minsky - grung moe · minsky. 1977. the financial instability hypothesis: an interpretation of...

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Finanskrise – hva har vi lært? Thorvald Grung Moe Levy Economics Institute Bard College

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Page 1: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Finanskrise  – hva  har  vi  lært?

Thorvald Grung Moe Levy Economics Institute

Bard College

Page 2: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Tre  lærdommer:Det  er  behov  for  …

üFlere  syn  i  faget  =>  pluralism

üMer  vekt  på  penger  og  kreditt

üTiltak  som  kan  dempe  gjeldsveksten

Page 3: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

IMF's oppsummering  etter  krisen:

• The  analysis  before  the  crisis  was  too  narrow  and  homogeneous  …  •Part  of  the  problem  was  the  similar  mindset  of  many  mainstream  economists  working  at  the  Fund  with  similar  background  and  training  who  were  not  open  to  dissenting  views

(IMF/IEO  2011)

Page 4: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Finanskrisen    brakte  Minsky frem  i  lyset

•Minsky  jobbet på Levy  Economic  Institute fra 1990-­‐96

• De  fleste av hans skrifter erdigitalisert der

• Han  er mest kjent for  The  Financial  Instability  Hypothesis

Page 5: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

The  Financial  Instability  Hypothesis:•A  theory  that  is  relevant  for  a  financially  sophisticated  capitalist  economy•Money,  credit  and  pricing  of  capital  assets  are  essential  elements  of  the  theory,  and• Endogenous  forces  leads  over  time  to  financial  structures  that  are  conducive  to  debt  deflations,  collapse  of  asset  values  and  depressions

Levy WP No. 72, p. 7

Page 6: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Ustabilitet er normalen -­‐ i en kapitalistiskøkonomi

•One  can  read  almost  all  of  the  textbooks  without  being  made  aware  that  the  overriding  issue  in  monetary  economics  is  whether  capitalism  is  flawed  in  that  it  is  inherently  subject  to    boom  and  busts=>•Market  forces  are  destabilizing  and  must  be  constrained  to  create  stability  

(Minsky  1972;  Wray  2016)

Page 7: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

The  great  moderation  led  to  instability• Shift  in  financial  posture  from  hedge to  speculative(rollover)  and  Ponzi(capitalizing  interest)  characterize  the  evolution  from  a  robust  financial  structure  to  a  fragile  structure,  where  systemic  conditions  can  lead  to  a  large  number  of  failures  

(Minsky,  1987,  p.  25)

Page 8: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Policy  Implication

We  have  to  establish  and  enforce  “a  good  financial  society” in  which  the  tendency  by  business  and  bankers  to  engage  in  speculative  finance  is  constrained

=>

Monetary  reform  proposals

Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard” Theory, p. 26

Page 9: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Nytt syn på bankene:  Endogenous  money

§ Banks  don’t  just  allocate  pre-­‐existing  savings;  they  create  both  credit  and  deposits

§ Uncontrolled  bank  credit  can  lead  to  credit  and  asset  price  cycles

§ Banks  …  are  thus  inherently  dangerous  institutions

Page 10: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

The  Challenge:  A  Pyramid  of  Debt

§ Todayʼ’s world economy rests on gigantic pyramids of debts. Never in the past have there been such an accumulation of promises to pay. Never has it been more difficult to deal with such a situation. Maurice Allais: The Credit Mechanism and it

Implications (1987)IMF  Fiscal  Monitor,  Oct.  2016

Page 11: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Er husholdingens gjeld for  stor?

Page 12: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Noen  varslet  om  den  globale  gjeldskrisenGoodley &  Wray(1996):  

Can  Goldilocks  Survive?

• Growing  government  budget  surpluses  combined  with  growing  trade  deficits  have  generated  record  private  sector  deficits.  • Unless  households  continue  to  reduce  their  saving—creating  an  increasingly  unsustainable  debt  burden—the  impetus  that  has  driven  the  expansion  will  evaporate.

Goodley &  Zezza(2006):  

Debt  and  Lending:  A  Cri  de  Coeur

Page 13: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Veien  videre  – mitt  syn

ØMer History  of  Economic  Thought  &  Economic  History

ØMindre DSGE

ØMer pengeteori og sektorbalanser

Page 14: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Økonomisk historie er kjempeviktig!

• It  was  as  we  all  succumbed  to  an  intellectual  virus  …  from  the  1990s  onwards• Part  of  the  disease  was  the  total  neglect  of  older  theories  of  the  cycle  in  money  and  banking  credit

Andy  Haldane,  Bank  of  Endgland (2012)The  1907  Crash  on  Wall  Street

Page 15: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

DSGE  -­‐ sophisticated  math  or  just  indoctrination?• If  you  were  questioning  the  state  of  the  art,  your  colleagues  and  students  would  infer  that  you  are  not  good  enough  to  master  the  techniques.  • Or  worse,  you  were  making  a  lot  of  money  selling  your  expertise,  so  it  would  be  silly  to  undermine  your  reputation  by  looking  outlandish  

Charles  Wyplosz (2009)

•Macro  models  use  incredible  assumptions  to  reach  absurd  conclusions

Paul  Romer (2016)

Page 16: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Economics  is  by  nature  a  diverse  subject?  • 2015  Angus  Deaton  – Poverty  and  welfare• 2009  Elinor  Ostrom  – Governance  of  the  commons• 2005  Thomas  Schelling  – Strategy• 2002  Daniel  Kahneman  – Uncertainty• 1998  Amartya  Sen  – welfare  economics• 1994  John  Nash  – game  theory• 1993  Douglass  North  – Ec.  History• 1991  Ronald  Coase  – Transaction  costs

Er det bare  macro  som er så dominert av ett syn (RBC/NK)?

Page 17: Minsky - Grung Moe · Minsky. 1977. The Financial Instability Hypothesis: An Interpretation of Keynes and Alternative to “Standard”Theory, p. 26 The Financial Instability Hypothesis:

Noen referanser

•Minsky’s  digitale arkiv• http://www.bard.edu/library/archive/minsky/

•Min  hjemmeside på Levy  Economics  Institute• http://www.levyinstitute.org/scholars/thorvald-­‐grung-­‐moe

•Mitt  INET  notat om  “Credit  and  Debt  in  Economic  Theory:  Which  Way  forward?”• https://works.bepress.com/thorvaldgrung_moe/5/