q � � E D U N � �Q��IDWRR�VN L Q � L Q I H F W L RQ � �Q��VDQVDQEDUDØR�VN LQ W � �YD��MDDWD�

VN LQ W � �DGM��VHHNHH��VHNHHUL��MDDUL�VHNHHWD�

VN LQ W � �VY��SDDQLULØ�VN LQ W � �Y��SDDQD��SDDQLWD�VN L S � �Y��MRR\HH��SRGL��VDZXØ�V N L S S H G � �Y��SRGLWD�VN L U W � �Q��VLSD�VNX O O � �Q��NXQNRORR�VN\ � �Q��VDØR�V O D FN � �DGM��ODNDIX��ODNDIXWD��ODNDIXULØ�ODNDIXULØR��ODPIX��ODPIXWD�ODPIXULØ��ODPIXULØR��QDDUL\DD�QDDUL\DDWD��QDDUL\DDULØ��\RPID�

V O D F N HQ � �Y��ODNDIXQGL��ODPIXQGL�QDDUL\DQGL��\RPIDQGL�

V O D F NQ H V V � �Q��ODPIRR�V O D QGH U � �Y��WRRWLxDD�V O D QGH U � �Q��NDMDIL��NDMDILURR��WRRxDD�V O D QG H U L Q J � �Q��NDMDILURR�V O D QJ � �Q��VDQGRR�V O DQ W � �Y��ODDPDD�V O D Q W HG � �DGM��ODDPDD�V O D Q W Q H V V � �Q��ODDPDD�V OD W H � �Q��ZDODD�V O D XJK W H U � �Y��NDQDWHH�V O D XJ W H U � K RX V H � �Q��QLLVL�IDDGXODD�V O D YH � �Q��MRØR�V O DYH U \ � �Q��MRQ\DD�V O H HS � �Q��VLLQRR�V O H HS � �Y��VLLQRR�V O H H S L Q J � �Q��VLLQRR�V O H HS L Q J � V L F N Q H V V � �Q�VLLQRRMDQNDURR�

V O H HYH � �Q��GRQGLNDEXORR�V O LP � �DGM��ODEDUDULØ��ODEDUDULØR�ODEDUDWD��0HVHØR��PHVH\DDULØ�PHVH\DDULØR�

V O LP � �Y��ODEDUD�V O LP � R Q H � �Q��PHVHPDD�V O L QJ � �Q��GDPSXUDØR��NDPSXUDØR�V O L S � �Y��QDPD�V O L SSH U \ � �DGM��QDPD��QDPDWD�QDPDULØ��QDPDULØR��QDPD\DDULØ�QDPD\DDWD��QDPD\DDULØR�

V O RS � �Y��SDODFL�V O R S S H G � �Y��SDODFLWD�V OR W � �Y��VRRWL�V O R W W HG � �VY��VRRWLULØ�V O RXJK � � V N L Q � � �Q��IXXUXØR��IXXUDD�V O RZ � �DGM��KDNLOLNXXPDD��ODPIXWD�QDDID��QDDIDULØR��QDDIDULØ��QDDIDWD�

V O R Z � G RZ Q � �Y��\RRUD�V O RZ � L Q � W K L Q N L Q J � �Y��NXØRVRURQWD�V O R Z H G � G RZ Q � �Y��\RRUDWD�V O RZ O \ � �DGY��GHQNHPX�V O RZ O \ � �DGM��GRPDØ�GRPDØ�V O RZ O \ � W U \ L QJ � W R � F D W FK � V � � �Q�\HHURR�

V O XPEH U � �Y��MLQNRR�V O XPE H U L Q J � �YQ��MLQNRR�V O \ O \ � W U \ � JH W � W R � DZD\ � �Y��\RROHH�VPD O O � �DGM��GRR\DD��GRR\DDULØ�0HVHØR��PHVH\DDWD��PHVH\DD�PHVH\DDULØ��PHVH\DDULØR�

VPD O O � �YD��GRR\DDWD�VPD O O � G U XP � �Q��MXQNXUDØR�VPD O O � G U XP � � �Q��WDPRR�VPD O O � J U H \ � S O XP � �Q��PDPSDWRR�VPD O O � L Q V HF W � �Q��WXPEXQGLØR�VPD O O � P R Q H \ � �Q��NRGLPHVHØR�VPD O O � P R V T X H � �Q��PLVLURR�VPD O O � Q R W H � E R R N � �Q��NDULQHH�VPD O O � R Q H � �Q��PHVHPDD�VPD O O Q H V V � �Q��GRR\DD��PHVH\DD�VP D V K � �Y��WH\LØ�WH\LØ��WH\�VP D V K H G � �Y��WH\LWD�VPHD U � �Y��PDQDQND�VPH O O � �Y��NDVD��QRRUD��VHHUD�VPH O O � �Q��VHHURR��VXQNDØR�VPH O O H G � � X QS O H D V DQ W � � �DGM�VXQNDQWD�

VPH O O L Q J � �DGM��NDVDULØ��NDVDULØR�VHHUDULØ�

VPH O O L Q J � �Q��VXQNDØR�VPH O O L Q J � E D G � �DGM��VXQNDØ�VPH O O \ � �DGM��NDVDWD��NDVDULØ�VPH O O \ � �Y��NDVD��NDVDQGL�VPH O W � � X QS O H D V DQ W � � �DGM��VXQNDQWD�VP L O H � �Y��PXXxX�VP L O H � �Q��PXXxRR�VP L O H G � �Y��PXXxXWD�VP L O L Q J � �Q��PXXxRR�VP L W K � �Q��QXPRR�VPR N H � �Y��VDED�VPR N H � �Q��VLLVL\R�VPR N H G � �DGM��VDEDWD�VPRN HG � I L V K � �Q��xHH�VLLVLLULØR��xHHVLPERR�

VPR N H \ � �DGM��VLLVLL�VPRN L Q J � S L S H � �Q��WDEDQGDD�VPR N \ � �DGM��VLLVLLULØ��VLLVLLWD�VPR R W K � �DGM��WHPEH�VPRR W K HQ � � I L O H � �Y��NDD�VQD L O � �Q��PDDxHHNHH��PXVDDOLØR�VHHIRR�

V Q D N H � �Q��FDSDWRR��NDQNXPEDDORR�VDD�

VQ D W F K � �Y��FDNDWL�V Q H D N � �Y��\RROHH�V Q H D N H G � �YQ��\RROHHWD�V Q H H ] H � �Y��WLVRR�V Q H H ] H G � �YQ��WLVRRWD�VQ L I I � � VQR W � �ZD W H U � H W F � � �Y��VXUXED�VQ L W H G � �Y��NXQWD�VQR U H � �Y��NLULQGD��NLULQWL��NRURQGD�V Q R U H G � �Y��NLULQWLWD��NLULQGDWD�

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V Q R U L Q J English-Mandinka

V QR U L Q J � �Q��NLULQWRR��NRURQGRR�VQR W � �Q��QXQML\R�VQX I I � �Y��VXPEX�VQX I I � �Q��VLURR��VLUD��PXQNRR�V QX I I � E \ �PRX W K � �Y��VXPEX�VQX I I � F RQ W D L Q H U � �Q��IXOHH�VQX I I L Q J � �YQ��VXPEXURR��VXPERR�V Q X I I L Q J � E \ �PRX W K � �YQ��VXPEXURR�VR � �DGY��IR��ZRWR��IR��IR��IR�VR � �FRQM��ELWXØ�V R D N � �Y��xLNLØ��xLNLQGL�V R D N H G � �Y��xLNLQWD�V R D N H G � �DGM��xLNLQGLULØR�V R D N L Q J � �VY��xLNLØR�V R D S � �Q��VDDIXQRR�VR DS �ZD W H U � �Q��QRQML\R�V R E � �Y��VLNLVLNL�VREH U L H W \ � �Q��IDQNDDxDQR�V R F N � �Q��NDZDDVRR�V R F N V � �Q��NDZDDVRR�V R G RP � D S S O H � �Q��FLSDQSDØR�MLSDQSDØR��NLSDQSDØR��NXSDQSDØR�

VR I W � �DGM��IRR\DDULØR��IRR\DD�VR I W � G U L Q N � �Q��PLQDUDORR�OHPLQQDDWRR�

VR I W � R QH � �Q��IRR\DDULØR�VR I W H Q � �Y��IRR\DQGL�VR I W Q H V V � �Q��IRR\DD�VR L O � �Y��FXQNXWL�VR L O � �Q��EDQNRR�VR L O � W L O O L QJ � �Q��EDDURR�VR O G L H U � �Q��VRULGDDVRR�VR O H � I L VK � �Q��VRRORR�VR O H � R I � W K H � I RR W � �Q��VLQWHHWHH�VR O L G � �DGM��MDDULØ�VR O L G L I L HG � �DGM��VLPELULØR�VR O L G L I \ � �Y��VLPEL�VR O Y H � �Q��NDODØ��MDDUD�VR O Y H � �Y��WHPEHQGL��WREHØ��MDDUD�VR O Y H � D � S U R E O HP � �Y��xLLxDQGL�VR O Y H G � �Y��WREHØ�VR O Y H G � �YQ��WREHQWD�V RP H � GRR�V RPHRQ H � H D W L Q J � �Q��GRPRULODD�V RPHRQ H � H O V H V � �Q��:DQGL�VRPHRQH � H O V H V � S O D F H � �Q�ZDQGL\DD�

V RPH R Q H � R U � V RPH W K L Q J � �Y�GRQNLOL�

V RP H R Q H � V RZ L Q J � �Q��ILLULODD�V RPH R Q H � Z K R � W H D V H V � �Q�KDGDDxLULODD�

V RPH W K L Q J � D E R X W � �Q��NDODØR�VRPH W K L Q J � I R U � S U R W H F W L R Q V � �Q�WDQNDUDØR�

V RPH W K L Q J � N H S W � �Q��PDDERR�V RPH W K L Q J � U H D G \PD G H � �Q�ODQVDØR�

V RPH W K L Q J � V R X U � �Q��NXPRR�VRPH W K L QJ � W R � W D N H � F D U H � R I � �Q�PXUDDGRR�

V RPH W LP H V � �DGY��GRRWR�V R Q � �Q��GLQNHH�V R Q � R I � $ G DP � �Q��KDGDPDGLØR�V R Q J � �Q��GHQNLORR��GRQNLORR�V R R Q � �DGY��VDPEL�VRR W � �Q��ILQWRØR�VRS � E U H DG � H W F � � �Y��SRQVHH�VRSS L Q J � E U H D G � H W F � � �YQ��SRQVHH�V R U J K XP � �Q��EDVRR��NLQWRR�VR U U H O � �Q��GRPRGDD��NXFDD�VR U U H O � I O RZH U � �Q��ZRQMRR�VR U U H O � I O RZH U � M X L F H � �Q��ZRQMRR�V R U U RZ � �Q��EDODIDD��MXVXNX\DD�QLLNX\DD��QLLWRRURR�

VR U U \ � �H[��KDNHWX�VRX O � �Q��QL\R�V R X Q G � �DGY��NHØ�V R X Q G � �Y��NXPD��NXPDQGL�V R X Q G � �Q��NXPDNDØR��PDDNDØR�VRXQG � R I � D � I D O O � �DGY��SLULP�VRXQG � I R U � F D O O L Q J � G RJ � � �H[��NXULL�V R X S � �Q��GXXUDØR�V RXS � R I � E D R E DE � O H D Y H � �Q��QDDGDD�VRXS � S U H S D U H G �Z L W K � R N U D � �Q��VXSD�VRX U � �DGM��NXPX��NXPXULØR��NXPXULØ�NXPXWD�

VRX U �P L O N � �Q��QRQRR�VRX U � V RS � W U H H � �Q��VXQNXØR�V R X U Q H V V � �Q��NXPRR�V R X W K � �Q��EXOXEDD�V RZ � �Q��ILL�VRZ � � � I L Q GRR � � � �Y��NXUXED�V RZ � L Q � U RZV � �Y��IDODØ�VRZ �P L O O H W � H W F � L Q � U RZV � L Q � �Y��IDODØ�VRZ � � V H HGV � RQ � I O D W � O D QG � � �Y�NRQNRGXX�

V RZ L Q J � �YQ��ILLURR�V RZ L Q J � �Q��NRQNRGXZR�V RZ L Q J � � I L Q G R R � � �YQ��NXUXERR�V RZ L Q J � K R H � �Q��NRQNRGXZR�V RZ L Q J �P D F K L Q H � �Q��ILLULODØR�VRZQ � RQ � I O D W � O D QG � � �Y��NRQNRGXXWD�V S D F H � �Q��DOLKDZDD��NHQRR�V S D F H � �Y��NDUDEXOD�V S D F L R X V � �DGM��IDQXULQR��IDQXULØR�V S D G H � �Q��SHHORR�V S D Q N � �Y��IDQWDØ��WDQNDQL�V S D Q N � R Q � W K H � K H D G � �Y��WDSX�WDSL�V S D Q N L Q J � R Q � W K H � K H D G � �YQ�WDSXURR��WDSRR�

V S DQ N L Q J � R Q � W K H � E D F N � � �Q�WLPSDURR�

VS DQ N � R Q � W K H � E D F N � � �Y��WLPSD�V S D Q Q H U � �Q��NHOHH�VSD U H � �Y��NDDUL�

VSD U N � �Y��NXUXNXUX�V S D U U RZ � �Q��MDWDOLØR�V S H D N � �Y��GL\DDPX��NXPD�VSHDN � O RXG � � H W F � � �Y��VDUL�VS H D N H U � �Q��GL\DDPXODD�V S H D N L Q J � �YQ��GL\DDPRR�V S H D N R X W � �Y��GDDxLQL�VSHD U � �Q��VRURR�VSHF L D O � K H O SH U � � �Q��PHWLODQNRR�VSHF L HV � R I � F D W W O H � �Q��QGDDPD�VSHF W D F O H V � �Q��OXQHHWRR�xDDNLODDVRR�

VSHF W D W R U � �Q��MXXEHHULODD�V S H H F K � �Q��NXPRR�V S H H F K � �YQ��GL\DDPRR�V S H H G � �Q��ZLLWHHVRR�V S H Q G � �Y��ODD��ODD��ODD�VS HQG � W K H � U D L Q \ � V H D VRQ � �Y�VDPDD�

VSHQ W � W K H � D I W H U Q RRQ � �DGM��WLLxDQWD�V S H UP � �Q��PDQL\R�VS L G H U � �Q��WDDOLØR�VS L G H U V �Z HE � �Q��WDDOLQMDORR�VS L O O � �Y��ERØ�VS L O O H G � RYH U � �VY��ZR\LULØ�VS L O O H G � RYH U � �Y��ZR\LWD�V S L Q H � R I S R F X S L Q H � �Q��EDODWL\R�VS L U L W � �Q��MLQRR��VDZXURR�VS L W � �Y��ODDNL��ODDFL��WXSL�VS O L W � �Y��IHWHØ��IRWLØ�VS O L W � �VY��WHOHQGLØ�VS O L W W HG � �Y��WHOHQWD�VSR L O � �Y��NDVDDUD�VSR L O � � V S HQG � W K H � D I W H U QRR � �Y�WLLxDØ�

VSR L O H G � �DGM��WLLxDQWD��WLLxDQGLØR�VSR L O H G � �VY��WLLxDQGLØ�VSR L O L Q J � �YQ��WLLxDQGLURR�VSR L O L Q J � �Q��WLLxDØR�V S R N H � �Q��LVLSRRNRR�V S R Q J H � �Q��MDPSHH��MRRVLUDØR�V SRQJ H � I R U � E D W K L Q J � �Q��MRRVLUDØR�V S R Q J H � U X E E H U � �Q��MDPSHH�V S R R Q � �Q��GRPRULODØR��GRRVDD�NRRMDDURR�

V S RRQ � F D O D E D V K � � �Q��NRQVRURR�VSR W W H G � L Q � F R O RX U � �DGM��FRPSLQ�FRPSLQ�

VS U D L Q � �Y��NXEL��PX\�VS U D L Q � �Q��PX\RR�VS U D \ �Z L W K � W K H �PRX W K � �Y��SXXUD�SXXVD�

VS U D \ L Q J � D � K RXV H � H W F � �Q��ZLLVRR�V S U H D G � �Y��ZDQND��ZDQNDWD��ZR\LWD�V S U H D G � �DGM��ZHUHQGL�V S U H D G � �VY��ZR\LUL�VS U H DG � D � � E HG � VKHH W � H W F � � �Y�ZDUHH�

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English-Mandinka V S U H D GVS U H D G � E H G � V K H H W � �Y��IHHQHH�V S U H D G �PD W � �Y��IHHQHH�VS U H DG � D F U R V V � W K H �ZD\ � � H � � �Y�ZDQNDWD�

V S U H D G L Q J � �Q��ZR\RR�VS U HDG � Y L QH � � H W F � � �Y��ZR\R�VS U L QJ �R I � D � FD U � � H W F � � �Q��LVLSLULØR�VS U L QN O H � �ZD W H U � � �Y��MXQMXØ�VS U L Q N O H G � �Y��MXQMXQWD�VS U L Q N O L Q J � �Q��MXQMXØR�VS U RX W � �Y��VRURØ�VS U RX W � �Q��GRRURR�V S X W XP � �Q��WDQNDDNRR��KDDNRR�VTXD W � �Y��MRQNRWR�VTXD W W H G � �Y��MRQNRWRWD�VTXD W W L Q J � �VY��MRQNRWRULØ�VTXD W W L Q J � �YQ��MRQNRWRR�V T X H H ] H � �Y��IHWHIHWH��NXQGL��OLL��GHWH�V T X H H ] H � L Q W R � V RPH W K L Q J � �Y�xXXND�

V T X H H ] H � R X W � V RPH W K L Q J � �Y�SRORRFL�

V T X H H ] L Q J � �Q��OL\R�V T X H H ] L Q J � E D R E D E � �Q��NDDMRR�VTX L Q W Q H V V � R I � H \ H V � �Q��xDDIDODVRR�VTX L Q W \ � �DGM��IDODVL�VTX L Q W \ � � H \ HV � � �DGM��WDODNDVLUL�WDODNDVLWD�

VTX L Q W \ � H \ H V � � �DGM��WDODNDVL�VTX L U U H O � �Q��NHUHØR�V W DE � �Q��VRR�V W DE � �Y��FXSD��WXSD�V W DE O H � �DGM��WHPEH��WHQNXQGLØ�V W DE O H � �Y��WHQNXØ�V W DE O H � �YQ��WHQNXQWD�V W D FN � �Y��WXØ�V W D FN � �Q��WXØR�V W DJH � �Q��WXQNXØR�V W D JJH U � �Y��WDOLØ�WDOLØ��WLPLOLWDPDOL�V W D L Q HG � �Q��NRURØ�V W D NH � �Y��ODD��ODD��ODD�V WD O H � �DGM��IXXWL��VHH\DD��VHH\DDWD�VHH\DDULØ�

V WD O N � �Q��NDORR�V W DPPH U � �Y��ELEL�V W DPPH U L Q J � �Q��ELERR�V W DPS � �Q��WDPSRR�V W D QG � �Y��ORR�V W D Q G � R Q � �Y��GRUL�V W D QG � R Q � R Q H V � W R H V � �Y��xHHG�V W DQG �Z L W Q H V V � I R U � �Y��VHHGH\DD�V W D Q G L Q J � �VY��ORRUL�V W D QG L QJ �Z L W Q H V V � I R U � �Q��VHHGH\DD�V W D QG L Q J �ZK L O H � � �Q��ORRWRR�V WD U � �Q��ORRORR�V W D U FK � �Y��GDDNDQGHH�V W D U FK � I R U � F O R W KHV � �Q��GDDNDQGHH�V WD UH � �Y��xDD�IHHWHH��xDDPDOD�

V WD U W � �Y��ER\L��IRORR��NXXUD��SDNL��GDWL�NXPDDVL�

VWDU W � � I L UH � ��Y��PXWDQGL�V W D U W HG � �YQ��NXPDDVLWD�V WD U WH U � �Q��IRORRODD��IRORRULODD�V W D U W L QJ � �YQ��GDWLURR��IRORRURR�V W D U W L QJ � �Q��GDWRR��IRORRGXODD�V W D U W L Q J �ZR U N � �Q��VHORR�V W D U YH � �Y��NRQNRQGL�V WD W H � �Y��EDQNHH�V WD W H � �Q��DOLKDDORR��EDODIDDPRR�V W D W H � R I � EH L QJ � � � �\DD�V W D W HPHQ W � �Q��EDQNHH�V W D W L Y H � Y H UEV � �ULØ�V W D W XV � �Q��PDNDDPRR�V W DZ � �Q��NDORR�V W D\ � �Y��GDDNDD��IDQLNHH��VDEDWL�V WD\ � W L O O � O D W H �Q LJK W � �Y��VXXNXX�V W D \ HG � �Q��VDEDWLWD�V W D \ HG � �Y��GDDNDDWD�V W D \ L QJ � �VY��GDDNDDULØ�V W D \ L QJ � �YQ��VDEDWLULØ�V W D \ L QJ � D W � R QH � S O D F H � �DGM�VDEDWLULØR�

V W D \ L QJ � D W � R QH � S O D F H � �Q��VDEDWRR�V W H DG\ � �Y��VDEDWL��WHQNX�V W H DN � �Q��EXXxRR�V WHD O � �Y��VXXxDD�V WHD O H U � �Q��FLNDULODD�V W H D O L QJ � �YQ��xLNDURR��VLNDURR�VXXxDURR�

V W H DP � �Y��EDUDEDUD��VHOH��VHOHQGL�V W H DP � �Q��ILQMDORR�V W H DP � � I L V K �PHD W � � �Y��NHWXQGL�V W H DPHG � �VY��VHOHULØ�V W H DPHG � �YQ��VHOHWD�V W H DP H G � G R X J K � �Q��VHQNHWRR�V W H DPHG �P L O O H W � �Q��xHHOHØR�V W H DPHG �P L O O H W � I O R X U � �Q��IXWRR�V W H DP L Q J � �Q��EDUDEDURR��VHORR�VHOHQGLURR�

V W H DP L Q J � �YQ��VHOHQGRR�V W H DP L Q J � E RZ O � �Q��xLQWLØR�V W H DP L QJ �PHD W � R U � I L V K � �YQ�NHWXQGRR�

V WHH U � �Q��VDD�V W H H U L Q J �ZKHH O � �Q��EDDURR�V W H S �PR W K H U � �Q��EDQGLØ�V W H S � R Q � �Y��GRUL�V W H S � RQ � U H S H D W H G O \ � �Y��GRULØ�GRULØ�V W H U L O H � S H U VRQ � �Q��MLLGLEDORR�VWHU L O L W \ ��Q��MLLGLEDOL\DD�V W H U L O L ] H � D �ZRPDQ � � �Y��NRQRR�IDD�V WH U L O L ] L QJ � �Q��NRQRIDD�V W HZ � �Q��FDD��MDQLQGRR�V W HZD U G � �Q��UDSDDVRR�V W L FN � �Q��EXVDUDØR��GRNRR��NRORPRR�EDUXPDD�

V W L F N � D V � W RR W K � E U X VK � �Q�xLQMRRVLUDØR�

V W L F N � I R U � E H D W L Q J � G U XP � �Q��IRRUDØR�V W L F N � W RJH W KH U � �Y��QRWR�V W L F N �Z L W K � J O XH � H W F � � �Y��QDSX�V W L F N L QJ �Z L W K � J O XH � � H W F � � �VY�QDSXULØ�

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V W U H DP English-Mandinka

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W Z R English-Mandinka

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English-Mandinka X WPR V WX WPRV W � H I I R U W � �Q��GDØR��IDQNDGDØR�X W W H U � �Y��NXPD�XYX O D � �Q��QHQGLØR�Y D F D W L R Q � �Q��OLLIRR�YDFF L Q D W H � �Q��SHQNX�Y D F F L Q D W L Q J � �Q��SHQNXURR�Y DJ L Q D � �Q��EHD��EXWRR�Y D J L Q D O � S U R E O HP � �Q��VHNHWRR�Y D J X H � �DGM��GLEL�YD O L G � �DGM��VDKD��VDKDWD��VDKD\DDULØ�Y DQ � �Q��ZDDQRR�Y D U D QG D � �Q��SHUHØR��MLELURR��MLPEDØR�YD U L DQ W � I R U � � EH � � �DGY��EL�Y D U L H W \ � R I � V R U JKXP � �Q�EDPEDUDPEDVRR�

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Z H D Q H G English-Mandinka

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\ R X Q J English-Mandinka

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