w\hnh

vSmma nemaP kwl

: :

:

/

. /

8002 9241

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 2

apJhpc

, :

kvXpXn ktemI ]cn ]meI\mb AmlphnmIp p.aplZv \_npw IpSpw _npw Amlphns Im cpWyhpw cbpw kZm

hjn pamdmIs! am\yhmb\mcm, Zp lnse ]pWyZn\ F ]pkvXIamWv \nfpsS ssIIfn. lvamknse BZys ]p Znhkfp tSbpw AmapivcoJnt bpw t{ijvSXI hnhcnp Cu IrXn \nv ka npXn kDuZn Atd_y bnse aPvax CkvemanIv ssKU kv skdns lrZbw \nd ktmjw Adnbn pp. ]pWyIme Hn\p ]pdsI asmmbn hp sIm ncnpp. Fm ]pWy hmcnpWcp-----------Xn\v t{i jvSamb Zn\fnsemmbn I cpXsSp lv amkn se BZy`mKspdnv A[n IamfpIfpw Adnbm\nebn Hmtcm hjhpw Ah hp t]mbvsmncnpp.

AXn\mAhbpsS t{i jvSXIsfpdnv kaqls D_pcmtXpv F Xns ASnmn kDuZn Atd_ybnse aPvax Ckveman Iv ssKUkv sk Xbm dmnb Ad_n IrXnbpsS aebmf samgnamamWnXv. Bi b tNmp t]mImXncn m ]camh[n {iannpv. Bhiysav tXmnb Nne efn hniZoIcWw \ IpIbpw sNbvXncnpp.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 3

hnh\n Ignbp {X kqvaXbpw Ah[m\ Xbpw ]penbnpsnepw ]nghpI hcm\p km[yX Xnfbpn. \hcmb hm b\m {ibnsSp sXpIfpwA]mIXIfpwNqnImWnpIbpw A`n{]mb \n tZi Rsf Adnbnp Ibpw sNpsav {]Xon pp.

BbpIfpsS Ahkm \w \ \In sImv Xmsg AhbpsS kqdpIfpsS t] cpw BbpIfpsS \dpw sImSpptXmsSmw ku Icymw Nne lZokpIfp tSbpw ap DcWnIfptSbpw Ahkm\n Ah Dcn {KfpsS NpcptcpI fpw sImSpncnpp. e ]cnanXn aqew Bhiymw Xmsg ImWp kqN\mc fmWv D]tbmKnncnp Xv.

Cu D]lmcw aebmfn Imbn ka]n aPvaxbn se CkvemanIv ssKUkv skdn\pw CXv hnh\w sNpXn F\nv \ntZi \Inb hycmb io lpssk kzemln, A_vZpdioZv kzemln Fo ]WvUnXmv \n {]Imin nptXmsSmw \psS k I ki kzo IcnpIbpw Alamb {]Xn ^ew \IpIbpw sNs F {]m\tbmsS CXv A\p hmNImbn kanpp.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 4

_p _pJmcn km, a kmZp

aBZv ap apkvenw C , _ C_v\p

lnm Zm A_qZmhqZv

C , a C_v\p Jpsska

\ \kmCu C , A C_v\p A_npbm

Xn XnapZn A , _ A_qssi_x

P C_v\pamP

A, P AlvImap P\mCkv

am aphXz amenIv

kz , Zm kzlolp A_oZmhqZv

A AlvaZv kz , \ kzlolp \kmC

_ ss_lJn kz , X kzlolp XnapZn

Xz Xz_vdm\n kz , P kzlolp C_v\p amPx

an Zmcnan kz , Pm kzlolp PmanAv

lm lmInw kn , l knkne kzlolx

_,k _km kn , f knkne fCu^x

Zm,d ZmdJpXz\n

kz , K kzlolpKo_v

^,_ Xvlp_mcn

C , Y C_v\p IYo

apl aplm C_v\p lkvw

X , k X^vko kAZo

K apKv\n C_v\p JpZma

^ , X ^Xmhm C_v\p ssXanb

C,K ChmD Keo

^, C ^Xmhm Ckvemanb (ssiJvDssYao)

X,an Xamap ^, kzn

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 5

anx ^Xmhmknbmw (C_v\p _mkv)

^n , p ^nJplp p

i,Xn idlp apwXnAv (ssiJvDssYao)

lwk Pamen ammSv

CkvemanIv ssKUkv sk, aPvax , kDuZn Atd_y

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 6

k` D]tbmKsSppI

IqSpX BZmb t\SnsbSpv hnPbw ssIh cnpXn\mbn kphm hkc D]tbmKsSp phcmWv _pnamm. F{X _unI NnImcpw KthjImcpamWv em` smbvp Imefn A hcpsS Azm\n\p ]pd In XfpsS kn t\mtfm AXns ]IpXn tbmtfm A[nIwhcm em`w e`npXn\mbn \n {Zm hnlo\cmbn cm]IepI Ignp IqpXmbn \mw ImWpp. ]s Nnetm Ahv \jvSapmIp Itbm Asn apX \ jvSsSpItbm sNmdpv. ]comImesf ]Tn Xm Fs\bmWv kzo IcnpsXv Nnnp t\mq. Fp am{Xw A zm\hpw {]bXv\hpamWv Ah AXn\v thn hybw sNmdpXv. XmdmImdp Xv.? ssiXy Imesbpw DjvWImetbpw, s]cp mfpIfntebpw ap Hgnhp Imetfbpsamw hym]mcn I Fs\bmWv kzoIcn psXv \nconp t\m q. bmsXmpw \jvSs]Sm Xncnm\mbn Ah ]cn{i anpp.!! sXmgne[n] te e kabfn ZLmkv kanpIbpw IcmdpIfp dnpIbpw sNpXnm bn cm]IepI hyXymkan msX kqvaamb ]cntim [\Ifpw ]ehn[ IqSnbm temN\Ifpw \SpXv Hm pt\mq.!! hkv{X hym ]mcnbmb Hcm s]cpm kamKXamIptm XpWn SbSv Dmkbm{Xv X mdmIptam? Asn ]m

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 7

tTym]IcW hnp Hcm hnymcw`ns sXm papv AbmfpsS ISbSp Ibpw, ]noSv kvIqfpI Xpdv BgNIv tijw XpdpIbpw sNptam?Ch tcbpw Amhtcbpw Ip dnv BfpIsfv ]dbpw? Ch kmZnp bYm IhSmcmtWm !!! IhS kokWpIfpsS bpw sFlnI em`fptS bpw DZmlcWfmWnhsb mw. Fncnt Amlp hpambp IhSnte s]SpXns\pdnv Fp ]dbpp. ]caImcpWyhm s ]pWyZn\sf kzoIcn m\pw ]m]tamN\npw ImcpWynpw \cItamN \npw Fv XmsdSp mWpXv? Amlphns A\p{KloX \mfpIfpambn Fp \ne]mSmWv kzoIcn pI? !! BIbm Amlp Xr]v XnsSpIbpw, Ah\nte SpnpIbpw , AhsbSp ]ZhnI Dbs SpIbpw sNp kIa A[nIcnnpsImv AhcpsS {]bXv\sf Cc nntXv hnizmknI v A\nhmcyamWv.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 8

Zplnse ]p Znhk

Cu ZnhkfpsS t{ijvS XI : k\v kI a hnnpXnm bn hjn Bhnv hcp Znhk \nivN bnncnppshXv Am lphns HuZmcyns XmIpp. Cu ]pWy Zn\ fn XfpsS DSa \pw cnXmhpamb Amlphn teSpnpXmb I fn Ah akcnpI bpw. Amlp Ahs A \p{Klhpw HuZmcyhpw sIm v AhcpsS {]Xn^ew a lcamnsmSppIbpw sNpp. a\pjy hpw t]mbpw sImncnptm kI A[nIcn npXn\mbn \psS B bpjvImew \onncnp pshXpw Ah sNbvX A\p{KlfnsXpX s.

ap kapZmbfpsS B bpnt\m hfsc

Ipd hmWv aplZv \_n bp sS kapZmbns Bbp v. \_n ]dp :

) (. Fs kapZmbns BbpjvImew

Adp]Xn\pw Fgp]Xn\pw CSmIpp. ( kz P : 1073)

Fm Amlp Ah s A\p{Klhpw HuZmcy hpwsImv Ipd Imeb fhn IqSpX I sNm\pw Ah hnn m\pw DXIpw

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 9

hn[w \p sS Bbpns\ A\p{Klnp sImncnpp. Cu I {]hnpXv ap tJ\ Ah IqSpX Imew PohnXn\v XpyamWv. C cw ]pWyfn s]Xm Wv CltemIs Znhk fn Ghpw Daamb Zplv amknse B Zys ]p Znhk.

\ _n Acpfn: ) (

CltemInse Znhk fnshv Ghpw t{ijv SambXv Zplnse BZy s ]p ZnhkfmIp p. ( kz P : 1144)

Atm AXv s]mXpsh CltemIn shpXs Ghpw t{ijvSamb Znhk fmWv. AXnse \nanj fpw, aWnqdpIfpw Zn\ fpsamw Amlphntev Ghpw {]nbsXmIpp. Amlp Hcp Imcyw kXyw sNbvXp ]dbppshn AhSp AXns {]m [m\yhpw alXzhpw Adnbn pp. Amlp]dbpXv t\mq.

( {]`mXw XsbmW k Xyw. ]p cm{XnI

Xs bmW kXyw. ( ^Pv : 1-2 ) Cu ZnhkfnemWv Ad^mZn\w {]hmNI

A d^mZn\s pdnv C s\ Acpfn :

) : - (

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 10

Ad^m Znhktm Amlp Xs Zmkmsc \ cIn\nv tamNnnp asmcp Znhkhpan. (ap : 2402 )

Cu ]pWyZn\fpsS Ahkm\ \mfmIs _en Zn \hpw , tijap an\mbn Xmaknp ZnhkhpamIp p. {]hmNI Acpfn :

AmlphnsbSp Ghpw almb Znhk Zplv 10 _enZn\hpw ]noSv AXn\p tijap an\mbn Xmaknp Znh khpamIpp. ( Z 1502 )

Cu Znhkfn sNp kI hfsc a lmb Imcyw XsbmIp p.

C_v\pAmkv \nthZ \w dkq Acpfn: , : !! !!

,( . Cu ( Zplv ) ]p Znhkfn

]pWyI A\pjvTnpXnt\m Amlphn\v CjvSsSp asmcp Znhks k Ihpan. Ah tNmZnp {]hmNIsc, Amlphns amnep bptm fptam?

) / ( , / /

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 11

AhnSpv ]dp AsX. Amlphns am nep bptmfpw. Fm Hcm kzicochpw kpambn ]pdsSpI bpw Ahbn \nv Hpw Atlw Xncnp sImp h cmsX ckmnbmhpI bpw sNbvXmemsX.

( _pJmcn : 969 ) hnizmkn\v tijw Ifn shv Ghpw

t{ijvSambXv Amlphns amnep kmbp[kac amIpp shXv Adnbs

ImcyamWv. A_qlpssdd hn \nv \nthZ\w : \n bw Hcm \_n tbmSv tNm Znp Ifn Ghpw t{kjvSamXv GXmIpp.? Xncpta\n Acpfn Am lphnepw Amlphns {] hmNI\nepap hnizmkam Ipp. Atlw hopw tNm Znp ]noSv GXmIpp.? {] hmNI\cpfn: Amlphns amnep [ kacw. Abm hopw tNmZnp ]n oSv GXmIpp.? Xncpta\n Acpfn kzoImcyamb lv. ( _p:1447 ) Cu {]amWfn \npw Zplnse BZy s ]p Znhkfnse I ap Znhkfn se Itfm Am lphnsbSp Ghpw {]nbapXpw t{ijvSambXp amIpp Fdnbnpp. Fpam{Xw t{ijvSam Wo Zn\ ]pWy hm cnqm F{X \ Ahk cw \aIsf ka\zbnn m ]nb F{X \ hm Xmb\w. Amlphnep hn izmkhpw IrXykabp \akvImchpw Ignm ]ns Amlphns

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 12

amnep [kac am Wv Ghpw ]pWyamb I w. Fm Zplnse BZys ]p Znhk fnemsWn B [ ka ctm ]pWyambXm Wv AXnse kI . \Ifn akcnp hmbn XpdsSp F {Xtbm almb ]pWyZn \. CXns\ AhKWn pht\m henb \jv Sm Bcpv ?

BIbm CXn Ae kX ImWnpXpw ]pWy I ]nnnpXpw

kqntXmIpp. \_n bn \npw kzlolmbn dntmv sNp Hcp lZokv {inpI. Xncpta \n Acpfn:

) ( ]ctemIn\p I sfmgnv Fm

Imcyfn epw Xmaknn \bm Wv. ( Z : 4810 ) ]ctemIhpambn _ s Imcyfn

akcn pIbpw s]sv sNbvXp XopIbpw sNtXm Ipp. Amlp ]dbpXp t\mq.

) ( :( InSakcw \Sp h AXn InSakcw \Ss. ( apXz^v^n^o :26)

) ) ( :.( Fm \n sN tXv k{]h\ mbn aptmp hcnIbm Wv. ( A_Jdx 148)

AXpsImpXs Zp lv BZys ]p ) ( /

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 13

Znh k kamKXambm Xm _nDIfn

{]apJ\mb k CuZp_v\p Ppss_() ] camh[n \I Icam m ]cn{ianpambncp

p.8(an1828 ) A{]Imcw Zpln se BZys ]p

cm{XnI fn \n hnfpI AWcpsXv Atlw ]d Xmbn Dcnsncn pp. 9

Cs\ ]ctemIt\w e`np Imcyn klm _nI AlalanIbmap tmp hncpXmbn Im Wmw.

Fp sImv

C{Xbpw alXz ?

_pJmcnbpsS hym JymXmhmb lm^nfp

_v\p lP ]dbpp : Zpl v amknse BZys ]p Znhk {]tXyI amIm\p ImcWambn {]I SamIpXv \akvImcw , t\m v, [w , lv XpSn b Ckvemanse Fm ASn m\ Bcm[\Ifpw CXn Hcpanv IqSppshXmIp p. ap kabfnsem pw Ah C{]Imcw Hcpanp IqSpn. (^ _ :2/460) 10

C_v\p JpZma ]dbp Ibpmbn : Zplnse ]p Znhk Fp sImpw

." - ) / ( :

: /

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 14

t{ijvShpw DIr jvShpamI-pp. AXn sN p kIfpsS {]Xn ^ew CcnnpXpw Av C_mZpIfn IqSpX {]bXv\n kppamI pp.( Kp 4/443 ) Ahkm\ambn : Adnbp I Cu A\p{KloX \mfpI fn kI sNp Xn Xm]cyw ImWnp Xv bYmn \bn [rXnImWnepw `n bpsS ASbmfhpamIpp. Amlp ]dbpp:

) (: ( AXv hh\pw Amlp hns aXNnsf

BZcn p ]w Xobmbpw AXv lrZbfnse [ \njvTbn \npmIp Xs{X. ( lv : 32 )

) )(:.( AhbpsS amwktfm ctfm Amlp

hn FptXbn. Fm \nfpsS [ \njvTbmWv Ah FpXv. (lv : 37) BbXn\m IqSpX kI sXcsSp psImv Cu ]pWyZn\ sf D]tbmKsSpm Xocpam\nhv awKfmiw kI. Cu Zn\fn \mw ]p WyI sImpw kXvhmpI sImpw k PohampXn AXoh DkpIcmbncn A\n hmcyamIpp. As\ h Imcynepw Hcm Xocpam\ saSpppshn B {] hn ]qnbmpXn \v Amlp Ahs\ klm bnpXpamIpp.

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 15

Amlp ]dbpp :

) ( :( \psS amn kac n Gshcmtcm, Ah sc \psS hgnIfntev \mw \bnpIXs sNp XmWv. ( AI_qv 69 )

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 16

Fn\v AekXImWnWw ?

FpsImv daZm\ns cm]IepIfpsS BobX Fmhcpw A\p`hnpp. AXns ]Ien Amlp hns {]oXnpthn t\m sSppIbpw JpB ]m cmbWw sNpIbpw Ign bp{X Zm\[ sN pIbpw sNpp. Fm Zplnse BZys ]p Zn\fn sNp I hjnse ap Znhkfn sNp I tfm Amlp hnv Ghpw {]nbapXm bnpw A[nIamfpIfpw CXv sNp n Fv Hcp]s \man hnsS ]ckv]cw tNmZn m \n_nXcmtbmw . Cu ZnhkfpsS t{i jvSXsbpdnp Adnhn mbvabmWv CXns\mcp Imc Wsav \mw hnizknpp. hmkvXhn P\ ]Tnv hn t\hpw kzm [o\hpambn ]pdphtc Hcp hnZymebamWv Cu ]pWyZn\sfv A[nIamIfpw AdnbmsX t]mIpp. AXpaptJ\ Po hnXnepmIp amw lrZbn \bpsS ^ew ImbvpIbpw Ahbh kIfn \ncX\m Im klmbIamhpIbpw sNpp.

\psS Csetbm Cnt\bpw Cnt\m \msfbpw Daambncnm \pambn Cu ]pWyZn\ fpsS Hmtcm cm]IepIfnepw BmhpIsf kwkvIcnp Xpw, lrZbsf \m pXpamb Iasf smv ^e{]ZamtXv A\nhmcyamIpp. Fp sImsm a\pIfn Id]nSnptm

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 17

AXns\ kv^pSw sNtXpw. AXv _elo\amIptm AXn\v in]Itcpw Bhiyam Wv. AXv ]ngp t]mIptm t\cmb amn \ndp tXpv. \yq\XIfpw ]nghpIfpw kw`hnptm Ah \nItXn\mbn {iantXpv. PohnXn e\p`hsSp IjvSXIfn \nv [\yXt\Sm\mbn AXn\v DWhv ]ItcXp amWv. A_vZpmln_v\p Awdp_v\p Bkv \nthZ\w \_n ]dp :

") . (

hkv{Xw {ZhnpXv t]mse \nfpsS Hmtcmcp cpSptSbpw lrZbfn Cuam {ZhnpXmWv. AXn\m \nfpsS lrZb fn Cuam ]pXpnn m \n Amlphn t\mSv tNmZnpI. ( kz P : 1590) AXn\m lrZb fn kw`hnp hnizmk Zueyn \npw lrZ bs kwkvIcnpXn\v Cu Zn\sf ^e{]Zamt XmWv. AXphgn a\v ]pXnbXpw IqSpX {]h npXpw ImcyaX bpXpw anpXpam bn amdpXmWv. Am ]w Hcp Ihn ]mSnb t]m sebmbn amdntbmw.

a\v Hcp iniphns\ t]msebmIpp. AXns\

hntp]w apeIpSn sb CjvSsp sImv

) ( /

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 18

Xs Ah buh\ Zi {]m]npw. apeIpSn \ndpp IbmsWntem AXv \n pIbpw sNpw.

tZtlIfmWv ]e tmgpw \s A]Y km cntev \bnpXv. tZ tlIv ISnmWnSm Hcp hnizmknv km[n Ww.

Amlp ]dbpp : GsXmcph Xs c nXmhns m\s

`b sSpIbpw a\ns\ Xn jvSn \nv hnen \n pIbpw sNbvXpthm kz Kw XsbmWv ktXw. ( \mknBXv: 40,41)

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 19

Ghpw t{ijvSambtXXv? daZm\nse Ahkm\ s ]mtWm AtXm Zp

lnse BZys ] mtWm IqSpX t{ijv SambXv? F tNmZyn\v ssiJp Ckvemw

C_v\p ssXanb Dcw \Inb Xns\bmWv. " ,

" . Zplnse (BZy s) ]p ]IepI

daZm\nse (Ahkm\s) ]p ]IepItfm t{i jvvShpw, daZm\nse Ahkm \s ]p cmhpI Zp lnse ( BZys ) ] p cmhpItfm t{ijvS hpamWv. ( ^ Xn : 25/287)

CXn\\p_ambn C amw C_v\pJnw ]dbp Ibpmbn : hninjvS\m sbmcp _pnam Cu adp]Sn NnnpIbmsWn aXnbmbXpw Xr]vXnIc hpamb adp]Snbmbn Is m IgnbpXmWv. Imc Ww Zplnse (BZy s) ]p Znhkfn sNp Itfm Amlphnv Ghpw {]nb s asmcp Znhkfnse Ifpan. Ad^mZn\w, _enZn\w, ln\v ]pds Sp Znhkamb (Zplv Fv) Fo Znhk Cu Zplns ]pZn\ fnsSpp. Fm daZm \ns Ahkm\s

]p cmhpI \_n sNbvXncp Xv t]mse AXp apgph\pw C_mZpIfm kPoham pXn\pXmIpp. AXn Bbncw

/

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 20

amktfm t{ijvSamb Hcp cmhpv (sseep JZv) CXm h hymJm\hpw B scnepw \Ippshn icnbmb sXfnhv lmPcm m km[npIbn. (km,a 1/75) Fm \I \n d cp Imcyfn H n\v t{ijvSX I]np Xv atXns t{ijvSXv Ipdhp hcppn. Fv \mw {Klntnbncnp p. {]XypX Hmtcmnt bpw Azm\hpw ]cn{iahp a\pkcnmbncnpw t{ijv SX IWmpXv

.

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 21

Zplv ]nse IrXy

1) {hXw : {hXw kIfn sXmWv am{Xa AXv k

Ifn Ghpw t{i jvSambXpamWv. BIbm apkvenwI Zplnse H Xp \mfpIfn t\msSp tXmIpp. ImcWw {] hmNI Cu Znhkfn kI A[nIcn nm t{]cnnncnpp . \_n Zp lnse H Xp Znhkfn t\ms

Sppambncpp. lpss\Z_v\p JmenZv hn s ]Xv\n {]hmNIs Hcp ]Xv\nbn \nv \nthZ\w sNpp Ah ]dp:

\nivNbw dkq Zplnse HXp Znhk fnepw, BiqdmC (apl dw 10) \pw , Fm amkn \npw BZys Xnfm gvNbpw cp hymgmbvNbpw Fns\ aqv Znhkhpw t\msSppambncpp. ( \ 2374, Z 2081 )

HXp Znhk apgp h t\msSpm km[n nsn HnShntm A sn Xn, hymgw Znh kfnsenepw {hXsa Sp pI.

A_vZpmln_v\p Da Dw, apPmlnZv XpS nbh Cu {hXa\pjvTn ncpp. am{Xa `qcn]w ]nXmcpw Cu \mfpI fn

/ / /.

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 22

t\msSpWsa A `n{]bmcmIpp. Npcpn Zpln se HXp t\mpI

kp msWmWv BIpI. Zplnse

t\mns\p dnv Camw \hhn ]dbp p:

adnv (Cu Znhkfn t\msSp) iamb kpmIpp. {]tXyInv AXnse HXn\v ( i ap : 4/209 )

2) ZnIvdv sNm : Cu Zn\fn ZnIvdpI sNmpXv ap

Znhkfn sNmpXnt\m t{i jvSamIpp.

Amlp ]dbpp : () :(

\nnX Znhkfn Ahs \maw Dcnp Xn\pw thnbs{X AXv.

( lv : 28 ) \nnX Znhk sIm v DtinsSpXv

Zp lv ]p Znhkfm sWmWv `qcn]w ] nXmcptSbpw A`n{]m bw. Cu ]pWyZn\fn Zn IvdpIfpw, kvXpXnIo\ fpw, {]Io\fpw A[nIcnn Amlp hns NnfnsXm Ipp. XIv_o sNm Ahbn {][m\ambXs{X. AXn\m Cu almb Znhkfn XIv_odpI IqSpX

) / (

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 23

A[nIcnnt XmIpp. Cu A\p{KloX ZnhkfpsS BKa\tm sS cmhntebpw sshIptc hpw ]nIfnepw hoSpIfn epw hml\fnepw, tPmen efnepw F Am lphns\ Hm A\phZ \obamb FmbnSpw CXv Dds sNmpI.

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Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 24

XIv_odpI cp hn[w Hv:( ) D]m[nbn mXv. CXv

Zplns Bcw`w apX Amap ivcoJns Ahkm\s Zn hkw (Zplv13 \v)kqcy

AkvXanpXphscbm Ipp. C_v\p Da Cu \mfpIfn an\mbn XIv _odpI sNmnbncpp.

A {]Imcw C_v\pDa hpw A_qlpssdd hpw Cu Znhk fn AmSnbn XIv_odpI sNmpIbpw P\ AXv Gp sNmp Ibpw sNpambncpp. ( ^ _m 2/531 )

cv: ( \nWnXam bXv. ^dZv \akvImc v tijw sNmpXmWn Xv. Ad^m Zn\ns kp_v ln \akvImcw apX Am ap ivcoJns Ahkm\ Znhkw (Zplv 13\v) htcbmIpp CXv.15 \ akvImc tijw CXp sNm m adp t]mbm ]n oSv Hmhcp k` n \nln Wsap t]mepw Nne ]nXm tcJsSpppshXv A Xns alXzs Ipdnp p.

ssiJv C_v\p_mkv ]dbpp : ]nXmcpsS icnbmb A`n{]mbn ApZnhkfn apIfn kqNnn cv XIv_odpI fpw tNphcppshv C Xn\npw

- ) / ( " : . " ) / / ( .

) / . ( . /. - ) / ( .

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 25

hyamIpp. Ah Ad^mZn\w, _en Zn\w, AmapivcoJns Zn\ (Zplv 11,12,13) Fo ZnhkfpamWv. F m Zplv 8 Dw AXn s app Zplnse BZy Znhkfnepw XIv _o sNm D]m[nbnm

() BIpp. \nWn XambXn ( ) s]X.16 XIv_odpIfpsS cq] C_v\pakvDuZv C{]Imcw XIv_o sNmnbncpp.

, .

"" Amlp AIv_ Am lp AIv_ emCeml C mlp hmlp AIv_ A mlp AIv_ henm ln lwZv '' ( Amlp henbh \mIpp. Amlp Ghpw henbh\mIpp. Amlp hmsX asmcp Bcm[y\n . Amlp Ghpw henb h Xs. Amlp Ghpw henbh XsbmIpp. Amlphn mIpp k kvXpXn bpw.) IqSmsX Cu XIv_odpIfpw sNmmhpXmWv,

.

/

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 26

, Amlphn\p A\p kcWtmSpw ktmj {] IS\ambpw ]nIfnepw ]m nSfnepw AmSnIfn epw hgntbmcfnepw ] Wfnepsamw Cu {]Io \w ]pcpjm Dn sNmtXmWv. ]s Hcm sNmnsmSppIbpw aph Htc kzcn G psNmpIbpw sNpXn\v sXfnhnmXn\m ]mSn mXmIpp. Fm kv {XoI ]XptbmWv XIv _odpI sNmtXv. Imc Ww DpAXznbpsS lZo kn kv{XoI apkvenwI fpsS {]m\bnepw ap \ bnepw ]psImphm\pw P\fpsS ]pdIn Ah smw XIv_o apgpI bpw sNphm\pw \ntin ncnpp.

XIv_o sNm Cv \mw ssIshSn kpp IfpsS IqnemWpXv. ]ecpw XIv_o sNmp sXmcp Ipdhmbn ImWpp shv kwibntnbncn pp. A\hkcnepw a pw XIv_o sNmpIbpw XZznjbambn akcnpI bpw sNp \psS kaq lw {]hmNI Ncybmnb kabfnepw Imefnepw XIv_o sNmm apnp hv \_nNcy PohnnW sav {]tXyIw DWp p. {]tXyInv Zplv ]nse XIv_odpI hf sc hncfambn am{XamWnv \mw tIpXv. AXn\m Adnbmhpw A{i pw Hmanm\mbn \mw XIv_odpI Dds sNmn Cu kpns\

/ . /

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 27

Pohpp XmtXmIpp.

3) lpw Dwdbpw \n lnpI.

Cu ]p\mfpIfn sNp Ifn G hpw DaambXmWnh. Ign hph\v IAv_n t]mbn lv sN \n _amWv. XmaknnmsX s]spXs AXv \n lntXpamIpp. ImcWanmsX AXv Xmakn npIbmsWn Ah Ipmc\mIpp.

\_n ]dbpIbpmbn : , ".

\n IgnbpwthKw lv sNpI. AhnNmcn Xambn X\nsv kw`hn psav \nfn Bpw AdnpIqSm. (A 2386) apv lv sNbvX Hcm v hopw AXv \n lnm Ignhpsn A Xv AmlphnteSpp Ghpw \ Hcp ]pWyI amIpp. Fm Fm h jhpw lv sN Hcp N cybmnb NnescmWmw. kaqlnse AicW\pw, Bew`lo\cpw, AKXnI fpw {]mYanImhiy v t]mepw _pnapp kml Ncyn s]mXpJP\mhn se ]Wap]tbmKnpw apw \mw sNp lpw Dwdbpw F{Xam{Xw kzoImcy amIpsav a\ncpn B temNnpXv \mbn cn pw. Rm C{X lv sN bvXp Fv s]m]qw ]dbpIbpw

/

userHighlight

userHighlight

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 28

lmPn Fv hn fnnsn tIm]npI bpw sNphcpw \apnS bneps Imcyw {]tXy Iw kvahyamIpp. {]I S\ ]cXbpw temI am\yX bpw CmXncnpI FXm Wv Bcm[\bpsS Igv. Amlp Impcns.

Ckvemans ]kvXw` fn HmWv lv

C_v\p Da \nthZ\w Atlw ]dp \_n ]dbpIbpmbn : Ckvemw Av Imcyfnt m ]nXambncnpp. Amlp hmsX bmsXmcp

Bcm[y \nspw aplZv Am lphns ZqX\pamsWpw kmyw hln , \akv Imcw apd{]Imcw \ne\n , kImv \I, daZm amkn t\m\p jvTn, IAv_bntep XomS\w. ( _p 7 ap 20 ) Ignhp apkvenans PohnXn Hcn am{Xw \n_amIpXmWv lv. Amlp ]dbpp :

}{

B ancn Fn tcm Ignhp a\pjy AXntev lv XomS \w \S Ahv Am lpthmSp _myXbmIp p. hh\pw Ahnizkn p]w Amlp temI cpsS B{ibw Cm h\m Ipp. (BepCwdm:97) ta ]d Ap kv Xw` ]qnbmImsX Ckvemw Zo ]qnbmIp n. ]nXmcpsS icn bmb A`n{]mb {]Imcw ln PvdbpsS 9 mw hjamWv lv \n_amIpXv.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 29

lnPvdbpsS ]mw hjw \_n lv sNpIbpw sNbvXp. hnShm lm bncpp AXv. AhnSpv {]hmNIXzn\v tijw CX msX

thsdmcp lv sNbv Xnn. ]noSv Xncpta\n lnPvd ]Xns\mmw hjw CltemIhmkw shSnbpI bpw sNbvXp. lv Ins al Xzfns]XmWv

C_v\p Da dntmv sNp lZokv Atlw ]dbpI bpmbn \_n ]dp: ]hn{X`h\s (IAv_ sb) eyamnsImv \n s hon\nv ]pdsSp Xv \ns hml\ns Hmtcm NphSpIpw Am lp \n\v Hcp \ tcJsSppIbpw Hcp Xn sb ambvNpIfbpIbpw sNpp. \o Ad^bn \np tm Amlp Hm\mImitv Cdn hcnIbpw aepItfmSv A`n am\]qw Cs\ ]dbp Ibpw sNpw Ch Fs ASnaIfmIpp. s]mSn]pc icochpw PS ]nSn Xe bpambn Fs A\p{Klw B{Klnp sImpw Fs insb `bp sImpw hnZqcamb kIe aemX I Xmn FsbSp hncnpp. AhcmIs Fs InnXm\pw C\n Ahscs ImWptmgp Ah Fmbncnpw? B Ibm aWIqmcw IW tbm Zp\nbmhnse apgp ZnhkfpsSbs{Xtbm ag pn IWttbm \n\v ]m]apsn Amlp \n n\npw IgpInfn cnpp. C\n \o Pwdbn FdnbpXmIs \ns ]c temIntep \nt ]amIpp. \o Xe ap\w sNpXmIs \ns Hmtcm apSn

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 30

hogpXn\pw Hmtcm ]m]hpw sImgn phogpp. \o IAv_sb {]ZnWw sNptm \ns amXmhv \ns {]k hn Znhkw t]mse ]m] n\nv \o tamNnX\mhp Ibpw sNpp.(kz P 1360 )

{]hmNI bpsS Cu hN\fn hfsc s]sv lv \nlnphm\pw Bmhns\ ]m]fn \n v IgpInfbm\pw t{]cn npp. ImcWw a\pjy Cl temIp\nv GXv kabmWv hnS]dtbn hcnIsbv AdnbpIbn. lv Fs Znhk fmWv. Cu \mfpIfn h h\pw Xs cnXmhns hnfnpcw \Im Ign npw AXn\p apXncpn sn Ah\mWv \I XSps

Zu`mKyhm. ChnsS {]hmNI bpsS Hcp hN\w Im WpI

( ]pWyIcamb ln\v kz amsX {]Xn^ean. (_p 1773 ap 1349)

( Hcm kv{Xo ]pcpj kw kn \npw

Zpjvhr nbn \npw hnp \nv Amlphns {]oXn B{K lnp sImv lv sN bvXm Xs amXmhv Xs {]khn Znhks t]mse ]m]clnX\mbnmbncn pw Abm_aSpXv. (_pJmcn 1521, apkvenw 1349)

Pm_ndp_v\p sskZv ]dbpIbpmbn: ]pWy I sfpdnv Rm B temNnp t\mpIbp m bn Atm \akvImcw icocn\v Azm\w

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 31

\Ip p. [\n Nnehp hcp pn. {hXhpw A{] Im cw XsbmWv. Fm l v icocn\pw [\n \pw oWw hcppp. A ns\ lv AXnt\ m sfmw t{ijvSambn F\nv ImWm Ignp .19

C{Xbpw almb Cu Iw sNm AImcW ambn XmaknnpXv Ip I camb A\mbmsW v ]dbmXncnm \n mlan. ""\msf Xm F mWv {]hnpI Fv Hcmfpw AdnbpIbn. Xm GXv \mn shmWv can pI Fpw Hcmfpw And bpn.'' Nnescnepw sXp cnXv t]mse {]mbambn oWnX\mb kabv sN t Ia lv. B tcmKyhm\mbncnptm sNm\mWv {iantXv.

/

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 32

4) \akvImc kqvaXtbmsS \nlnpI.

Ifn AXn {][m \hpw almbXpw Ghpw IqSpX t{ijvSXbpap XmWv \akvImcw. Fm bvtmgpw CXv \nlnt Xpw AXn Xm] cyapmIpIbpw sNt XpXsbmsWnepw Zp lnse BZys ]p Znhkfn CXn IqSpX Xm]cyw ImWnt XmIpp. \akvImc kqvaXtbmsS \n lnpXn\vv Nne \ntZ (F) \akvImcns hmPn _pIfpw kppIfpw dpIqDIfpw kpPqZpIfpsa mw bYm{Iaw icnbmw hw ]qamb coXnbn \nlnpI. (_n) _mphnfn tIbpS s\s thKn ]n bpsS DZym\nse Hmw \ncbntev t]mIpI. (kn) \akvImcfpsS ap pw ]npap kpp \akvImc \nln pI.

\_n ]dp : Hcm Znhkhpw (sFn Iamb) ]{v dIvAv \akvImc \nlnp pshn kzKn A hsmcp `h\w \nn sSpXmWv. Zplvdn\p apv \mev tijw cv, aKvcn_n\v tijw cv, Cim \akvImc tijw cv, kp _vln \a kvImcn\vapv cv F ns\bmWh. (Xn :380) 2 0

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 33

A{]Imcw Akdnv apv \mev dIApI

\akvIcnpI. C_v\p Da \nthZ\w \_n Acpfn :

Akdn\papv \mep dI Av \akvIcnhs\ A mlp A\p{Klns. (Xn:395) AXp t]mse sbmWv aKvcn_nv apv cv dIApIfpw \n lntXmIpp. \_n Acpfn:

.

\n aKvcn_n\v apv cv dIvAv \akvIcnp I. \nfn Dtinh aKvcn_n\v apv cv dI Av \akvIcnpI ( kz P 2791 )

^Zv \akvImcfpsS appw ]npap dhmXn_p kpp \akvImcsf tmse CXv alcas nepw Dtinphv CXv \nlntXnm bn ]nIfn kabw A\p hZntXmIpp. lZo kn kv]jvSamb Cu

) / ( ) / ) / ( ) ( : .

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 34

kpv \akvIcnm\p kabw A\phZnmXncn ph {]hmNIs kpnt\mSv ImWnp ISp AhKW\bm sWv ]dtbn hXn tJZnpp. (Un) sFOvNnI \akvImc hnnpI.

Yu_m \nthZ\w \_n ]d p : " ,

". \o kpPqZpI (sFnI \akvImc )

IqSpX A[nIcnnpI. ImcWw \o sNp Hmtcm kpPqZn \pw Amlp Hmtcm ]Zhn Dbp Ibpw Hmtcm ]m]w ambvpIfbpIbpw sNbvXnmsXbn. (ap 488 )

(C) \akvImc tijw ]nbn \nv ]pdp t]mIm [rXn ImWnmsX AhnsSs CcnpI. (F^v) cm{Xn \akvImcw ]qambpw kqvaXtbm sS \nlnpI. AXv {] hmNI ncambn \akv IcnXv t]mse ]Xns\mv dIvAmbn s \n lnpI. {]hmNI (k) Ddw ImcWtam atm cm {Xn \akvImcw \jvSs SpI bmsWn Zplm kabv AXv \nlnncpp.

Bbn i \nthZ\w :

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 35

\_n thZ\tbm atm ImcWw cm{Xn

\akvImcw \jvSsSpIbmsWn ]I en ]{v dIAv \akvIcnp ambncpp. (ap 746 ) (Pn) kp_vln \akvImc tijw kqcy\pZnpXv h sc Amlphns\ kvacnp sImv AhnsS Xs Ccp apdnpIbpw tijw cp dIAp \akv Icn pIbpw sNpI. AXn\v ]cn]qamb Hcp ln sbpw DwdbptSbpw {]Xn^ ew e`npXmWv. ( kz P 461 ) (Fv) cp dIAv Zplm \akvIcnpI. (sF) \akvImctijap {]m\I ]qambpw sNmpI. (sP) \akvImctijw ASp \akvImcw {]Xonn cnpI.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 36

5) JpB ]mcmbWw A[nIcnnpI.

AmlphnteSpp Im cWfn sXmWv Jp B ]mcmbWw .]n bntem hontem AXmnS tmshv Cu ]p Zn \fn JpB ]q ambpw \nv ]mcmbWw sNpXn\pw NnesXnepw a\xmTampXn\pw Ign ncppshn F{X \mbncpp. 6) \ amn Nne hgn ]pWyfpsS IhmS fnse Hcp almb Ihm SamWv Zm\[w. Amlp hns amn Nnehgn phv [mcmfw {]Xn^ eamWv Amlp Hcpnbn cnpXv. Amlp ]d bpp:

) ) ( :(

Amlphn\v Daam b ISw \Iphm\mcpv ? Fn Amlp AXhv At\Iw CcnIfmbn hn np sImSppXmWv. (A_Jdx: 245)

\_n ]dp :

Hcp ImcbpsS s]mfnsb nepw Zm\w sNbvXv \n \cIs kqnpI.(_p 45 ap3017 )

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 37

Cu ]pWy\mfpIfn P\ Nnehp sNt Xpw, ln\pthnbpw s]cpmfnp thnbpw _enbdptXn\p thnbpsamw XmsdSp tXpw F{Xam{Xw Bh iyamWv., [w sNpXp sImv Ah ]pWyw t\ Sn sbSppI am{Xa {]Xn ^ew Ahv Ccn p sImSppp. Ay Zn\n Amlphns XWem asmcp XWepw e`n m\mfn Amlp hn s {]tXyI XW e`n pp. am{Xa \IfpsS IhmS Ahvthn Xpdp sImSpsSpIbpw XnbpsS IhmS AS sSpIbpwsNpp. kzK IhmSfn Hv Ahv thn Xpds Spp. krjvSmhpw krjvSn Ifpw Ahs\ kvt\ln pp. IqSmsX Ah ImcpWy hm\pw kuay\pambn o cpp. Ahs kzicochpw kpw Ah kwkvIcn pp. Znlant\bpw Zo\m dnt\bpw Bcm[np Xn \npw tamNnX\mIpp. AhshynXznepw [\ nepw km\fnepw CltemIpsamw hp t]mIp sISpXnIfn \n pw Amlp Ahs\ kwc npp.

\ntemtcmcppw Cu \mfpIfn Hmtcm [ w \nnbnmhpXmWv. ]pWyfpsS At\Iw Ihm S fpv. Ahbnte Xn se nepw Hn Hcp ]m fn bmIpI. \mw sNp Hcp \bpw \apv \jvSamhpI bn Xs.

ta ]dXp IqSmsX Cu Znhkfn A`nImay amIp thtdbpw At\Iw ]pWyfpv. Ahbn Nn eXv Xmsg sImSppp. amXm]nXmv \ sN pI, IpSpw__w tN

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 38

pI, kemw {]NcnnpI, hgnbn \npw D]{Zhw \o pI, tcmKnIsf kin pI, {]hmNIbpsS ta kzemv A[nIcnn pI, CuZvKmln t]mbn s]cpm \akvIcnm Xm]cyw ImWnpI XpS nb Fm \Ifpw sN pI.

Ahkm\ambn ]dbs , kIv Ftam Atam C. AXn\m A mlphns\tbmv Cu A \p{KloX \mfpIfn k I A[nIcnnp Xn\v [rXn ImWnpI. _mn Znhkfnepw \ hnnpXv Hgnhmm XncnpI. ImcWw apkven ans PohnXImew ap gph \pw kI {]h n pXn\pXmWv. ] s Hcp apkvenans B bpjvImew Npcpnb Xmbn cns Ahv ]m] s]mdpp Inm\pw, IqSpX \I e`np Xn\p Ahs AXnbmb Bh iys ]cnKWnp sIm pw AXn\p k`w kuIcyamIm thnbmWv Nne Znhk {]tXyI amsncnpXv. AXn \m Amlphn\v kzbw kI sNbvXp Im WnpI.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 39

Ad^m Zn\w D IrjvSamb Znhkfn sXmWv Ad^m Zn\w. AXv Ckveman\v A`nam\n mhp ZnhkamWv. Imc Ww Ad^bn HcpanpIq SpXv t]mse Hcp e pw apkvenwI Hpcpanp IqSpn. ChnsS shm sX Ahcn Nne Nnesc Adnbpn. Ad^m Zn\w ` nbptSbpw Iocntbpw Zn\amWv. {]m\Ip cw e`np Znhkw, ]ng hpI ambvsSpw, Ad^ bn ktfnhscpdnv Amlp aepItfmSv A`n am\w sImpw, As Imcyw Amlp hfsc al chpw AXns m\ s ap Znhtfm Db pIbpw sNbvXncn p p. Ckvemw aXhpw Am lphns A\p{Klhpw ]q nbmnb ZnhkamWXv. ]m] s]mdpsSpI bpw \cItamN\w \Is SpIbpw sNp Znhkw. Cs\bp Hcp Zn hkns alXzfpw, Amlp Cu Znhks ap Znhktfm alc amnbXns {]tXyIXbp samw \mw AdnpsImv AXns\ {]tbmP\sSpt Xv A\nhmcyamWv. Hv : Cu Znhkns {ijvSXI 1) Ckvemw aXhpw Amlp hns A\p{Klhpw ]q nbmnb Znhkw.

Dadp_v\p JXzm_v \nthZ\w blqZ\mb Hcm Atlnt\mSv ]dp : Aaodp apAvan\o! \n fpsS {Kn \n

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 40

Hcp Bbp (kqw) HmXnhcpp. PqXmcmb Rmbncpp AXp AhXcnsXn B Znhk s Hcp Dkh Znhk ampambncpp.

Da tNmZnp : GXv Bbm WXv? blqZ adp]Sn ]dp :

) : ) ( : (

"" Cv Rm \nv \nfpsS aXw ]qnbm nncnpp. Fs A\p{Klw \nv Rm \ndthncnIbpw sNbvXn cnpp. aXambn Ckvem ans\ Rm \nv Xr]v Xnspncnpp.'' (amCZx :3) FpXmIpp.

Atm Da ]dp : dkq Xncpta\nv Cu Bbv AhXcn Znhk hpw, ehpw, Rv Adnbmw. \_n Xncpta\n Ad^bn \ns Hcp shnbmgvN Znhkambn cpp

AXhXcnXv. 2 6

2) apkvenwIfpsS s]cpm Znhkw

\_n ]dp:

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 41

Ad^mZn\w, _enZn\w, AmapivcoJns ( Zp lv 11,12,13) Zn\ \ apkvenwIfpsS s]cp m fpIfmWv. Av A ]m \obfpsS ZnhkfmWv. ( Z : 2066 )

) Cv Rm \nv \nfpsS aXw ]qnbmnncn ppsh Bbv sh nbmgvN Ad^bnemWv Cd nbXv. B cv Znhkhpw apkvenwIv s]cpmfp amIppshv Dadp_v\p Jzm_v ]dXmbn Dcnsncnpp. 3) Amlp kXyw sNm D]tbmKn Znhkw Amlp almsbmcp ImcywsImmsX kXyw sNpIbn. "" AXv kmnbpw kmyw hlnsSp Imcyhpw X sbmWv kXyw'' ( _pdqPv : 3 ) Fv Amlp kXywsNbvXv ]d Znhk amIpp.

A_qlpssdd \nthZ\w \_n ]dp : hmKvZm\w sNs Znhkw FXp sImv hnhnsSpXv AyZn\amIpp. kmyw hln sSpZnhkw sImp hnh Ad^m Zn\hpw ( ) kmnsImp hnh shnbmgvN Znhk hpamIpp. 28 ( Xn 3339 )

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 42

kqdp ^Pvdnse 3mw hN\w Hbpw Ccbpw XsbmW kXyw FXnse HsImv DtinsSp ZnhkamWv Ad^. C_v\p Amkv ]dp : Cc sImv DtinsSpXv _enZn\ hpw , H sImv Dtin sSpXv Ad^mZn\hp amIpp. 4) Amlp BZw kXn Ifn \npw Icm hmn b Znhkw.

C_v\p Amkv \n thZ\w \_n Acpfn: A d^bn shv Amlp BZ ans apXpIn \npw Icm hmpIbpmbn Atl ns apXpsIn \npw Fm kXnItfbpw (At ln \nv DmIm t]mIp kXnItf A hcpsS BmhpIsf) ]pd sSpv apn NnXdpI bpmbn ]noSv AhtcmSv t\cnv kwkmcnpIbpm bn Amlp tNmZnp :

) ,

) (: ( Rm \nfpsS cnXm htbm? Ah ]dp: AsX, R kmyw hlnncnpp. Xobm bpw R CXns\n {ibnmhcm bncpp. Fv Dbnsgpt]n s \mfn

) ( / /

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 43

\n ]d tpw FXn\memWv (As\ sNbvXXv.) As n "apv Xs RfpsS ]q ]nXm Amlp thmSv ]v tNncpp. R Ahp tijw k Xn ]ccIfmbn hh am{XamWv ' Fncns B AkXyhmZnI {]hn Xns t]cn \o Rsf \innpIbmtWm' Fv \n ]dtpw F Xn \m. ( AAvdm^v 172,173 ) 5) ]m]tamN\ntbpw \ cI tamN\ntbpw Ad ^bn \nphsc sIm v Amlp A`nam\w {]I SnnpIbpw sNp Znh kw .

Bbnim \nthZ\w \ _n Acpfn :

Ad^m Znhktm Amlp Xs

Zmkmsc \cIn\nv tamNnn p asmcp Znhkhpan. Av Ah ASpvhv C hscmWm{KlnpXv Fv A`nam\]qw

aep ItfmSv ]dbpw. (ap 1348) C_v\p Da \nthZ\w \ _n]dp:\nbw Ad^ bn ktfn hscpdnv Amlp sshIptcw A`n am\tm sS aepItfmSv ]dbpw ""s]mSn]pc icoc hpw PS ]nSn Xebpambn Fs Zmkm Fs hnfn pcw \In hncnp Xp t\mq'' (kz P 1868)

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 44

]nimNv \mita Fv hnfnp A]am\`mcw \nan w Xebn aphmcnbnSp Ahbnemp Znh kamWnXv Atcw ap ]nimNpI AhnsS Hcpan pIqSn Fp]nsbv tNm Znpw? ]nimNp ]dbpw A dp ]tXm Fgp]tXm hjw Rm ]ngnhcmWo P\X Inashp kabn \p n Ahv s]mdpp sImSpncnpp. 31

/

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 45

cv : apKmanI Ad^bn \nncpsXns\

AXn`btmSpIqSnbpw AtXmsSmw Amlphns ImcpWyn {]Xymi tbmSpIqSnbpambncpp ap KmanI Ad^bn \nn cpXv.

A_vZpmln_v\p ap_mdIv ]dbpIbpm bn: Ad ^m Znhkw sshIptcw Rm kp^v

bm\puco bpsS ASpv sNpIbp mbn Atlw B k` n cp ImepIfn ap pIpn \nv cp IpIfpw \ndsmgpInb \nebn {]mnpIbm bncpp. As\ Atl sas Xncnpt\mn. Rm tNmZnp Cu IqSnbXn Ghpw tami s Ah bnepXv BcmIpp.? A tlw ]dp :Amlp X\nv s]mdpp XcnIbn Fv hnNmcnph.

BIbm Cu alm b Znhkns t{ijvSX bpw HuXyhpw Adnb A\nhmcyamIpp. ImcWw Hcp hkvXphns m\hpw alnabpw Adnp Ign m ]ns AXn\ln p m\w \tI XmWv. Cu ]pWy Znhkw {]tbmP\ambncnm klmbIamIp Nne Imcy \manhnsS Ipdnpp. 1) Cu Znhkn Amlp hnteSpnp kI sfsImpw As ap tPmenIsfmw thsdmcp Znhktp amnsmpw Ignbp{X C_mZpI fn apgpIpI.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 46

2){hXa\pjvTnpI. Zplnse BZys ] p Znhkfn Ad^m Zn\amb Zplv HXns\

{]hmNI {]tXyIw sX c sSpncnpp. Cu Znhks {hXs kw_ nv {]hmNI tNmZn sp Atm Xncpta\n Acpfn :

IgnXpw hcm\ncnp Xpamb Hmtcm hjs ]m]v B t\mv ]cn lmcambncnpw.(ap 1977) AXn\m Cu Znhk n {hXa\pjvTnpXv ]mgmmXncnpI. ImcWw AXv ]m] s]mdp p Xpw ]ZhnI Dbp Xpamb hfsc iamb kpmIpp. Fm lmPnamv Cu Znhkw t\msSp p

Xv kpn. ImcWw \_n Ad^bnembncn s t\msSpnn. Dp ^Zv \nthZ\w

Ad^mZnhkn t\m \pjvTnp Imcyn kzlm_namv kwibw P \npIbpmbn. R dkqent\msSmambncpp. Rm \_n bpsS ASp tev Atlw Ad^bnem bncns Hcp ]m{Xw ]m sImSpbp. Atlw A Xv IpSnp ( ap 1895 )

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 47

3) Cu almb Zn\n kvXpXnIo\fpw {]Io \fpw ]m]tamN\ fpw

A[nIcnnpI. C_v\p Da \nthZ\w ....

R Ad^mZnhkw cmhnse \_n bpsS Iq sSbmbncpp. Atm R fn XIv_o sNmp hcpw, "emCeml Cmlv' Fv sNmp hcpapm bn cpp... ( ap 1284 ) 4) Cu Znhkns kp_v ln \akvImcw apX Am apivcoJns Ahkm\w hsc XIv_o sNmpI. 5)XuloZns kmyhN\w A[nIcnnpI.

\_n ]dp : ""

Ad^mbnse {]m\ bmWv {]m\Ifn D aambXv. Rm\pw F\npap p {]hmNImcpw ]d np hmIyfn G hpw DaambnpXv .

AmlphmsX asmcm cm[y\pan Ah GI am{Xw Ahv Hcp ]p Imcpan. AhmWv cmPm [n]Xyw kvXpXnbpw Ahp Xs Ah

ki\p as{X. F hmIyamWv. ( Xn 3585 ) 3 5

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 48

6) Ad^mZn\nse {]m \v {]tXyIXbpv. \_n ]dp: Ad^m bn se {]m\bmWv {]m \Ifn DaambXv. ( Xn 3585 )

C_v\p A_vZn_dv ]dbpIbpmbn : Cu lZokn ]e ]mTfpap v ap Znhktfm Ad^mZn\nse {]m\ p t{ijvSX, Ad^mZn \n\p {]tXyIX.

A^mZn\ns {]tXy IX Znhkfn NneXn\v NneXnt\m t{ijvSXbp sdnbnpp. ]s {] amWfn \nmsX A h GsXmsbmsWv A dnbpIbn. As\ {]am Wfn hnpXn s] XmWv Ad^mZn\w. lmPnamcv Jn_ve `napJambn AhcpsS hogvN Ifpw ]mfnIfpw kXnp sImv Bmamb ] mXm]hpambn Ccp ssI Ifpw Dbn hn\btm Spw XmgvatbmSpw IqSn {]m ntXmWv. DIrjvSamb Cu Znhk n apkvenwI Dcw e`npsa {]XotbmSpw Cu A\p{Kl ns Ahkcw D]tbmKsSpn smpw {]m\bn AXnbmb Xm]cyw ImWn tXmIpp. X\npw, Xs amXm]nXmpw, IpSpw_n\pw, Ckveman pw apkvenwIpsamw {]mnpI. Av t\ms SppsImmWv {]mn psXn ]kmcp n tXag hjnXp t]mse Dcw e`nm IqSpX km[yXbpw!

AtXmsSmw XmfpsS {]m\bn apkvenw ktlmZcmsc DsSpm adp t]mIcpXv. {]tXy Inv temIns \m\m`mK fn

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 49

Amlphns i{Xp fpsS \njvTqc a\n\v CcbmIphv thn {]mnpXn. A{]Imcw {]m\bn AXncpIhnbpItbm Dcw e`npXv ]npXmbn ImWpItbm sNcpXv. D cw e`nWsa \n_ tmsS tNmZntXmIp p. AXn\m {]m\ bpsS \mfn {]m\sb a\nemnbhv ip` akvXp. ]m]tamN\hpw \cItam N\hpw {]Xonmhp ImcWfn {]tXyIw {I sNeptXmIpp. A hbns]XmWv .

h]m], Alm cw , Ifhp]db, GjWn , ]cZqjWw XpSnbh ]Xn hmpXp t]mse Cu Znhkn e`np ]m] tamN\w XSpsSp Ip hpt]mIpXv kq npI. ImcWw h]m] fnepw Ipfnepw apgpIn bncnp Xm Fs\ \cItamN\s tamln pw? ]m] sImv bp w sNp Xm F s\bmWv Cu almb ]pWyZnhkn ]m]tam N\w {]XonpI ?

Ahkm\ambn, Ad^m Zn\w Hcp almb Znhk amIpp. {]m\Ip cw e`np ]pWyZn\ fnsXmWXv. ]nghp I ammsSp Znhkw. AXn\m Cu Znhkn \mw kI A[nIcn npI. Amlphns ]m] tamN\hpw \cItamN\hpw e`ntmw. Camw

C_v\p dP_v ]dbpIbpmbn \cItamN\w s]mXpsh Fm apkvenwIpapa XmWv. 36

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 50

kv{XoIfpsS ]v

kv{XoIfpw Zplnse BZys ]pw

kv{XoI Cu ]pWyZn\ sf kzoIcnm Xbmdm bncnpXv hfsc \mbn cnpXmWv. AXnv klm bIamIp Nne Imcy Xmsg sImSppp. 1) Cu Znhkfn A mlp Xs ASnaIv Xbmdmnbnp almb {]Xn^e a\nemp Xnmbn AXns t{ijv SXIfpw khntijXIfpw IpnIv hniZoIcnp sImSppsImv Ahcn B{Klw P\nnv Ahsc AXv {]Xonncnp hcpw AXns alXzap sImphcpampI. 2) Zplv amknse BZys ]v Znhk {]tXyInv Ad^mZn\w D]tbmKsSppI. krjv SmhnsbSp Cu Znhk v almb {]m[m \yapXpsImv , \apv IqSmsX IgnbmXpw A XymhiyamXpamb tPm enI ]noSv \nlnp Xnmbn amnshpI. 3) AbhmknIpw kz mpw s]cpmfn t\mS\p_nv \IpXn mbn eLpteLIfpw ,Im skpIfpw, BiwkIfS p IhdpIfSnb km\ Hcpnsh pI. 4) Cu Znhkfn {hX a\pjvTnm Ignbm BhImcnI apkvl^v kv]inmsX (adtbmSp IqSn kv]inpXn\v hntcm[an37) JpB ]mcmbWw sN, ZnIvdp I,

/

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 51

Xkv_olpI , ]m] tamN\wtXS, {]m\,

[w, \_n bpsSta kzemv A[nIcnn, t\mp XpdnpI, XpSn b ]pWyfpw ap \ ImcysImpw {]tbmP \sSptXmWv.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 52

kv{Xobpw _enIhpw 1) kv{Xo X\npw Xm\pt inphpw _en bdp hfsc \Xpw, AXns \bpw {]Xn^e hpw \jvSsSmsX kqn tXpamIpp. A{]Im cw Ignbpsan `mhn sbpw amXm]nXmfptS bpw t]cn _enbdpp Xn hogvN hcpmXn cnp Ibpw sNtXmIpp. 2) _enbdpm IcpXnb h Zplp amkndhn vtijw \Jw apdnpI tbm apSn shpItbm sN cpXv. Fm `mcytm atm thn _enb dpm Dtinm Fm hpw Cu \nbaw _m[I amIpIbnsnepw Adpp hyn \nbaw ]ment XmWv.(`mcytbm, atfm \Jw apdnpXnt\m apSn shpXnt\m hntcm[ans v hnh. ) 3) kv{Xov kzw ssI sImv _en AdppXn v hntcm[an. am{Xa Ignbpsan kv{XoI kz w ssI sImv Adp pXv hfsc \XmsWv t]mepw Nne ]nXm A`n{]bsSpp. kv{XoI v _enbpw Am hbpw Adp A\phZ\n bas sXp[mcWv Jp B\nepw lZoknepw sXfn hn.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 53

kv{Xobpw s]cpmfpw

s]cpm Znhkn apkvenw kv{XoI Xmsgh cph {]tXyIw {int XmIpp. 1) apkvenwIfpsS IqsS s]cpm \akvIcnp Xn\pw JpXz_ tIp Xn\pambn CuZvKmlntev ]pdsSpI. Fm Xmsg hcp acymZI ]menp sImmbncnWw Ah ]pdsSpXv . A. CkvemanI hkv{Xw [cnpI. B. A\y]pcpjmcpambn IqSnecmXncnpI. C. AWnsmcppItbm kpKap]tbmKnpItbm sNcpXv . D. GjWn ]cZqjWw t]mep sXpI hcmXncn m kqvaX ]pep I. {]tXyInv s]cpm Znhkw kv{XoI Hcpanp IqSptm. E.\n_ I t]m epw AXmXns kab fn \nlnmsX hn`h karamb `W]m\o b ]mIw sNpXn GsSmXncnpI. F. `Ww, ]m\obw, hkv{Xw XpSnbh Zqhy bw sNmXncnpI. G. s]cpm Znhkfn IpnIsf {inmXncnp I.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 54

DZvlnv

_ens]cpmfnt\mS\p_ nv Amlphns kmao ]yw B{KlnpsImv _en Zn\hpw Amap ivcoJn s (Zplv 11, 12, 13 Fo) Znhkfnepambn BSv, amSv, HIw Fnhsb AdppXn\mWv DZvln v Fv ]dbpXv. Am lphnp Bmamb Atbs A\pkcW amWv Cu almb Bcm [\bneqsS {]ISamIpXv. DZvlnv \nlnp Xn Ghpw Daamb

kabw s]cpm Znhk nse Zplm (]qm lv\w) kabmbXp sIm mWv CXn\v Cu t]cp hcm ImcWw. hnip JpB\pw {]hm NINcybpw

CPvamDamWXn \v B[mcw. Amlp ]dbpp: ) ) ( :(,

BIbm \o \ns cnXmhn\pthn \akv IcnpIbpw AdppI bpwsNpI.(IuY : 2 )

Bbn ]d ( \lvdv) sImv Dtin s SpXv _enbdpemIp p shmWv Camw

C_v\pIYo bpw ap {]apJcptSbpw A`n{]mbw. ( C Y : 4/597)

A\kv \nthZ\w

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 55

sImpXpw Xqsh \ndapXpamb cp Iq \mSpIsf (Amlphns) \maw sNmp Ibpw XIv_o apgpIbpwsNbvXp sImv _enarKns ]mizfn Im hp Imv \_nbp S XncpssIIsImv _en bdppIbmbn (_p 5139 ap 3635 ) Camw C_v\pJnw ]dbpIbpmbn: \_n DZvlndp Dt] nmtdbn. (k a : 2/318)

A{]Imcw Camw C_v\p JpZma ]dp : DZvlnb dp aXmNmc n sXmsW Imcyn

apkvenwI GtIm]nncn pp. C_v\p lP ]d bpIbpmbn : am{Xa DZv lnv Hcp aXNnamsW Xn `nm`n{]mban.(^ _:10/3 ) 38

_enbdppXns aXhn[n _enbdppXns aX hn[nbn ]nXm `n m`n{]mbnemWv. AXn {]_eamb c`n{]mb ChbmIpp. : Hv : ( ) {]_eamb kpmIpp. AXpt] npXpsImv Ipm c\mIpIbn. cv:

/

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 56

km nItijnbp \mn Xm aknp apkvenanv DZv lndp \n_ am Ipp. AXpt]npXp aqew Ah Ipmc\m IpXpamWv. Cu c`n{]m bfpw AhbpsS sXfnhp klnXw ]cntim[np h v GsXnepsamn\v ap KW\ \I Akm [yamWv. Ccw k` fn Hcp apkvenanv km[n psan AXv Hcnepw Dt]nmXncnemWv Iq SpX kqvaX. ImcWw _enb dppXmWv A`n {]mb `nXbn \nsmgn hmIm -\Xv.

_enbneSnb XXzw

1)BZi]nXmhmb C_vdm lows\ ]np Sp sIm mWnXv \nlnpXv.

hm[IyImev \o Imncnnvtijw e`n Icfns IjvWs _en bdpm\p Amlphns I\v Dcw \In sImv C_vdmlow aI s\ s\nta Ncnp InS p IbpwsNbvX k `n kz]v\w kmm Icnncnppshv Am lp Atls hnfnp ]dpsImv almb H cp _en arKs \IpI bmWpmbXv. kpZrVamb hnizmkntbpw XymK ntbpw AWnt bpw ktiamWo _en A \pkvacnnpXv. 2) s]cpm Zn\fn P \fn hnime a\kvIX ImWn .

Hcp hnizmkn _enbdp p k`n X\n pw, IpSpw_n\pw Iqp Impw AbhmknI pw kzmpw Cu hnime

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 57

a\kvIX Fpp. AtXmsSmw km[p pw AKXnIpanSbn AXv [w sNpIhgn k tmjntbpw BmZ ntbpw Znhkamb s]cp mfn ]mhsh ]W mcpsS hop ]Sn bm Nnp k{Zmbw ]cnlcn sSpp.

Amam kAZo ]d bpp DZvlnv sImv _enbdp am{Xa e yw, Amlp ]cm{ibap \pw kvXpXyl\pam b Xp sImv AhbpsS amw k tfm ctfm Hpw Xs Amlphn Fp tXbn. adnv {]Xn ^te NvObpw BmXbpw kZptiyhpamWv Amlp hn FpXv. AXp sImmWv Amlp ]d Xv :

, Fm \nfpsS [ \njvTbmWv Ah

F pXv. ( lv: 37) _enbdppXn A mlphns {]oXnbpw B

mXbpw am{Xambncn Ww \apv {]tNmZ\hpw t{]cWbpamtIXv. adnv Zpc`nam\tam,temIam\ytam, JymXntbm,\mmNmctam B bncncpXv. CXp t]mse sbmWv ap Bcm[\Ifpw Bmamb \nv C m Fn ]ns AXv Ig nmtXmSv t]msebpw Bmhnm PUttm sebpamIpp.39( X k:3/322)

AXn\m apkvenw -_ enbdppXv Amlphnte p kmao]yn\msW t_m[tmsSbmbn cn pIbpw Zpc`nam\n

/

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 58

\npw temIam\yn \n pw _lpaXn \Snen \npw hnZqcamhpIbpw sN tXpv. .. Amlp ]dbpp :

]:[.

]dbpI: Xobmbpw Fs {]m\bpw, Fs Bcm[\m Ifpw, F s PohnXhpw, Fs ac Whpw, temIcnXm hmb Amlphn\pXmIpp. Ahp ]pImtcbn. A {]ImcamWv Rm I]n sncnpXv. (Ahv) Iogvs]Sphcn Rm H ma\mWv. ( ABw : 162, 163 )

A{]Imcw _enbdpp Xv sImv BZcnpI bpw _lpam\npIbpw sN t Amlphns aX Nnfn Hcp Nns \nlnpIbmsWv Adn ncntXmIpp. Am lp]dbpp:

]:[, hh\pw Amlphns aXNnsf

BZcnp ]w Xobmbpw AXv lrZbfnse [\njvT bn \npmIp Xs{X. (lv : 32 ) cp Imcy sImv DZp lnv ap [tm t{ijvSamWv. 1) _en Amlphns\ BZcnepw Amlphns aXNnsf {]ISam epamIpp.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 59

2) _en {]hmNI aplZv bptSbpw Atln\p tijap apkvenwIfptS bpw NcybmWv.

_enbpsS \n_\I

Xmsghcp \n_\ I ]qamImsX DZvln v icnbmhpIbn. HIw , amSv 40 , sNcnbmSv , tImemSv Fo Ip Imen IsfbmcnWw.

1) \nnX {]mbw XnI XmbncnWw Ah C{]Im camWv. HIw Aphbv ]q nbmbXv amSv : cp hbv ]qn bmbXv. tImemSv : Hcp hbv ]q nbmbXv. sNcnbmSv : Bdpamkw {]m bambXv 41

3) _enarKw Xmsg ]dbp sshIeyfn \npw apambncnWw . A. ImgvNinv hy amb IpgapXv . B.. tcmK_m[ {]ISambXv. C. hyamb apSph D.abpw sImgppw Ah tijnm{X saenXv. Ccw sshIey v kam\amb CXc \yq\XI fn \npw apamtI Xpv. Atm

amSv FXvsImv Imf , ]ip , t]mv , Fcpa t]mep PohnItfbmWp tin pXv.

BSpIfpsS {]mbn ]nXm `nm`n{]bmcmIpp. BSv cmas hbn {]thin XmbncnWw sNncnbmSn\v Hcp hbv

{]mbambncnWsamWv asmcp hn`mKw ]nXm ]dbpXv Amlp AAvew ( i ap 6/456 )

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 60

ImgvNbnm Xpw InmXpw Im enmXpsamw DZplnn\v ]mSnm XmIpp.

4) _enarKw kzw DSa XbneptXm As n Adpm G]n stXm BbncnWw. AYhm _enarKw tamjvSn tXm A]lcnsSptXm Bbncnm ]mSn. AXp t]mse cmfpsS DSa XbnepXmsWn cp t]cptSbpw A\paXn Dm bncntXmIpp. 5) asmcmv AhIm isXmbncncpXv.

AYhm ]Wbwshs]Xns\ DZv lnv Adpm hpX. A{]Imcw A\c kzv AXv hoXnpXnv appw DZvlnn\v D]tbmKn mhpX. 6) DZvlnn\v \n bns kabm bncn pI. AYhm AXn\v ap tm tijtam AdppI bmsWn icnbmhp Ibn.

_enarKs \nbnp I.

_enarKw hmp k `n C{]Imcw \n bntXmIpp.

1) Cu arKw CXn\p XmIpp. 2) s]cpm Znhkw DZv lndppp sh

DtitmsS Adp pI.

IqSpX [w sNpI. Pm_n hn \nv Dcn sSp Hcp lZokn \_n \qdv HIsf _enbdppIbpw AXn \nv Hcp

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 61

sNdnb IjvW saSpv ]mIw sNpIbpw _mn hnXcWw sNpI bpambncpp. 42 _enarKfn Daamb Xv

-* _enbdpm Ghpw Daamb C\w HIamWv , ]noSv amSv tijw sNcn bmSpw ]ns tImemSpam Ipp. AXn\SpXv Ggp t] tNv HscmIw Adp pXpw AXnv tijw G gpt] tNv amSns\bdp pXpamIpp.

* ta ]dhbnX s Fm KpWfpw ]q Wamb _enarKfmWv G hpw t{ijvSambXv. Atm cp ImepIfnepw Ip IpNppw Idpv\ndapXpw XSnp sImgpXpw sImpXp amb Iq BSmIpp G hpw t{ijvSamb

_enarKw. CXmWv {]hmNI G hpw CjvSsXpw _enbdp Xpw43 saen cmSp Itfm \Xv XSnp sIm gp HcmSmIpp.

) ( Camw im^o]dbpIbp mbn: DZvlnv

arKn s Fw s]cpnpXn t\m hne s]cpnp XmWv t{ijvSambXv. ( aPvaqAv 8/396 )

blvb_v\p kCuZv ]dbpIbpmbn: A_qDam ap_v\p klvev C{] Imcw ]dbpXv Rm tI pIbpmbn :

, "

.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 62

R aZo\bnshv _enarKs XSnnncp p. apkvenwI As\ X Snnpambncpp. (_p : 10/12 )

C_v\p JpZma ]dbp Ibpmbn : _enarKs XSnnepw AXns\ G hpw \Xmepw kpm Ipp. AXn\m _enarK s t\cs hmn \m bn `Ww sImSpv ico cw ]pjvSnsSpm km[n psan AXmIpw IqSpX \mhpI. ImcWw A mlp ]dbpp :

) ) ( :( hh\pw Amlphns aXNnsf BZcnp ]w Xobmbpw AXv lrZbfnse [\njvT bn\npmIpXs{X. (lv :32) C_v\pAmkv ]d p : AXns\ BZcnpI Fm AXns\ XSnn epw \mepsamamIp p. ImcWw AXv IqSpX D]ImcsSpXpw hfsc tbsd {]Xn^ew e`np XpamIpp.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 63

shdpsh :

1) sNhn, hmev Fnh apdn Xv A{]Imcw sNhn Io dnbXpw . 2) Bk\w, AInSv Fnh ]qamtbm Asn ap evt]mse A]tam ap dnh . 3) Ien Xpnbh. (]pv ta bmXncnpXv . ) 4) ]v sImgnXv . 5) sImnmXpw sImp s]mnbXpw. BIbm Hcp hnizmkn _enarKw hmptm F mhn[IpdhpIfn\npw apambXns\ sXcsSp tXmIpp. Fsm F{Xtmfw ]cn]q ambXns\ \mw sXcsSp ppthm A{Xtmfw A Xv Amlphnv IqSpX C jvSapXmIpw. _enarKw \nbnXn\vtijw h \yq\Xbpw {]ISamIpIbm sWn \n_ambpw ap

amtI \yq\XbmsWn AXv Xs Dt] ImcWm emsWn AXns\ am \n_amIpp. Fm Xs Dt]sImsn AXns\ _enbdpmhp XpamWv.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 64

_enbdpp hyn Adnncnt acymZI

Hcp apkvenw XttXm Asn IpSpw_nt tXm Asn acWs tXm PohnncnphcptS tbm t]cntem DZvlnv Adpm DtinpIbpw Zplv amkw hcnIbpw sNbvXm _enbdppXv hsc AbmfpsS apSntbm \ Jtam

sXmentbm Ifbm ]mSn . \_n ]dp :

\n Zplvamkw ImWpIbpw \nfnsemcm DZvlnv Adpm Dt inpIbpw sNbvXm Ah Xs apSnbpw \Jhpw apdnmXncns. ( ap 3655 ) Nne \nba 1) Znlnv amkndhn ncsSpItbm Asn ZpJAvZ apXv ]qn bmIpItbm sNptXmsS bmWv apSnapdnpXpw \ Jw apdnpXn\pap \n tcm[\ kabw XpSpXv. 2) apSnsbSppXpw \Jw apdnpXpw ldmamIpp. ImcWw \ntcm[\m \n jns IpdnpXmIp p. 3) Hcm Zplnamkw ]n dtm DZvlnv Adp m IcpXnbncpn. A s\ AbmfpsS apSntbm Asn \Jtam apdnp Ibpw sNbvXp. ]noSv H tmctm Znhktijw A bmv DZvlndpW sav tXmpIbmsWn B kabw apX Abm apSntbm \Jtam apdncp

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 65

sXv am{Xw. apv apdnXn\v Abmv hntcm[ hpan .

4) DZvlnv Adpm IcpXnb Hcm AbmfpsS apSn apdnpItbm \Jw sh pItbm sNbvXmepw A bm AbmfpsS _en \n lnt XmIpp. Fm \ntcm[ns {]hn sNbvXXn\m Abm Ip mc\mIpXmIpp.

AXmbXv Zpln 8 t\m 9 t\m Hcmv DZvln bn\p Ignhv e`np ap Xocpam\anmXn\m apSn , \Jw , Fnh apdnp Fm CmcWw sImv Abm DZvlnv \n lnmXncntXn Fv kmcw.

5) ]nXmcpsS GtIm ]n A`n{]mbn \J tam apSntbm shnbh A mlphnt\mSv ]m]tamN\w tXtSXmIpp. {]mbivNnsampw Abm fpsSta \n_amIpn . AXv Abm adpsIm tm a\xqtam sNbvX Xmbepwicn , kv{Xotm ]p cpjt\m Cu Znhkfn Xe IgpIpXvsImtm a tm a\xqhamsX apSn sImgnbpXvsImv hntcm [an.

6) DZvlndpXn\vtijw XeapSn Ifb kp n.

7) Xebnse apdnhpImcWw apSnsbSppItbm \Jw s]mnbXvImcWw apdnp am pItbm sNpXn\v hn tcm[an.

8) \Jw, apSn, sXmen F nh apdnpXn\p hn ev X\ntm Xs IpSpw _nt\m Asn Pohn ncnphtm acWs htmthn _enbdpm DtinbmfpsS ta am {XamWv. BcpsS t]cnem tWm AdppsXn A hv

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 66

Cu \nbaw _m[Ia . 9) ]Icw Adpm G ]nsSptXm

\ntZin sSptXm Bb hyn v Cu \nbaw _m[Iam Ipn. Ch apSn shp Xv sImtm \Jw apdnp Xv sImtm hntcm[an. adnv _enbdpm Dt inbmfpsSta am{XamWv \nbaamIpXv.

10) DZvlnv Adpm \ptin Hcp hyn l tm Dwdtbm sNm\pt inm Clvdman {]th inp k`n apSn tbm \Jtam apdnm ]mSn. Fm lv Dwd Fnhbn \nv Xlpem Imthn apSnsbSpp Xv \n_amIpp. Imc Ww Atm AXv Bcm[ \bmIpp. Cu k` n Ahv hnev _m[IamIpn. Pohnncn pbm X\nvthn DZv lnv AdppXv \nn X kabv \nln t Xpw, acWsbmfpsS t]cn emsWn AXv sFNvOn IambXn\m AXn Cfhv \IsXpamIpp.

\Jw, apSn, sXmen Fnh apdnpXv hnen bXnep bpn DZvln dpp hyn Amlp hntev ASpp Nne I fn Clvdman {]th inhcpambn kmayXbp Xn\m \JwapdnpI, apSn shpI XpSnbhbn \n pw hnp\npI F \nbaw Clvdman {]thin hs\tmses DZvln dpph\pw _m[I

amIpp. {]tXyIw {inpI : Amlp ]dbpp :

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 67

]:[, Amlp ]hn{XX \ Inb hkvXpsf hh\pw _lpam\np]w AXv Xs cnXmhnsbSp Ahv KpWIcambncn pw (lv : 30 ) Amlphns hn[nhne pIfpw Ah ]hn{XX \InbXpw BZcnpXn \v Clnepw ]cnepw almb {]Xn^ehpw [m cmfw \bpapv. AXv \n lnpXn\v B{Klap m Iepw AXpaqew Am lphnv ]cn]qamb A\pkcWa\p`hsSepw, AXv \nlnpXv Hcp `mcambn ImWpItbm As n \nmchcnpI tbmsNmXncnpXpw, A Xns\ BZcnpXns XmIpp. A{]Imcw IpSpw _m ]nXmalmm Xp Snb apKmanIfpsS hkn pI \ndthpXpw AXns\ BZcnpXn sXmIpp. Atm B pthnbmtWm DZvln dppsXn Ah cpsS IqsS asmcmtfbpw {] Xn^en ]mfnbmm XncnpI. A{]Imcw DZvln dpp hynbpsS t]cv Hmpnsn F tmSv Hkyv sNbvX hy nbpsS t]cnemWnsXv IcptXXmIpp. AXn\m DZvlnv Adpm h knv sNbvXXmsWn AXv ]cn]q Dc hmZn XztmsSbmWv \nln tXv. AXn bmsXmcp {IatSpIfpanmsX AXv IrXyambns sN \n_amIpp. ImcWw Amlp ]dbpp :

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 68

]:.[

AXv (hknv) tI Xn\ptijw Bscnepw A Xv amnadnpIbmsWn AXns Ipw amn adnp hv am{XamIpp. Xo bmbpw Amlp Fmw tIph\pw Adnbp h\pamIpp.(A _Jdx: 181)

GXp hnjbnse H kyn\pw CXv _m[Iam sWv admXncnpI. k nt\mSp AanX t{]aw aqew amXm]nXm sNbvX Hukyvhsc t\cmwhw \nlnmh Am lphns XmoXns\ `bs SWsav hn\bqw DW pp.

_enbpsS kabw :

Zplv ]v (_enZn\w) s]cpm \akvImcw Ign XpapX Amapiv coJns Ahkm\s Znh kamb Zplv 13\v kq cy AkvXanpXv htc bp kabamIpp DZvln v Adpt kabw. Atm s]cpm \akv Imcnsapv Adpm aXnbmIpX.

\_nbp sS {]hnsb A\pK anpw A`n{]mb`nXbn \nsmgnhmIpXnpambn Zplv ]n\v Xs AdppXmIpw Ghpw kqvaXsbv Nne ]n Xm A`n{]mbsSpp. F m {]bmkamIpImbm sWn Zplv ]Xn s\mv ]{v Fo Znh kfnepw IqSn Adpmsa mWv alm`qcn] w

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 69

]nXmcpw A`n {]mb sSpXv. am{Xhpa Fm hcpw Htc Znhkw _enbdp pXp aqew amwkw kq nm\mhiyamb kuIcy anmXv sImv Zpcp]tbm Khpw Hcpthf \innp Ibpw sNpp. AXn\m Fmhcpw HtcZnhkw F k{Zmbw amn A\phZn s ap Znhkfn _ enbdpm Ipdv t] X mdmthXmWv. _enbpsS kabhpambn _s Nne hnjb

1) Cmhpw ]Iepw DZvln dpmhpXmWv. Fm cm{XnbdppXnt\m ]IedppXmWv G hpw Daw. A{]Imcw F{Xbpw s]sv Adpp XmWv Xmaknv Adpp Xnt\m Daw. 2) _en arKw \jvSs SpI tbm

tamjvSnsSpItbm sNbvXm AXv DSas hogvN sImsn {]mb ivNnw \tIXn. F m ]noSv AXns\ e`n p k`n Adp t XmIpp. Adhns kabw Ahkm\nmepw hntcm[an. C\n AbmfpsS A{iImcWamWv AXv \jvSssXn ]Icw asmcp arKs Adpt XmIpp. 3) s]cpm \akvImcw ]nnnsSpItbm

As n apnns SpItbm sNp]w AXns k absbmWv ]cnKWnt Xv. CXv ]Wsatm {Km asatm \mn Xmakn phs\tm bm{Xmc s\tm hyXymkan.

_enbdppXns

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 70

acymZI 1) Adpm D]tbmKnp Bbp[w aqbmpI. 2) _enarKs Jn_vev A `napJambn 44 CSXp`mK n\pta sNcnpInSn CSt ssI sImv _en arKns Xebn ]nSn psImv heXpssI sIm v AdppI Adhv Ffp nemIm AXv klmb IamIpw.

3) _enarKns Igp ns heXp`mKv Im shpXv Adhv thKn ]qnbmIpXn\v k lmbnpXmWv.

4) _nkvanm Fv sNmpI. Amlp ]dbpp.

) () :.( AXn\m Amlphns \maw Dcn(v Adp ) s Xn\npw \n Xnp

sImpI.(ABw:118) \_n Acpfn :

Amlphns t]cv ]dpsImv csamgp nbXns\ \o XnpsIm pI. (ap 3538 ) _nkvan sNmptXmsSm w "" Amlp AIv_'' F v XIv_o sNmepw kp mIpp. A{]Imcw B p thnbmtWm Adpp sXn B hynbpsS t]cv ]dtbXpamWv. Imc Ww \_n _enbdp k `n C{]Imcw {]m npIbpmbn

_en arKs Jn_vev A`napJambn InS kpmIpp. Fm Jn_v ev[ A`napJamsX AdppIbmsW n hntcm[an. ImcWw \n_am sWXn\v {]amWan. ssiJv A_m\n bpsS

a\mknIp ln h Dwdx 1/34 t\mpI.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 71

AXn\m _enbdpptm \mapw _nkvanmln

A mlp AIv_ Fv sNm nbtijw Amlpth CXv C hynbpsS _enbm sWpw Fn\nv CXv kzoIcntWta Fpw {]m ntXmIpp.

_enarKnt\mSv IcpW ImWnpI.

Adpp Dcphnt\mSv \ kao]\w kzoIcnW sav Ckvemw IWniambn

\ntZinpp. \_n ] dbpIbpmbn :

\nbw Amlp Fm Imcynepw \sb

\n bnp. AXn\m \n Ip hmfnsb h[npIbmsW n B h[w \ cq] n sNpI. \n Dcp hns\ AdppIbmsWn B Adhv \ coXnbn sNpI. \nfnsemcm A hs In aq IqpI bpw Dcphn\v Bizmkw \ IpIbpw sNs. ( ap 3615 )

_enarKnt\mSv

IcpW ImWnpXn\v Nne am

1) Dcphns kao]vshv Bbp[w aq IqmXn

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 72

cnpI. 2) Dcphns\ aparKfn \npw adpsImmbn

cnpI. 3) Dcphns\ henngv sIm vt]mImsX \ coXn

bn sImv t]mIpI. 4) Poh th]ncnbpXn \p apv arKn\v thZ\n

p {]hnI sN mXncnpI. km[mcW Adpptmgpw Cu \mev \n_\I ]mentXmWv. Nne \ntZi 1) AdppXn\v aphsc GnmsX kzw ssIsImv AdppXm Wv Ghpw Daw.

2) AdppXn\v aphsc G]npXn hntcm

[an. ImcWw dkq lp hZmC 100 HIfn 63 Fw kzw ssI sImpw _mn 37 Fw Adpp Xnv Aeo hns\ G]npIbpw sNbvXp. 46

3) CuZvKmln shdpp XmWv Ghpw Daw.

ImcWw C_v\p Da ]dbpp :

\_n HItbpw ap arKtfbpw Adpn cpXv CuZvKmln shm bncpp. ( _p 5126 \ 1571 ) 4) _enarKw HIamsWn AXns CSXp ssIsInb \nebn \ndpnsImv Igpn

/

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 73

Ipnsmpw ap arKsf CSXp `mK n\p tasNcnp InS n CSt ssIsImv _en arKns Xebn ]nSnpIbpw heXp ssI sImv AdppIbpw sN pXmWv Adhv Ffp nemIm klmbIam IpI.

5) Adpptm _nkvansNmm adp t]mIcpXv. _nkvan sNmn btijw Adpm Xmak apmbm hopw sNmt XmIpp. 6) DZvlnns amwktam sImgptm tXmtem Hpw

Xs hnm ]mSn. ImcWw CXv Amlp hnpthn Adps XmIpp.

7) DZvlnn\npw Ad hp]Wnp Iqenbmbn \Im ]mSn . Fm AdhpImc Zcn{Z\mbXv sImv aphv \ IpXv t]mse \Ip Xnt\m Zm\ambn \ IpXnt\m hntcm[an. CXn\v ]pdsa Adhp Iqen thsd \tIXpamIp p.

hnXcWw sNt coXn

_enamwkw aqv coXnbn eqsS Nnehgnmw

1) kzw XnpI 2) aphv km\n pI. 3) Zm\w sNpI.

apKmanIfn Nne _en amwkw Cns\ aqv

`mKfmbn `mKnpambncp p. Fm kuIcy {]Im cw sNmhpXmWv. Cn s\ aqmbn `mKnp Itbm hnXcWn\pw DSaIsfSp

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 74

pXn\pw ]cn[ntbm \n bnnn. Fm Dcphns {][m\s `mK kz ambn FSppIbpw X\nv BhiyanmXv am{Xw Zm \w sNpIbpw sNp {] hWX ]ecnepw Iphcp p. CXn\v {]amWfpsS ]n_ean. Amlp ]dbp p : "" B _en HI A hbpsS ]mizfn ho Wm Ahbn\nv \n `npIbpw (bmNn msX) kwXr]vXnbSbp h\pw Bhiysp hcp h\pw \n `nm sImSppIbpw sNpI.( l v : 36 )

Atm ]mhv Zm\wsNpIbpw AXn \nv DSaIv `npI bpw sNmhpXmWv.

\_n ]dp: \n Xnp Ibpw aphv Xnm sImSppIbpw kqnp Ibpw sNpI. (_p 5143 )

Pm_n ]dbpp :R DZvlnns amw kw aZo\ htcbp bm{X bvv `Wambn sImv t]mImdpmbncpp. ( _p :2758 ) {]tXyI {ibvv

hon tPmen sNp ss{Uh , ]Wnmc XpS nbh AdppXv {i npI ImcWw Ahcn hnizmknIfpw Ahnizmkn Ifpw Dmhmw, Nne tm Anbmcm[It\m knpImct\m _paX mct\m lnpaXmct\m Btbmw Ch Adp Xv apkvenwIv Xnm ]mSn.

\psS BhiywIgnv anap _en arKns tXmev, tcmaw t]mepXv

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 75

kmaqlyta\n[nbntev kw`mh\sNpXv IqSpX D]ImcsSpw.

AyZn\n kmn \npsa hnizmkn Am\ Imev _en bdpXn\v tijw AXn s csaSpv Npacn ]Xnp k{Zmbn\v aXn bmsXmcp tcJ bpan.

Hcp hn`mKw P\ {]mbamIp k`n acWtijw Xs k n \nv Htcmlcn DZv lndpm hknv sNpXmbn ImWmw. b Ymn aX{]t_m [\w, kmaqly ta{]h \, Amlp hns amn kmbp[ kac n\mhiyamb NnehpI XpSn DZvlnnt\ m kaqln\v Bhiy amb ]e \Ifpw Ah adpt]mIpp.

ssiJp Ckvemw apl Zp_v\p A_vZn hlm _v tbmSv acWs hy nbpsSta [w sNp XmtWm Daw, AtXm Atln\v DZvlndp pXmtWm DaambXv F tNmZyn\v Atlw \Inb adp]Sn : DZvln nt\m [amWv Rm \mbnImWpXv Fmbncpp.. 48

tijnbnm ImcW m DpZvlndpm hv \_n _en bdp k`n ]d p

" "

/

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 76

Amlpth Cu _en F tbpw Fs kapZmbn \nv _enbdpmh pamIpp.F------ {]m \bpsS {]Xn^ew e`np XmIpp.( Z 2810 )

{][m\ Adnbnv _enZn\fn AanX ambn `Ww IgnpXv Cv kkm[mcWbmbn Iphcpp. CXv icocn \p D]{Zhw sNpXmIp p. AanXambn amwkw Ign pXvaqew Zl\n\v _p nappmpp. {]tXyIn v sNcnbmSns amwkw IqSpX sImgppXmIp p.

amwkyw (Protein)DmIp Xns apJy tI{w amw kn \nmsWpw A {]Imcw ASnm\]camb Fm Aan\m Awffpw ( aminoacid) ASpXv t]m se Nne temlfpw, hnm an Bbp aSnbncnp Xn\m \ t]mjImlmcw IqSnbmWv amwksav \ap smhpw Adnbmhp XmWv. \mw amwkw anXambn IgnpIbmsWn Cu D ]Imcsfmw \apv ti Jcnm IgnbpXmWv. F m km[mcWbn \nv CXv AanXamIpIbmsWn cnse sImgpv h npI hgn tImfkvt{Smfn s Afhv hnm Imc WamIpIbpw icocn AtamWnbw tmssdUv A Snp IqSptXmsSmw c nse bqdnmknUv h npIbpw sNpp. {] tXyInv knhmZaph pw InUv\n tcmKaph pw CXv IqSm km[yX bpv. A{]Imcw c\mf fn amwkyfnse Hcp henb ]IpXn

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 77

hensSp sSpXn\mep AePn DmIpXn\m icoc n amwkyw DSv Zlnn pIbpw icocw XSnn pXn\mhiyamb bq\npI fmn amm\p in Ipd h IqSpX amwkw I gnmhX.

amwkw s]sv tISp hcp `WnsSp Xn\m AXv hfsc kq npsImmbncnWw D ]tbmKntXv. ImcWw AXv AWp s]cpIp Xn\v IqSpX kmlNcyap mIpp. {]tXyInv lmPn am Adhn\mbn Xbmdmn bnp Adhp imeI fnemsX AdpcpXv. A{] Imcw `Ww ]mIw sNp hynI hfscb[nIw ipNnXzw ]menpIbpw amw kw thhpXn\p kabw ]cnKWnpIbpw sNt XmIpp.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 78

s]cpm Znhk

ktmjntbpw B \ntbpw

ZnhkamWv s]cpm kpZn\w. Fm hnizmknIfpsS ktm jhpw B\hpsmw X fpsS cnXmhns\ A\p kcnpXv ]qnbmp Xn Ahv hnPbw ssIhcnpIbpw I fpsS {]Xn^ew kzmb ampIbpw sNptm A htcmSv hmKvZm\w sNs cnXmhns HuZmcyhpw ]m]tamN\hpw e`npp shXn\m AhcpsS b Pam\pambn _spInS pp.

Amlp ]dp: ] ( :

]dbpI: Amlphns A\p{Klw sImpw Imcp Wyw sImpamWXv. AXp sImv Ah ktmjn psIms. AXmWv Ah kmZnp sImncnp Xnt\m Daambnp Xv. (bq\pkv:58)

CuZmiwk

s]cpm BiwkI t\cpXvsImv

a\nse IdIfpw hntZzjfpw \o n hnizmknIfn CW hpw ]ckv]c kmtlmZcy hpw kvt\lhpw ImcpWy hpw _hpw Dunbpdn pXpw, am{Xa AXv a\pIfnse ]I \op Ibpw sXp[mcWI amp Ibpw sNpp. s]cpm BiwkI t\cpXv Hcp \

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 79

hmmIpp. AXns ^ew alchpw AXns kzm[o\w AaqeyhpamIp p. F{Xtmfsam Nn e almm CXns\pdnv ]dXv: AXv Hgnhmp Xv sImv Nne tmsgn epw _ apdnbpI bpw ]e Ipgfpw Dm IpXn\m s]cpm fmiwkI \n_amsW v ]dbpXn sXsm p an. AXp am{Xa apkvenw I ]ckv]cw kvt\lhpw kulmhpw Dhcmbncn m I]nshcpam Wv. Camw

A_qlpssdd ]dbpp: \_n ]dbpI bpmbn : kZvhN\w [ amIpp. ( _p 2827 ap 1009)

CuZmiwkbpsS aXhn[n

s]cpm Znhkn CuZmiwkI ]ckv]cw ssIamdpXv A\phZ\nb amWv.

:" : , , ,

, , ".

ssiJp Ckvemw C_v \p ssXanb ]dbpIbp mbn: s]cpm Znhkw s]cpm \akvImc tijw ]ckv]cw Ip apptm

/

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 80

, (Amlp \fn \npw \nfn \npw I kzoIcns,.......) CXp t]m eph ]dbpXmWv CuZm iwk. CXv Nne klm_o hcyamcn\npw D cnsXmIpp. Ah C {]Imcw BiwkI An pambncpp.

Camw AlvaZv sbt]mep Nne Camap I CXv A\phZnpIbpw sNbvXnpv. AXn\m AXv sNpXn\v amXrI bpv. AXv Hgnhm pI bmsWn AXn\pw amXrI bpv. ( ^ X : 24/253 )

: , , ".

Ama C_v\p DssY ao ]dbpIbpmbn: s] cpmfmiwkI t\cpXv A\phZ\obamWv. AXn\v {]tXyIw hmpIfnsn epw Ipam P\ ] Xnhmnhcph A\phZ \obamIpp.

]ment \nba

1) \akvImcw ]qWambpw \jvSsSpIbmsWn fplvdn\papmbn XIv_o dpItfmSp IqSn cv dI Av \akvIcnt XmIpp.

s]cpm \akvImcw \jv Ssm cv dIAv \a kvIcntXmIpp. F Hcymbw Xs sImSp psImv Camw _pJmcn Cu hnjbw hnhcnp pv. 2) \akvImcn ]sSp h\v JpXzv_ tIm CcnpItbm Asn ew

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 81

hnSpItbm sNm hpXmWv.Fm \akv Imctijw JpXp_ {ihn Xn\vtijw t]mIpXm Wv Daw.

3) apkvenwIfpsS {]m \bn ]mfnIfmIpXn \mbn s]cpm \akv Imcn ]sSpm IpnIsf t{]cnnpI. C

amw _pJmcn At l ns kzloln IpnI s]cpm \a kvImcn\v ]pdsS F Xns\Ipdnv hnhcn p Hc[ymbw \In sIm v XpSv C_v\p Am kvhns lZokv sImSp pXv{inpI. At lw ]dp: Rm \_n

bpsS IqsS sNdnb s]cp mfnt\m _en s]cpm fnt\m ]pdsSpIbpm bn As\ Atlw s]cp m \akvIcnpIbpw Hcp {]kwKw \SpIbpw sNbvXp. tijw kv{XoIsf kao]nv Ahv {]tXy Iw D]tZiw \IpIbpw Dt_m[\w \IpIbpw [w sNm D]tZin pIbpw sNbvXp. ( _p 975 )

4) s]cpm\akvImcn XIv_odpInSbn {]tXyIw {]m\ I sNmnbXmbn lZokpIfn hnn. Fm A

_vZpmln_v\pakv DuZv XIv_odpInSbn A mlphns\ kvXpXnpI bpw ]pIgvpIbpw

\_n bpsS ta kzemv sNmpIbpw sNbvXncpp shv Dcnsncnp p. ( X an 349 C K 642 )

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 82

s]cpm Znhknse

Bcm[\I

Amlp ]dbpp :

) (:( Hmtcm kapZmbn\pw \mw Hmtcm Bcm[\m Iw \nbnnpv. Amlphn s \maw DcnpXn v thn . (lv: 34)

(Bcm[\m Iw) FXns hnh C_v\p Amkv hniZoIcnp Xv s]cpm FmIp p.51 CXSnm\n s] cpm ktmjnt bpw Bcm[\bptSbpw Am lphnteSppXpamb Zn hkamIpp. Xmsg hcp Imcyfn Ch {]ISamIpXpamWv.

1) s]cpm \akvImcw

Amlp ]dbpp :

) .(:( BIbm \o \ns cn Xmhn\pthn \akvIcnp Ibpw _enbnpIbpw sNpI. ( IuY : 2) 2) XIv_o sNmpI Am lp ]dp :

.( ):(

/

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 83

\nv t\hgn Im WnpXXns t]cn A mlphns alXzw \n {]Ionphm\pw thn bs{X(Cns\I]nnpXv.) (A_Jdx 185) 3) XnpIbpw IpSnpIbpw Amlphns\

kvacnpI bpw sNpI. \_n ]d p: .

AmapivcoJns ( Zplv 11, 12, 13 Fo Znhk) Blmc]m\mZn Ipw ssZhkvacWp ap ZnhkfmWv. ( A 10930 ap 1141 ) 4) Amlphns A\p{Kl v \nbmbn sImv _enbdppI. 5) AewIrXamhpIbpw B mZnpIbpw ktmjw {]ISnnpIbpw sNpI. 6) IpSpw__w ]pe

) (

Fm \n ssIIm cyIXzw GsSppIbm sWn `qanbn \n IpgapmpIbpw \n fpsS IpSpw__ sh napdnpIbpw sNbvtXp tam? ( aplZv : 22 ) CsX mw Xs Av C_mZ mIpp.

Ahkm\ambn Bbni \nthZ\w Ah ]dbpp : \_n

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 84

Fs ASptv ISp hp. Atm cp s] IpnI _pBkv bp KoXw Be]np sImncn pIbmbncpp. Ans\ Atlw hncnn InS pIbpw apJw Xncnp Ibpapmbn. ]noSv A_q _ ISphcnIbpw Amlphns dkqens bSpemtWm ]nimNns Ipgeqv ? Fv Fs B t]npIbpmbn. DSs\ dkq hpsImv Ahsc hntpI Fv ]dbpIbpmbn ]noSv Atlw (A_q_ ) A{i\mbtm Rm\h tcmSmwKyw ImWnpIbpw Ah ]pdv hcnIbpw

sN bvXp...(_p 897 ap 1482) 5 3 lm^nfp_v\p lP ]dbpp: s]cpm Znh

kw a\tmjhpw imcocn tImtjhpw \Ip A \phZ\obamb hnt\mZ fntesSpXn\v IpSpw_ v kuIcyhpw hnim eXbpw \IWsapw ta Znhkw Bcm[\bn am {Xw apgpIpXn\v Ahsc \n_ncpsXpw ta lZokn\npw kpXcw {K lnmw. A{]Imcw s]cp mfnv ktmjw {]ISn n aXNnfns XmsWpw a\nemmw. ( ^ _ 2/514 )

BIbm Amlphn s HuZmcyw Hmp t\m q apkvenwI s]cpmfn ktmjnpIbpw Am lp AXn\v {]Xn^ew \Ip Ibpw sNpp. ImcWw A Xv aXns Nnfn sXmIpp. Fm Cu ktmj{]IS\w aXns AXn

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 85

hcpIfn \np sImmbncnWw. hne sXpw kwKoXhpambn s] cpm BkzZnpXv a Xw A\phZnpnsv am {Xa AXv ]nimNns t{] cWbpw IqSnbmIpp.

s]cpm {]amWnv Xo bdpIfnepw _mdpIfnepw tIdnbndp kmaqlnI nXnbmWnv \apnSbn epXv. kapZmbfpsS C gIntcen kwkvImc kn{iamIpp. ss]Xr Ifpw ]mccyfpw hn kvacnsSpp. aX NSp Ifntev A\y kwkvImc tNtdnqSm . Ckv emanI hncpkwkvImc fpsS ISpIbn \mw PmKcqIcmIpI.

GXmWv Ghpw t{ijvSambXv. sNdnbs]cpmtfm _ens]cpmtfm ?

ssiJp Ckvemw ] dbpp : cp ImcW sImv sNdnb s]cpmfn t\m _ens]cpmfmWv Ghpw t{ijvSambXv. 1) sNdnbs]cpmfnse B cm[\bmb ^nXzdv kIm nt\m t{ijvSamWv _ens]cpmfnse Bcm[ \bmb _enbdppXv. 2) A\mhiyamb hmpw {] hnbpw aqew t\mpIm c\vhpt]mb ]nghpIfn \nv Ahs\ ipoIcnm \pw ]mhv Blmc n\pambmWv ^nXzvdv kIm v \n_amnbncns AXv t\mpambn _s pInSpp. AXv \akvIm cn\v apv sImSpemWv \_nNcy. _enbdppXm Is s]cpm Znhkw sN t Hcp {]tXyI Bcm[

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 86

\bmIpp. AXv sImvX s Amlp ]dXv t]m se ( . BIbm \o \ns cnXmhn\pthn \akvI cnpIbpw AdppIbpw sNpI. (IuY:2) CXv \a kvImc tijw Adppp. ]e \mSpIfnembn P\ s]cpm \akvImc \nlnpXv lmPnam Pwdp AJ_bn F dnbp m\pw ]e \m SpIfnembn P\ DZvln dppXv lmPnam _ enIw \nlnp m\pamIpp. ( ^ X 24/222 ) s]cpm \akvImcw

s]cpm \akvIcn pXn\v Xm]cyw Im

WnpIbpw apkvenwIfpsS IqsS AXn ]sSpt XpamIpp. ]nimNv hyXnN ennpXn AIsv Cu In ]sSpp Xnt\m Ddn\v Xm]cyw sImSpmXncnp I. ssiJp Ckvemw C_v

\pssXanb sb t]mse ]e ]nXmcpw s]cp m \akvImcw \n_ amsW

A`n{]mbmcmIp p. (. BIbm \o \ns cn Xmhn\pthn \akvIcnp Ibpw AdppIbpw sNp I. (IuY: 2) F BbmWv AXn\hv {] amWw. aX]camb ImcW aphv am{Xta s]cp m \akvImcw \n_ amXmIpIsbmq. kv{XoI t]mepw apkvenwIfpsS Iq sS s]cpm \akvImc n ]sSptXmIp p. BhImcnI \a

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 87

kvImcn \npw amdn \n Wsasmgnm I\y IIfpw BhImcnI t]mepw Cu ZpKmln ] sSptXmIpp.

s]cpm Zn\n ]ment acymZI

_enZn\w Hcp almb Zn\amWv. ImcWw AXv

al mb lns Znhkam Ipp. C_v\p Da

\nth Z\w \_n ]dp : "

almb lns Zn hkw _enZn\amWv ( _p 2941) hjnse Znhk fn Ghpw t{ijvSamb

Zn hkamWXv. \_n ]d p : ".

AmlphnsbSp G hpw almbZnhk _ enZn\hpw ]noSv ( _enZn \n\v tijw an\mbn) Xmaknp ZnhkhpamIp p. (kz Z 1765 ) acymZI 1) CuZvKmlntev ]pds SpI. {int Imcy

* \akvImcn\v ]pd sSpXn\v apv Ipfnp Ibpw kpKw ]qipIbpw Ghpw `wKnbpXpw ]pXn bXpamb hkv{Xw [cnpI bpw sNpI. CXv P\fpw {]tZihpw amdpX\pkcnv

hyXyksSmw. C_v\p Da cp

/ /

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 88

s]cpmfpIfn Ghpw \ hkv{Xw [cnp ambncpp. (_ 3/281 ) A{]Imcw \Jw apdn pIbpw aoishpIbpw sNtXmIpp. Fm XmSnhSn s]cpmfn\pw Amtmgpw ldmamIp p.

C_v\pDa \nthZ \w dkq ]dp :

_lpssZh hnizmkn Iv \n FXncmbncn Ww aoi ]sshpIbpw XmSn \opIbpw sNpI. (ap 382 ) CXpt]mse XmSn \op Xns hnjbn Ccp] tmfw lZokpI kv Yncsncnpp. am{Xa apImev Ignpt]m b apgph {]hmNImcpsS bpw Ncybpw IqSnbmWnXv. AYhm temIp P\ sf kmntev \ bnm \nbpcmb

Hscm {]hmNI\pw XmSn hSnn n. Xncpta\n bpsS c petmfw hcp k lm_mfn Hcmt]mepw XmSn hSnXmbn tcJs Spsnn. IqSmsX tem I {]knnbmPn \mev C amapIfpw `ph\ {]ikvX cmb ]nXmcpw XmSn h Sn ldmamsW A`n {]mbmcmIpp. Fncns Cu ]pWy Znh knepw Amtmgpw XmSnhSnpXv \n_ ambpw hntXmIp p. * \akvImcn\vapv H pw IgnmXncnpIbpw ]noSv _enbdpppsh n _enamwkw Xnp Xpw A`nImayamWv. CXv _ ens]cpmfnv am{Xap \nbaamIpp. Fm sN Xn\papmbn aqv , Av Fns\ Hbmbn

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 89

Cu gw IgnpI. Csn a phXpw

IgnpI. A_vZp mln_v\p _pssdZ A hcpsS ]nXmhn\npw \n thZ\w Atlw ]dp :

\_n hXpwIgn msX sNdnbs]cpmfn\vv ]pdsSp ambncpn. A{] Imcw _ens]cpmfn\v \a kvIcnmsX HpwIgn epw ]Xnhn,(kz Xn 542) * Camant\mSSpncnpXnpw \akvImcw {]Xonn cnpXnpambn CuZv Km lntev t\cs t]mIpI. Amlp ]dbpp :

) ) ( : ( AXn\m \Imcyfnte v \n akcnp apt dpI. ( amCZ : 48) s]cpm fnse I \ Imcy fn almbXmWtm . * {]bmkansn CuZvKm lntev Im\Sbmbn

t]m IpI Aen \nthZ\w A tlw ]dp : s]cpm \akvImcn\v Im\Sbm bn t]mIpXmWv kp v56 (Xn 530 ) s]cpm \ akvImcn\v Im\Sbmbn t]mIpXmWv Ghpw \ Xpw hn\bn\v Ghpw A SpapXpw. Fm hml

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 90

\n t]mIpIbmsWn AXn\v hntcm[anXm\pw . * \akvImcn\vt]mIptm hgnbn XIv_odpI D n sNmnsImvt]mIp I. Fm kv{XoI ]Xp tbmWv sNmtXv. \a kvImcn\mbn Camw h pIgnm XIv_o \n dptXpamIpp. * s]cpm \akvImcn\v t]mIpXv Hcp hgnbneqsS bpw Xncnpt]mIpXv asm cp hgnbneqsSbpambncn kpmIpp. s]cp

m Znhkambm \_n hgn amdnt]mIpambncpp shv Pm_n hn\n pw Camw _pJmcn dntmv sNp lZokn hncn

pp. ( _p 986) C_v\p Jnw dntmv sNp p: {]hmNI s]cpm \akvImcn\v Im\S bmbmWv t]mbncpXv. A

{]Imcw s]cpm Znhk ambm \_n hgnamdn t]mIpambncpp. Hcp hgnbn eqsS t]mIpIbpw asmcp h gnbneqsS XncnphcnIbpw sNpambncpp. hgbnep htcmSv kemw ]dbm\mbn cpp Cs\ sNbvXncpXv

]dbsSpp. Ccphgnbnep hpw dkq bpsS _dv e`nXn\mbn cppshv ]dbsSpp. a smc`n{]mbn AhnsS bphcpsS Bhiy \n dthpXn\mbncpp. th sdmv Ckvemans Nn {]ISampXn\mbn cpp. thsdmv Ckveman s {]Xm]w I]Shnizmkn Isf ImWnpXn\mbncp p. asmcp`n{]mbw IqSpX {]tZi kmyw

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 91

h lnpXn\v thnbmbncp p {]hmNI hgnamdn tmbncppshv ]dbs Spp. ImcWw ]nbnte tm CuZv Kmlntetm t]mIph Ah Xncnp hcpXv hsc Hmtcm NphSp Ipw ]ZhnI Db sSptm atmtcm NphSp Ipw ]m] ambv sSpp. asmc`n{]mbw ta ]dXpw AmXpam b Fm

Imcypw th nbmWv {]hmNI h gnamdnt]mbncpXv. ( km a 1/449 )

\maptinp s]cpm a\v \mhpIbpw Dt iyw BmamhpIbpw Fm tPmenncpIfn \npw Nn HgnhmIpIbpw sNphv s]cpm kpZn\w B\ntbpw ktmjntbpw Zn\ fmWv. s]cpm Znhkw hnp hogvNbptSbpw \IfptS bpw Znhkw XnsNph tcmSv \bn hnp Znhkw. D]lmc ssI amdpIbpw hnPbnIsf km \sImv BZcnpI bpw sNp Znhkw . Cu hnPbn\v Hcp {]tXyI kzmZpw BkzmZ\hpapv . ImcWw AXv kI fnep hnPbamWv.

\akvIcnpIbpw t\m sSppIbpw amXm]nXm v ]pWyw sNpIbpw _m[yXIfpw ISmSpIfpw \ndthpIbpw , bYm co Xnbn Xkv_olpIfpw XIv _odpIfpw Amlphns\ [mcmfw HmpIbpw sN bvXhmWv s]cpm ip`IcamIpXv.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 92

taml BkzZn pIbpw P\fn t]cpw {]ikvXnbpw t\SpIbpw am Xm]nXmsf D]{ZhnpI bpw aphcpsS \bn AkqbsSpIbpw AhcpsS icocnepw [\nepw A `nam\nepw t{ZmlnpI bpw sNphv s]cp m ip`IcamIpn. lrZbfn hnizmk hpw a\pI Amlphn s\ A\pkcnpXn im nbSXpambncns s] cpm kamKXamIm\mWv \mw B{KlnpXv. km[p fpsS apdnhpIfpw thZ\ Ifpw kpJsSppXn\pw s]cpm kpZn\n k tmjnpIbpw B\np Ibpw sNpXnmbn k klmbkvX \o nsImncns AXp kam KXamIs. lrZb ]c kv]cw CWs \nebn epw apkvenwI Hcp ico cstmsebmhpIbpw A Xnse GsXnepsamcp Ah bhn\v AkpJw _m[n m Fm Ahbhfpw D dsamgnpXvt]mse kv t\lnepw kmtlmZcyn epambncns AXv kamKX amIs Fpw \apv {]Xym inmw. apkvenw kaqln\v _m[n apdnhpI DWn b \nebnepw AhcpsS {] XymiI bmYmyamhp Ibpw thZ\I \opI bpw i{Xp Ismgn shcpw AXns Xe D bp \npIbpw i_vZw FmbnSpw tIsSp Ibpw NnI ]npScs SpIbpw sNp \nebn s]cpmfpIsf kzmKXw sNm\mWv \mw sImXnp Xv.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 93

{]t_m[\ NnI s]cp m kpZn\n : 1) s]cpm Znhkw k inm hcphv \ Im a[pc]elmc hm ptm IqsS D]Imc{] Zamb h {]kwKfpsS IymkpItfm eLpteJI tfm hmpI. 2) IpSpw_pw apw s]cpm D]lmcw \Ip tXmsSmw ]pkvXIfpw ImskpIfpw km\npI. ImcWw AXp kzoIcnm IqSpX km[yXbpv. 3) s]cpm BiwkIfpw samgnappIfpw ASnb ImUpIfpw samss_ k tifpw D]tbmKsSp pI.

s]cpm Zn\nse A_ :

1) km[ptfbpw Zcn{Ztc bpw ]cnKWnmXncn. ]WmcpsS afne[nIw t]cpw Aenhpw IcpWbpw ]ckv]c klmbhpanmsX ]mhfptSbpw AhcpsS afptSbpanSbn Bm Zhpw ktmjhpw {]ISnn pIbpw hne]nSn ]pXnb hkv{X AWnbpIbpw hn`hkaramb

`W IgnpIbpw sNpp. \_n ]dbpIbpmbn :

" ." Xm\njvSsSpXv Xs ktlmZc\pw

CjvSsSp Xvhsc \nfnsemcmfpw hn izmknbmIpIbn, ( _p 12 ) 2) Blmc]m\mZnIfnepw h kv{X[mcWbnepw [qn tespw hn[w AXncpI hnb.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 94

3) s]cpm \akvImcw \n lnpXn AekX ImWn 4) s]cpm Znhknepw Amtmgpw IpnI ] Sw s]mnpp. CXv Nne tmsgnepw \akvIcnp hpw Im\Smpw {]bmkIcamtbmw. am{X a F{X A]ISfpw I jvSmSpIfpamWv CXn\mep mbncnpXv !! 5) CuZvKmlnepw, hgnbnepw, DmktI{nepw Am nSpsamw kv{Xo ]pcp jm IqSnecpIbpw kv {XoI kpKap]tbmKn pw kucy {]IS\hpambn AWnsmcpntmIp Xpw.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 95

AmapivcoJv

AmapivcoJvsImv DtinsSpXv

Zpl v 11, 12, 13 Fo Znhk fmWv. Cu Znhkfn P \ DZvlnnsbpw _enbpsSbpw amwkw Ijv Wfmn shbnep sh v DWnbncpXn\memWv AmapivcoJv Fv Cu Znhkv ]dbm\p ImcWw .

t{ijvSXI Amlp Xs ASnaI tfmSv kvacnm I]n a lmb ZnhkfmWXv. Amlp ]dbpp :

) )( :( Fs Znhkfn \n Amlpsh kvacn pI. ( A_Jd : 203 )

Camw _pJmcn ]d p C_v\p Amkv \nthZ\w : ""\nnX Znhk fn Ahs \maw Dcn tXn\pw'' F kqd p lnse 28 mw hN \wsImv Dtiw Zp l nse BZys ]pZnh kfpw, Fs Znhk FXvsImv Dt insSpXv Amap ivcoJpamIpp. ( _p : In Xm_p CussZ\n A[ym bw 11 ) Cu Znhkfnse I AmapivcoJnse Zn hkfn Ghpw t{ijv Samb Znhkw an\mbn Xm aknp

Znhksav \ _n ]d Hmas Zn

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 96

hkamWv. Av an\ hnv t]mImhX. \_n ]dbp Ibpmbn : Amlphns bSp Ghpw almb Znhk ( _enZn\hpw ]n oSv AXn\ptijap) an \mbn Xmaknp Znhk hpamIpp. ( Z 1502 ) Cu Znhkfn sNt Nne kIfpv . Ahbn NneXv Xmsg sIm Sppp. 1) Cu Zn\ XnpIbpw IpSnpIbpw _ptf bpw IpSpw_tfbpw k inpsImpw Hcpanpq nbpw Blmc ]m\mZnIfn ({]tXyInv amwkw) hnim eX ImWnpw ktmjhpw BmZhpw {]ISnnt ZnhkfmIpp. ImcWw \_n Cu Znhks hn tijnnXv Blmc]m\mZn Ip ZnhkfmsW mWv. Fm Amlphn s A\p{Kl adp sImp [qvhcpXv {]tXyIw {intXmIp p. 2) AmapivcoJv Am lphns\ kvacnpIbpw A h\v \n {]ISnntXp amb ZnhkfmWv. CXv F tmgpw BhiyamsWnepw Cu A\p{KloX Zn\fn AXv {]tXyIw sNtXm Ipp. \_n ]dp: A m apivcoJns Znhk Blmc]m\mZnI pw ssZhkvacWpap ZnhkfmWv. ( A 10930 ap 1141 ) Cu Znhk Da amb ]pWyZn\fpsS Ah km\ambXn\m lmPnam Cu Znhkfn AhcpsS lv ]qnbmptm aph Zplnse ] pZnhkfn kI v hncmaw Ipdnp sImv DZvlndpv hn

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 97

cmaanSpp. Atm lmPn amcpw Amhcpw Cu ]pWyZn\v hncmaw Ip dntXv Amlphns\ kv acnp sImmIpp. CXv Nne Bcm[\mIfn \nv hncanptm \n lntXmbn Amlp \ntin NcyIfns XmWv. \akvImc tijap ZnIvdpIsfIpdnv JpB ]dbpXv t\mq,

) ) ( :(

As\ \akvImcw \n lnpIgnm \n \npsImpw CcppsIm pw InSpsImpw Am lpsh HmnpI. ( \nkm Av : 103 ) PpapAx \akvImcsp dnv ]dtm :

) )

) (:( As\ \akvImcw \n lnsp

Ignm \n `qanbn hy]np sIm pIbpw Amlphns A \p{Kln\nv tXSnsm pIbpw sNpI. \n Amlpsh [mcmfambn Hm pIbpw sNpI. \n hnPbw {]m]ntmw. ( Pp apAx: 10) ln\ptijw C {]Imcw I]npp.

) ( : (

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 98

As\ \n lv I \nlnp Ign m \nfpsS ]nXm sf \n {]Ionncp Xpt]msetbm AXnt\m iamb \nebntem A mlpsh \n {]Io npI. ( A_Jdx : 200)

Cu Znhkfn \ \nlnt ]e Im cyfpv Ahbn NneXv 1) XIv_o sNm C_v\p Da Cu Zn hkfn an\mbn sh pw \akvImcv ti jhpw hncnnepw sSnepw Ccnnepw \Snepsamw X Iv_o

sNmnbncpp. A{] Imcw ssaaq\ _en Znh kn XIv_o sNmn bncpp. AXpt]mse

Am apivcoJn A_m\n_p \n Dkvam bptSbpw Da dp_v\p A_vZn Akokv bptSbpw ]pdIn ]n Ifn ]pcpjmcpsSIqsS kv{XoI

XIv_o sNmn bncpp. ( _p 4/35 ) 5 7 Cs\ AmSnbnepw honepw ]nbnepsamw X Iv_o[z\n apgtXmIp p. AXpt]mse hgntbmc fn Amlphns al Xzhpw {]Xm]hpw hmgvp Xnpw Ahs Nn sf {]ISnnpXnpambn [mcmfw XIv_odpI apg pI. 2) _enbdptm Am lphns \maw DcnpI bpw XIv_o apgpIbpw sNpI. 3) Blmc]m\mZnIfn A mlphns\pdnv Hmp I. XpSn _nkvan sNmpIbpw

/

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 99

HSpw Am lphns\ kvXpXnpIbpw sNpI.

\_n ]dp :

Hcp Zmk `Ww I gnp Amlphns\ kvXpXn pItbm ]m\obw IpSnp Amlphns\ kvXpXnpI tbm sNbvXm Ahs\ A mlp Xr]vXnsSpXmWv. ( ap 4915 ) AmapivcoJp \mfpIfn AdnncntXv .

1) AmapivcoJns A hkm\Znhkamb Zplv 13 hsc _en Adpmhp XmWv. 2) Cu Znhkfn {hXa \pjvTnm ]mSn ImcWw _enZn\stmse Cu Znh kfpw apkvenwIfpsS s] cpm ZnhkfmIpp. A_

1) Blmc]m\mZnI Zp hybw sN . 2) cm{XnIfn ZoLt\cw Ddsamgn 3) Amlphns\ kvvacnp Xn\npw sXnp

coXnbn Dmkbm{X ]p dsS 4) kwKoXw kn\na XpSn b Zriy{imhy am[ya

fn apgpIpI. Ahkm\ambn :

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 100

Cu ]pWyZn\ B lmc]m\mZnIfn am{Xw {i ]XnnmsX \mw Am lphns\ kvacnpXnepw Ahs\ hmgvpXnepw D ]tbmKsSptXmIpp. Hcp apkvenw Xs cnXm hns _m[yXI {inp Ibpw Fm kabpw A hs\ HmpXv A[nIcn npIbpw sNpIbmsW n F{X \mbncpp. C Xv `Ww Ignptmgpw IpSnptmgpw Dknp tmgpsampw adp t]mI cpXv. Npcpn Amap ivcoJns Znhk Blmc]m\mZnI sImv hnizmknIfpsS icoc v Bizmkhpw, ssZhkva cWbpw IrXXbpw ap tJ\ AhcpsS lrZbn s ktmjhpw ka kambn ktfnp Zn\ fmIpp. Cs\ A\p {Kl ]qnbmhpI bpw sNpp. \mw A\p` hnp Hmtcm A\p{Kl pw \nsNptm AXv asmcp A\p{KlamIp p. Atm AXn\pw \mw \nImWntXpv. C s\ A\p{Klp \ n ImWn Hcnepw A hkm\npn.

Zplv ]n\v tijw Fv ?

kmyw hlnsSp Znhkfmb

Zplv am knse BZys ]p Znhkfpw Amap iv coJv Fv ]dbsSp ti jw hcp aqv Znhk fnepw apkvenwI Ignp t]mbn. Ahcn Cv lmP dph B Znhksf

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 101

A mlphn\v Iogvs]SpXnepw kIfnepw ]pWy nepw IpSpw_ _w ]p epXnepw Amlphn s\ kvacnpXnepw Xkv _olpw Xlveoepw XIv_o dpIfpw \_nbpsS ta kzemv A[nIcnnp Xnepw s]cpm \akv Imcw \nlnpXnepw [\yamn. _enbdpv A mlphntev IqSpX A Spp. As\ AhcpsS apJ {]Imi]qcnXhpw PohnXw ktmj`cnXhp amhpIbpw. Ah kvt\l tmsS _sSpIbpw k i\ \SpIbpw sNbvXp. Fm ]pcmX\ amb Amlphns `h\ s DtinpsImv ]pd shcmIs Ah Hcp al mbXpw Ckvemanse G hpw ASnm\amb I fnsempamb ]cnip IAv_m ancn lv Iw \nlnpXn\mWv bm{X sNbvXnpXv. Ah lvI \nln pIbpw ti kln pIbpw sNbvXp. IjvSm SpIfpw oWhpw klnp. ]hn{Xamb Amlphns Nnfmb {]tZineq sS hcnIbpwt]mIpIbpw sNpXnep _pnapp I anpIbpw sNbvXp.

Cu ]pWyZn\ Ign pt]mbn. bm{Xm Ah cpsS kztZifntepw ` h\fntepw Xncnp. A tm Cu Zn\ {]tbm P\sSppIbpw AXns t{ijvSXI , AXnse ]p WyI, A\p{KloX amb hN\ Fnh D] tbmKsSpnbhv awK fw. GsXmcph Ccw {] tXyIhpw t{ijvShpw ]hn {Xhpamb Zn\fpsS {]m[m \yhpw alXzhpw a\nem pIbpw AXv D]tbmKs

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 102

SppXn\p `mKyw e`n pIbpw sNbvXpshn Ahs lrZbw AXpambn _sSpIbpw, Nn A Xn tI{oIcnpIbpw sN pw. AXv Ahs s]cpam nepw kz`mhnepw Po hnXnepsamw kzm[o\n pIbpw sNpXmWv. F n Cu Zn\cm{X B KXambnv AXv kzm[o\n pItbm D]IcnpItbm sNmsX apZnhksf tmse Ah ISpt]mb hcpsS Imcyw IjvSwXs.

am{Xa Cu Znhkfn ]m]fpw hogvNIfpw s]cpIp Nnecpv. Imc Ww Ah Hgnhp Znhk fmbXn\m AXns cm{Xn bn AmlphnnjvSanm Iv Ddsam gnpIbpw ]Ien Am lp \n_amnb Imcy \nlnmsX Dd pIbpwsNpp. apNne apcmPyfntev bm{X t]mImdpapv !!! Cu ]pWyZn\ \ jvSsSpp ktlmZcm, CXv \n\v asmcn Xn cnpInptam ? AtXm acWw \ns ]nSnIqSpIbpw \ns I Ahkm\npI bpw \o hnNmcW t\cnSpI bpw sNptam ?

Ign ]cpmfpIfn \psSIqsS \akvIcn pI bpw, ]pWyZn\fn \p sSIqsS ]sSppIbpw sN bvXhscpdnv Hv Hm p t\mq, \psS ]nXm fpw {]]nXmfpw Ip Spw_fpw kvt\lnXmcpw kl]mTnIfpw ]nXm cpw `cWm[nImcnIfpsamw FhnsSbmWnv? Ftmm Wh bm{XbmbXv.? Atm ASp hjw \mw `qap Jmbncnptam AtXm `q anSnbntem Fv And

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 103

ncpsn !! Cu A\p{KloX Znhk fpw DIrjvS

I fpw Ahkm\npshnepw t\mv , cm{Xn \akvImcw, Amlphns\ kvacn, Dwd \nln, [w sN t]mep ]pWyI fn\nv Hcp hnizmkn HgnhmIpn.

AXn\m ktlmZcm Amlp \nsf A\p{Kln s. Clnepw ]cn epw IqSpX \I e`n pXnmbn Ignhnsb {X AmlphnteSpp I \nlnpXn \ncX\mbn Ah\ntev ASpm IqSpX Xm] cyw ImWnpI. ImcWw A mlphns\ Bcm[np Xn\p ]pWyZn\ A hkm\nptXmsS Hcp b Ym hnizmkn Xs c nXmhn\v Bcm[\ sNp Xn\nv thsSpn. adnv Ahs PohnXImew apgph\pw Amlphpambp _w ]peth \mIpp. am\yktlmZcm, acW tmsSbmsX Amlp k Iv Ayw G sSpnbnn. Amlp ] dbpp :

) ) ( :( Ddmb Imcyw (acWw) \n\v

hspXvhsc \o \ns cnXmhns\ B cm[npIbpw sNpI. (ln Pvdv:99) asmcmbn Amlp]dbpp:

) ) ( :( Rm Pohnncnp Imea{Xbpw \akvIcnp hm\pw kmv \Iphm \pw Ah FtmSv A\p imknpIbpw sNbvXncn pp.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 104

(abw: 31) AXn\m BcptSsbn epw klbm{XnI

ISpI fbpIbpw \n`mKyhm\php Ibpw sNbvXpshn Ah s\Xncn hmXnepI ]qn bnSpn. ap hgnI Ah \n\npw ASsSpn . BIbm Xu_bpsS hmXn XpdpInSpIbpw \ns dns HuZmcyw k Zm hpw t]mbpw sImn cnpIbpw sNpp.

\bn hogvNhcpn bh Bcm[npXv Imcp Wyhm\mb cnXmhnt\ bmsWv Adnp sIm s. Ahs ImcpWyamIs k hkvXptfbpw D sImpXmIpp. Ah hftcb[nIw ammph \pw, hnimeamb ImcpWy n\pSabpw, IqSpX Hu Zmcyhm\pamIpp.

kcnXcmb apKmanI kI ]qam pXnepw sasSpp Xnepw ]cn{ianpIbpw ]n oSv AXv kzoIcnsSp Xnmbn {inpIbpw sN pambncpp. AXv kzoIcn mXncnpXv `bsSpI bpw sNpambncpp.

Amlp ]dbpp : ) ) ( :(

AhcpsS a\n `b aptXmSpIqSn Ah Zm\w sNphcmWv. (apAvan\q: 60)

kI XpSp sNpI FXv I kzoIcnpshXns e WamWv. Ivtijw XnIfn apgpIpXv Ah kzoIcnnnm FXnt bpw eWamIpp.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 105

Cs\ hnizmknI Amlphns Xr]vXnbpw Zm \hpw t\SpXnmbn Hcp \bn \nv asmcp \ bntepw Hcp ]pWyIme p \npw asmcp ]pWy Imentepw IpXnpsIm ncnpw. Fm CXnt\ msfmw Gsd A`pX IcambnpXv Amlp CX msX thtdbpw hnjatam {]bmktam Cm ]eXc nep almb am fpw hgnIfpw Hcpnsh ncnppshXmWv. AXn \v Xs IpSpw_n\nv adbpItbm {]tZishnp ]ncnbpItbm kv apS pItbm sNtXn. a dnv AXv Ffphpw hfsc ASpXpamIpp. AYhm Amlphns\ kvacnpI bpw, Ahs\ hmgvpIbpw ]pIgvpIbpw Ahs G IXzaSp hN\w Dcphn SpIbpw sNemWXv.

\_n bpsS hN\w {ihnq.

Bscnepw kp_vlm\ mln h_nlwZnln Fv

H cp Znhkw \qdv {]mhiyw sNmnbm ISense \pcI f{X ]m]fpsnepw A Xv ambvsSpw. ( _p 5926 ap 4857 )

A_qlpssdd \nthZ \w Atlw ]dp : Rm s\mcp acw \psImncn s \_n FsbSp eqsS ISpt]mbn. Xncpta \n tNmZnp A_qlpssdd \n FmWv \SpXv ? Hcp acw \SpIbmsWv Rm adp]Sn ]dp. Xncpta\n CXnt\m \smcp ac spdnv Rm

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 106

Adnbnp Xcs. A_qlpssdd :AsX, Xncpta\n ""kp_vlm\m ln hlwZpenmln h emCeml Cmlp hmlp AIv_'' Fv Htcm {]mh iyw sNmpXn\pw kzK n \n\v Hcp hrw \SpXmIpp. ( P : 3807 )58

AXnt{i Zn\

CltemInse Znhk fnshv Ghpw

t{ijvS amWnXv. \msamWXn\v Hcp nbnpXv ? am\y ktlmZcm,

Xm Cu {Kw hmbn ptXmsS Cu ]pWyZn\ fpsS alXz Adnv {]hnm \nv I gnbpXmWv.

hfsc Ipdp Znhk am{XamWnXv. ]s A Xnse {]Xn^e al chpamWv. Cu kphmh kcw ]mgmmsX D]tbmK sSppI.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 107

Bcm[\bnse B\w

Xm_nDIfnsem cmfmb hl_v_v

\pap\nlv ] dbpIbpmbn :

Bcm[\bm asmn\pw Htcsbmcp B\w am{Xtasbmq. B cm[\v aqv B\fpw. Bcm[\bnembncnp tm AXns\pdnv Abhnd ptm AXns {]Xn^ew \ IsSptm

am\y hmb\m cm.. Bcm[\bpsS kzm[o\w C{Xbpw alcamsWn ]nspsIm mWv IqSpX BkzZ\nmbn \mw ap tmp hcmXncnpXv ?

]pWy Zn\ hchmbn..

k\v kI a hnnpXn mbn hjn Bh nv hcp Znhk \n ivNbnncnppshXv A mlphns HuZmcyn sXmIpp. Cu ]pWy Zn \fn XfpsS DSa \pw cnXmhpamb A mlphnteSpnpXmb Ifn Ah a kcnpp. Ccw ]pWy fns]XmWv

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 108

CltemI s Znhkfn Ghpw Daamb Zplv amk nse BZys ]p Zn hk.

C{Xbpw alXztadnbXm bnpw Cu Znhkfn P\ A{icmIpXmbn ImWp p. AXv s]mXpsh Cl temInshpXs G hpw t{ijvSamb Znhk fmWv. AXnse \nanjfpw, aWnqdpIfpw Zn\fpsa mw Amlphntev G hpw {]nbsXmIpp. AXn se I ap Znhkfnse Itfm Amlphn \v Ghpw {]nbsXpw.

BIbm F{Xbpw s] sv Cu ]pWyZn\ \n v ^e{]ZamIm aptm phcnI. Xmv Imcy FfpamIpXnmbn R Cu {Kw (]pWyZn\ ) Xmdmnbncnpp. Cu ]pWyZn\fpambn _ s Hpw R Hgn hmnbnn. Xm CXv hm bvpIbpw PohnXn ] Im {ianpIbpw sN pI. Amlp \apth pw Fmhn[ \Ifpw t\ Sphm Xu^ov \Is. Bao.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 109

kam]vvvXw

tl apkvenw, Cu ]pWy Zn\fn \nlnt Nne kIfmWnh. Cu Znh kfptSbpw AXnse k IfptSbpw t{ijvSX ap Znhkfn Amlphns am n PnlmZv sNpXn t\m Fm lZokn h {]Imcw Hcm kzicoc hpw kpambn ]pdsSpI bpw Ahbn \nv Hpw A tlw Xncnp sImphcmsX ckmnbmbmsemgnsI D bXmbnpw A[nIamfpIfpw CXv hnebncppItbm Ku\n pItbm sNpn FXv tJZIcamWv.

AXn\m Hmtcm apkv enw ktlmZco ktlmZcmcpw

C Xns\ kzoIcnpXn\p th n ]ivNmXm]tmsS Xbm dmtIXpw Amlp Cu Zn\ sf BZcn Xpt]mse BZ cntXpamIpp. A{] Im cw Amlphns\ hgnsSp Xmb Ifnepw, \Ifn InSakcw \Snbpw Ch sb kzoIcntXmIpp. Cu Zn\cm{XnIfn ]pWy sNbvXp sImv Cu hj tmSv \mw hnS ]dbpXv F {X \mbncnpw. Ignp t]mb sXpIpsf AXv ambvNpIftmw.

Cu eLpIrXn hmbnp _lpam\y\mb

ktlmZcm, CXn\p thn {]bXv\n hv thn {]mnm a dp t]mIcpsXv A`yn pp. hogvNItfm A_ tfm {ibnsSpp sh n ktlmZc_pym {i nsSpp hv {]m \bpw \nbpapmIpw.

\nfpsS hnes Nn Ifpw A`n{]mbfpw

D]tZi fpw {]Xonpp. \psS lrZbfpw {]h \fpw \mpXn

pw, \s Ahs \ ASn

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 110

bmdpIfnepsSppXn\pw \apv Amlphnt\mSv tXSmw. Ah Fmw tIph\pw {]m\pcw \Iph \pamIpp.

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 111

hnjb hnhcw

\: hnjbw t]Pv 1 apJhpc 2 2 k`

D]tbmKsSppI 6

3 Zplnse ]p Znhk

8

4 Fn\v AekX ImWnWw ?

16

5 Ghpw t{ijvSambtXXv ?

19

6 Zplv ]nse IrXy

21

7 XIv_odpI cp hn[w

24

8 lpw Dwdbpw \nlnpI.

27

9 \akvImc kqvaXtbmsS \nlnpI.

32

10 JpB [mcmfw ]mcmbWw sNpI.

36

11 Ad^m Zn\w 39 12 apKmanI

Ad^bn \nncpsXns\

45

13 kv{XoIfpsS ]v 50 14 kv{Xobpw

_enIhpw 52

15 kv{Xobpw s]cpmfpw 53 16 DZvlnv 54 17 _enbpsS

\n_\I 59

18 shdpsh 63

Zplnse ]pWyZn\ 112

19 _enbdpp hyn Adnncnt acymZI

64

20 _enbpsS kabw 68 21 _enarKnt\mSv

IcpW ImWnpI. 71

22 hnXcWw sNt coXn

73

23 s]cpm Znhk 78 24 CuZmiwk 78 25 ]ment

\nba 80

26 s]cpm Znhknse Bcm[\I

82

27 s]cpm \akvImcw 86 28 s]cpm Zn\n

]ment acymZI

87

29 s]cpm Zn\nse A_

93

30 AmapivcoJv 95 31 Zplv ]n\v

tijw Fv ? 100

32 AXnt{i Zn\

106

33 Bcm[\bnse B\w

107

34 ]pWy Zn\ hchmbn.

107

35 kam]vvvXw

109

36 hnjb hnhcw 111