Por Ricardo Smith

Mi libro gramática(My Grammar Book)

• Título

• Mesa de contenidos

• Nationalities

• Stem-Changing Verbs (all 4 classes)

• Para

• Adjectives

• Object Pronoun Placement

• DOP (Direct Object Pronoun)

• IOP (Indirect Object Pronouns)

• Ser vs. Estar

Mesa de contenidos• -ísimo(a), and g/c/z

• Verbs like gustar

• Affirmative and Negative Words

• Pero vs. Sino

• DOP/IOP/SE

• Reflexive Verbs

• Tú commands affirmative + negative + irregulars

• Modal Verbs

• “Mente”

• Past Participles

• Preterite

• Present Progressive

Argentina: Argentino

Bolivia: Boliviano

Chile: Chileno

Colombia: Columbiano

Costa Rica: Costarricense

Cuba: Cubano

Ecuador: Ecuatoriano

Espana: Español

Estados Unidos: Americano

Guatemala: Guatamalteco

Honduras: Honureño

Nationalidades

Mexico: MexicanoNicaragua: NicaragüensePanama: PanameñoPuerto Rico: PuertorriqueñoPeru: Peruanola República Dominicana:DominicanoEl Savador: SalvadoreñoUruguay: UruguayoVenezuela: VenezolanoParaguay: Paraguayo

Quatro tipos•O -> ue Poder – Puedo, Pueda, Puedas,

Puedan…

•U -> ue•O -> ie•U -> ie

Tallo cambiando los verbos

Para has a few different uses.

They all can still be substituted as "for"

I.E.

Indicating a recipient

El té esta para él (The tea is for him)

For the purpose of

Para haver una paella, primero dore las carnes. (To make a paella, first Sauté the meats.

To indicate destination

El hombre salió para Madrid. (The man left for Madrid)

To show purpose

La cartero es para dinero (The wallet is for money)

Para

Adjectives describe something. It can be a color, a state of being, or a mood.Mi madre no se siente bien.My mother is not feeling well.Le bicicleta es rojoThe bike is red.

Los adjectivos

A direct object is a noun that receives the action of a verb.

It can be a person, a place, or a thing.

Direct Object Pronouns are used in place of it.

Me - Me

Te - You

Lo, La - Him/Her/It

Nos - Us/We

Os - You all

Los, Las - Them

La bate de béisbol golpea la béisbol

Direct Object Pronouns

Indirect objects answer the question "to whom" and "for whom," or tell us where the direct object is going.

As with Direct Object Pronouns, these are substituted for the actual noun.

Me - Me

te - You

le - Him/Her/It

los, les - Them

nos - Us

La bate de béisbol golpea la béisbol encima la valla

indirecto objecto pronombres

Ser y EstarEstar

• Weather• Location• State of an object• Health• Ongoing Actions• Emotions

Ser • Possession • What

something’s made out of

• Origin • Generalizations • When or Where

something is happening

• Time and Date • Profession

Super Gluevs.

Glue

Used to show exageration.

i.e: “Ella es altísima!” translates to “She is very tall.”

It also changes some parts of the word.• Z -> C

• G -> GU

• C -> QU

-ísimo

Gustar is a special kind of verb. It has two english meanings: Likes, and is pleasing to. So me gusta comida means “I like food,” or “Food is pleasing to me.” It follows the same for other verbs, which a re like Gustar.l

Such as:

1) Molestar - to be a bother to

2) Disgustar – to hate something

3) Faltar – to be lacking something

4) Interesar – to be interesting to

5) Importar – to be important to

6) Fascinar – to fascinate

7) Aburrir – to bore

Verbs like gustar

These either show something exists, or something doesn't exist.

Here's a list of words and their counterparts.

Algo, Alguien, Algún, Siempre, Tambien

Nada, Nadie, Ningún, Nunca, Tampoco

Respectively, they mean:

Something, Somebody, Some, Always, Also

Nothing, Nobody, None, Never, Neither

Affirmative and negative Words

To english speakers, Pero and Sino both mean "but," but they have different meanings, and so you can't interchange them.

We use "pero" to join two contrasting idea when the second phrase does not negate the first. Instead, you can think of it as adding on to the first idea.

However.

We use sino, on the other hand, is used generally in negative sentences in which the second phrase negates or corrects the first. The equivalent in English would be "but rather" or "but on the contrary".

Pero vs. Sino

DOP IOP SEMe No

sMe No

sMe No

sTe Os Te Os Te Os

Le Les/Los

Le Les Se Se

DOP, IOP, SE

Reflexive verbs are verbs that, as the name implies, reflects on to the one doing the task. They normally end in "se" which should be conjugated.

Reflexives include:

Afeitarse - Shave

Dormirse - Sleep

Lavarse - Wash

Secarse - Dry

To congugate, take off the "se," conjugate it, and then put it in front of the conjugated verb.

Afeitarse: Me Afeito

Secarse: Se Seca

Reflexive Verbs

Affirmative:

Drop the “s”

Dormir -> Duermes -> Dueme

Poder -> Puedes -> Puede

Nadar -> Nadas -> Nada

Irregulars:

Des Haz Ve

Pon Sal Sé\

Ten Ven

Tú Commands Affirmative + Negative + Irregulars

Negative:1. Put it ino the Yo.2. Change it to the opposite Vowel3. Add “s”hablar -> Hablo -> hable -> hables.Vivir -> Vivo -> viva -> vivasIrregulars:Tengas - TenerVengas - venirDes/digas -dar/decierVayas - irSeas - serHagas - hacerEstes - estarSepas - saber

When conjugated with Modals, they are left in infinitive form (AR, ER, IR)

Not "no puedo nado", but "No puedo nadar“

Modal examples:

ir a infinitive - going to do something

poder + infinitive - Are able to do something

Querer + infinitive - Want to do someting

deber + infinitive - should do something

tener que + infinitive - To have to do something

soler + infinitive - to be accustomed to

Modal Verbs

Created by adding “mente” to the end of a verb.

When two (or more? Find this out) adverbs modify the main verb, only the second uses the “mente.”

The first stays in the feminine singlular.

//Add examples

“Mente” – “ly”

For things that have already happened.

To change a verb to a past participle, you drop the ending and add ado, and ido, for Ar and Er/Ir verbs respectively. Think of it as the "ed" ending in english.

La puerta esta cerrado.

The door is closed.

Past Participles

States a definite time in the past, with a beginning or ending.

Such words include:

Ayer, Anoche, el añ0 pasado, las semana, pastada, ante ayer.

The endings of verbs change to go with this.

Ar:

-é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -aron

Er / Ir:

-í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -ieron

Respectively, they stand for:

Yo, Te, El, Nosotros, Ustedes

Preterite

Describes things as they happen, and the conjugated verbs have the endings

-ando and -iendo. For Ar and Er/Ir endings respectively. The odd few have the

ending -yendo, such as Leer, as adding -iendo to leer just doesn't make sense.

So: "I am eating." becomes: " Yo estoy Comiendo."

Present Progressives